Arthur Oak Green

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Arthur Eichengrün at Bayer (ca.1900)

Ernst Arthur Eichengrün (born August 13, 1867 in Aachen , † December 23, 1949 in Bad Wiessee ) was a German chemist .

Life

Eichengrün was born the son of a Jewish textile merchant and manufacturer and attended the Kaiser-Karls-Gymnasium in Aachen. After graduating from high school in 1885, he began to study chemistry at the Polytechnic School in Aachen (today RWTH Aachen University) and became a member of the Academic Association of Chemists, Miners and Metalworkers , which later became Corps Montania. In the winter semester of 1887/88 he continued his studies at the Berlin Trade Academy with Carl Liebermann . In the winter semester of 1888/89 he returned to the Polytechnic School in Aachen, where he wrote a dissertation on methoxy-dioxy-dihydrocarbostyril ( cocaine- like local anesthetic ) with Alfred Einhorn until 1890 . He then accepted an assistant position at Carl Graebe in Geneva.

In 1892 he began working for the Boehringer company in Mannheim, where he dealt with the isolation of cocaine. In 1893 he moved to Balzer & Cie in Berlin-Grünau and shortly afterwards to the pharmacist Ludwig Clamor Marquart's company in Bonn-Beuel (today Degussa AG, Marquart plant). He married for the first time in 1894 (Elisabeth Fechheimer, * 1874) and left Judaism.

From October 1, 1896 he received in the pharmacological laboratory founded in 1890 the "paint factories vorm. Friedr. Bayer & Co. ”in Elberfeld. After only half a year, Heinrich Dreser took over on April 1, 1897 . His colleagues were Jürgen Callsen , Otto Bonhoeffer , Karl Demeler , Rudolph Berendes , Felix Hoffmann and a year later Fritz Hofmann , who developed the first synthetic rubber at Bayer from 1906 onwards.

On October 1, 1901, Eichengrün switched to a new department at Bayer for the development of processes for cellulose acetate production and application.

In 1908 he left the company and founded his own cellon laboratory in Berlin. A. Eichengrün , who was transferred to Cellon-Werke Dr. Arthur Eichengrün was renamed. The name refers to Cellon, a cellulose acetate-based plastic developed and patented by Eichengrün in 1909 .

On the Obersalzberg near Berchtesgaden , Eichengrün owned a holiday home near Hitler's later estate , where he spent the summer until the Nazi era .

Eichengrün's company was “ Aryanized ” in 1938 by the National Socialists . Due to his reputation and his influential contacts, however, he himself remained free and was able to continue his research at home. After the forced sale of his Cellon works in 1939, Arthur and Lucia Eichengrün tried to move to Munich and stayed in the Regina-Palast-Hotel until 1940 .

In 1943 he was arrested and sentenced to four months in prison for failing to add the word Israel to his name in a letter to a Reich official , as was prescribed for Jews. In May 1944 he was sentenced again due to the same allegation and in the Theresienstadt concentration camp deported . There he spent 14 months until the end of World War II . After his liberation he returned to Berlin. Eichengrün left the city in 1948 in the direction of Bad Wiessee in Bavaria. There he died the following year at the age of 82. His three marriages had six children.

Services

During his work at LC Marquart he developed various adducts of iodoform for the disinfection of wounds ; iodoform (adduct of iodoform and urotropin ) and iodoformal (adduct of iodoform with ethyl iodide) became particularly important . Here he secured the private patent rights for Great Britain on November 8, 1895.

On August 10, 1897, under the management of H. Dreser, he succeeded in producing silver and iron adducts using Bayer's own albumin and somatose proteins . After clinical trials, silver albumose was marketed under the trade name Protargol and for a long time provided it with high profit sharing at home and abroad. Later a zinc gelatose preparation followed together with R. Berendes.

In 1898 he dealt with the chloromethylation of salicylic acid and in 1899 with the formation of ethers from it and their pharmacological importance.

