Otto von Bismarck as a student

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Bismarck as a student (1832/33), sketch by his corps brother Gustav Scharlach

Otto von Bismarck's student years in Göttingen (1832–1833) and Berlin (1834–1835) represented a formative and at times quite wild phase of the later German Chancellor's life.

Start of studies in Göttingen

Otto von Bismarck finished his school days at the Berlinisches Gymnasium zum Grauen Kloster with his final exam on April 3, 1832 and was dismissed from there on April 14, 1832. According to his mother's wishes, he was earmarked for a diplomatic career and the family had actually envisaged Bonn, Geneva or Berlin as universities; But the first decision was made in favor of the Georg-August University of Göttingen , which had a reputation beyond Germany as an elite university and whose student body had a high proportion of descendants of the nobility. Bismarck enrolled in Göttingen on May 10, 1832. In the first year in Göttingen he lived there in the house with the current street name Rote Straße 27, which is now marked with a Göttingen plaque . In the summer semester of 1833 he lived in an old fortress tower of the Göttingen city fortifications just outside the city walls on the Leine Canal , which is why it is now called the Bismarck House . In 1832, Göttingen itself was still dominated by the suppressed Göttingen uprising , which broke out in January 1831 as a result of the Paris July Revolution of 1830 . While the Kingdom of Hanover remained largely calm, a chain of different causes led to a violent outbreak in Göttingen, as a result of which a revolutionary council was formed under the leadership of private lecturer Johann Ernst Arminius von Rauschenplatt and on January 8, 1831 the magistrate of the city of Göttingen was temporarily established was dissolved. The uprising was not put down until March 1831. The student associations were subsequently banned and only existed in secret as purely social associations in the form of so-called clubbs . Only after the university jubilee in 1837 did new Progress connections emerge , which competed with the old-style compatriots . Fraternities were of minor importance in Göttingen throughout the first half of the 19th century because of the markedly conservative climate at the University of Göttingen. Bismarck initially joined some students from Mecklenburg , with whom he went on a hike through the Harz Mountains after the Hambach Festival in May 1832 . After his return he received his first reprimand from the university court for throwing a bottle out of the window of the Göttingen hotel restaurant Krone on Weender Strasse in a relaxed mood .

  • Bismarck's first student apartment in Göttingen, Rote Straße 27

  • Göttingen memorial plaque in Rote Straße 27

  • Bismarck house south of the Göttingen ramparts, in the background the Odilienmühle

  • Bismarck house with a Göttingen memorial plaque above the front door on the crown of the city wall

American Circle of Friends

Silhouette Mitchell C. King (Göttingen 1832/33)

Bismarck had very good school skills in both French and English and soon made friends with a group of American fellow students in Göttingen , with whom he came into closer contact and with whom he perfected each other's knowledge of the foreign language. Among them were the future American historian and diplomat John Lothrop Motley from Boston and two southerners. Both moved to the University of Berlin in the fall of 1833 and moved into a joint apartment on Friedrichstrasse . The doctor Amory Coffin (1813-1884) is also documented in Bismarck's thoughts and memories through the legendary champagne bet . In a bet with Coffin, Bismarck had bet that German unity would be established within 20 years; So he lost the bet because he misjudged himself by almost 20 years. The physician Mitchell Campbell King from South Carolina was the only one from this group who later followed him as a corps brother in the Corps Hannovera. In this group, Bismarck celebrated Independence Day on July 4, 1832 "in a lively mood" . John Lothrop Motley, who later became Bismarck's close confidante, did not follow him into the Corps. He had prepared for his studies in Göttingen in 1832 with the help of a travel guide from Henry Dwight , who described in detail the student life around 1825/26 at the Georgia-Augusta, and confirmed his unbiased descriptions, which were not subject to official censorship, including those that were unbelievable for Americans Fencing joy of the Corps, in one of the first letters from Göttingen to his mother in Boston, so that Dwight's detailed descriptions can be regarded as authentic:

"... the accounts you have read in Dwight ... is not the slightest degree exaggerated, in fact it is entirely impossible to exaggerate them."

- John Lothrop Motley : letter dated July 1, 1832 to his mother

Motley stood at a benevolent distance from corps students. He later processed his college friend Bismarck in his novel Morton's Hope, or the Memoirs of a Provincial (1839), in which he used Bismarck as a model for the fictional character of Otto v. Rabenmark chose. This also becomes clear in the letter of July 1, 1832 to his mother, when he finally sums up the report he gave about the Göttingen student life and the corps:

"And though it is beyond all contradiction a brutal state of things, yet I cannot help thinking it is not without its uses."

