Relations between Germany and the United States

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Relations between Germany and the United States
Location of USA and Germany
United StatesUnited States GermanyGermany
United States Germany

The relations between Germany and the United States have since the 17th century by emigration of Germans in the " New World developed". They concern a large number of contacts in the cultural, economic, scientific, political and military fields.

1683-1900

immigration

German immigration began in the 17th century, and Germans were involved in the founding of Jamestown as early as 1607 . In 1683, Franz Daniel Pastorius and the English Quaker William Penn founded " Germantown " near Philadelphia . At that time, German immigrants came mainly from Baden, Württemberg, Hesse and the Palatinate as well as from the dioceses of Cologne, Osnabrück, Münster and Mainz.

The 18th century

At the beginning of the 18th century, economic problems in Germany led to a new wave of immigration to the USA. In 1709 alone, 13,000 willing emigrants from the devastated Palatinate met in London in the hope of a free passage. Between 1717 and 1732, around 3000 Mennonites moved to North America. Many descendants of the emigrated Palatinate people still use the Pennsylvania Dutch today, a language variant based primarily on Palatine dialects , which they call "Mudderschbrooch", "Pennsylvania Deitsch" or simply "Deitsch". When the American War of Independence broke out in 1775, 250,000 Germans were already living between Maine and Georgia .

19th century

When the borders and ports were free again after the coalition wars, over six million German emigrants came to America between 1820 and 1920. Almost a million Germans came to the United States around 1850 alone, including thousands of political refugees as a result of the 1848 revolutions in Europe. They were called Forty-Eighters . During this phase of German immigration, the newcomers joined the settlers who had previously emigrated from Germany. This phenomenon of “ chain migration ” enlarged the existing German settlement areas. Towards the end of the 19th century, the Germans formed the largest group of immigrants.

The 20th century

The American isolation policy after the First World War and the economic crisis of the 1920s led to a restriction on immigration permits. Even when many Germans turned their hopes on the USA during the Nazi era , the economic depression forced this restriction. Only prominent emigrants, especially artists and scientists, managed to enter the USA without major problems.

The 21st century

Today, around 58 million Americans consider themselves of German descent . In numerical terms, Germans are most strongly represented in California , followed by Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois and Texas. The greatest German-American population density is found in the so-called " German Belt ", which includes the states of Wisconsin, Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska and Iowa.

Politics and government

In the political sphere, the German-Americans were more involved in the development of the trade union movement than in actual government work. They were vital to building and organizing trade unionism in the United States. Membership in trade unions enabled German immigrants to improve their working conditions and to integrate better in American society as a whole. Originally, the Germans mainly worked in the traditional professions of bakers , carpenters and brewers . But they were also active as simple workers, farmers, musicians and traders.

Carl Schurz was the first German to play a prominent role in American politics. He supported Abraham Lincoln in the election campaign, was the American envoy to Spain, made it up to brigadier general in the Civil War, was later elected Senator of the State of Missouri and finally appointed Secretary of the Interior by President Rutherford Hayes .

Foreign Relations

The German participation in the American War of Independence led by different interests. Several sovereigns rented their soldiers to the British army. The soldiers' trade attracted particular attention under Landgrave Friedrich II of Hessen-Kassel . The bourgeoisie, on the other hand, showed sympathy for the rebels. As early as 1775, Christian Friedrich Daniel Schubart sided with the Americans in his North American Colonist's Freedom Song. In 1781 Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock celebrated the new nation in his poem The present war . Looking back, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe wrote From my life in his memoirs . Fiction and truth , they wished the Americans luck.

As early as 1785, Prussia was the first German state to sign a friendship and trade treaty with the young republic. Diplomatic relations were first established in 1797, when John Quincy Adams became the US ambassador to Prussia. After its resignation in 1801, this development initially petered out. Only since Henry Wheaton became US ambassador to Prussia in 1835 has there been an almost uninterrupted diplomatic relationship (since 1871 with Germany), which was only interrupted from 1917 to 1921 and from 1941 to 1955.

In the 19th century, relations between the United States and Germany focused primarily on immigration and trade. All in all, the main concern of the United States was the European balance, political relations being secondary. The United States was mostly only indirectly represented diplomatically by England and France. Briefly in 1848 , the first American head of mission to the German Confederation was Andrew Jackson Donelson , who was accredited to the Frankfurt National Assembly . In 1867 George Bancroft became envoy to Prussia and from 1871 envoy to the German Empire . When, after 1871, the unified German Reich gained more weight in European politics, economic and naval conflicts arose between the two countries in the late 1880s, which led to the Berlin Samoa Conference in 1889 .

