ranger

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
US Forest Service ranger in Mount Hood National Forest

Forester is a job title for people who are in a managerial position responsible for the administration and management of the forest . The term is used in particular for forest district managers, in a broader sense it also refers to their superiors, such as forest operations managers or state forest office managers, as well as other people with appropriate forestry qualifications.

tasks

Insignia of the forestry profession on the Hartig monument in Darmstadt

Rangers are responsible for collectively Forestry designated management and sustainable use of the forest and the occurring in wild . The focus of their work and the extent of their competencies vary depending on the objectives of the respective forest owner when weighting the economic, ecological and social functions of the forest and depending on the type of employment relationship (private sector versus public service).

Concept history

Capturing natural regeneration near Ketchikan , Alaska

Since the time of the Romans there was an administrative system for lands in Germania , from which an estate administration subordinate to the king emerged in the early Middle Ages. These goods ( villa ) were usually headed by an official ( iudex ). The iudex supervised the protection of the royal forest property ( forestis ), planned the sale of timber, the collection of taxes and duties and supervised the forest staff ( forestarius).

While forest and hunting administration were still separate in the Middle Ages, the two professional groups merged from the 17th century. The development of the German names of the officials responsible for the forest can be traced back to the Kingdom of Prussia . In the first half of the 18th century, these royal forest officials were still referred to as “Heidewärter”, “Heideläufer” and “Heidereiter”. The associated official residence was called "Heidehaus" or "Heidereiterei". For him in 1727 still called "Heideläufer". named officials appears from 1740 the term "walking forester" and from 1742 the term " Unterforster " on. The same applies to the "Heidereiter". The official, addressed as "Heidereiter" in 1736, was called "Riding Forester" from 1740 and from 1745 he was called " Chief Forester ".

education

Germany

Forestry director Ulrich Maushake (left in the foreground), head of the Federal Forestry Office Grafenwöhr, briefing the shooters before a driven hunt at the Grafenwöhr military training area

For the professional goal of a forester in Germany, you need a degree in forestry at a university of applied sciences or forest science at a university. After completing your studies, you can start training in the civil service. This ends with the state career test for the senior as a forest inspector or for the higher service as a forest assessor. Entry requirement in the first case is Dipl.-Ing. Forestry (University of Applied Sciences) or bachelor's degree, otherwise graduate forest manager (university) or master's degree. Foresters , forest technicians or forest managers can be deployed as foresters at the request of the forest owner, however, in private forests, the compulsory qualification for advanced forest service (career examination) is also expected in private forests.

Since the practice and organization of the hunt is often part of the official duties for foresters , especially for employees at the forest district manager level, the hunting license and practical experience in hunting are a prerequisite for employment in most forest administrations.

The professional association for foresters with the largest number of members in Germany is the Association of German Foresters in the German Association of Officials and Tariffs . Another union and collective bargaining partner is the Bauen-Agrar-Umwelt (IG BAU) industrial union . Foresters, forest managers and forest managers, as well as administrative staff, forest educators and other people working in the forest, organize themselves in these associations.

Austria

In order to become a forester in Austria, you have to graduate from the Higher Federal Institute for Forestry Bruck an der Mur . The five-year training period ends with a matriculation and diploma examination. Subsequently, a two-year internship as a ForstadjunktIn under a leading forest organ must be proven. After passing the state examination for the leading forestry service (state examination for the forestry service), the »forester« is entitled to manage a forest area of ​​up to 3600 hectares on his own responsibility.

The state - as the only one in the European Union - obliges its forest owners to appoint state-certified, full-time foresters, the leading forest organs. The current version of the 1975 Forest Act obliges the owners of forests to appoint a leading forestry body.

  • In the extent of at least 1000 hectares and less than 3600 hectares of forest area, a graduate of the HBLA for forestry with state examination (forester) and
  • In the area of ​​more than 3600 hectares of forest area, a forestry graduate with state examination (forest manager)
  • From a forest area of ​​6600 ha, the leading forestry body must be assigned other forestry bodies, such as a forest manager or forester, or a forest warden to provide support.

The leading forest organs safeguard the public interest in forest conservation, align forest management with the requirements of the inter-company forest effects and ensure compliance with the Forest Act.

Switzerland

In Switzerland, a completed apprenticeship as a forest warden , 18 months of professional experience, the attendance of basic modules and the passing of an aptitude test are prerequisites. Additional training at one of the two Wald training centers in Lyss BE and Maienfeld GR takes two years.

Finland

In Finland, foresters are trained at technical colleges and universities. In the eight technical colleges that offer forestry training, the four-year course students take the metsätalousinsinööri (AMK) (forestry engineer (FH)) exam . In international comparisons, the degree is called a Bachelor of Science . At the Universities of Helsinki and Joensuu , after three years of forest science courses, students take the maatalous- ja metsätieteiden kandidaatti exam and then continue their studies for two years up to the maatalous- ja metsätieteiden maisteri (Magister in Agriculture and Forestry). In an international comparison, these two exams are translated as Bachelor of Science and Master of Science . The graduates of the master's exam have the right to professional title metsänhoitaja (Forster) to use.