- Motley : to his mother

and emphasized at the same time

"I have found a few friends here whom I admire very much, and with whom I already drunk Brüderschaft "

- Motley : to his mother

The significance of this student circle of friends for Bismarck's later attitude and foreign policy towards the United States, i.e. the relations between Germany and the United States , has not been conclusively analyzed to this day, if one considers the first approach in the dissertation of the American historian Louis Leo Snyder in 1931 disregards. What is certain, however, is that during the diplomatic negotiations at the Berlin Samoa Conference in 1889, he first introduced English as the international diplomatic language of negotiation.

Corps student

Bismarck's racket in the Bismarck Museum in Friedrichsruh
Pub picture Otto von Bismarck as a Göttingen Hanoverian

The Hanoverian learned Bismarck already know in May 1832 at a meeting on the Weender road. At that time they existed as a club due to persecution, and wearing colors in public was not possible for the Göttingen connections. On July 5, 1832, the day after the long celebration with his American friends, he was proposed as Renonce by Adolf Jäger from Hanover, who was also staying at Rote Straße 27 , and was accepted as such by the convention of July 6, 1832 Albrecht Erxleben accepted. Adolf Wuthmann became his personal boy . On August 10, he first fought a lot on the colors of the Hanoverian and on 15 August 1832 he was received after the previous Ballotement in the Corps. At the corps convention of October 6, 1832 he was elected fox major and thus had to sing the songs in the bars . He remembered this ambiguously in 1895:

"I always had to set the tone in the corps in Göttingen."

- Bismarck : on April 8, 1895 at a reception by Prussian senior teachers

Several of the pub names customary in Göttingen for this time have been passed down for Bismarck from his corps, such as child and child's head , but also with reference to his homeland Kassube and finally, with the increase in his fencing performance, Baribal , an allusion to the American black bear . According to the convention protocols, which were kept very briefly at this time, he was elected adjudant general for the funeral ceremonies of the late mathematician Hofrat Bernhard Friedrich Thibaut on November 3, 1832 , and on December 7, 1832 he and his corps brothers signed a new version of the corps constitution as "Otto von Bismarck." Pomerania". During his time in Göttingen, Bismarck fought 26 games on rackets. From these games he only retained a slightly visible blow on the tip of the nose from the game with Heinrich Biedenweg from Bremen on February 2, 1833. Bismarck argued with him all his life over the question of whether Biedenweg's blow was commentary . As a second, he was available to his own corps brothers in nine games. Whether he was also available to other corps in racket games as a “loan second” has not yet been researched. In the summer semester 1833, he held the charge of Conseniors .

