Relations between Portugal and the United States

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Relations between Portugal and the United States
Location of Portugal and United States
PortugalPortugal United StatesUnited States
Portugal United States

The relations between Portugal and the United States describe the intergovernmental relations between Portugal and the United States . The countries have had official direct relations since 1783. Portugal was one of the first three states to recognize the independence of the United States . The US consulate in Ponta Delgada in the Azores , which opened in 1795, is the oldest consulate in the USA.

Today's relations are significantly shaped by the common membership in NATO and the important Portuguese diaspora on the east and west coast of the USA. The strategically important US Air Base in Base Aérea das Lajes in the Azores is an important subject of Luso-American relations .

Both countries are founding members u. a. NATO, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). They are also partners in a large number of international organizations such as the UN , the World Health Organization (WHO), the IMF and the World Bank .

The Portuguese traces in everyday life in the USA are diverse, even if they are often hardly known. So is Mount San Antonio in Los Angeles to Anthony of Padua named Portuguese saints and the patron saint of his native city of Lisbon, the pavement around the John Lennon Memorial Strawberry Fields in Central Park in New York the traditional is Portuguese pavement equalized in In locations on the east coast, some traditional street processions date back to the Portuguese immigrant communities, and a large number of prominent figures in US society have Portuguese ancestors. The Portuguese also did well in the War of Independence , and the young United States then opened their first foreign consulate in Portugal (1795 in Ponta Delgada ). In view of the numerical low importance of Portuguese immigration compared to the large immigrant nations of the USA, the comparatively small Portugal is still a little-known country in the broad US population. On the other hand, American pop culture is formative in Portugal, as in all western countries, the politics there are the subject of everyday reporting in the Portuguese media, and the existence of an important Portuguese community in the USA in general is widely known.

history

Cipriano Ribeiro Freire was the first Portuguese ambassador to the United States in 1794

Until 1942

In the American War of Independence , pioneers of Portuguese origin fought for independence, including Francis Salvador (1747–1776), son of the Portuguese Sephardi , who died in a battle in South Carolina in 1776.

The Kingdom of Portugal recognized the independent USA on February 15, 1783. Together with France and the Netherlands, Portugal was among the only three states that recognized the independence of the United States before the Paris Peace Treaty of September 3, 1783 and thus the end of the Anglo-American War of Independence. The background was the still new government under Queen D. Maria I , which wanted to show greater freedom of action vis-à-vis Portugal's old ally, the United Kingdom .

On October 30, 1794 , the first Portuguese ambassador to Washington was accredited .

The American recognition of Brazil's independence from Portugal , also in connection with the Monroe Doctrine , took place in 1824, but there was no significant reaction from the Portuguese side.

One of the first three Portuguese ukulele manufacturers in Hawaii, advert dated September 13, 1899

From around 1849 Portuguese immigration to the USA began, especially to the north east coast (especially New England), the south west coast (especially California) and to Hawaii. (See below, chapter Portuguese Immigration to the USA ). The Portuguese João Fernandez brought a variant of Cavaquinho from Madeira to Hawaii in 1879 . The instrument then became internationally known as the ukulele .

In the American Civil War (1861-1865) people of Portuguese origin were also involved, such as Francis B. Spinola , who was brigadier general in the Northern Army.

The Republic of Portugal , proclaimed in 1910 , was recognized by the USA immediately after the following legislative assembly on June 19, 1911.

During the First World War (1914–1918), Portugal belonged to the Allies after the German declaration of war in 1916 , just like the USA, which declared war on the German Empire in 1917.

Since 1942

During the Second World War (1939–1945) Portugal remained neutral. Although it maintained relations with the Axis Powers , for example through the delivery of tungsten to the German war industry, Portugal continued to draw closer to the anti-Hitler coalition . For example, Portugal allowed its oldest ally, the United Kingdom, to use the Lajes base from 1943, and the Americans have been using the base since 1944. In addition, neutral Portugal was an important transit station for countless refugees who fled Nazi Germany to the USA.

After the war, the US and Portugal both became founding members of NATO in 1949 . However, the authoritarian Estado Novo regime stuck to the historic Portuguese colonial empire , while a general wave of decolonization began , particularly in Africa . This initially brought Portugal rejection by the young American President John F. Kennedy . As a result of the increasing east-west tensions after the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962, the relationship with the anti-communist Salazar dictatorship improved again.

