corps

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Corps in Europe
Weinheim Corps students at the Weinheim Conference 2011

The corps - n , / koːr / ( sg. ), / Koːrs / ( pl. ), French for body, totality - are particularly old student associations . In terms of student history, they tend to be “conservative”, but they have always been committed to supranationality . The first corps emerged at the end of the 18th century. The temporary spelling corps was given up in 1911. The members of the corps are referred to as corps students . The members of a corps call themselves corps brothers .

background

The (later) corps took over elements of the old country teams of the 18th century (colored clothing components as forerunners of the color and names that indicate the home regions of the members) as well as the student orders (binding, firmly sworn membership, written and graphic secret symbols as identifying features) but as a novelty the ideas of German idealism with regard to personality development and character consolidation, which were established by written norms for the students of a university. The emergence of the corps is marked by the formation of senior citizens' conventions (SC) and the adoption of constitutions and SC comments at most German universities in the first decade of the 19th century. Previously existing student associations have not survived this development, so that the corps are the earliest form of student association in today's sense. At every classic German university, the corps are the oldest and most traditional student associations. 28 corps were founded in the 18th century, exclusively at Protestant and predominantly at Prussian universities: five in Erlangen, four in Frankfurt (Oder), four in Gießen, six in Hall, seven in Jena and two in Marburg. Most of them were suspended in the early 19th century.

“The more our people develop into an affluent society, the more our social life and thinking materialize and the social prestige is linked to economic success, the more the corps should deepen their ideal content and profile their character as an ideal community. Just as the spirit is superior to matter, so are spiritual and ideal communities more effective and more promising than interest groups, property classes and economic groups. "

- Karl August Bettermann (1967)

Self-image

200th foundation festival in Freiburg
Corps at the Rudelsburg (2016)

Any male student enrolled at a German, Austrian or Swiss university can become a corps student, regardless of his nationality, social or ethnic origin or religious affiliation . This distinguishes corps from other forms of student corporations which, like the German Burschenschaft, only accept Germans or, like Catholic student associations, only accept members of certain denominations . The corps (not individual corps students) have always taken no position on current or party politics . According to corps student principles, everyone should form his or her opinion and represent it with commitment - regardless of expected disadvantages. Because of this combination of association neutrality and individual engagement, many Corps students have found and are among the leaders of the most diverse political groups. Often enough, their intellectual independence and decisiveness have made them opponents of totalitarian regimes. The Kösener and Weinheimer Corps consider the scale to be indispensable as a test of their members and as an educational tool for “strengthening character and developing personality”.

“The aim and purpose of the corps was and is solely to educate the student to a strong, free, cosmopolitan personality who is not restricted by religious, racial, national, scientific or philosophical boundaries. In addition to the institutes of the corps convent and the pub, the institute of the present-day censorship also serves to achieve this goal, in which the fencers are appointed by those commissioned to do so while maintaining the same starting conditions as possible. [...] This exercise, which is connected with overcoming one's own fear, with the commitment to the corps community and the associated strengthening of the sense of community, serves to educate one's personality as well as taking hits without losing one's composure , and the acceptance of the scale length assessment by one's own corps brothers. "

- Hermann Rink

The corps members wear color . As an outward sign of their membership, they receive the corps ribbon or corps bow . Most of the corps boy ribbons and ribbons of the Kösener and Weinheimer corps are three-colored. Borussia Berlin , Franconia Tübingen , Franconia Würzburg and Onoldia (and Marchia Bochum) have two-tone options . Eight corps have four colors: Baltia Königsberg , Guestphalia et Suevoborussia , Hasso-Borussia , Makaria-Guestphalia , Rheno-Guestphalia , Saxo-Borussia Heidelberg , Teutonia-Hercynia Göttingen and Vandalia Rostock .

In a review of Thilo von Trotha's new book, Robert von Lucius writes :

“Thilo von Trotha explains why the Corps is close to him - with sentences that most people share, but which not everyone is able to formulate in this way. He felt at one with his surroundings in "the web of straightness, even if it was often raw, of reliability, often caricatured as obedience, and of the wonderful honesty of the corps-fraternal dealings despite all the little intrigues." He finds and describes the positive in drinking beer, which he actually does not like - even in the Quadrille with “her wonderfully superfluous”. The corps taught, he writes, not to take themselves too seriously. So Borussia became “an infinitely valuable gift” for him. And the book as a gift to corps students, especially since many other memoirs from Kösenern often appear self-published; and hardly any of these reveals the rituals and justifications of corps life in such detail and at the same time self-deprecatingly. "

- Robert v. Lucius

history

Federal symbol of the Corps Onoldia, founded in 1798

On the basis of the Enlightenment and German idealism , a new kind of student associations emerged at the universities. At least initially, they enjoyed the support of professors who were otherwise very critical of the self-governing student communities. The senior citizens' convention wanted to improve student manners; for Senate ordinances had achieved little in three centuries.

Strength of character and personality development became the task of the new communities. In the sense of idealism, political programs no longer needed to be pursued; because the "better character" would also have a positive effect on society. The very first constitutions emphasize that political activity is not one of the tasks of the corps and that the members are free to exercise political convictions.

Like the country teams of the 18th century, the corps gave themselves Latin names that referred to the country of origin of their members: Borussia , Bavaria , Saxonia , Guestphalia , Brunsviga , Franconia , Holsatia , Suevia and many others. Its membership structure was originally based on the national team and assigned to cantons. They gave themselves a constitution when they were founded. Student coats of arms , couleur , circles and student songs partly originated from the 18th century. What was special and new was the formation of senior citizens' conventions (SC), which wrote an SC comment for their area and ensured that it was adhered to. The SC claimed full representation of the student body because it included all "country teams". In the pre- March period in particular , the authorities suspected and prosecuted student associations. After the Carlsbad resolutions , the first corps kept their constitution secret; some had to dissolve or go on secretly, others chose innocuous names. This is probably how the name "Corps" came about, which can be found for the first time in Heidelberg in 1810. It actually meant the "narrow corps" of the country team, into which the "fox" could be elected. The upbringing of the foxes and the satisfaction became in the Progress (student movement) cornerstones of the "conservative" corps students, which the "liberal" country teams opposed - and were subject to.

“The new 'Landsmannschaften mit Corps' strived from the start to be the elite of the student body. You set the tone. The mass of students had to adapt to it. On the other hand, the dissolution of the corporate state at the beginning of the 19th century meant that the aristocratic student did not remain among his peers, but sought communities that corresponded to his view of life. Therefore, the aristocratic trait in the 'Landsmannschaften mit Corps' was consolidated in contrast to the later democratic aspirations of the fraternity. "

- Siegfried Schindelmeiser

Differentiation from new forms of connection

The founding of the original fraternity in Jena and the spread of their idea across Germany presented the corps with a great challenge. The requirement was to dissolve all national team-oriented associations at one university and to merge them into a unified all-German fraternity (common name was “Germania”). This egalitarianism ran counter to the social differentiation of the corps and questioned the SC's claim to sole representation. The older corps in particular withdrew to the positions of classical idealism. More than German idealism, it aimed at the fulfillment of duty and tolerance, at Frederick the Great's concepts of value. The cosmopolitanism of Goethe and Schiller, which was already evident in the relatively high proportion of foreigners in the corps in the first half of the 19th century, fit this worldview .