Bat games by Otto von Bismarck in Göttingen
date Corridors Bloody ones second Counter-timpani Bloody ones Counter second More impartial
August 10 6th - Jaeger, Hannovera Cramer, Brunsviga 1 Cleve , Brunsviga Pfister, Guestphalia
August 22nd 21st - Jaeger xxx Silberschlag,
fraternity of Teutonia Jena 		1 Cleve, Brunsviga Hausmann, Dr.
August 31 11 small M. - Jaeger xxx Mensching, Hildesia 2 Groschupf x, Hildesia Bartels, Brunsviga
November 10th 9 - Fromme I, Hannovera Dear, Brunsviga 1 Rudloff, Brunsviga Heinemann, Guestphalia
November 13th 9 small M. - Wuthmann, Hannovera Erlenbach x, Hildesia 2 Böttcher, Hildesia Bartels, Brunsviga
15th of November 3 - Wuthmann, Hannovera Dear, Brunsviga - Cleve, Brunsviga vd Hoven, Lunaburgia
11th December 9 - Klopp I, Hannovera Locksmith, Guestphalia 1 v. Roeder, Guestphalia Bartels, Brunsviga
15th December 2 small M. 1 Wuthmann, Hannovera Mensching, Hildesia 1 Böttcher, Hildesia Bartels, Brunsviga
December 22 6th - Scarlet fever, Hannovera Cramer, Brunsviga - Spohr, Brunsviga Heinemann, Guestphalia
January 7th 4 small M. - Fromme I, Hannovera Erlenbach, Hildesia 2 Bartels, Brunsviga v. Roeder, Guestphalia
January 9th 12 - Rhodenburg, Bremensia Rudloff, Brunsviga - Cleve, Brunsviga Böttcher, Hildesia
January 16 12 - Scarlet fever, Hannovera Bode, Brunsviga 1 Spohr, Brunsviga Rhodenburg, Bremensia
February 2nd 1 small M. 1 Flügge, Lunaburgia Biedenweg I, Bremensia - Locksmith, Guestphalia v. Roeder, Guestphalia
3 March 1 small M. - Seidensticker, Hannovera Scot, Brunsviga 2 Rudloff, Brunsviga Rhodenburg, Bremensia
6th March 12 - Seidensticker, Hannovera Sagittarius, Brunsviga 2 Spohr, Brunsviga Ratjen, Bremensia
17. March 24 kl. M. 1 Cramer, Brunsviga Biedenweg I, Bremensia 1 Spohr, Brunsviga v. Firks, Lunaburgia
April 24th 1 small M. - Haccius, Hannovera Bode, Brunsviga 2 Spohr, Brunsviga Rhodenburg, Bremensia
April 25 12 1 Oldekop, Hannovera Peters, Hassia - Frederich, Hassia v. Firks, Lunaburgia
May 3rd 14 small M. 3 Seidensticker, Hannovera Grosse, Guestphalia,
Hildesia		 3 Böttcher, Hildesia v. Firks, Lunaburgia
May 6th 24 - Seidensticker, Hannovera v. Roeder xx, Guestphalia - Locksmith, Guestphalia Rhodenburg, Bremensia
May 7th 12 1 Oldekop, Hannovera Petri, Brunsviga 1 Bierbaum, Brunsviga Heinemann, Guestphalia
8th of May 6 small M. - Seidensticker, Hannovera Domeyer xx, Hildesia 1 v. Roeder, Guestphalia Pfister, Guestphalia
May 9 7 small M. - vd Hoven, Lunaburgia Fischer EM, Hildesia 1 Böttcher, Hildesia Flügge, Lunaburgia
June 7th 12 - Black, Lunaburgia Römke x, Brunsviga - Heinemann, Guestphalia Straub, Bremensia
5th September 13 - v. Dewitz , Vandalia Frederich xxx, Hassia - Peters, Vandalia Spohr, Brunsviga
Bismarck was expelled from the city of Jena at Whitsun 1833. (Drawing by Carl Röhling (1849–1922))

Pentecost 1833 made Bismarck with five other Hanoverians, five members of the Corps Brunsviga Göttingen and a member of the 1833 Corps Vandalia Göttingen reconstituted a trip in Göttingen traditional Pentecostal syringe which are sold on the Burg Hanstein , Eisenach with the Wartburg , Schloss Wilhelmsthal that altenstein castle , Bad Liebenstein , Inselsberg , Tabarz , Reinhardsbrunn and Schnepfenthal initially led to Gotha and from there to Jena via Erfurt and Weimar . The tour company stayed a little longer in Jena, stopped at the "Rose", which is still known today, and wandered through paradise to Wöllnitz to the beer state of Henneberg-Wöllnitz under the aegis of the Corps Franconia Jena . In addition to the Frankenkneipe in Jena, the fraternity's castle cellar was also visited. During the day, the Jenenser Franks were used to drink on the market square of Jena, until the city council of Jena expelled the entire Göttingen travel company from the city because they "induced the academic youth in Jena to all sorts of exuberant pranks and drinking bouts". The Göttingen students then received a comitat from the Jena student body in front of the city gates and first traveled up the Saale and then returned to Göttingen. In addition to his two long journeys to the Harz Mountains and Thuringia, Bismarck later also liked to remember more frequent trips from Göttingen to Kassel-Wilhelmshöhe .