At Barroso's invitation (left), the heads of government Blair (Great Britain), Aznar (Spain) and the American President Bush met in the Azores in 2003 to prepare for the Iraq war

After the Portuguese Carnation Revolution on April 25, 1974, the following April 29, the Portuguese Embassy in Washington received a note from the US State Department with which the USA recognized the Portuguese Revolutionary Government and confirmed the unchanged diplomatic relations. However, the strong left-wing character of the revolution and contacts of individual MFA officers with the Eastern Bloc meant that the USA initially kept a wait-and-see distance from the new leadership. The incipient US promotion of separatist tendencies in the Azores and the American presence in Lajes, including visits by NATO warships to Lisbon, which were perceived as a threat, increased the pressure on Portugal not to evade the proximity of the USA. As a result, relations intensified again, especially after the more bourgeois forces prevailed within the revolutionary bodies.

With Portugal's accession to the EU in 1986 and the subsequent extensive privatizations and market openings, Portugal was henceforth firmly anchored in the western defense alliance and economic area. Relations with the United States became particularly good under José Manuel Barroso, both as foreign minister and later as prime minister. In contrast to the majority of the population, he advocated the invasion of Iraq in 2003 and continued privatization in Portugal .

Today, Luso-American relations are considered less intense, but still good. The Portuguese university professor and historian Tiago Moreira de Sá , a specialist in Portuguese-American history, argues in his 2016 book on the history of Luso-American relations that the United States recently turned its gaze a little away from Europe and Portugal Lajes base is still one of the three most important and probably never to be given up international bases in the USA, alongside Diego Garcia in the Indian Ocean and Andersen Air Force Base on Guam in the Pacific .

diplomacy

The Portuguese Embassy in Washington
Portuguese representations in the USA

On 30 October 1794 accredited with Cipriano Ribeiro Freire , the first diplomat in the Portuguese Embassy in Washington . Its headquarters are now at 2012 Massachusetts Avenue.

Portugal also has consulates general in Boston, New Bedford, New York, Newark, San Francisco and Providence.

Portuguese honorary consulates are also active in Chicago, Hawaii, Houston, Indianapolis, Los Angeles, Miami, Naugatuck , New Orleans, Palm Coast , Phoenix, Tulare and Puerto Rico .

US representations in Portugal

David Humphreys , an American Revolution officer and confidante of George Washington , began serving as the first US ambassador to Lisbon on February 21, 1791. His successor, John Quincy Adams , later became the sixth President of the United States. During the Second World War, George F. Kennan was ambassador in Lisbon and achieved the use of the Lajes base for the Allied side.

In 1944, the previous US legation was elevated to a full embassy. It has resided in various buildings since 1791 and is now housed in an architecturally integrated new building on the site of the historic Quinta do Pinheiro on Avenida das Forças Armadas .

In addition to the embassy in Lisbon, the USA has had a consulate in Ponta Delgada , the capital of the Azores, since 1795 . It is the oldest consulate in the United States.

Twin cities

In 1970, Ponta Delgada , capital of the Portuguese Azores archipelago, and the Californian town of San Leandro formed the first friendship between Portugal and the United States. A total of 52 partnerships of this type now exist or are being sought (as of 2012). The Portuguese communities on the east coast, in California and Hawaii, in particular, have their origins in the historical immigration of Portuguese seafarers mainly from the Azores and Madeira to the USA and form the most important point of contact for most Portuguese-US-American city friendships.

Portuguese diaspora

Portuguese immigration to the US

Portuguese bullfight in Thornton, California
numbers

In 1990 there were 241,828 Portuguese citizens and a total of 900,060 directly Portuguese citizens living in the USA. In 2013 there were 175,027 Portuguese citizens. One can therefore assume a Portuguese diaspora in the United States of around one million in the narrower sense.

Overall, the number of people of Portuguese descent in the United States and Canada is estimated to be well over nine million.

history

In the middle of the 19th century, the whaling fleets began to recruit crews in the Azores and Madeira, especially off New England . Some of these sailors settled permanently in the coastal towns, especially in New Bedorf . At the same time, the California gold rush also attracted Portuguese from 1849, some of whom had deserted from whaling ships in San Francisco . This is how the story of Portuguese immigration to the USA began roughly simultaneously on the east and west coasts. Hawaii then developed as the third pole of Portuguese immigration . Several hundred former whalers from Portugal were already living here when systematic immigration from the Azores and Madeira began in 1878 in connection with the local sugar cane cultivation .