In the Progress after 1840 other forms of student associations emerged, many of which still exist today. According to the Corps, the new diversity diluted student traditions. The SC comment had lost its generality. The corps recognized that they could not regain their claim to sole representation vis-à-vis the entire student body with the many new foundations. Nevertheless, they were convinced that their regulations for student life were an ideal solution. It had to be clarified how "Corps" differ from other, younger connections. To do this, they had to organize themselves nationally and define themselves as well as their goals and ideals. Preparatory work was done by the Seniors' Convent in Jena, the Seniors' Convent in Leipzig and the Halle Seniors' Convent . They consulted each other regularly from 1820 and formed a general SC from 1821 to 1844 , which often met at the Rudelsburg.

“Inner value and historical law place the corps at the top of the German student body. ... The corps are the undisputed legal successors of the country teams. The Landsmannschaft, however, formed the actual student body, insofar as citizenship can only be spoken of where there is an organized representation. But those who stood outside the old Landsmannschaft had no representation and therefore never tried to challenge the rights of the Landsmannschaft. On the contrary, they voluntarily submitted to their leadership. The fact that the fraternity intervened later must not be relevant; because the Landsmannschaft only allowed her to enjoy her priority, let alone invited her. Therefore, as legal successors to the country teams, the corps can and must maintain the claim that they are the sole true and legal representatives of the entire student body. "

- NN, Akademische Monatshefte, Volume I (1884/85), p. 325

Association foundations

The Rudolstadt Senior Citizens' Convention (RSC) was established at the veterinary universities in 1873 . In 1882 the Naumburg Senior Citizens' Convention (NSC) followed at the agricultural universities. These foundings were necessary because the universities did not yet have the right to award doctorates and were not on an equal footing with the scientific universities. Rejected by the KSCV for this reason, they came to the WSC in 1934 after bitter disputes.

Sociopolitical significance in the German Confederation

Corps Teutonia Giessen (1858)

When in the first half of the 19th century - especially in preparation for the founding of the association in 1848 - the first definitions were formulated, in which the peculiarity of the corps in relation to the other newly established associations, the apolitical orientation was emphasized. Corps do not prescribe a political direction for their members, but prepare them for positions of responsibility in politics and society. This had already become clear in the years and decades after the first corps were founded. Corps students participated in the organization of the Hambach Festival in 1832, such as the lawyers Johann Georg August Wirth and Joseph Savoye . The publicists Friedrich Wilhelm Knoebel and Georg Geib were also participants . Corps students, such as Johann Ernst Arminius von Rauschenplatt, were also involved in the Frankfurt Wachensturm in 1833 . The famous revolutionaries include Friedrich Hecker , the "professional revolutionary" Heinrich Scheffer and Gustav von Struve . There were 32 corps students (previously named) in the pre-parliament . Of the 809 members of the Frankfurt National Assembly , 120 were corps students.

The corps produced not only revolutionaries and rebels, but also influential officials in the individual German states. Even then, the presence of Corps students in politically opposed camps was typical. Here are some examples:

Sometimes corps students even met in armed confrontations. For example, the German Confederation installed General Friedrich Freiherr von Gagern as the commander of the federal troops in order to suppress the popular uprising in southwest Germany led by the Corps student Friedrich Hecker. After failed negotiations, the general fell on April 20, 1848 in a battle on the Scheideck near Kandern ; the revolutionaries were nevertheless defeated. Hecker escaped to the USA, where he is counted among the more important Forty-Eighters , alongside Corps student Gustav Struve . The German War contributed significantly to the fact that the Austrian corps were only accepted into the KSCV at a late stage. The majority of the corps tended towards the small German solution .

The fraternity member Heinrich von Treitschke later said about the different presence of "non-political" corps students and "political" fraternities in government offices :

“The verbose enthusiasm, the vague longing and the constant confusion of appearance and reality were not favorable to the development of political talent. On average, more scholars and writers emerged from the fraternity, and from the ranks of their later opponents, the corps, more statesmen. "

- Heinrich von Treitschke

When, after the repeal of the Karlovy Vary resolutions in 1848, the socio-political life in Germany could sprout, associations and parties could be founded, Corps students were leading in the founding of almost all Germany-wide political organizations and later the nationwide parties - in all currents, with the Communists, the Social Democrats, the Catholics, the Liberals and the National Conservatives. So was Karl Marx in Bonn Landsmannschaft the Treveraner, three years later, as a Corps Palatia Bonn renamed. Together with Max von Forckenbeck and others, Rudolf von Bennigsen founded the German Progressive Party and the National Liberal Party , which provided the strongest parliamentary group in the Reichstag when the Reich was founded in 1871. In 1905 Ernst Bassermann became its chairman. Forckenbeck was President of the Reichstag from 1878. Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler founded the German Center Party with Ludwig Windthorst in 1870 . Wilhelm Liebknecht and August Bebel founded the Social Democratic Workers' Party (SDAP), the forerunner of today's SPD.

Although corps students and other fraternity students were also involved in the formation of workers' organizations, connections with associations of the bourgeois and aristocratic ranks became. The corps in particular was entrusted with the external education of the students. “Corp education” and “social polish” were considered the ideal of upbringing. Some families only sent their sons to university for this reason. Attending university events was often completely avoided. So did many princes . In the Grand Duchy of Baden , in Mecklenburg , in the Kingdom of Prussia , in the Duchy of Saxony-Coburg and Gotha , in Schaumburg-Lippe and in the Kingdom of Württemberg , they sent their sons to universities so that they could become active in the "real" corps.

Corps students as parliamentarians of the North German Confederation

The corps after the establishment of the empire

Homage to Bismarck (1890)

The reputation and influence of the corps reached their peak in the German Empire when the sons of ruling houses , the German nobility and the upper classes became active in the corps. Like the officer, the corps student was the ideal of the time. The old men of the corps occupied the political and economic leadership positions. The two leading personalities of the empire were corps students, namely Wilhelm II and Otto von Bismarck . The Chancellor became a political cult figure for many decades - both among the population and among the students. Otto von Bismarck as a student became a national legend. No more monuments were built to anyone in Germany. Referring to the tape of his corps, Bismarck said:

“If I came back to university today, I would still go to a corps. No tape holds as tight as this. "

- Otto von Bismarck on April 27, 1896

Even after his accession to the throne, Kaiser Wilhelm II kept in touch with his corps in Bonn. He viewed the corps as a tried and tested training facility for the next generation of leaders in the German Empire. So he said on May 6, 1891 in a speech to the Bonner SC:

"I hope that as long as there are German corps students, the spirit, as it is cultivated in the corps and is hardened by strength and courage, will be preserved, and that you will joyfully wield the racket at all times. Our scales are often not understood by the audience. But that shouldn't drive us crazy. We who have been students of the corps, like me, know better. Just as in the Middle Ages the courage and strength of men were hardened by the tournaments, so too the spirit and the life in the corps acquire the degree of steadfastness which is later necessary in great life and which will last as long as there are German universities gives."

- Kaiser Wilhelm II.

The higher the corps moved up in society (sociology) , the more the everyday life of the corps students changed. The corps felt obliged to express their leadership role through outward pomp. The representation costs that the individual active corps student had to raise rose to unprecedented heights. Most corps made a "minimum change" to the admission requirement. For example, a student who wanted to become a member of a corps was required to have a minimum income on which a large artisan family could comfortably live at the time. Only a few students could still afford membership in a corps. And although the number of students rose sharply in the German Empire, the number of corps students remained largely constant, while at the same time a large number of new forms of corporation were formed that questioned the traditional leadership of the corps.