His conflicts with the Göttingen university authorities led to several proceedings before the University Court of Georgia-Augusta and are documented in their university court files. As a university sentence , he received ten days in prison because of his role as a referee in the stud pistol duel. Knight from Cumberland c / a stud. von Grabow in January 1833, to which he was initially only called in as a Knights interpreter. The sentence was increased by one day because Bismarck did not appear on summons. This led to his carving in the door of the Göttingen prison “v. Bismarck Han XID “The further proceedings were triggered by a dispute between the Corps Guestphalia and Lunaburgia Göttingen, which had led to declarations of disrepute and a split in the Göttingen Senior Citizens' Convention . Bismarck was questioned by the University Court on June 14, 1833 and covered the Hanoverian senior Georg Haccius by pretending to be a senior to the University Court, probably because Haccius's previous convictions would have led to his immediate eviction . On July 20, 1833, Bismarck received three days of detention and the first consilium, initially because of involvement in unauthorized drumming, and in a further procedure on the same day another 4 days of strict detention, together with a second consilium because of "exceeding the regulatory framework by participating in a continued without permission Society, participation in deliberations of society which were outside the social circle, attendance at the senior citizens' convention by members of society and special activity in this regard ”. With the exception of three days, Bismarck served these prison sentences in Göttingen; after an agreement between the two university authorities, he served the remaining three days in the prison of the University of Berlin from May 31, 1834 .

After the investigations, Hannovera dissolved again pro forma vis-à-vis the university authorities on July 14, 1833, but continued to exist according to the convention protocols. Bismarck received a Weinkommers outside the city walls in Weende on his departure at the beginning of September and left Göttingen on September 11, 1833.

Student life in Göttingen

The two circles of friends left Bismarck little time for intensive study of law . His visit to the colleges and with it the listening fees he had to pay were less than the activities among friends during his time in Göttingen. However, he attended lectures by private lecturer Carl Julius Meno Valett and civil lawyer Gustav von Hugo . The historian Arnold Heeren , who was already reputed to have formed many budding diplomats in Göttingen, was probably the only influential factor . In 1833, Bismarck had a miniature portrait made on porcelain by the Göttingen porcelain painter Philipp Petri , which is now in the possession of the von Bismarck family in Friedrichsruh.

Studied in Berlin

Bismarck was only able to enroll on May 10, 1834 in view of the prison sentence that was not fully served in Göttingen, but had already been attending lectures there since the winter semester of 1833/34. In Berlin, Bismarck joined the serious study efforts of his friend Motley, who had also moved to Berlin. However, he received his exam knowledge more from the tutor than from the university itself. The later geologist and palaeontologist, the German Baltic Alexander Graf Keyserling , joined the two as a third member . Keyserling strictly rejected the joys of student life in favor of his academic interests and was characterized by modesty; He categorically rejected any kind of luxury or excess.

"When we checked out, we treated ourselves to a beef steak and a glass of sherry in a restaurant"

- Alexander Graf Keyserling : From the diary sheets ... , S. X

The three of them developed a close friendship for life during their shared apartment at Friedrichstrasse 161 in Berlin. Bismarck later visited Keyserling's Raikküla several times . Motley does not mention the two friends by name until his later letters in the 1850s.

On March 25, 1835, Bismarck was de-registered in Berlin and passed the auscultation examination on May 22, 1835 .

  • Otto von Bismarck (1836)

  • Alexander von Keyserling (before 1870)

  • John Lothrop Motley (around 1860)

Connectedness

Bismarck's letter facsimile to Mitchell C. King (1875), Library of Congress Manuscripts, Washington DC

Bismarck remained in lifelong contact with some of his corps brothers from the Göttingen student days. This included on the one hand his personal boyfriend Wuthmann, on the other hand as a close friend Gustav Scharlach with the pub name Giesecke and Fritz Kern . The long-standing correspondence with scarlet fever, kept in the cheeky tone of the student days, shows Bismarck's interest in all of his consemesters, whose life stories are discussed by the correspondents in the correspondence. His contacts to Scharlach and the Corps brothers Wuthmann and Theodor Oldekop (pub name: Cerevisians ) remained close throughout his life. Bismarck's correspondence with the Danish politician Carl Frederik von Blixen-Finecke , who came to Hannovera in 1840, was published in Denmark in 1916. During his time as the Prussian envoy to the Bundestag in Frankfurt am Main, he also made friends with a younger corp brother in the 1850s. With the banker Friedrich Borgnis , who had come to Hannovera in Göttingen in 1854, he often went hunting together on his property near Frankfurt. Die Gartenlaube reported in 1869 about a "parliamentary evening" by Bismarck in the later Reich Chancellery in Wilhelmstrasse , at which his Coätane Ludolf Fromme , at the time mayor of the city of Lüneburg, was also present, and von Bismarck with the words

"Let's toast the old colors blue-red-gold of the Hannovera in Göttingen, Mr. Corpsbruder!"