Geography, culture and language

This emigration, which has taken place in various phases since the 19th century, especially from the islands of the Azores and Madeira , gave rise to important Portuguese communities on the coasts of the USA, especially in New England cities such as New Bedford , Fall River , Providence and Newark . In addition to gastronomy and special house decorations such as azulejos and Fatima statuettes, the Portuguese festivals in particular are external characteristics of the Portuguese communities, which are mainly characterized by the conservative Azores and the reason for the large folk festival-like parades on the occasion of the Holy Spirit celebrations ( Festas do Espírito Santo ) are. Portuguese bullfights are held in California , especially the bullring in Thornton (California) .

A mixed language has developed in the Portuguese community , also known as Portinglês . It is characterized by a large number of loan and mixed words, some of which are originally English and onomatopoeically adapted to Portuguese. As an example of the various creations can Blanqueta (Engl. Blanket, port. Cobertor), Escola alta (Engl. High school, port. Escola secundária) or as Crismas (Engl. Christmas, port. O natal) apply, but also curiosities such as Buraquinho (Portuguese hole) for Burger King or Alferes ( Portuguese military grade Alferes ) for welfare.

In general, the Portuguese population in the United States is considered to be a law abiding, hardworking, conservative and conformist community that is very strongly committed to its Portuguese traditions. The entertainment film " Pizza Pizza - A Piece of Heaven " from 1988 portrays this Portuguese immigrant community, especially in the fishing villages on the east coast. With Julia Roberts , Annabeth Gish and Lili Taylor in the leading roles, he tells the story of three cheerful girls from Portuguese families in Mystic (Connecticut) who live in small and restricted circumstances .

Heinz ketchup heiress Teresa Heinz (center) at the swearing in of her husband, US Secretary of State John Kerry
Aerosmith guitarist Joe Perry (2013)
Showmaster Meredith Vieira with Michael Bublé
Craig Mello, 2006 Nobel Prize Winner
US international Claudio Reyna
Lyndsy Fonseca (2010)

Americans of Portuguese descent

A number of well-known American personalities are of Portuguese descent. This is followed by a selection sorted chronologically by year of birth.

The celebrities with more extensive Portuguese origins include, for example, the politician Al Gore , the tennis player Vic Seixas , the actors Mary Astor , Bianca Lawson , Jesse Metcalfe , Amy Poehler and Tom Hanks , the singers Katy Perry , Sara Bareilles and Vanessa Lynn Williams , or even the actors and musicians Shane West and Katie Stevens .

Portugal in the White House

A Portuguese water dog

There was often a private connection to Portugal in the White House , apart from visits by Portuguese politicians there.

The butler of the presidential couple JF Kennedy and Jacky Kennedy was the Portuguese João Cristómo (* 1947 in Torres Vedras ).

The favorite song of Pat Nixon , the wife of President Richard Nixon , was the Portuguese piece April in Portugal .

Most recently, Portugal was discussed as the home of President Obama's Portuguese Water Dogs .

Even Pete Souza , the house photographer of Presidents Reagan and Obama, is of Portuguese descent.

The traditional Portuguese porcelain from Vista Alegre is also used in the White House.

economy

The Colorado Northwest Parkway, from the Portuguese since 2007 Brisa operated

There are three Portuguese-American Chambers of Commerce in the USA , the Portugal US Chamber of Commerce in New York, the Portuguese American Chamber of Commerce of New Jersey and the Hawaii Island Portuguese Chamber of Commerce . In Portugal, there is the Câmara de Comércio Americana em Portugal (CCAP) in Lisbon .

The Portuguese Chamber of Commerce AICEP has two offices in the USA, in New York and in San Francisco.

In 2016, Portugal exported goods and services worth EUR 3,567.3 million to the USA (2015: 3,523.5 million; 2014: 3,215.4 million; 2013: 3,436.5 million; 2012: 3,111.3 Million; 2011: 2,398.2 million), thereof 21.3% fuels, 11.7% chemical-pharmaceutical products, 9.1% machines and devices and 7.4% wood and cork.

In the same period, the USA delivered goods and services worth 1,705.1 million euros to Portugal (2015: 1,648.2 million; 2014: 1,658.2 million; 2013: 1,539.7 million; 2012: 1,576.4 Million; 1,730.5 million), of which 23.9% machines and devices, 19.1% vehicles and vehicle parts, 14.7% agricultural products and 10.2% fuels.

This puts the USA in 5th place as buyer and 12th as supplier for Portuguese foreign trade. For the USA, Portugal ranks 79th as a buyer and 56th as a supplier.