The social dominance and formalistic behavior also provoked numerous satirical attacks and even polemical criticism. Especially the Simplicissimus , in whose editors also old gentlemen from different corps worked, published legendary caricatures about the life of the corps students, which have been reprinted again and again today, but rather benevolently with a winking eye. A special target was the "Kaisercorps" Borussia Bonn , in which many princes were members. Mark Twain spent several months in Heidelberg in the summer of 1878 and paid great attention to the corps there:

Wilhelm Meyer-Förster had great success with his play Alt-Heidelberg (play in 5 acts, premiered on November 22, 1901 in the Berlin theater). In the play, Karl Heinrich, Hereditary Prince of the fictional Thuringian small state of Saxony-Karlsburg, is sent to Heidelberg to study, where he joins the fictional "Corps Saxonia Heidelberg" and has a happy time. Due to the unexpected death of his father, he has to take the throne early and face the seriousness of life. In the piece, which is about the unrepeatability of youthful joy and lightheartedness, the corps is synonymous with the joys of youth. The plot was reworked in 1924 for a musical on Broadway ( The Student Prince ) and saw several film adaptations in the USA and Germany until the 1950s. To this day, the musical with German dialogues and English lyrics is performed every year at the Heidelberg Castle Festival.

The left press in Germany, on the other hand, viewed the corps as a breeding ground for the reactionary social forces against which they fought. So wrote the SPD newspaper Vorwärts , which once had the corps student Wilhelm Liebknecht as editor-in-chief:

“The rawness and raucousness of the corps boys is paired with a pomposity and imagination, which are looking for their equal and which provide a new proof of the narrow horizon of the masters. Who has not seen them strutting through the streets of the university towns, those dashing disciples of science with their hair parted down to the neck and smeared with a few tins of pomade, their pissed-off noses carried up, their finely twisted mustaches, their tight-fitting panties, short jackets and pointed Shoes, their bloated narrow-minded faces and their fine cane sticks or thick clubs with which they break the lanterns at night when they come out of their pubs, where they have completely lost their mental sanity, harass the peaceful citizens and beat the night watchmen? "

- Forward (1892)

Heinrich Mann lets the hero Diederich Heßling join the fictional "Corps Neuteutonia Berlin" in his novel Der Untertan . He describes how corps life contributes to the development of the Wilhelmine spirit of submission in his novel. The novel was filmed in the GDR in 1951 and was awarded a film prize.

Turn

All corporations succumbed to the splendor of Wilhelminism . Leonhard Zander countered the tendency towards “luxury and pretentiousness” widespread in the corps with a memorandum that was signed by Crown Prince Wilhelm and Prince Bismarck ( Zander's reform movement ).

Even during the Empire, (baptized) Jews were taken into corps as a matter of course. The Vering – Salomon duel marked a turning point in student anti-Semitism . Many corps no longer accepted Jews than one of the first Teutonia Marburg . In contrast to other student associations, however, the KSCV rejected a corresponding association resolution. So it was up to each corps to decide how to deal with this question. The corps did not want to participate in the "riot anti-Semitism" of other associations. The exclusion of old men of Jewish faith or of Jewish descent was not an issue, so that when the National Socialists came to power in 1933, many corps had Jewish members or members of Jewish descent.

There were tendencies against the arrogance of the corps in university politics and in the zeitgeist . The youth movement produced the Wandervogel , which was considered a modern association of young people. Terms such as “back to nature” and “healthy lifestyle” were formed. Especially in the Free Student Union of the found German Bund abstinent students and the life reform some trailers. The consequences for the corps can be seen in the statistics: In 1901, 8.3 percent of all male students in the German Reich belonged to a Kösener corps. That corresponded to 2,891 active and inactive. In 1908 this proportion had already fallen to 6.4 percent, which corresponded to an absolute number of 3,100 student corps members. In 1914 the proportion was 5.0 percent (2,914 students). The absolute number of corps students stagnated, while the number of students rose sharply. During the First World War , university and social life almost came to a standstill. In some cases, the CC holidays were extended until the end of the war. In some places the wounded and old men kept the business going; the defeat and the end of the empire could no longer be stopped. On November 9, 1918, the last Imperial Chancellor, Prince Max von Baden ( Corps Rhenania Freiburg , Saxo-Borussia , Suevia Heidelberg ) declared the emperor's abdication.

Weimar Republic

After the end of the First World War, those returning from the war flocked to the universities. The corps had more offspring than ever before. Some southern German corps have suspended admission. While 58,700 male students were still enrolled at the universities of the Reich in 1914, this number rose to 82,300 immediately after the end of the war. The number of active members, i.e. the members in the first semesters, almost doubled in the Kösener Corps compared to the last year before the war. However, the total number of student corps members remained rather constant. The percentage of Kösener Corps students in the male student body fell to 3.7 percent. The proportion of corps students in prominent positions in administration decreased rapidly in comparison to the imperial era in the early years of the Weimar Republic and reached its lowest value at the end of the period.

In 1919/20 the SPD Reichswehr Minister Gustav Noske repeatedly called on students to join the Reichswehr in temporary volunteer organizations in order to put down communist uprisings in the Reich. The aim of the SPD leadership was to prevent the formation of council republics by the USPD and the KPD, which was later founded, and to enable elections for a parliamentary republic , which ultimately succeeded. A parliamentary system could be established and elections took place. The Weimar Republic stabilized at least for a while.

Political orientation

Emergency money from the city of Bad Kösen (1921)

There was also a deep rift through the population of Germany in the political assessment of these events. The alliance of the SPD with the conservative military caused many social democrats to migrate to the communists. The reactionary forces attached to the old system were also not satisfied with the democracy that had actually supported them and made them possible in the first place. The supporters of parliamentary democracy were caught between all chairs and did not have a sufficient majority to permanently stabilize the republic. The members of the corps came primarily from the (not least Jewish) upper class and the nobility and had been the pillars of the empire. Few could make friends with the new democracy. Although the corps strictly avoided politicizing themselves or favoring political directions during this period, rallies were common for the monarchy; but there were also important Social Democrats among members of the Corps. The social democratic corps student Wilhelm Blos succeeded the royal corps student Wilhelm II as head of state of Württemberg .

After the First World War, the German Reich came under increasing pressure. The German inflation 1914 to 1923 , the uprising in Upper Silesia , the March fighting in Central Germany , the Munich Soviet Republic , the Ruhr uprising threatened the Weimar Republic . The Versailles Peace Treaty was seen as a humiliation and an unreasonable burden. "Patriotic" sentiments were seen as the basis for restoring a stable state. Thus, shortly after the abdication, Wilhelm II of Württemberg wrote to the chairman of the old rulers of his Tübingen corps:

"The spirit of German corps students, the spirit of togetherness and loyalty [will] be one of the most useful and necessary building blocks in rebuilding everything that has now collapsed so suddenly."

- Wilhelm

National, German-Völkisch and patriotic ideas gained influence. Not only egalitarianism and communism were strictly rejected by the corps , but also internationalism . It was seen as a cross-border capitalism that was only geared towards profit - a forerunner of today's globalization .

“The tasks of the German corps are those of the whole German people: rebirth of our culture and a new permanent state. This is only possible in the struggle against two fronts: 1. Against the rule of the masses striven for by Marxism; 2. against the moral stagnation and degeneration that has permeated all circles of our people. "

- Gustav Moll : tasks and ways. In: Deutsche Corpszeitung. 37, 1920/21

time of the nationalsocialism

Like the Minister of Education and Culture Carl Heinrich Becker in the Free State of Prussia , the National Socialist German Student Union (NSDStB), founded in 1926, wanted to break the dominance of student associations. In the elections to the general student committees he became more and more successful at the end of the 1920s. On the Graz Student Day in July 1931, he took over the management of the German student body . In his farewell speech, the outgoing chairman Hans-Heinrich Schulz ( Corps Hildeso-Guestphalia Göttingen ) sharply attacked the NSDStB because of its totality claim:

"At the moment when a political party exclusively puts its stamp on the German student body, one will no longer be able to speak of a German student body."