At first there was an intensive exchange of students and scientists , not least under the influence of politicians like Carl Schurz and Otto von Bismarck . After around 1900, the intense striving for power, as practiced particularly by Kaiser Wilhelm II , was viewed with growing suspicion in the USA .

1901-1939

First World War

At the beginning of the 20th century, German-American relations mainly comprised immigration and the economy. With the founding of the empire in 1871 , the unified German Empire gained influence in European politics. The resulting rivalries in trade and economics led to friction between the two countries. Smaller incidents, such as in Manila Bay, Beijing, Samoa and Venezuela, ultimately resulted in the German submarine war against merchant ships, which ultimately prompted the United States to enter the war.

On August 4, 1914, President Wilson had proclaimed the neutrality of the United States. However, this changed permanently after German submarines sank the British passenger ship RMS Lusitania on May 7, 1915 , with more than 100 US citizens among the 1198 dead. Concerned about deteriorating relations with the USA, the German government instructed the naval command to limit the attacks again, especially on neutral and civilian ships. However, since Great Britain on the other hand did not lift the sea blockade imposed on Germany, the German Reich declared on January 31, 1917, the continuation of the unrestricted submarine war. Now German submarines themselves attacked unarmed merchant ships from neutral countries. The USA then broke off diplomatic relations with Germany. After five US ships were sunk, President Wilson declared war on Germany in early April.

World War I also had an impact on Americans of German descent in the United States. In many states, the German language disappeared from the public school curriculum. There were no more performances of German music or operas. Streets, buildings and even cities with German names were renamed, sauerkraut was now called “liberty cabbage” and hamburgers became “Salisbury steaks”.

Weimar Republic

On January 8, 1918, President Woodrow Wilson announced the so-called 14-point plan, in which he set out his ideas for a future peace. The 14-point plan called for, among other things, open peace treaties, no more secret negotiations, unrestricted freedom of navigation, the removal of economic barriers, the right of peoples to self-determination and the formation of a League of Nations. But it wasn't until the German army was practically on the ground, in autumn 1918, that Germany turned to the warring countries to negotiate an armistice and peace on the basis of the 14-point plan. The American President consulted with the Allies, who approved the German proposal. An armistice was signed on November 11, 1918. However, Wilson's ideas could not prevail in the further course. In June 1919 the Versailles Treaty was signed, which attributed the sole war guilt to the German Reich. Germany lost a seventh of its territory and was sentenced to huge reparations payments. In addition, he was not allowed to join the League of Nations until 1926. Wilson also failed domestically: the Senate refused to allow the United States to join the League of Nations. Nonetheless, relations between the USA and Germany turned out to be positive in the further course. Both countries signed a separate peace treaty in Berlin in 1921 and a trade treaty in 1923. In 1921 a new immigration law was passed in the USA. It was the first quota law, as it is still common today.

On April 9, 1924, the Dawes Plan came into effect. An international committee headed by the American banker Charles Dawes presented a new financing plan for the reparations, which was based on the economic strength of the German Reich. In June 1929, the Dawes Plan was replaced by the Young Plan, which further reduced financial obligations. The German Empire developed into the most important European import country for American products. In 1928 the Americans elected Herbert Hoover, the first American president of the United States. The stock market crash of October 24, 1929 destroyed the positive development between the two countries. The Great Depression tore Europe and the United States into a vortex of mass unemployment and impoverishment. International economic relations dried up. Protectionism and nationalism prevailed again. The days of the Weimar Republic were numbered.

1933-1939

After the takeover of the Nazi regime, relations between the United States and the German Empire deteriorated rapidly. In October 1934, Germany terminated the German-American trade agreement. Many people from Germany, including numerous artists, scientists and Jews (e.g. Albert Einstein , Thomas Mann , Kurt Weill or Marlene Dietrich ) fled or emigrated to the USA before the Hitler regime. At the end of the Second World War there were 130,000 German and Austrian refugees. They helped to make the conditions in the German Reich public.

After the Reichspogromnacht in November 1938, the USA withdrew its ambassador from Germany, but diplomatic relations were maintained. Within the USA there were occasional Nazi activities among Americans of German origin. B. the German-American Confederation under the leadership of Fritz Kuhn . The vast majority of German-Americans, however, were loyal to the United States.