In 2016, US tourists included 1,118,000 overnight stays (2015: 968,300; 2014: 814,800; 2013: 769,100; 2012: 662,900; 2011: 611,900) and spending of 550 million euros (2015: 530.5 million; 2014: 491.0 million; 2013: 504.0 million; 2012: 416.7 million; 2011: 363.3 million) among the larger groups of visitors to Portuguese tourism.

Culture

Institutions

The Portuguese cultural institute Instituto Camões has language centers in Newark, Boston and San Diego. There are also numerous other activities, including lectureships at a large number of US universities and collaborations on Portuguese language teaching and native-speaking Portuguese teaching.

On September 11, 2002, the Associação de Amizade Portugal-EUA was founded in Lisbon , a Luso-American friendship society that has been involved in cultural, social and economic exchange between the two countries ever since.

literature

Autograph of the successful author Danielle Steel , daughter of a Portuguese mother

In the USA a large number of books from the ranks of the Portuguese community have been published, in which especially poetry predominates, and here the popularly shaped poems.

The American successful author Thomas Gifford told a case of economic crime in his book Escudo , which is based on the story of the Portuguese Alves dos Reis . In 1924 he was the originator of the largest case of banknote counterfeiting in history, as a result of which the Portuguese Central Bank came under massive pressure.

A number of American authors are of Portuguese descent, including the bestselling author Danielle Steel , the journalist and author Daniel Silva and the comic book author Joe Madureira .

The poet Emma Lazarus , descended from Portuguese-Jewish emigrants, wrote the poem The New Colossus , which can be read on the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty in New York.

Movie

As in many other countries, Hollywood productions make up a large part of the program in the large multiplex cinemas in Portugal , especially in the numerous shopping centers.

Portuguese films, however, are largely just the circle of the US cinephiles know enjoy there but a good reputation. Works of Portuguese cinema are repeatedly awarded at American festivals, and directors such as João Pedro Rodrigues and Pedro Costa have been the subject of retrospectives. In 1994 Manoel de Oliveira was honored at the San Francisco International Film Festival and in 2005 he received the Lifetime Achievement Award for his life's work at the Chicago International Film Festival .

Joaquim de Almeida (left, with Jon-Michael Ecker) at the launch of the TV series Queen of the South in Austin, Texas (2016)

Bruno de Almeida lived for a time as a jazz musician in New York, where he then turned to film directing. Since then he has shot several times with US actors such as Michael Imperioli , John Ventimiglia and Drena De Niro .

The Portuguese actor Joaquim de Almeida lives and works to a large extent in the USA and is now a US citizen. His most successful Hollywood films include Das Kartell (1994), Desperado (1995), Im Fadhreuz - Alone Against All (2001) and Fast & Furious Five (2011). Most recently, he starred in 2015 alongside Sandra Bullock and Billy Bob Thornton in The Campaigner .

A large number of filmmakers in the USA are of Portuguese descent, including actresses like Daniela Ruah , Lyndsy Fonseca , Dilshad Vadsaria , Krista Allen or Mary Astor , the director and actor James Franco and his brother Dave Franco , as well as the producer and screenwriter Brannon Braga .

Portugal was often the setting for American film productions, for example for The Hairy Ape (1944), Secret Center Lisbon (1956), Willkommen, Mister B. (1966), Das Russland-Haus (1990), The nine gates (1999) and The Invisible Circus (2001).

The historical Portuguese immigration, especially on the east coast, was the subject of American film productions several times. For example, Spencer Tracy played the leading role of the eponymous Portuguese fishing captain in Manuel in 1937 , and Pizza Pizza - A Slice of Heaven from 1988 is set in the fishing town of Mystic, Connecticut , with Julia Roberts , Annabeth Gish and Lili Taylor in the lead roles as local young women Portuguese immigrant community.

music

With John Philip Sousa , a Portuguese-born composer is one of the most important authors of American marches.

The jazz pianist and big band leader Vincent Lopez was the son of Portuguese immigrants, as was the soul singer Teena Marie . Country musician Bobbie Gentry also has Portuguese ancestors.

A number of US pop and rock musicians are of Portuguese descent, as the primarily as a guitarist of the radio-metal and rock band Extreme known Nuno Bettencourt , grain co-founder David Silveria , the singer and film music composer Steve Perry , the singer Sky Ferreira or Fred, musicians of the EBM and Industrial Formation Compound. Well-known musicians like the singer Katy Perry , the DJ Baauer , the rapper Dev , the singer / songwriter Julia Nunes , the 4 Non Blondes singer and songwriter Linda Perry or the Aerosmith guitarist Joe Perry also have Portuguese ancestors.