- Hans-Heinrich Schulz

In July 1932, was Gleichschaltung of the German student body completed. On the student day in Königsberg the delegates appeared in the uniforms of the NSDAP branches. The NSDStB provided the General Student Committee (AStA) at almost all universities.

Many corps students were - at least initially - enthusiastic supporters of National Socialism . The loss of the monarchy , the defeat in the World War, the humiliation of the Peace Treaty of Versailles , the circumcision of the eastern territories of the German Reich , the German inflation from 1914 to 1923 and the turmoil of the Weimar Republic left them, like most Germans, on the national revolution and the totalitarian revolution State hope. As Viktor Lutze and Rudolf Hess noted in their 1935 and 1936 decrees, there were nonetheless irreconcilable differences between National Socialism and student corps. The General German Arms Ring (ADW) was intended to bring the student associations and their associations into line with the German student body. The NSDStB had already concluded an agreement with the ADW in January 1931, which regulated cooperation on university policy and contained an order of honor. The ADW was supposed to exert a downward influence on the associations and their member associations in the interests of the NSDStB, which was increasingly the case. To counter this, the Heidelberg Seniors' Convent applied to the aoKC in October 1932 to terminate the KSCV's membership in the ADW:

“The course of the last days of the weapons students made us realize that the rape of the ADW contract through dubious majority resolutions will make it impossible to maintain the Kosen law in the long run. This realization, however, has the consequence that you have to leave this body while there is still time. "

- Application from Heidelberger SC (1932)

This proposal was accepted unanimously and the KSCV withdrew from the ADW. The three-month notice period lasted until January 1933.

The clashes increased even after the Reichstag election in March 1933 . Jostling and rabble-rousing sometimes escalated into street battles . These conflicts came into public discussion as Göttingen riots and Heidelberg asparagus meals . The synchronized media increasingly demanded the dissolution of the traditional student associations. The self-confident corps were considered a particularly critical group. The oKC 1933, which was supposed to initiate the synchronization and adoption of the Führer principle , brought the KSCV to the brink of inability to act. After consulting Hans Heinrich Lammers - head of the Reich Chancellery and corporation in Miltenberger Ring - the entire committee appointed Max Blunck as the leader of the KSCV . The Aryan paragraph , the Feickert plan and the edicts of Lutze and Hess increased the pressure on the connections.

In 1934, shortly before the gate closed, the Rudolstadt Seniors' Convent and the Naumburg Seniors' Convent were accepted into the Weinheim Seniors' Convent . The Kösener Corps in Austria were dissolved in 1938 after Austria was annexed to the German Reich from 1933 to 1945 . The Prague Seniors' Convents Association existed until 1939. Despite the bans and official suspensions , many corps continued their active operations secretly or in camouflage during the war.

Re-establishment of the Corps after the Second World War

Despite the suspension of the corps in the 1930s, they are on the index of forbidden associations of the Four Power Ordinance No. 24: "The leading university fraternities [sic!] ... which were affiliated with the Kösener student corps". After the war, the first attempts to re-found the corps were made in West Germany and Austria from around 1947, until 1950 they had taken concrete forms, from 1953 the scale was declared unpunished, together with the waiver of the waistband associations on the principle of unconditional satisfaction and the introduction of the Kosen Order of Honor (1958) brought about a significant change. The corps at the universities from the area of ​​the German Democratic Republic , the eastern areas of the German Empire and from Bohemia and Moravia relocated to western Germany or Austria . Some merged with friendly corps or with other corps on site in order to have more resources for reconstruction. Sun founded the Corps Masovia from Königsberg (Prussia) and Palaiomarchia from Halle an der Saale 1950 in Kiel by "joint reconstitution" together with the 1946 founded in Kiel student association "Collegium Albertinum" as their Corpsburschenconvent the Corps Palaiomarchia-Masovia .

In 1958, Prince Friedrich Ferdinand commented on the importance of the corps. In the era of National Socialism banned and discredited after the war, stands watching the student associations for the freedom and the right of individuals. Unlike their non-incorporated fellow students , the corps (corps students) took care of the refugees after the Hungarian uprising , the returnees and family members in the GDR . The working students among them contribute to overcoming the class struggle .

The German-Baltic student associations in Riga and Dorpat had developed their own culture, but always remained connected to the corps student community. After the war, they founded new corps in Göttingen and Hamburg, which continue their special traditions within the KSCV.

Displaced corps

In the German Reich from 1933 to 1945 the corps were suspended between 1934 and 1936, in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia not until 1939. Eighteen corps could not return to their home universities. Georg Sporleder initiated traditional and sponsorship relationships in the KSCV .

Breslau: Borussia Breslau in Aachen and Silesia in Frankfurt (Oder)survived. Lusatia Breslau merged with Lusatia Leipzig, Marcomannia with Borussia Tübingen. Of the Weinheimer Corps, Frisia is today in Braunschweig and Silingia in Cologne. Neo-Franconia hasrisenin Hannovera Hannover .

Brno: Of the three Moravian corps, two survived. Today Marchia is in Trier, Frankonia in Salzburg. Austria is extinguished.

Danzig: The Weinheimer Corps Baltica and Borussia have become the Corps Baltica-Borussia Danzig zu Bielefeld .

Halle: Borussia , Guestphalia and Palaiomarchia were able to returnfrom the Halle corpsafter reunification. The Corps Agronomia Hallensis zu Göttingen , the Corps Normannia-Halle and the Corps Saxonia Konstanz remained at their "new" locations.

Königsberg: Baltia , Hansea and Littuania of the East Prussian corps haveexpired. Its tradition is continued by the Corps Albertina in Hamburg. Masovia reconstituted in Kiel in 1997 and moved to Potsdam in 2001.

Prague: Frankonia , only entered the KSCV in 1922, is now thriving in Saarbrücken. Suevia has gone out.

Strasbourg: Like all student associations, the corps - Palaio-Alsatia , Palatia , Rhenania and Suevia - were driven out of Strasbourg before the Treaty of Versailles. They are still in the Strasbourg imagination today. Only Suevia had an active operation in Marburg until 2018.

German Association

After German reunification in 1990, many corps returned to their old locations in the new federal states , such as Dresden , Freiberg , Greifswald , Halle (Saale) , Jena , Leipzig , Rostock and Tharandt . New locations for corps students were opened up in Potsdam , Magdeburg and Frankfurt (Oder) .

In 2007, the Tigurinia II was another Kösener Corps in Switzerland. Corps in Budapest and Leuven were accepted into the KSCV. The Riga Presidential Convention seeks connection to the KSCV.

Social Commitment

The corps and their associations have always relied on the personal commitment of the individual corps student, who should take on social responsibility on site. A general political mandate would run counter to the constitutions of the corps and the statutes of their associations . A corps will therefore not make any political statements.

When it comes to working with young people, the Corps aim for independent, open-minded and educated people. It doesn't matter which country or culture they come from. Still adhering to Humboldt's ideal of education , the promotion of talented students is financed to a considerable extent by students from the Corps and their associations. One example is the Jugend Aktiv project , which was initiated in 1999 with its regional associations by the pathologist W.-Wolfgang Höpker (member of the Corps Albertina since 1963). It is aimed at highly gifted students and young people.

Talent and performance are also promoted among the members through the association's own educational work. The Stifterverein Alter Corpsstudenten awards the Friedrich von Klinggräff Medal to young Corps students who can be regarded as role models at the Kösener Congress or at the Weinheim Conference . Corps student commitment, service to the common good and outstanding academic achievements are equally recognized. By 2012, 130 Kösener and Weinheim Corps students had been honored and supported.