- The Gazebo, 1869

was asked to empty a glass of may punch. Correspondence has also been preserved with Mitchell C. King, a southerner from Bismarck's American Circle of Friends, which Bismarck reiterates in his letters to Scharlach, sometimes mockingly. Even as Chancellor of the Reich, Bismarck corresponded with King in the English language, since King had not permanently appropriated the German language. Bismarck last wrote - as far as is known - from Varzin to King in 1875

"I am glad that the Hanoverian ribbon, for which I saw you enter the lists, sword in hand, holds good with you not less than with me as a bond of fellowship."

- Bismarck : to King, Varzin, November 15, 1875

While his consemester at Hannovera preferred the quiet Hanoverian civil service life to work in the closer environment of Bismarck, despite corresponding inquiries, a younger corps brother, Arthur von Brauer , also worked in the Foreign Office under him from 1882.

In 1881, Bismarck supported the "Memorandum against luxury and pretentiousness" submitted to the KSCV by the directorate Leonhard Zander for negotiation at the Kösener Congress with the aim of reforming the corps students, which u. a. signed by him and Prince Wilhelm of Prussia , later Emperor Wilhelm II; these two votes gave the memorandum for the imperial era considerable political weight. The Zander movement finally culminated in the founding of the Association of Old Corps Students, suggested by Paul Salvisberg in 1887 .

The only known recording of Bismarck's voice from 1889. He recites parts of the English song In Good Old Colony Times , the ballad Schwäbische Kunde by Ludwig Uhland , the song Gaudeamus igitur and the Marseillaise ; then he gives advice to his son.

In the only surviving sound document of Otto von Bismarck, a phonograph cylinder by the American inventor Thomas Alva Edison , the 74-year-old Chancellor refers to his student days in Göttingen in 1889 and quotes the American folk song In Good Old Colony Times as the first song and then the Latin student song Gaudeamus igitur . In Good Old Colony Times , like the popular Scottish folk song Auld Lang Syne , Bismarck used it in his correspondence with John Lothrop Motley in the 1860s when he remembered their study times together.

On June 17, 1892, Prince Otto von Bismarck was made an honorary member of his corps. On his 80th birthday he was given a ribbon of honor in honor of the German student body in Friedrichsruh.

In his later years, too, Bismarck repeatedly acknowledged his corps studies and his corps. His saying

"No tape holds as tight as this one."

- Bismarck : on April 27, 1895 in Friedrichsruh

became legendary among corporate students. In 1896, the Association of Old Corps Students erected the Jung-Bismarck Monument at the Rudelsburg , the annual meeting point of the Kösener Corps near Kösen . It shows him as a corps boy of the Hannovera sitting casually with their couleur ribbon around his chest and his student basketball bat in his hand, together with his dog in his student days, a German mastiff named Ariel. This unique form of his presentation led to critical statements in advance, but was approved by Bismarck personally on April 27, 1895.

In 1896, Bismarck handed over corps documents pertaining to his active time to the corps archive at Hannovera. It is not known from whom he received this.

  • Bismarck's first letter to Scharlach dated November 14, 1833 (address field and reverse)

  • Bismarck speaks to the delegation of German students, 1. April 1895

  • Honor ribbon for his 80th birthday, today in the Bismarck Museum Friedrichsruh

  • Jung Bismarck Monument near Rudelsburg (1896)