1939-1945

When war broke out in Europe in 1939, America continued to adhere to the policy of neutrality. Laws enacted by the government in 1935–1937 prohibited trade with warring nations or the granting of credit. With the departure of France and the air war against England in 1940, a heated discussion broke out in the USA between supporters of entering the war and the isolationists. The United States formed a mutual defense alliance with Canada and agreed with the Latin American countries the comprehensive protection of all states in the western hemisphere . Congress approved enormous sums for rearmament and in 1941 approved the Lending and Lease Act , which allowed President Roosevelt to deliver arms and armaments to any state that was strategically important for the defense of the United States, especially Great Britain, the Soviet Union and china. In 1941 there was armed conflict between the United States and Germany in the Atlantic. American warships had to protect supply convoys from being torpedoed by German submarines.

On December 7, 1941, Japan bombed the US Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. On December 8th, the American Congress declared war on Japan. Three days later, the German Empire and Italy declared war on the United States.

The western allies decided to focus their military operations on Europe. Since the German land forces initially acted very successfully, Great Britain and the United States hesitated to advance across the English Channel until June 1944. On D-Day , June 6, 1944, the Allied troops finally landed in Normandy. Paris was liberated on August 25th. In February and March 1945 the troops advanced into Germany. On May 7, 1945 the German Reich capitulated.

The Allies insisted on an unconditional surrender. Roosevelt initially considered implementing the Morgenthau Plan , which envisaged the dismemberment of Germany and the total destruction of its industrial base. However, the plan was dropped shortly thereafter.

1945–1955

At the end of World War II, Germany was divided into four zones of occupation controlled by the four victorious powers - the United States , Great Britain, France and the Soviet Union. Differences in the joint administration of these zones and in the type, scope and direction of the political and economic reconstruction programs in Germany were the main causes of the Cold War. The Soviet Union controlled Eastern Europe. The Soviet-occupied zone in Germany later became the German Democratic Republic.

American occupation policy was shaped by denazification programs, the re-admission of democratic institutions and the promotion of German industry exclusively for peaceful purposes. The international war crimes tribunal in Nuremberg brought 24 former main representatives of the Nazi regime and criminal Nazi organizations to justice for war crimes and crimes against humanity.

On June 5, 1947, US Secretary of State Marshall laid the cornerstone for a European reconstruction program. His far-sighted Marshall Plan created the most important framework conditions for the reconstruction of Germany after the Second World War and subsequently ensured its political stability and economic prosperity.

In June 1948 the Soviet Union blocked all land and water routes to Berlin. As a result, Berlin was cut off from any supply of food and industrial goods. The Americans and British then supplied more than two million people via an airlift that lasted 322 days. On May 12, 1949, the USSR lifted the blockade.

The Federal Republic of Germany was founded in May 1949. Bonn was declared a provisional capital, and the Allied military governors became high commissioners. The new German government under Federal Chancellor Konrad Adenauer agreed to make a military contribution to Western defense. But even after joining the North Atlantic Alliance ( NATO ) in 1955, the sovereignty of the Federal Republic remained restricted by allied reservation rights. The high commissioners now became ambassadors. The Western Allies, however, reserved responsibility for Germany as a whole and for Berlin.

US policy in post-war Germany focused on two separate topics - firstly, ensuring personal freedoms and constitutional requirements as the basis of a basic democratic order. Second, on the containment of an independent West German foreign policy through international organizations and alliances. The construction, rearmament and economic stabilization of the Federal Republic took place through international organizations such as NATO, the Western European Union, the European Coal and Steel Community (Montanunion) and the European Economic Community. Large contingents of American troops were stationed in Europe in the 1950s. Transatlantic institutions - both military and political and economic - included the Federal Republic in the Western community of states and laid the foundation for a concerted policy of containment towards the East.

1956-1988

Post-war containment and military deterrence policies were repeatedly challenged in the decades that followed. There were fundamental differences between the German and the American ideas in military-strategic, political, economic and financial policy areas, which sometimes led to differences of opinion and fears. However, there never was any serious conflict.