Internationally, on the initiative of Wolf-Gerhard Ansohn ( Corps Concordia Rigensis ) , corps and corps students support primarily schoolchildren and students in the Baltic States through the support group Bridge to the Baltic States as part of European integration .

Another area of ​​social engagement results from the traditional understanding of the KSCV and VAC. After the German unification, corps associations and individual corps students raised considerable funds in order to be able to use the old conference venue, the Brave Knight and the Rudelsburg in Bad Kösen again. The same applies to the monuments near the Rudelsburg.

The indirect co-financing of the Institute for Higher Education at the University of Würzburg is also to be classified in this ideal framework .

Through their corp houses , the corps and their old men’s associations feel particularly committed to monument protection . As architectural monuments, they often shape the townscape, especially in the smaller university towns. Maintaining them ties up most of the financial resources and is therefore - from an economic point of view - the core area of ​​social commitment.

Umbrella organizations

As a corporation associations of the corps exist today Kösener Senioren-Convents-Verband (KSCV) and the Weinheimer Senior Convent (WSC). The KSCV has member corps in Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Hungary. The WSC used to be represented in Switzerland; today his corps are only based in Germany. Both associations are fencing lengths and are colored . They are closely linked by cartel agreements of 1921, 1954 and 2009.

Some student hunting associations in the Wernigeroder Jagdkorporationen Senioren-Convent (WJSC) refer to themselves as "Jagdcorps".

Historical associations

Austria

Switzerland

In Switzerland , the Aarburger Senioren-Convent (ASC) competed with the corps affiliated to the KSCV . It was founded on November 22nd, 1884 as the Association of Swiss Corps and its orientation was similar to the KSCV. It was the successor institution of the Aarburg Cartel Association formed in 1876. In 1889 the connections to corps were declared. In 1971, the ASC was suspended because there was no longer an active connection. While maintaining their independence, the old men’s associations joined together to form a joint old men’s convent, which has now also expired.

Association-free corps

Donaria

Well-known corps students

Heads of state

State and politics

  • Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler (1811–1877), Bishop of Mainz, founder of Catholic social teaching, adversary of Bismarck in the Kulturkampf (Hildeso-Guestphalia)
  • Friedrich Hecker (1811–1881), Baden revolutionary (Rhenania Heidelberg, Hassia Heidelberg, Palatia Heidelberg)
  • Otto von Bismarck (1815–1898), Imperial Chancellor, founder of the German Empire (Hannovera)
  • Hermann von Mittnacht (1825–1909), first Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Württemberg (Guestphalia Heidelberg)
  • Wilhelm Liebknecht (1826–1900), co-founder of the Social Democratic Workers' Party in Germany (Hasso-Nassovia, Rhenania Gießen)
  • Friedrich Krafft von Crailsheim (1841–1926), Bavarian Prime Minister (Onoldia)
  • Antônio Francisco de Paula Souza (1843–1917), pioneer of the Brazilian rail system, Foreign Minister and Transport Minister of Brazil (Rhenania ZAB, Franconia Karlsruhe)
  • Rudolf Gallati (1845–1904), President of the Swiss National Council (Helvetia Zurich)
  • Wilhelm Blos (1849–1927), first President and Foreign Minister of the People's State of Württemberg (Rhenania Freiburg)
  • Georg Michaelis (1857–1936), 1917 Reich Chancellor and Prussian Prime Minister (Plavia, Guestphalia Würzburg)
  • Wolfgang Kapp (1858–1922), putschist against the Weimar Republic (Hannovera)
  • Eugen von Finckh (1860–1930), Prime Minister of the Free State of Oldenburg (Brunsviga Göttingen)
  • Maximilian von Baden (1867–1929), last Imperial Chancellor, Prussian Prime Minister (Rhenania Freiburg, Saxo-Borussia, Suevia Heidelberg)
  • Julius Dorpmüller (1869–1945), from 1937 Reich Minister of Transport (Corps Delta Aachen)
  • Yamamoto Teijirō (1870–1937), Member of the Japanese House of Commons, Minister of Agriculture, President of the German-Japanese Association, (Germania Hohenheim)
  • Konstantin Freiherr von Neurath (1873-1956), Reich Foreign Minister, Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia (Suevia Tübingen)
  • Reinhold Lobedanz (1880–1955), President of the Chamber of the German Democratic Republic (Lusatia Leipzig)
  • Anton Fehr (1881–1954), Reich Minister for Agriculture (Guestphalia Munich)
  • Franz Seldte (1882–1947), founder of the Stahlhelm, Bund der Frontsoldaten; Reich Minister of Labor (Teutonia-Hercynia Braunschweig)
  • Robert Lehr (1883–1956), Member of the Parliamentary Council and Federal Minister of the Interior (Teutonia Marburg)
  • Fritz Neumayer (1884–1973), Minister for Economics and Transport of the State of Rhineland-Palatinate, Federal Minister for Housing and Federal Minister for Justice (Rhenania Würzburg)
  • Hermann Weinkauff (1894–1981), first President of the Federal Court of Justice (Hubertia Munich)
  • Georg Diederichs (1900–1983), Prime Minister of Lower Saxony (Hercynia Göttingen)
  • Hans-Christoph Seebohm (1903–1967), Federal Minister of Transport, briefly Vice Chancellor (Hasso-Borussia)
  • Heinrich Homann (1911–1994), co-founder of the National Committee Free Germany, Chairman of the National Democratic Party of Germany, Deputy Chairman of the State Council of the GDR (Brunsviga Göttingen, Thuringia Jena)
  • Helmut Lemke (politician) (1907–1990), Prime Minister of Schleswig-Holstein (Holsatia)
  • Hans Friderichs (* 1931), Federal Minister of Economics, Board Spokesman of the Dresdner Bank (Teutonia Marburg)
  • Klaus Hänsch (* 1938), President of the European Parliament, member of the Presidium of the European Constitutional Convention (Silingia Breslau)
  • Ayyub Axel Köhler (* 1938), Chairman of the Central Council of Muslims in Germany (Alemannia Kiel)
  • Jürgen Gramke (* 1939), Minister of Science of Saxony-Anhalt (Holsatia)
  • Manfred Kanther (* 1939), Federal Minister of the Interior, Hessian State Minister of Finance (Guestphalia Marburg)
  • Bernd Niehaus Quesada (* 1941), university professor, foreign minister and ambassador of Costa Rica (Markomannia Bonn, Irminsul)
  • Edzard Schmidt-Jortzig (* 1941), Emeritus for Public Law, Federal Minister of Justice (Hansea Bonn)
  • Ulrich Goll (* 1950), Minister of Justice and Deputy Prime Minister of Baden-Württemberg (Hubertia Freiburg)

Military and resistance

  • Ulrich von Hassell (1881–1944), ambassador to Belgrade and Rome, executed after July 20, 1944 (Suevia Tübingen)
  • Karl Burian (1896–1944), Austrian legitimist, beheaded on March 13, 1944 in Vienna (Ottonen im Wiener SC)
  • Fritz-Dietlof Graf von der Schulenburg (1902–1944), District President, Colonel, executed after July 20, 1944 (Saxonia Göttingen)
  • Wolfgang Bonde (1902–1945), lawyer, perished in the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp ( Bremensia )
  • Eduard Brücklmeier (1903–1944), diplomat, executed after July 20, 1944 (Bavaria Munich)
  • Albrecht von Hagen (1904–1944), executed after July 20, 1944 (Saxo-Borussia)
  • Peter Graf Yorck von Wartenburg (1904–1944), central figure of the Kreisau Circle, hanged in Plötzensee (Borussia Bonn)
  • Georg Ferdinand Duckwitz (1904–1973), Righteous Among the Nations (Rhenania Freiburg)
  • Nikolaus Christoph von Halem (1905–1944), central figure of the civil resistance, beheaded in Brandenburg (Saxo-Borussia)
  • Kurt Gerstein (1905–1945), officer of the Waffen SS, reported on Belzec and Treblinka, who died in Paris in July 1945 (Teutonia Marburg)
  • Volkmar Herntrich (1908–1958), leading head of the Confessing Church, opponent of women's ordination, regional bishop of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Hamburg state (Borussia Tübingen)
  • Adam von Trott zu Solz (1909–1944), foreign policy expert for the Kreisau district, executed after July 20, 1944 (Saxonia Göttingen)
  • Dieter Wellershoff (1933–2005), Admiral, Inspector General of the Bundeswehr, brought the Bundeswehr and the National People's Army together after the so-called reunification (Marko-Guestphalia Aachen)