swell

literature

  • Otto von Bismarck: Thoughts and memories at Zeno.org . Herbig, Munich 2007 (1898-1919), ISBN 978-3-7766-5012-9 .
  • Arthur von Brauer : Memories in the service of Bismarck. Edited by Helmut Rogge. Mittler Verlag, Berlin 1936.
  • Brüning , Quaet-Faslem, Nicol: History of the Corps Bremensia 1812-1912 . Göttingen 1914, p. 183 ff. ( Kulturerbe.niedersachsen.de digitized version ).
  • Heinrich Ferdinand Curschmann : Blue Book of the Corps Hannovera to Göttingen. Volume 1 (1809-1899), Göttingen 2002, No. 370.
  • George William Curtis (Editor): The Correspondence of John Lothrop Motley. 1889, Chapter II: Germany; University Life ( archive.org )
  • Carl Otto Dammers : Letters from a trip with Bismarck's Coaetanen Oldekop, v. Fircks and Motley in 1832 via Eisenach, Nuremberg, Munich to the Achensee. Corps report of the Hannovera WS 1910/11, pp. 84–101.
  • Erich Ebstein: John Lothrop Motley and Otto von Bismarck as Göttingen students (Easter 1832 to autumn 1833). In: The present. 65, 1904, pp. 392-396 ( file link PDF).
  • Lothar Gall : Bismarck. The white revolutionary. 2nd Edition. Ullstein, Berlin 2002, ISBN 3-548-26515-4 .
  • Otto Hannemann: Bismarck's 70th birthday - Bismarck dedicates his picture to the pub, corps report of the Hannovera zu Göttingen WS 1884/85, p. 2.
  • Alexander Keyserling, Leo Keyserling, Helene Taube: From the diary sheets of Count Alexander Keyserling: Philosophical-religious thoughts. JG Cotta, 1894 ( archive.org )
  • Ernst Kuthe: Bismarck's 100th birthday - the celebrations at the national monument and in the Reichstag. War newspaper of the Hannovera, No. 6 (1915), pp. 9–11.
  • Anton Lindeck : Memoirs. Part II: The Göttingen time.
  • Rudolf Loreck: Bismarck's greeting in 1883 at the Göttingen train station. Corps report of the Hannovera, No. 100, pp. 29–31.
  • Rudolf Meyer-Brons: Bismarck in Göttingen , Corpsbericht der Hannovera, No. 98, pp. 1–7, with an addition in No. 99, p. 26.
  • Thomas E. Mullen and Helmuth Rogge: Two unknown letters from Bismarck: addressed to his childhood friend Mitchell C. King from Göttingen. In: Historische Zeitschrift , Volume 202, 1966, pp. 352-362, JSTOR 27614315 .
  • Walter Nissen: Otto von Bismarck's Göttingen student years 1832–33. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1982, ISBN 3-525-36177-7 .
  • Hans Rothfels (ed.): Bismarck letters. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1954 ( books.google.de ).
  • Otto Scharlach : Brande Hannoverae near Bismarck in Friedrichsruh on the occasion of the 80th birthday . Corps report of the Hannovera SS 1895, pp. 10–15.
  • Peter-Philipp Schmitt: 200 years of Bismarck: The iron student In: FAZ , March 27, 2015, p. 6 ( FAZ.net April 1, 2015).
  • Franz Stadtmüller : Otto v. Bismarck as a student in Göttingen 1832/33 and his later relationships with his Corps Hannovera, Georgia Augusta and the city. In: Göttinger Jahrbuch , 1960, pp. 89-104, ISSN  0072-4882 .
  • Franz Stadtmüller (Hrsg.): History of the Corps Hannovera zu Göttingen 1809-1959. Göttingen 1963, pp. 98-123.
  • Alfred Staude: The inauguration of the Bismarck column near Friedrichsruh. Corps report of the Hannovera WS 1903/04, pp. 14–20.
  • Alfred Staude: News on the history of the corps. This includes: Ludolf Fromme , memories of his active time with Bismarck, Corps report of the Hannovera WS 1906/07, pp. 25–28.
  • Jonathan Steinberg : Bismarck: a life. Oxford University Press, New York 2011, ISBN 978-0-19-959901-1 , p. 38 ff. ( Books.google.com Limited preview).
  • Paul Stolze: The Bismarck homage of the German corps students in the Walhalla near Regensburg. Corps report of the Hannovera WS 1908/09, pp. 7-10
  • Friedrich Thimme : Bismarck and Hanover. In: Lower Saxony Yearbook for State History. Volume 12, 1935 (especially Chapter II: Bismarck as a Göttingen student and as a Hanoverian ).
  • Helmut Volpers: The “Iron Chancellor” stone witnesses. Thoughts on the "Bismarck picture" in Göttingen. In: Göttinger Jahresblätter , 1985, pp. 128–131.
  • Fritz-Otto Wegmann: The Bismarck Days in Göttingen and the 123rd Foundation Festival from 8. – 10. May 1932. In: Corps report of the Hannovera. No. 99, pp. 13-15.
  • Ernst Wingenroth: Bismarck travels through Göttingen. Corps report of the Hannovera Göttingen SS 1893, pp. 21–22.
  • Otto-Eberhard Zander : Bismarck and his debauchery as a student (1832/33). In: Franz Walter , Teresa Nentwig (Hrsg.): The offended Gänseliesel - 250 years of scandal stories in Göttingen. V&R Academic, Göttingen 2016, pp. 55–64.
  • Hans Blum: A parliamentary evening with Bismarck . In: The Gazebo . Issue 20, 1869, pp. 312-318 ( full text [ Wikisource ]).
  • Theodor Fontane : Jung-Bismarck . In: Poems . 10th edition. JG Cotta, Stuttgart / Berlin 1905, p. 313 ( Wikisource )
  • Letter from Bismarck to Motley, May 23, 1864 . After: Hans Rothfels : Bismarck letters . 1955, p. 313, no. 178 (English-language Wikisource ).
  • Letter from Bismarck to his American coetan Mitchell C. King dated November 15, 1875 . After: Thomas E. Mullen, Helmuth Rogge: Two unknown letters from Bismarck: addressed to his childhood friend Mitchell C. King from Göttingen . In: Historische Zeitschrift , Vol. 202, 1966, pp. 352-362 (English-language Wikisource ).
  • From the young Bismarck . Correspondence between Otto von Bismarck and Gustav Scharlach . Ed .: A. Zeising. Alexander Duncker Verlag, Weimar 1912 ( Wikisource )

