Rebuke
The rebuke (also reprimand or scolding ) describes a mostly verbal disapproving assessment, which is often combined with the goal of moderation or behavior correction and occasionally acts as a punishment .
etymology
The word rebuke has been used in Middle High German since the 13th century and comes from Middle Low German . Already in Old High German , zadal or zadel stood for lack or error . The common meaning of a reproach today developed in the 17th century under the influence of the verb to blame . The old meaning is preserved in the phrase without fear and blame . Pierer's Universal Lexikon described rebuke as:
“Declaration expressed in the form of a judgment that something displeases us, that is, disapproving judgment. The censure can be as varied as the objects to which it relates, and the like. speeches, writings, works of art, people, etc. is therefore partly logical, partly aesthetic, partly moral. It is founded when our judgment is correct, unfounded when this is not the case, and so on. Therefore, since everyone can err, it must be spoken all the more with moderation, since otherwise he can easily degenerate into blame, that is, the mistake in which a person only blames in order to blame. "
Blame in general education and psychology
The censure is seen in the pedagogical literature at the beginning of the penalty scale. This classification is of course controversial. The fact that serious trauma to children and adolescents can also be associated with the censure is not just a finding of recent psychology. Even the educators in the run-up to the European Enlightenment urged educators to treat their pupils with sensitivity. John Locke suggested controlled moderation with regard to the censure. Fenelon made the same point, speculating about the right moment to be reprimanded. "If you have to, wait days for the most favorable moment to attach your reprimand." The German educators of the Enlightenment also agreed on the dubious effects of excessive censure.
In MEYERS KLEINES LEXIKON Psychology it is noted that censured behavior can even occur more frequently - a finding that arose on the background of learning psychology. Blame could namely be the form of affection desired by the student / child if he or she B. should lack attention. So reprimanding shouldn't be random, haphazard, or haphazard, but at best in conjunction with a reinforcement plan that takes into account the child's overall personality. Blame alone is not enough to solve any educational problem. Peter Köck and Hanns Ott (in: Dictionary for Education and Teaching , 1997; page 453) consider the inflationary use of censure to be ineffective, and: "Censure turns out to be completely pointless (...) if it refers to characteristics or behavior aims that the criticized is unable to change. "
Blame in literature
In Wanders German Proverbs Lexicon (Volume 4, pp. 987–988) there are 23 proverbs to criticize.
Blame at school
In school , censure is a stronger form of admonition and discipline. The reprimand can also be made in writing . In many cases, if there is repeated criticism, a class conference meets . This is where the student's misconduct is discussed and further educational measures are determined. The term “rebuke” is officially mostly no longer in use, in the meantime one speaks of a “written disapproval” (reference).
This is what Schleswig-Holstein's Schooling Act states on the measures to be taken in the event of educational conflicts:
“(1) The fulfillment of the school's educational mandate is to be ensured primarily through educational measures. All persons involved must be included in the resolution of conflicts. Measures in the event of educational conflicts include, in particular, mutual agreements, supportive supervision, encouragement of desirable behavior, educational discussions with the student, admonition, oral or written disapproval, and assignment of tasks that are suitable for the student to let the pupil recognize mistakes in behavior, to catch up on culpably missed lessons after prior notification of the parents and to temporarily remove objects. "
The school law of the state of Berlin recognizes the "oral censure" as an educational measure in the case of educational conflicts and teaching disorders. Depending on the severity of the violation, the reprimand can also consist of an entry in the class register and a letter to the legal guardian. Likewise, the rebuke can appear as a comment on the certificate if the respective testimony conference considers this to be necessary and the censure corresponds to the existing standards.
See also
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ Johann August Eberhard: Deutsche Synonymik, Volume 1, p. 358 ( online ).
- ↑ Duden: The dictionary of origin . Lemma rebuke. Mannheim 2007
- ↑ here online at zeno.org
- ↑ Wolfgang Scheibe: The punishment as a problem of education. A historical and systematic pedagogical investigation. Weinheim and Berlin 1967, page 199.
- ↑ John Locke : Some Thoughts on Education. Paderborn 1967, page 51.
- ^ François Fénelon : On the education of girls. Paderborn 1956, page 27.
- ^ Friedrich Koch : The wild child. The story of a failed dressage. Hamburg 1997, page 63 ff. ISBN 978-3434504108 , page 63 ff
- ↑ Schleswig-Holstein School Act (Schulgesetz - SchulG) of January 24, 2007, valid from: July 31, 2014, Section 25 Measures in the event of conflicts with or between pupils. In: gesetze-rechtsprechung.sh.juris.de. January 24, 2007, accessed August 20, 2015 .
- ↑ School Act for the State of Berlin (School Act - SchulG) of January 26, 2004, effective from: February 1, 2004, Section IV Measures in the event of educational conflicts, Section 62 Educational measures. In: gesetze.berlin.de. Retrieved August 20, 2015 .
- ↑ Gymnasium Steglitz: Ordinance of 10 February 2010. (PDF; 35.6 kB) (No longer available online.) Gymnasium Steglitz , 10 February 2010, p. 4 , archived from the original on 28 April 2011 ; Retrieved August 20, 2015 .