311 Kösener Corps students received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross , 36 the oak leaves and 6 the swords; 27 fell. The Knight's Cross of the War Merit Cross was carried by 24 corps students: Otto Ambros , Adolf Bacmeister , Heinrich Böhmcker , Wernher von Braun , Julius Dorpmüller , Abraham Esau , Ferdinand Flury , Albert Ganzenmüller , Karl Gebhardt , Erwin Gohrbandt , Siegfried Handloser , Franz Hayler , Lothar Kreuz , Walther Kittel , Herbert Linnemeyer, Hans Malzacher , Fritz Mussehl , Matthias Pier , Hermann Röchling , Gerhard Rose , Victor Schmieden , Oskar Schröder , Hans Thomsen and Arthur Tix . In the Plötzensee memorial, Wolfgang von der Groeben (2014) and Rüdiger Döhler (2019) commemorated the executed Nazi opponents .

Medicine and science

  • Philipp Franz von Siebold (1796–1866), scientific discoverer of Japan (Moenania)
  • Justus von Liebig (1803–1873), founder of organic chemistry, agricultural chemistry and nutritional physiology (Rhenania I Erlangen)
  • Wilhelm Hillebrand (physician) (1821–1886), botanist, personal physician to the King of Hawaii (Hanseatia Göttingen, Saxo-Borussia Heidelberg)
  • Alfred Brehm (1829–1884), naturalist and writer, Brehms Tierleben (Saxonia Jena)
  • Gustav Nachtigal (1834–1885), Africa explorer (Palaiomarchia, Nassovia, Pomerania)
  • Friedrich Loeffler (1852–1915), founder of virology (Moenania, Suevo-Borussia, Guestfalia Greifswald)
  • Emil von Behring (1854–1917), first Nobel Prize winner for medicine (Suevo-Borussia)
  • Alois Alzheimer (1864–1915), psychiatrist (Franconia Würzburg)
  • Hans Bredow (1879–1959), founder of the German broadcasting company; Honorary senator of the TH Dresden and the TH Stuttgart, honorary citizen of the TH Berlin and the TH Karlsruhe (Baltia Cöthen, Albingia Dresden, Teutonia Berlin)

Economy and technology

  • Friedrich Bayer (entrepreneur, 1825) , founding father of the Bayer Group (Saxonia Bonn)
  • Gottlieb Daimler (1834–1900), engineer (Stauffia Stuttgart)
  • Max Eyth (1836–1906), engineer and writer, pioneer of modern agriculture in the 19th century, (Stauffia Stuttgart)
  • Heinrich Büssing (1843–1929), pioneer of truck and bus construction, founder of Büssing AG (Teutonia-Hercynia Braunschweig)
  • Ferdinand Braun (1850–1918), physicist, inventor of the Braun tube, founder of the Telefunken company, Nobel Prize for Physics 1909 (Teutonia Marburg)
  • Otto Schott (1851–1935), chemist and glass technician, founder of the Jenaer Glaswerk Schott & Gen. (Teutonia-Hercynia Braunschweig)
  • Hugo Junkers (1859–1935), engineer and entrepreneur ( Turnerschaft Rhenania Berlin [today Turnerschaft Berlin] and Corps Delta Aachen)
  • Wilhelm von Opel (1871–1948), engineer (Franconia Darmstadt)
  • Hugo Henkel (1881–1952), co-founder of Henkel & Co (Stauffia Stuttgart)
  • Abraham Esau (1884–1955), physicist and radio pioneer, inventor of the VHF, President of the Physikalische Reichsanstalt Berlin (Holsatia Berlin, Silingia Breslau)
  • Claude Dornier (1884–1969), aircraft designer and aviation pioneer (Guestphalia Munich)
  • Hans von Opel (1899–1948), founder of the Hansa financing company for automobile trading companies, (Franconia Darmstadt)
  • Bernhard Sprengel (1899–1985), chocolate manufacturer, founder of the Sprengel Museum, honorary citizen of Hanover (Holsatia Kiel)
  • Fritz Berg (1901–1979), first and longest-serving President of the Federation of German Industries (Hansea Cologne)
  • Hanns Martin Schleyer (1915–1977), SS officer, board member of Daimler-Benz AG, president of the employers' association and the Federal Association of German Industry, murdered by terrorists (Suevia Heidelberg)
  • Wolfgang Schieren (1927–1996), CEO of Allianz AG (Borussia Tübingen, Marcomannia Breslau zu Cologne)
  • Hermann Franz (1928–2016), Executive Board member and Chairman of the Supervisory Board of Siemens AG (Franconia Karlsruhe)
  • Eberhard von Kuenheim (* 1928), Chairman of the Board of Management and Chairman of the Supervisory Board of BMW AG (Teutonia Stuttgart)
  • Alfred Herrhausen (1930–1989), CEO of Deutsche Bank, murdered by terrorists (Hansea Cologne)
  • Hans Friderichs (* 1931), FDP politician, Federal Minister of Economics, spokesman for the board of Dresdner Bank AG, chairman of the supervisory board of adidas AG (Teutonia Marburg)
  • Klaus Liesen (1931–2017), Honorary Chairman of the Supervisory Board of Ruhrgas AG and Volkswagen AG (Brunsviga Göttingen)
  • Hans-Jürgen Schinzler (* 1940), CEO of Munich Re (Vitruvia Munich)
  • Henning Schulte-Noelle (* 1942), CEO and Chairman of the Supervisory Board of Allianz AG (Borussia Tübingen)
  • Michael Rotert (* 1950), engineer, Internet pioneer, Chairman of the Board of the Association of the German Internet Industry (Franconia Karlsruhe)
  • Jürgen Großmann (* 1952), CEO of RWE AG, sole shareholder of Georgsmarienhütte Holding GmbH (Montania Clausthal, Hasso-Borussia)
  • Frieder Löhrer (* 1956), CEO of Loewe AG (Saxo-Montania (2008–2010), Saxo-Borussia Freiberg)

Arts and Culture

  • Walter Felsenstein (1901–1975), opera director, founder and director of the Komische Oper Berlin
  • Theodor Körner (writer) (1791–1813), German poet and freedom fighter, died in the wars of liberation against Napoleon
  • Heinrich Heine (1797–1856), poet, writer
  • Heinrich Hoffmann (1809–1894), psychiatrist and author of Struwwelpeters
  • Robert Schumann (1810-1856), composer
  • Wilhelm von Bode (1845–1929), art historian, co-founder of modern museums, Bode Museum in Berlin (Brunsviga Göttingen)
  • Ludwig Thoma (1867–1921), writer, rascal stories ; Editor and editor at "Simplicissimus" (Hubertia Aschaffenburg, Suevia Munich)
  • Joseph Maria Lutz (1893–1972), poet, writer (Bavarian hymn, Brandner Kaspar) (Donaria Weihenstephan)
  • Asfa-Wossen Asserate (* 1948), great-nephew of the last emperor of Ethiopia, management consultant and author: Manners , A Prince from the House of David (Suevia Tübingen)

Judge

94 judges and the first two presidents of the Reichsgericht were corps students.