In the 1950s and 1960s, many Germans believed that a divided Germany was seen by both the West and the East as a guarantee of stability in Europe. From the reluctance of the United States to react to the building of the Berlin Wall in 1961, it was concluded that the United States was not really interested in the reunification of Germany. In June 1963 the American President John F. Kennedy toured several European countries. During his visit to Berlin, he affirmed his special bond with West Berlin in his historic speech in front of the Schöneberg Town Hall and concluded with the following words: “All free people, wherever they may live, are citizens of this city of Berlin, and that's why I am as a free man proud to be able to say: I'm a Berliner ! "

The policy of the Détente in the seventies accommodated some aspects of the American and Soviet security policy as well as the Bonn efforts to expand the possibilities for personal contacts between the Federal Republic and the German Democratic Republic. Since the 1960s and well into the 1980s, the broad spectrum of security issues has primarily focused on the limitation of strategic nuclear offensive weapons and the nuclear protection function for Western Europe guaranteed by the USA.

The Vietnam War was another touchstone for German-American relations. Many German students shared the concerns of many young American opponents of the war. Anti-war rallies - sometimes attended by up to 100,000 protesters - drew media attention. Discussions about other aspects of American domestic and foreign policy, particularly the American civil rights movement, signaled the beginning of a more complex relationship.

In the mid-1960s, West Germany experienced the climax of the economic miracle . In the 1960s there were disagreements over the concept of responsible monetary policy. The DM became the "counter currency" of the dollar. The two currencies rarely rose or fell together - a strong dollar corresponded to a weak DM and vice versa. Trade issues did not become a problem until the late 1980s, when disagreements arose between the European Community and the United States during the Uruguay Round on a general tariff and trade agreement.

The office of "Coordinator for German-American Cooperation" was created in 1981, initially in Germany and the USA in parallel.

1989-1994

The collapse of the Soviet Union and the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989 led to the creation of a common economic and currency area within the framework of the Basic Law of the Federal Republic. The first all-German election to the German Bundestag took place in December 1990 . The negotiations that accompanied the process of reunification were difficult and complex. Political and legal questions between the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic had to be clarified within Germany. At the international level, there were also discussions on the final settlement with the four occupying powers in relation to Germany. Security issues, especially the role of the new Germany within NATO, were of vital importance to both the United States and the Soviet Union. For the United States, Germany's remaining in NATO was the decisive transatlantic link in securing a guaranteed American presence in Europe. After fifty years, Berlin passed the last US brigade, the Berlin Brigade, in July 1994 .

1994-2000

In the 1990s, some important milestones in German-American history were commemorated. At the same time, new challenges were faced at the beginning of the new millennium. In 1995 the end of the Second World War was commemorated. In 1996, the 50th anniversary of the famous Stuttgart speech of the then American Secretary of State James F. Byrnes on American foreign policy towards Germany was celebrated. Other memorial days and celebrations looked back on the Berlin Airlift , the introduction of the Deutsche Mark (DM), the famous speech by the American Foreign Minister George C. Marshall, the establishment of the Federal Republic of Germany and the signing of the Basic Law.

In the 1990s the Cold War era came to an end. The changed political situation in Germany and in the states of Central and Eastern Europe put German-American relations in a new political context within the framework of a Europe united in peace and democracy. The integration of the states of Central and Eastern Europe into NATO , the European Community and the OSCE are important steps on the way to realizing this vision .

2001-2016

The United States and Germany have laid a solid foundation for bilateral cooperation in a relationship that has changed significantly over the past 50 years. The US policy towards the Federal Republic consists in maintaining and strengthening close and lively relations with Germany, not only as a trading partner but also as an alliance partner belonging to common institutions. Over 91,000 members of the American military remain in Germany to defend these interests.

After the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center in New York and the Pentagon in Washington, Germany supported the United States in combating international terrorism - for example in the areas of justice, intelligence sharing and the freezing of the assets of suspected terrorists. Germany took part in Operation Enduring Freedom , the US military strike against the Taliban regime and against al-Qaeda strongholds in Afghanistan that began in October 2001 .

German-American relations experienced a decisive turning point when Germany did not support the US attack on Iraq in March / April 2003 ( Iraq War ). Chancellor Schröder, together with the political leaderships in France, Russia, China and other countries, urged that weapons inspectors be given more time. The resulting strain on German-American relations has left deep marks.

The Iraq war meant that the need for a common European foreign and security policy independent of America moved to the center of public discussion.

In October 2013 it became known that a department of the NSA had started wiretapping Gerhard Schröder, Angela Merkel and other top German politicians in 2002. Since then, a rupture or a heavy burden in German-American relations has been noted in the media.

education and Science

Numerous scholarships and agreements promote the exchange between German and American schools and universities. With a share of 11.6% of all German students abroad, the United States was the most popular non-European destination country in 2005.