Web links

Commons : Otto von Bismarck as Corpsstudent  - collection of images, videos and audio files
Wikisource: From the young Bismarck - Otto von Bismarck's correspondence with Gustav Scharlach  - sources and full texts

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Volker Ullrich: Lump or the first man of Prussia. In: ZEIT Campus , 03/2007.
  2. ↑ George Ezekiel: The Book of Prince Bismarck . Bielefeld 1873
  3. ↑ Universitätsmatrikel "36458.118 Leopold Eduard Otto von Bismarck, Prussia, jur., Zeugn. v. Berlin, V. Landowner in Schönhausen in the Altmark ”; Facsimile in: AO Meyer: Bismarck , Bielefeld and Leipzig 1925.
  4. ^ Walter Nissen, Christina Prauss, Siegfried Schütz: Göttinger memorial plaques. A biographical guide. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2002, pp. 29/30 ISBN 3-525-39161-7
  5. ↑ The Mecklenburg Corps Vandalia Göttingen had suspended in 1831 and did not reopen until 1833
  6. ↑ Bismarck, Thoughts and Memories. I. Book, 1st chapter.
  7. ^ Mitchell Campbell King, Hans-Georg Balder, Rüdiger B. Richter: Corporated in the American Civil War. 2nd edition, Hilden: WJK-Verlag, 2013, p. 176 ff.
  8. ^ Heinrich F. Curschmann: Blue Book of the Corps Hannovera zu Göttingen. Volume 1 (1809-1899), Göttingen 2002, no. 371
  9. ^ Henry Edwin Dwight: Travels in the north of Germany: in the years 1825 and 1826. G. & C. & H. Carvill, New York 1829 digitized ; Dwight had toured Germany in the footsteps of George Bancroft .
  10. ↑ Summary in Erich Ebstein: John Lothorp Motley and Otto von Bismarck as Göttingen students (Easter 1832 to autumn 1833) in: The present. 65 (1904) pp. 392-396.
  11. ↑ Louis Leo Snyder: The personal and political relationships of Bismarck with Americans. 1932, Darmstadt: Printer d. Stud. Economic aid (dissertation 1931 at the University of Frankfurt am Main); See also approaches by Ralph Lutz: Relations between Germany and the United States during the Civil War. 1911, p. 12 ff. ( Books.google.de ).
  12. ↑ Reiner Pommerin : Between Eurocentrism and the Global State System: Bismarck and the USA 1862–1890. Volume 34 of the Friedrichsruher Articles. Friedrichsruh 2007, ISBN 978-3-933418-37-1 .
  13. ↑ Adolf Jäger († 1865 in the American Civil War on the Union side) Göttingen pub name: Chasseur . Compare Heinrich F. Curschmann: Blue Book of the Corps Hannovera zu Göttingen. Volume 1 (1809-1899), Göttingen 2002, No. 329; Hans-Georg Balder, Rüdiger B. Richter: Corporated in the American Civil War . 2nd edition, Hilden: WJK-Verlag, 2013, p. 173 ff.
  14. ↑ Pub name: Peter
  15. ^ Heinrich F. Curschmann: Blue Book of the Corps Hannovera zu Göttingen. Volume 1 (1809-1899), Göttingen 2002, No. 342; Pub name: rag nose or hamster ; Obituary in: Annual report on the Royal Monastery School in Ilfeld 1878 , Nordhausen 1878, p. 44
  16. ↑ Mentioning these pub names is indispensable for understanding the source.
  17. ↑ a b c d Stadtmüller, Corpsgeschichte Hannovera , p. 98 ff.
  18. ↑ Die Gartenlaube , 1869, p. 315; History of the Corps Bremensia, p. 183 ff. ( Kulturerbe.niedersachsen.de digitized).
  19. ↑ The three crosses "xxx" behind the name designate him as a senior in his corps; In this respect, Göttingen has a regulation that differs from that of other university towns
  20. ↑ "kl. M. "=" small hats ", a common name for bandages that were different at the beginning of the 19th century. To protect the head, only small caps were worn in this case, in contrast to large caps or hats .