The Portuguese jazz musician Gabriel Ferrandini was born in California in 1986.

The Portuguese-born composer and musician Joe Raposo (* 1937) is the author of the well-known theme song for the television series Sesame Street .

The 2019 album Madame X by the American pop artist Madonna , who has lived in Lisbon for several years, features influences from Portugal and other Portuguese-speaking countries , such as Brazil and Cape Verde . Several times she also sings a few lines in Portuguese , for example in the recurring refrain of the Fado- influenced piece Killers Who Are Partying .

"O mundo é selvagem, o caminho é solitário (é, é, é, é)"

"The world is a wilderness, the path is lonely (yes, yes, yes, yes)"

- Madonna : Killers Who Are Partying

Madonna also shot music videos for the tracks on the album, most of which were filmed at locations in Portugal, such as the UNESCO World Heritage monastery Mosteiro da Batalha or various mansions and country estates.

Sports

Eusébio (right) with Pelé and Brian Joy in 1977, before a Las Vegas Quicksilvers game against Cosmos New York

Soccer

The Portuguese national soccer team has met the US selection six times and has been twice victorious and twice defeated, twice they were drawn. They first met in a friendly on September 20, 1978 in Setúbal , Portugal won 1-0. Portugal was unable to qualify for the 1994 World Cup in the USA.

In the 1970s, well-known Portuguese footballers also played in the North American Soccer League , such as Eusébio at the Boston Minutemen and other clubs, or the eccentric Vítor Baptista briefly at the San José Earthquakes under coach António Simões .

The mother of the US national player Claudio Reyna is Portuguese and is also a Portuguese citizen.

baseball

Baseball can be considered the most popular sport in the United States. A number of baseball players of Portuguese origin became known there, including Billy Martin , son of Portuguese immigrants in California, and Mark Teixeira , who u. a. became known as the third most expensive transfer in Major League history .

Baseball is still rarely played in Portugal . The Portuguese umbrella organization Federação Portuguesa de Basebol e Softbol , based in Abrantes, coordinates baseball operations in the country.

Ticha Penicheiros Monarchs jersey in the clubhouse of the Ginásio Clube Figueirense in the seaside resort of Figueira da Foz

basketball

Basketball , which is very popular in the USA, is still of subordinate interest in Portugal, but it is increasing in phases. The Federação Portuguesa de Basquetebol organizes the game operations with the most important cup competitions and leagues, including the highest national league, the Liga Portuguesa de Basquetebol , which has been held since 1932 . In the US, founded in 1974, association currently USA Basketball the United States men's national basketball team , but the US professional league determines the National Basketball Association basketball happening there.

American players play in Portugal again and again, for example Steven Burtt ( Benfica Basket ), Andre Calvin ( Ginásio Clube Figueirense ), Bryce Douvier ( Ovarense Basquetbol ), Spencer Dunkley ( Aveiro CB ), Fred Herzog (Portugal Telecom), Seth Hinrichs ( FC Porto Basket ), Charles Payton (FC Porto Basket), DeRon Hayes (Academico Porto), MC Mazique (Aveiro Basket) or Bryan Crabtree , who from 2000 initially worked for the basketball team of Benfica Lisbon and then for the basketball team of UD Oliveirense played and achieved some success there. Max Landis has been playing for FC Porto since 2019 .

Portuguese players also occasionally compete for teams in the USA. The best-known example is the Portuguese national player Ticha Penicheiro , especially her title win with the Sacramento Monarchs in 2005, which was the greatest success in the history of the Monarchs.

Other

Carlos Lopes (1985)

Among the sports that are typically particularly popular in the United States, in addition to basketball, several others are played in Portugal. The Portuguese golf association Federação Portuguesa de Golfe and the ice hockey association Federação Portuguesa de Desportos no Gelo should be mentioned , among others American football still leads a downright shadowy existence in Portugal, baseball is hardly widespread, but is practiced a little more often here organized by the Portuguese association Federação Portuguesa de Basebol e Softbol .

Portugal took part in three of the four Summer Olympics held in the United States to date . At the 1984 Games in Los Angeles , marathon runner Carlos Lopes won the first Olympic gold for Portugal , in Atlanta 1996 Fernanda Ribeiro won Portugal's third gold medal in Portugal's 10,000-meter run.

The Portuguese winter sportsman Danny Silva was born in the USA.