Judiciary

In 2008 the Agreement on Serious Crime Cooperation was adopted. Due to fears of inadequate data protection and doubts about the need to exchange data, such as the sex life of suspects, the agreement met with criticism.

economy

In the first quarter of 2003 US imports from Germany rose by 17 percent compared to the same period in the previous year; Exports from the United States rose 10 percent. In 2005 the USA imported goods and services worth 69 billion euros from Germany (of a total of 1,392 billion euros in imports) and exported 27 billion euros to Germany (out of a total of 726 billion euros in exports). This made the USA the third largest supplier to Germany in 2005 and the second largest buyer of German goods.

In 2011 there were 2,200 subsidiaries of US companies in Germany with 800,000 jobs. In 2010, these generated a total of 153 billion euros. Conversely, US subsidiaries of German companies recorded sales of the equivalent of 285 billion euros in the same year . The largest German commitments in the USA had Daimler (20 billion euros in sales), T-Mobile (15), Siemens (13.8), BASF (12.4) and BMW (12.1). German companies employed more than 430,000 people in the USA in 2011. Siemens (62,000) employed the most people in the USA, ahead of Fresenius Medical Care (39,000) and T-Mobile (38,000).

Since 2017

Relationship deterioration under Donald Trump

After inauguration of President Donald Trump , the German-American relations deteriorated dramatically. In a representative survey in Germany at the end of 2018

  • 84.6 percent of those surveyed said the German-American relationship was negative or very negative. Only 10.4 percent said it was very positive or rather positive.
  • 42% of those surveyed said China is a more reliable partner for Germany than the USA. Such a value for this statement had never existed since the statistics were collected after the Second World War.
  • 57.6 percent were in favor of a greater distance between Germany and the USA. 13.1 percent wanted closer rapprochement; 26 percent wanted to keep the course at that time.

Conflicts between Germany and the USA were seen, for example, on the following topics:

In April 2019 it was officially admitted that the USA would in future rely on a federal government without the SPD . Such direct interference in German politics by the USA has not been common up to now. The SPD has had (co) government responsibility without interruption since 1998 .

In December 2019, the opinion research institute YouGov asked in a survey conducted in Germany which five personalities considered the greatest threat to world peace. 41% of the respondents named Donald Trump, 17% Kim Jong Un , 8% each Vladimir Putin and Ali Chamenei and 7% Xi Jinping .

Economic relations

According to PriceWaterHouseCoopers , at least 129 German companies were bought by US investors in 2018. As in the previous year, most German companies were taken over by US Americans.

Overview of the US Presidents and Chancellors of the FRG

Angela Merkel Gerhard Schröder Helmut Kohl Helmut Schmidt Willy Brandt Kurt Georg Kiesinger Ludwig Erhard Konrad Adenauer Donald Trump Barack Obama George W. Bush Bill Clinton George H. W. Bush Ronald Reagan Jimmy Carter Gerald Ford Richard Nixon Lyndon B. Johnson John F. Kennedy Dwight D. Eisenhower Harry S. Truman