From mid-1898 he denounced the inflationary development of untested active pharmaceutical ingredients in a series of publications in the Zeitschrift für Angewandte Chemie , including numerous active ingredients from his own department.

Until 1902 he was in charge of the scientific presentation of new active ingredients in the specialist literature. The last publication as well as a privately pending US patent 1175791 on cellulose acetate processing ultimately ended his career at Bayer in 1908. At this point, his doctoral supervisor, Einhorn, began extensive research on salicylic acid derivatives.

In 1901 he developed in another department together with K. Demeler under the trade name Edinol (Greek "clear") a new type of photo developer, a smokeless flash powder and registered the first process for cellulose acetate production. In 1905 the latter was marketed as Cellit .

In 1905 Eichengrün discovered the metered release of gaseous formaldehyde when a mixture of aqueous peroxides reacted with solid paraformaldehyde . Bayer has applied for a patent for this disinfection process, known as the Autan process.

Eichengrün was involved in 47 patents.

The plastic Cellon was developed by him. In addition, “records made of cellon” are among the inventions of Eichengrün, but they are often overlooked in the dispute over the invention of aspirin.

Acetylsalicylic Acid Authorship

"Felix Hoffmann, who was employed by the FFB in 1894, did research on salicylic acid, synthesized acetylsalicylic acid from it in 1897, from which the aspirin, patented in 1899, arose with the help of his colleague Arthur Eichengrün."

- Quoted by Carl Duisberg

Undoubtedly, however, he is best known for the dispute over the question of who developed the synthesis process for pure and thus pharmacologically suitable acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). He claimed to be the inventor of this active ingredient in many painkillers (and possibly together with Felix Hoffmann ). In the standard literature, the synthesis of medicinally pure acetylsalicylic acid in 1897 is attributed to Felix Hoffmann, a young chemist from Bayer.

In a letter to IG Farben ( Bayer ) during the last days of his imprisonment in a concentration camp and in a paper published in 1949, Eichengrün claimed responsibility for the planning and coordination of aspirins and some of the auxiliary materials required. He also carried out the first secret clinical tests with ASA. Hoffmann's work was purely an executive activity. Its task was solely the first synthesis based on Eichengrün's process. Other ASS inventors propagated by the Nazis were never involved in the development.

Eichengrün's version of events was ignored until Walter Sneader of the Pharmaceutical Sciences Department at Strathclyde University in Glasgow re-examined the case in 1999. He thinks Eichengrün's presentation is convincing and correct. He deserves the honor of inventing ASS. Bayer denied this theory in a press release and continues to attribute the ASA synthesis to Hoffmann. A laboratory protocol from 1897 that still exists proves Eichengrün's involvement, but competent contemporary witnesses are no longer alive.