  21. ↑ The cross "x" behind the name designates him as a third-party officer or secretary of his corps; In this respect, Göttingen has a regulation that differs from that of other university towns
  22. ↑ The two crosses "xx" behind the name designate him as consenior of his corps
  23. ↑ In the SUB Göttingen under the signature 2 ° Cod. Ms. philos. 182 (evidence: Kalliope and others)
  24. ↑ XID = 11 days
  25. ↑ Jens-Uwe Brinkmann: ... in every respect completely as beautiful as such work is done anywhere ... - Porcelain painting in Göttingen. Städtisches Museum Göttingen, Göttingen 2000, p. 20 with reference to the exhibition catalog of the DHM Bismarck - Prussia, Germany and Europe. Berlin 1990, p. 108.
  26. ↑ Count Alexander Keyserling: From the diary sheets ... , p. X: Bismarck considered appointing Keyserling as Prussian Minister of Education in 1872 and only later decided on Adalbert Falk ; see. also Erich Ebstein: John Lothrop Motley and Otto von Bismarck as Göttingen students. Ebstein is wrong, however, when he thinks Keyserling found Bismarck and Motley in Göttingen, Keyserling came to Berlin directly from the Baltic States.
  27. ↑ In his commentary, the editor of the Motley letters, Curtis, confuses Alexander and Hermann v. Keyserling .
  28. ↑ Count von Bismarck as auscultator . In: The Gazebo . Issue 18, 1867, pp. 288 ( full text [ Wikisource ]).
  29. ↑ Blixen tried to address the Schleswig-Holstein question with Bismarck and so far remained unsuccessful. According to the Danish historian Tom Buk-Swienty , King Christian IX. offered to the Prussian King Wilhelm I by letter in 1864 to accept Denmark into the German Confederation . So Ingrid Raagaard: Danish author exposes historical “betrayal”. In: Hamburger Abendblatt . August 19, 2010.
  30. ^ Aage Friis (ed.): Blixen Finecke og Bismarck; en brevveksling. Graebes Bogtrykkeri, København 1916. A single letter from Bismarck to him dated September 15, 1862, achieved an autograph sale of Euro 700 at Dorotheum in 2013. Lot on the Dorotheum website (November 2014).
  31. ^ "Borgnis, Alexander Franz Friedrich". Hessian biography. In: Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS).
  32. ↑ Hans Blum: A parliamentary evening with Bismarck . In: The Gazebo . Issue 20, 1869, pp. 312-318 ( full text [ Wikisource ]).
  33. ↑ The mockery primarily refers to King's slavery as a planter and shows a distancing from it.
  34. ^ Letter from Bismarck to his American coetan Mitchell C. King dated November 15, 1875
  35. ↑ Arthur von Brauer: Memories in the service of Bismarck edited by Helmut Rogge, Mittler Verlag, Berlin 1936.
  36. ^ Academic monthly books , 1881
  37. ↑ Sensational sound recordings - this is how Bismarck sounded! one day , January 31, 2012.
  38. ↑ The American version of the English song Three Jolly Rogues
  39. ↑ Ullrich Lappenküper: “A clever instrument”. The Edison phonograph and Otto von Bismarck's sound recording from October 7, 1889. In: Friedrichsruher Contributions , Volume 43, Otto von Bismarck Foundation, Friedrichsruh.
  40. ↑ Hans Rothfels (ed.): Bismarck letters. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1954
  41. ↑ Tribute to the German student body at corpsarchive.de
  42. ↑ Today an exhibit in the Bismarck Museum in Friedrichsruh, see illustration.
  43. ↑ So from which corps brother or his heirs / family