Singer

Max Alvary • Max Begemann • Karl Buff • Horst Euler • Fritz Feinhals • Nicola Geisse-Winkel • Martin Härtinger • Hans Koehler • Heinrich Kotzolt • Josef Leinauer • Julius Lindemann • Hans Patek • Alfred Poell • Georg Sieglitz • Gustav Siehr • Hermann Thomaschek • Hartwig von Wersebe .

Namesake

Two corps students gave their names to East Prussian communities: Fritz von Bramann for Bramannsdorf (1938) and Gustav Gisevius for Giżycko (1946), the former Lötzen. Today's Chodzież was named after District Administrator Axel von Colmar in 1878 . In Namibia , Luhonono (Schuckmannsburg) is named after Bruno von Schuckmann .

Postage stamps

Sorted by year of birth

Honorary member

  • Reich President v. Hindenburg

Without commons images

Prussia

“The goals of the corps student tacitly led to the establishment of relations between him and the conservative circles; for an official body was desired that acted honorably, conscientiously fulfilled its duty and made objective decisions without bothering about the yapping of know-it-alls. For Prussia this in turn meant that the corps student was more of a Prussian than a Greater German. It was connected with tradition, even if it basically went with the times as soon as a proposal promised benefit to the general public after a factual examination. "

- Siegfried Schindelmeiser

The Prussian dynasty had 15 corps students, far more than any other ruling house :

Ernst Vollert writes in his memoirs:

“The terms about honor, friendship, elegant and self-confident demeanor, which were cultivated in the corps and all good connections, gave us a good foundation for the struggle of life. Corps students and the old Prussian officer corps were similar. Whoever understood one was at home in the other. "

- Ernst Vollert

In addition to the army and the nobility, the corps were important pillars of the powerful and modern state in Central Europe. After the German War , however , their inclination towards the Little German Prussians did not help to overcome the German dualism . In the 19th century only the SC zu Innsbruck with Athesia and Gothia was included in the KSCV (1886). The other Austrian corps in Brno, Graz, Leoben, Prague and Vienna did not follow until after the First World War. Today the Kösener Congress and the VAC Congress of Representatives are the only “Greater German” parliaments.

Bearer of the Pour le Mérite

Otto von Bismarck was one of four sponsors of both classes.

Military medals

Peace class

Questionable assignment

See also

literature

  • Werner Barthold : Power and powerlessness of ideologies in the corps . Once and Now, Yearbook of the Association for Corps Student History Research, Vol. 27 (1982), pp. 67-84.
  • Rolf-Joachim Baum (Ed.): “We want men, we want action!” German corps students from 1848 to today . Siedler-Verlag, Berlin 1998, ISBN 3-88680-653-7 .
  • Martin Biastoch , duel and mensur in the empire ( using the example of the Tübingen Corps Franconia, Rhenania, Suevia and Borussia between 1871 and 1895). Vierow 1995, ISBN 3-89498-020-6 .
  • Silke Möller: Beer, mischief and duels? Corps student education in the German Empire 1871–1914 . Meidenbauer, Munich 2004, ISBN 3-89975-038-1 .
  • Edwin A. Biedermann: Lodges, clubs and brotherhoods. 2nd Edition. Droste-Verlag, 2007, ISBN 978-3-7700-1184-1 .
  • Wilhelm Buschmann: Naumburg Senior Citizens' Convention (NSC). In: Academic Germany. Volume II: The German Universities and their Academic Citizens . Berlin 1931, pp. 347-352.
  • Heinrich Diedler: The RSC. History of an extinct corps association . In: then and now. Volume 55 (2010), ISBN 3-87707-781-1 , pp. 219-366.
  • Rüdiger Döhler : The German idealism and the corps studenthood. In: Sebastian Sigler (ed.): Friendship and tolerance. 200 years of Corps Bavaria in Landshut and Munich . Akademischer Verlag, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-932965-86-8 , pp. 183-188.
  • Wilhelm Fabricius : The German Corps. A historical representation with special consideration of the scaling . Berlin 1898 (2nd edition 1926).
  • Hugo Fritsche: Foreign students in German corps . Einst und Jetzt, Vol. 31 (1986), pp. 235-240.
  • Christian Helfer : Kösener Customs and Customs. 2nd Edition. 1991, ISBN 3-9801475-2-5 .
  • Paulgerhard Gladen : The Kösener and Weinheimer Corps. Hilden 2008, (WJK-Verlag), ISBN 978-3-933892-24-9 .
  • Historical commission of the HKSCV: turn and show. The first year of the Kösener yearbook . Frankfurt am Main 1930. (Reprint 2007)
  • Detlev Grieswelle : Sociology of the Kösener Corps 1870-1914. In: Otto Neuloh , Walter Rüegg (Hrsg.): Student and university in the 19th century. Göttingen 1975, p. 346 f.
  • Ferdinand Lindner : The corps of the German universities together with a detailed description of the student situation . Publishing house Lißner, Leipzig 1870.
  • Robert Paschke : What are and what do the corps want? Einst und Jetzt, Vol. 4 (1959), pp. 88-105.
  • Stephan Peters: To be elite. How and for which society does a student corporation socialize? Zugl. Diss. Univ. Marburg 2003, Tectum, Marburg 2004, ISBN 3-8288-8635-3
  • Hans student: Weinheimer SC Chronicle . Darmstadt 1927.
  • Sebastian Sigler (Hrsg.): Corps students in the resistance against Hitler . Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-428-14319-1 .
  • Manfred Studier: The corps student as an ideal image of the Wilhelmine era - investigations into the zeitgeist from 1888 to 1914 . Treatises on student and higher education, Volume 3, Schernfeld 1990, ISBN 3-923621-68-X .
  • Rosco Weber: The German Corps in the Third Reich . Macmillan, London.
  • Egbert Weiß : Corps students in the Paulskirche . Once and now, special issue 1990.
  • Manuel Weskamp, ​​Peter-Philipp Schmitt: Connections in the "Third Reich". In opposition with the band and the bat . Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, May 29, 2013. Online version

Web links

Commons : Deutsche Studentencorps  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files
Wikiquote: Corps  - Quotes
Wiktionary: Corps  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations
Student Union Portal  - Overview of Wikipedia content related to the Student Union