Awards

literature

  • Edgar Eichengrün:  Eichengrün, Ernst Arthur. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 4, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1959, ISBN 3-428-00185-0 , p. 373 f. ( Digitized version ).
  • Arthur Eichengrün: 50 years of aspirin . In: Die Pharmazie 4, 1949, pp. 582-584.
  • Ernst Bahrdt: Examination and assessment of the Cellon fire protection of the Cellon works Dr. Arthur Oak Green . Prussian Fire Brigade Advisory Board, Charlottenburg 1924
  • Cellit lacquer and Cellon windows: The plastics of the chemist Arthur Eichengrün and their importance for zeppelin construction. In: Zeppelin Museum Friedrichshafen (ed.): Wissenschaftliches Jahrbuch 2006, pp. 56–75.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Franz Ludwig Neher : The Corps Montania to Aachen. 1872-1957 . Aachen 1957, p. 117.
  2. ↑ The examination took place at the University of Erlangen , since technical universities like the Polytechnic School in Aachen did not have the right to award doctorates at that time. The results have been published: A. Eichengrün and A. Einhorn: About p-methoxydioxydihydroquinoline and a new case of stereochemical isomerism . In: Reports of the German Chemical Society 23, 1890, p. 1489 ( digitized version ) and: A. Eichengrün, A. Einhorn: Ueber das B-3-Methoxy-1,3-dioxy-2,3-dihydroquinoline . In: Justus Liebig's Annalen der Chemie 262, 1891, pp. 133-181, doi: 10.1002 / jlac.18912620202 .
  3. ↑ Boehringer company history on helpster.de from July 24, 2013 (accessed October 26, 2013).
  4. ↑ Ulrich Chaussy , Christoph Püschner: Neighbor Hitler. The cult of the Führer and the destruction of homes on the Obersalzberg . Christoph Links, 7th edition, Berlin 2012, p. 59 ( digitized version ), exit certificate from September 20, 1894 on p. 132 ( digitized version ).
  5. ↑ Michael de Ridder: Heroin. From medicine to drug . Campus, Frankfurt / New York 2000, p. 53 ( digitized version ).
  6. ↑ Michael de Ridder: Heroin. From medicine to drug . Campus, Frankfurt / New York 2000, p. 38 ( digitized version ).
  7. ^ Neighbor Hitler: Führer Cult and Destruction of Home at Obersalzberg in the Google Book Search
  8. ↑ Deutscher Apothekerverein (Ed.): Annual Report of Pharmacie 30, 1895, pp. 259–261 ( digitized version ).
  9. ^ Iodoform complexes, patent GB 21,203 filed on November 8, 1895 .
  10. ↑ See patent US682181 , filed April 16, 1898 by Georg Eichelbaum.
  11. ↑ See Pharmazeutische Zeitung 40, 1895, p. 701 ( digitized version ).
  12. ↑ See Pharmazeutische Zeitung 42, 1897, p. 672 - keyword iron somatosis ( digital copy ).
  13. ↑ See patent DE 118496 , filed August 10, 1897.
  14. ^ Albert Neisser : Dermatologisches Centralblatt 1, 1898, p. 3 ( digitized version ).
  15. ↑ See Pharmazeutische Zeitung 42, 1897, p. 658 ( digitized version ).
  16. ↑ A. Eichengrün: Circumvention of word protection for pharmaceutical preparations in Switzerland. In: Journal for Applied Chemistry. 19, 1906, pp. 708-712, doi: 10.1002 / anie.19060191604 .
  17. Jump up ↑ Zinc Gelatose - Patent US698694, filed October 29, 1901 by A. Eichengrün and R. Berendes.
  18. ↑ Patent DE113723 , filed January 15, 1899, and US675544 , filed August 5, 1899.
  19. ↑ Patents US662116 , US671622 and US675543 , filed August 5, 1899.
  20. ↑ A. Eichengrün: The Secret Fund Decree and the Chemical Industry. In: Journal for Applied Chemistry. 11, 1898, pp. 456-463, doi: 10.1002 / ange.18980112003 ; A. Eichengrün: Communications from the Association of German Chemists. 12. The overproduction of new drugs. In: Journal for Applied Chemistry. 11, 1898, pp. 892-897, doi: 10.1002 / anie.18980113904 ; A. Eichengrün: The new drugs in the first semester of 1898. In: Journal for Applied Chemistry. 11, 1898, pp. 900–904, doi: 10.1002 / anie.18980113906 - therein mentioned his iodoformin and iodoformal.