Diplomatic missions

Representations of the United States in the Federal Republic of Germany

Diplomatic missions of the USA Germany.jpg

Representations of the Federal Republic of Germany in the United States

German representations in the USA.jpg

See also

literature

  • David E. Barclay, Elisabeth Glaser-Schmidt (Eds.): Transatlantic Images and Perceptions: Germany and America since 1776. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2003, ISBN 978-0-521-53442-0 .
  • Birgit Bublies-Godau and Anne Meyer-Eisenhut : Germany and the USA in the pre and post March. Politics - literature - science . Forum Vormärz Research, Aisthesis Verlag, Bielefeld 2017.
  • Jörg Duppler , Peter Andreas Popp (arr.): Paths to friendship. Selected evidence of German-American relations 1507–1995. An exhibition by the Military History Research Office, Potsdam, in collaboration with the Library of Congress, Washington, DC Ed. By the Military History Research Office , Rombach, Freiburg im Breisgau 1996.
  • Peter Hoeres : Foreign Policy and the Public. Mass media, opinion polls and arcane politics in German-American relations from Erhard to Brandt. (= Studies on International History , Volume 32), De Gruyter Oldenbourg , Munich 2013.
  • Thomas Piltz (Ed.): Two Hundred Years of German-American Relations. Two Hundred Years of German-American Relations. 1776-1976. Heinz Moos Verlag Munich 1975, ISBN 3-7879-0092-6 .
  • Reiner Pommerin : Between Eurocentrism and the Global State System: Bismarck and the USA 1862–1890 , Volume 34 of the Friedrichsruher Contributions, Friedrichsruh 2007, ISBN 978-3-933418-37-1 .
  • Georg Schild: German-American relations , information on political education. Bonn: Federal Agency for Civic Education , October 2003
  • Louis Leo Snyder : Bismarck's personal and political relationships with Americans , 1932, Darmstadt: Druckerei d. Stud. Economic aid (dissertation 1931 at the University of Frankfurt am Main)
  • Rolf Steininger : Germany and the USA. From the Second World War to the present. Lau-Verlag, Reinbek 2014, ISBN 978-3-95768-002-0 .
  • Don Heinrich Tolzmann: "The German America Collection at the University of Cincinnati ." In: Stuttgart works on German studies. No. 423. Stuttgart: Hans-Dieter Heinz 2004 [2005], ISBN 3-88099-428-5 , pp. 447-458.

Web links

Commons : German-American Relations  - Collection of Pictures, Videos and Audio Files

Individual evidence

  1. Thomas Piltz (Ed.): Two hundred years of German-American relations. Two Hundred Years of German-American Relations. 1776-1976. Heinz Moos Verlag Munich 1975, p. 16.
  2. ^ Astrid von Schlachta : danger or blessing? The Anabaptists in Political Communication . Göttingen 2009, p. 427 .
  3. Thomas Piltz (Ed.): Two hundred years of German-American relations. Two Hundred Years of German-American Relations. 1776-1976. Heinz Moos Verlag Munich 1975, p. 17.
  4. Thomas Piltz (Ed.): Two hundred years of German-American relations. Two Hundred Years of German-American Relations. 1776-1976. Heinz Moos Verlag Munich 1975, p. 33.
  5. ↑ In addition, diplomatic relations with Austria existed from 1838 with the first envoy, Henry AP Muhlenberg .
  6. see list of ambassadors of the United States in Germany
  7. Information from the Foreign Office , accessed on December 4
  8. ^ Andrew Hammond, Richard J. Aldrich: Afterword: Securing Freedom. Obama, the NSA, and US Foreign Policy. In: Inderjeet Parmar, Linda B. Miller, Mark Ledwidge (Eds.): Obama and the World. New Directions in Foreign Policy. 2nd Edition. Routledge, London, New York 2014, pp. 303-314 (preview) ; Robin Lucke, Bernhard Stahl: Transatlantic Relations Using the Example of the NSA Affair and the Ukraine Conflict: Nothing New in the West. In: Winand Gellner, Patrick Horst (eds.): The USA at the end of Barack Obama's presidency. An initial assessment. Springer VS, Wiesbaden 2016, ISBN 978-3-658-11063-5 , pp. 385-404.
  9. Meet the USA: Study & Exchange ( Memento of the original from July 4, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / german.germany.usembassy.gov
  10. Press release Federal Statistical Office  ( page no longer available , search in web archivesInfo: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.destatis.de  
  11. Stat. Federal Office: Country Profile USA ( Memento of the original dated December 29, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.destatis.de
  12. ^ A b c d e Georg Giersberg: Company takeovers: Americans love German engineers . In: FAZ.NET . ISSN  0174-4909 ( faz.net [accessed May 31, 2020]).
  13. Atlantic Bridge : atlantik-bruecke.org
  14. to the question Who is the more reliable partner for Germany: China or the USA? 14.0% answered "definitely China" and 28.3% "more likely China" . See also FAZ.net February 8, 2019: Germans have more confidence in China than in America
  15. Why the nuclear deal with Iran is so important for Germany
  16. tagesspiegel.de: Rumbling US ambassador Richard Grenell - the undiplomat
  17. US Vice President Pence warns Germany about Nord Stream 2
  18. USA want a German coalition without the SPD
  19. Survey: Germans find Trump more dangerous than Kim Jong Un
  20. a b Foreign companies continue shopping in Germany. In: The time . December 27, 2018, accessed May 31, 2020 .
  21. www.germany.info ( Memento of the original from March 8, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Consulate Finder, accessed December 5, 2011. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.germany.info
  22. www.germany.info ( Memento of March 8, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Honorary Consuls, accessed on December 5, 2011.