Before the introduction of the Finnish technical college system in the 1990s, forest engineers ( metsätalousininööri ) and forest technicians ( metsäteknikko ) were trained in forestry schools. The forest engineer training lasted four years and the forest technician training three years. The vocational training of forest workers ( Holzvollernter driver and lumberjacks ) happens in forestry vocational schools and lasts three years. Abitur shortens the training period to two years.

Film documentaries

  • Wolfgang Neumann-Bechstein (director): The forester from the Kellerwald. TV documentary. HR 2004, 30 minutes.
  • Jenni Rieger (Director): The Black Forest Forester. A territory throughout the year. TV documentary in the Schlaglicht series . SWR 2007, 30 minutes.

literature

Web links

Commons : Förster  - collection of images, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Förster  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Forester, the. Duden, archived from the original on December 6, 2018 ; accessed on December 6, 2018 .
  2. ^ Maria Hehn: Forester (inside) and forestry - cliché and reality . In: Till Westermeyer, Maria Hehn (Hrsg.): Forstmänner im finstren Walde? For the perception of forestry work then and now - Results of an educational research project (=  work Scientific research report . No. 6 ). Institute for Forest Use and Forest Work Science, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, November 2007, ISSN  1863-1800 , p. 5 ff . ( archive.org [PDF]): "Forester activity is, as far as it relates to forest management in the narrower sense (such as logging or road construction), exclusively dispositive - decisive, organizing, monitoring - activity. This work is carried out by forest workers or forest service providers. The forester - or the forester - does not plant trees himself and he / she does not cut them himself (Lewark 2003; Wonneberger 2005). "
  3. ^ Gerhard Stinglwagner, Ilse Haseder, Reinhold Erlbeck: Das Kosmos Wald- und Forstlexikon . 5th edition. Kosmos, Stuttgart 2016, ISBN 978-3-440-15524-0 , pp. 294 ( limited preview in the Google book search [accessed on August 6, 2020]): "Forester, who: [...] F. is the slang term for all forest officials regardless of their career or official position."
  4. ↑ a b The way to the forester in Bavaria. In: waldwissen.net. April 3, 2014, archived from the original on December 6, 2018 ; accessed on December 6, 2018 .
  5. ^ Claus-Peter Lieckfeld: Tatort forest: Georg Meister and his fight for our forests . 2nd Edition. Westend, Frankfurt / Main 2012, ISBN 978-3-86489-012-3 , p. 260 ( limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed January 15, 2019]).
  6. ↑ Forestry Professions. In: waldwissen.net. January 10, 2018, archived from the original on December 6, 2018 ; accessed on December 6, 2018 .
  7. ↑ District forester. In: Forestry in Germany. Archived from the original on December 6, 2018 ; accessed on December 6, 2018 .
  8. ↑ Forest service - third qualification level (formerly advanced technical forest service) - district manager. In: Bavarian State Ministry for Food, Agriculture and Forests - StMELF. Archived from the original on December 6, 2018 ; accessed on December 6, 2018 .
  9. ↑ a b c d History of the forester. In: Landesforsten Rheinland-Pfalz. Archived from the original on February 3, 2019 ; accessed on February 3, 2019 .
  10. ↑ Werner Rösener: Hunting and court culture in the Middle Ages (=  publications of the Max Planck Institute for History . Volume 135 ). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1997, ISBN 3-525-35450-9 , ISSN  0436-1180 , p. 104 ff . ( limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed February 10, 2019]).
  11. ↑ There is also a forest runner as a corresponding term . Adelung: Grammatical-critical dictionary of the High German dialect; 1793 vol. 2, page 252.
  12. ↑ cf. Lieselott Enders : Historical local dictionary for Brandenburg. Part VIII: Uckermark. (= Publications of the Potsdam State Archives. Volume 21). Weimar 1986, ISBN 3-7400-0042-2 , p. 822. There, in the remarks on the village of Röddelin, the official responsible for the forest in 1727 is referred to as "Heideläufer", in 1742 as "Unterforester".
  13. ↑ cf. Lieselott Enders : Historical local dictionary for Brandenburg. Part VIII: Uckermark. (= Publications of the Potsdam State Archives. Volume 21). Weimar 1986, ISBN 3-7400-0042-2 , p. 808. There, in the remarks on the village of Reiersdorf, the official responsible for the forest is referred to as “Heidereiter” in 1736 and as “Chief Forester” in 1745.
  14. ^ Markus Schaller: Forests and Wildlife Management in Germany - A mini-review . In: Eurasian Journal of Forest Science . tape 10 , no. 1 . Hokkaido University Forests, EFRC, 2007, ISSN  2147-7493 , pp. 59–70 ( archive.org [PDF; accessed January 21, 2019]).
  15. ^ Joachim Göres: Study of forest sciences - calls from the forest. In: Süddeutsche.de. February 12, 2018, archived from the original on February 10, 2019 ; accessed on February 10, 2019 .
  16. ^ Andreas Beerlage: Studies with a hunting license. In: SPIEGEL ONLINE. June 19, 2000, archived from the original on February 10, 2019 ; accessed on February 10, 2019 .
  17. ↑ Forest service - third qualification level: district manager - StMELF. In: StMELF. Archived from the original on February 10, 2019 ; accessed on February 10, 2019 .
  18. ^ Conditions of the state examination
  19. ↑ Switzerland is running out of foresters. on: nzz.ch. accessed February 28, 2016.