  21. ↑ A. Eichengrün: The new medicines in the second semester of 1898. In: Journal for Applied Chemistry. 12, 1899, pp. 219-226, doi: 10.1002 / ange.18990121002 .
  22. ↑ A. Eichengrün: Alleged bugging on the part of the chemical industry. A defense. In: Journal for Applied Chemistry. 13, 1900, pp. 55-60, doi: 10.1002 / ange.19000130302 .
  23. ^ A. Eichengrün: The new medicines in 1900. In: Journal for Applied Chemistry. 14, 1901, pp. 261-270, doi: 10.1002 / ange.19010141102 (focus on iodine antiseptics).
  24. ↑ Arthur Eichengrün: The new medicines in 1901. In: Journal for Angewandte Chemie. 15, 1902, pp. 217-225, doi: 10.1002 / anie.19020151002 .
  25. ↑ See Pharmazeutische Zeitung 47, 1902, pp. 857, 866-867 ( digitized version ).
  26. ↑ A. Eichengrün: The official examination office for pharmaceutical-chemical preparations. In: Journal for Applied Chemistry. 21, 1908, pp. 1974-1978, doi: 10.1002 / anie.19080213803 .
  27. ↑ Patent US1175791 , filed August 21, 1908, only granted 8 (!) Years later.
  28. ↑ Cf. Alfred Einhorn, Alexander von Bagh: About some derivatives of salicylic acid. In: Reports of the German Chemical Society. 43, 1910, pp. 322-336, doi: 10.1002 / cber.19100430152 .
  29. ↑ See patent DE149123 , filed April 26, 1901, and patent US703241 , filed July 17, 1901 by A. Eichengrün and K. Demeler.
  30. ↑ See Patent GB23292 , filed February 15, 1902, and Patent US710047 , filed February 3, 1902.
  31. ↑ See patent DE159524 , filed August 2, 1901.
  32. ↑ See Bayer patent US790565 (triacetyl cellulose) and Bayer patent US734123 (acetyl cellulose) , both filed on January 8, 1902 by Arthur Eichengrün and Theodor Becker .
  33. ↑ See patent DE252706 , filed September 30, 1905.
  34. ↑ Information on brand 412799 . Bayer word mark DE412799 Cellit dated June 17, 1929, deleted April 5, 2001. Note: The trade name Cellit was used by Bayer as early as 1905.
  35. ↑ Pharmazeutische Zeitung 52, 1906, p. 769 ( digitized version ); Pharmaceutical Newspaper 52, 1906, p. 852 ( digitized version ); Deutscher Apothekerverein (Ed.): Quarterly publication for practical pharmacy . 4th year, issue 1, 1907, pp. 3–4 ( digitized version ).
  36. ↑ Information on the brand 75042 . Brand Name Autan filed on October 28, 1904; Patent DE177053 , filed July 13, 1905, and DE181509 , filed August 4, 1905.
  37. ^ Kordula Kühlem (Ed.): Carl Duisberg (1861-1935). Letters from an industrialist . Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, Munich 2012, ISBN 978-3-486-71283-4 , p. 93.
  38. ↑ Bayer press release 1999 ( memo of September 28, 2007 in the Internet Archive ).
  39. ↑ Eichengrün A .: 50 years of aspirin . In: Pharmacy . No. 4 , 1949, pp. 582-584 .
  40. ↑ Walter Sneader: The discovery of aspirin: a reappraisal . In: BMJ: British Medical Journal . tape 321 , no. 7276 , December 23, 2000, ISSN  0959-8138 , p. 1591–1594 , PMC 1119266 (free full text).
  41. ^ Spiegel Online: Aspirin: A Criminal Story? September 6, 1999.
  42. ^ Georg Schwedt: Chemistry of Medicines . Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 2018, ISBN 978-3-527-34503-8
  43. ↑ Simon Benne: Wäldner's list. During the Nazi era, the academics, who are now unpopular with Leibniz University, revoked their titles - only now could rehabilitation be possible . In: Hannoversche Allgemeine Zeitung, October 20, 2011, p. 15.
personal data
SURNAME Oak green, Arthur
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Eichengrün, Ernst Arthur (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German chemist and entrepreneur
DATE OF BIRTH August 13, 1867
PLACE OF BIRTH Aachen
DATE OF DEATH December 23, 1949
Place of death Bad Wiessee