A number of Portuguese-born athletes became known in the USA, such as the tennis player Vic Seixas , who had 15 Grand Slam successes, or the wrestler Peter Polaco , who was known by his fighting name The Portuguese Man-O-War .

The American volleyball player Anna Wruck played for the Portuguese first division club AJM FC Porto in 2018/2019 .

literature

  • Tiago Moreira de Sá: História das Relações Portugal-EEA (1776-2015). Ed. D. Quixote, Lisbon 2016, ISBN 978-972-2059374
  • José Calvet: História das Relações Diplomáticas entre Portugal e os Estados Unidos da América.
  • Tiago Moreira de Sá: Os EUA ea Revolução Portuguesa.
  • Tiago Moreira de Sá: Os Americanos na Revolução Portuguesa.

Web links

Commons : Relations between Portugal and the United States  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e Overview of diplomatic relations with the United States from the Diplomatic Institute at the Portuguese Foreign Ministry, accessed February 6, 2017
  2. ↑ a b c d Lajes são uma das três bases que EUA nunca abandonarão - "Lajes are one of the three bases that will never leave the USA" , article of February 22, 2016 in the Portuguese newspaper Diário de Notícias , accessed on February 6 2017
  3. ↑ Director João César Monteiro showed in his semi-documentary Que Farei Eu com Esta Espada? In 1975, both the anti-NATO demonstrations and the NATO ships anchored in Lisbon, can be seen here on YouTube from the third minute , accessed on February 6, 2017
  4. ↑ Website on Portuguese-American relations of the US Embassy in Portugal, accessed on February 9, 2017
  5. ↑ Information on the US Embassy in Lisbon (English and Portuguese), website of the US Embassy in Portugal, accessed on February 9, 2017
  6. ^ Website on the US Consulate in Ponta Delgada at the US Embassy in Portugal, accessed on February 9, 2017
  7. ↑ a b Figures based on a study by the Spanish newspaper El País on the emigration website www.comoemigrar.net, accessed on February 6, 2017
  8. ↑ Os Portugueses Nos Estados Undos da América , PDF download of the study on the Portuguese in the USA by the Luso-American foundation Fundação Luso-Americana para o Desenvolvimento (p. 50), accessed on February 6, 2017
  9. ↑ Há 31.2 milhões de portugueses no mundo [There are 31.2 million Portuguese people worldwide], article from April 5, 2009 in the news portal of the Portuguese television channel TVI , accessed on February 27, 2017
  10. ↑ a b c d Fernando Cristóvão (Ed.): Dicionário Temático da Lusofonia. Texto Editores, Lisbon / Luanda / Praia / Maputo 2006 ( ISBN 972-47-2935-4 ), p. 804
  11. ↑ Fernando Cristóvão (Ed.): Dicionário Temático da Lusofonia. Texto Editores, Lisbon / Luanda / Praia / Maputo 2006 ( ISBN 972-47-2935-4 ), p. 805
  12. ↑ Appearance of João Cristómos in the New York episode of the series Portugueses pelo Mundo , YouTube recording (appearance from minute 1:25 of this second part) of the RTP broadcast from March 2012, accessed on February 6, 2017
  13. ^ Booklet book for CD Coimbra / April in Portugal / Avril au Portugal. , Tradisom , Vila Verde 2004, p. 21
  14. ^ Portrait of Vista Alegres at the Australian trading company Essential ( Memento from February 11, 2017 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on February 8, 2017
  15. ↑ Brief portrait of Vista Alegres on the tourism website www.lisbonlux.com, accessed on February 8, 2017
  16. ↑ a b Overview of the activities of the AICEP office in New York , accessed on February 9, 2017
  17. ↑ a b c d Bilateral economic relations between Portugal and the USA , Excel file retrieval from the Portuguese Chamber of Commerce AICEP, accessed on February 9, 2017
  18. ↑ Overview of the activities of the Instituto Camões in the USA (Portuguese), website of the Instituto Camões, accessed on February 9, 2017
  19. ^ Page on the founding ceremony on the website of the Associação de Amizade Portugal-EUA (English and Portuguese), accessed on February 9, 2017
  20. ^ List of Manoel de Oliveira's awards in the Internet Movie Database , accessed on February 9, 2017
  21. ↑ Music video for Killers Who Are Partying , a video clip shot in Lisbon, accessed on YouTube on January 5, 2020.
  22. ↑ Dark Ballet clip as an example, video clip on YouTube , accessed January 5, 2020.