Remarks

  1. Jump up ↑ Joseph von Armansperg , Eduard von Bomhard , Theodor Brünings , Friedrich Carl Burkart , Leopold von Casselmann , Karl von Closen , Johann Gottfried Dingler , Heinrich Dürrschmidt , August Fleischmann , Georg von Forndran , Josef Giessen , Ludwig Groß , Aloys Hafenbrädl , Sigmund Haller von Hallerstein , Sigmund von Henle , Eugen Jäger , Johann Lukas Jäger , Wilhelm Kastner , Ludwig Keller , Heinrich Kraemer the Younger , Hans Küfner , Otto von Kühlmann , Jakob Franz Lang , Friedrich Mahla , Thomas Mayer , Ernst von Moy de Sons , Johann Michael von Poschinger , Gustav Rubner , Friedrich von Schauß , Eugen Schneider , Jacob Schüttinger , Maximilian von Seinsheim-Grünbach , Maximilian von Soden-Fraunhofen , Ferdinand von Soyer , Kaspar von Steinsdorf , Melchior Stenglein , Oskar von Stobäus , Paul von Stockbauer , Philipp von Thüngen and Anton Westermayer .
  2. ↑ on the Feickert Plan see Rosco GS Weber: Die Deutschen Corps im Third Reich , Cologne 1998, pp. 162–166.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Erich Bauer: Schimmer book for young corps students. 4th edition. o. O., 1971, p. 7 ff.
  2. ^ Rolf-Joachim Baum: Foreword by the editor. In: Rolf-Joachim Baum: “We want men, we want action!” - German corps students from 1848 to today . Berlin 1998, ISBN 3-88680-653-7 , pp. 7-12.
  3. ↑ principles of the Corps , die-corps.de
  4. ↑ Hermann Rink: The scale length, an essential feature of the association. In: Rolf-Joachim Baum (ed.), “We want men, we want action!” German corps students from 1848 to today . Siedler Verlag, Berlin 1998, ISBN 3-88680-653-7 , p. 383 f.
  5. ↑ Pioneers ride off. A life in two Germany , by Thilo von Trotha, Lau Verlag, Reinbek 2016, ISBN 978-3-95768-173-7 , in: Corps Magazin, Deutsche Corpszeitung 119th year, 3/2017, pp. 36–37.
  6. ↑ Hanspeter Hümmer: The emergence of the Corps under the sign of classical idealism - their precursors and differentiation from the fraternity , in: Rolf-Joachim Baum: "We want men, we want action!" - German corps students in 1848 until today . Berlin 1998, ISBN 3-88680-653-7 , p. 1544.
  7. ^ Rainer Assmann: Kränzchen - Landsmannschaften - Corps, on the early history of the Corps . Einst und Jetzt, Vol. 41 (1996), pp. 155-178.
  8. ↑ Erich Bauer: Schimmer book for young corps students. 4th edition. o. O., 1971, p. 8.
  9. ↑ a b c R. Döhler: The corps before the founding of the empire . Corps Magazin 1/2018, pp. 30–31.
  10. ^ Werner Barthold: Corps and collective . Einst und Jetzt, Vol. 25 (1980), p. 16 (24 ff.)
  11. ^ Egbert Weiß: Corps students in the Vormärz - persecuted and persecuted . Einst und Jetzt, Vol. 33 (1988), pp. 47-63; 34: 264-265 (1989).
  12. ↑ Edgar Suss: The Palatinate in the "Black Book". A personal historical contribution to the history of the Hambach Festival, early Palatinate and German liberalism. Heidelberg 1956
  13. ^ Friedrich Engelmann: Friedrich Hecker - Corps student and citizen of two worlds . Einst und Jetzt, Vol. 49 (2004), pp. 197-227
  14. ↑ Wolfgang Wippermann: The Revenant. The four lives of Karl Marx. Vienna 2008
  15. ↑ Manfred Studier: The Corps Student as an Ideal Image of the Wilhelmine Era - Investigations on the Zeitgeist 1888 to 1914 . Treatises on student and higher education, Volume 3, Schernfeld 1990, ISBN 3-923621-68-X .
  16. ↑ Martin Biastoch: The Corps in the Kaiserreich - ideal image of an era. In: Rolf-Joachim Baum: “We want men, we want action!” - German corps students from 1848 to today . Berlin 1998, ISBN 3-88680-653-7 , pp. 111-132.
  17. ↑ Friedrich Ossig, Hartmut Fischer: The origin of the corps and their development in almost 200 years of history. In: Handbook of the Kösener Corps student. Verband Alter Corpsstudenten eV Volume I. Würzburg 1985 (6th edition), p. 39.
  18. ↑ Kaiser Wilhelm II at the inaugural summer of the Bonn SC in May 1891, quoted from Adolf Meyer: New School of Commentary Academic Schlägerfechtens , Leipzig 1906 (reprinted by Peter Hauser, WJK-Verlag, Hilden 2006) ISBN 3-933892-13-9 .
  19. ↑ In addition u. a .: Florian Hoffmann: Called to leadership? The Gießener SC between claim to leadership and isolationism . Einst und Jetzt 49 (2004), pp. 295-310.
  20. ↑ The Crown Prince visiting the corps ( Memento from June 9, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
  21. ↑ Mark Twain: A Tramp Abroad . London 1880.
  22. ^ Wilhelm Meyer-Förster: Alt-Heidelberg in the Gutenberg-DE project
  23. ↑ see Dieter Grieswell: Anti-Semitism in German student associations of the 19th century. Studies and materials. in Christian Helfer , Mohammed Rassem: Student and University in the 19th Century V&R , Göttingen 1975, 1997, ISBN 3-525-31818-9 , pp. 366–379.
  24. ↑ Michael Ruck: Corpsgeist and State Consciousness: Officials in the German Southwest 1928 to 1972 , Oldenbourg Verlag, 1996
  25. ^ About this section: Rosco GS Weber: The German Corps in the Third Reich , Cologne 1998; Ralf-Roland Schmidt-Cotta, Wolfgang Wippermann: Struggle to preserve tradition - the corps in the Third Reich. In: Rolf-Joachim Baum: “We want men, we want action!” - German corps students from 1848 to today . Berlin 1998, ISBN 3-88680-653-7 , pp. 180-206.
  26. ^ Rosco GS Weber: The German Corps in the Third Reich , Cologne 1998, p. 115.
  27. ^ Rosco GS Weber: The German Corps in the Third Reich , Cologne 1998, pp. 132-136.
  28. ^ Rosco GS Weber: The German Corps in the Third Reich , Cologne 1998, p. 139 ff.
  29. ^ Friedrich Ferdinand zu Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg: Today's tasks of the student corporations . Deutsche Corpszeitung, 1/1959.
  30. ↑ Jörg Loke: On the origin and brief history of the Corps Borussia-Polonia at the European University Frankfurt on the Oder (1997-2000) . Einst und Jetzt, Vol. 48 (2003), pp. 215–326
  31. ^ Hermann Rink: Movements in the Kösener Seniors Convents Association . Einst und Jetzt, Vol. 51 (2006), pp. 271-273.
  32. ↑ Jugend Aktiv e. V.
  33. ↑ Holger Schwill: Ways and success of Jugend Aktiv 10 years after it was founded. CORPS - das Magazin 2/2009, p. 26.
  34. ↑ Jugend aktiv (die-corps.de) ( Memento from January 10, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
  35. ↑ Frank Pergande: Even gifted people need support. The Jugend aktiv association takes care of high school graduates. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung No. 6, January 8, 2009, p. 8.
  36. ↑ Corps Academy
  37. ^ Akademie Weinheim Seminars
  38. ↑ Stifterverein.de
  39. ↑ Bridge to the Baltic States
  40. ^ Siegfried Schindelmeiser: The Albertina and its students 1544 to WS 1850/51 and the history of the Corps Baltia II zu Königsberg i. Pr. (8 issues, self-published 1970–1985). For the first time complete, illustrated and annotated new edition in two volumes with an appendix, two registers and a foreword by Franz-Friedrich Prinz von Preussen, ed. by Rüdiger Döhler and Georg v. Klitzing, Munich 2010, ISBN 978-3-00-028704-6 , Volume 1, p. 139.
  41. ^ Corps newspaper of Borussia Bonn (2013)
  42. ↑ Kösener Corpslisten 1981, 146/52
  43. ^ Ernst Vollert: From my life , Bad Hersfeld 1968 (typescript, self-published), p. 22. The work is in the library of the German Resistance Memorial Center , Berlin, call number W 308-1
  44. ^ R. Döhler: Pillars of Prussia - 59 Corps students as high presidents of Prussian provinces . Einst und Jetzt, Vol. 55 (2010), pp. 143-148
This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on September 29, 2005 .