INF contract

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US President Reagan (right) and Soviet General Secretary Gorbachev (left) sign the INF Treaty in the White House , December 8, 1987.
On June 1, 1988, the ratification documents were signed on the occasion of the summit in Moscow in the Kremlin .

The INF Treaty (en -. I ntermediate Range N uclear F Orce Treaty, ru -. Договор о ликвидации ракет средней и меньшей дальности (РСМД)) or medium-range nuclear forces treaty or Washington Treaty on Intermediate Nuclear Systems refers to a bundle of bilateral agreements and Agreements between the USA and the USSR / Russia on the destruction of all ground / land-based missiles with medium and short range (between 500 and 5500 kilometers).

The treaty was signed on December 8, 1987 on the occasion of the Washington Summit and, after ratification, entered into force on June 1, 1988 during the Moscow Summit .

It was closed indefinitely, but has been suspended since August 2, 2019.

Subject of the contract

Content of the contract

The INF treaty stipulates that both sides worldwide destroy both their ground / land-based nuclear missiles with shorter (500–1000 km) and medium range (1000–5500 km) as well as their launchers and infrastructure within 3 years and do not manufacture any new ones . Because the disarmament of missiles with two ranges was agreed, there is also talk of a “double zero solution ”. The agreement only included the removal of launch systems and launchers. The INF Treaty did not cover short-range missiles with nuclear warheads, so-called Short-Range Intermediate Nuclear Forces (SRINF) with a range of up to 500 km. Seaborne and airborne missiles and cruise missiles were also not covered by the contract.

The contract also included the right to inspect the other country's facilities. The contracting parties agreed to carry out constant inspections in one production facility in the USA and one in Russia for a further ten years after the missiles were removed. In addition, a fixed number of suspicious transaction controls was established. The contract also included a Memorandum of Understanding on Data, a protocol on the inspections and one on the destruction of the weapons.

The core of the contract was unlimited in time, but both sides had the right to withdraw from the contract.

In 1988 the contract was supplemented by some documents.

The treaty is seen as a breakthrough in disarmament efforts, as it was a real abandonment of an entire family of weapons, combined for the first time with effective control procedures, rather than just ceilings.

Implementation of the agreements

INF inspection sites in the Eastern and Central Soviet Union 1990
INF inspection sites in the western Soviet Union in 1990

According to the treaty, the United States (USA) destroyed 846 rockets, the Soviet Union / Russia a total of 1,846 rockets; with simultaneous control by the other side. The last missile was dismantled in May 1991. The mutual inspections were agreed for 13 years. After about 1,000 mutual inspections, these were discontinued on May 31, 2001 by mutual agreement. On that date, the contract was considered fully implemented.

The core of the contract was unlimited in time, but both sides had the right to withdraw from the contract. Russia accused the United States (USA) of violating the treaty since 1999. In addition, after the announcement in 2001, the USA unilaterally left the ABM Treaty on June 13, 2002 to limit missile defense systems and unilaterally set up its missile defense system in Eastern Europe. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation regards the dual use of the MK-41 launchers for medium-range systems as a breach of contract.

Russia had already declared in 2007 that the treaty no longer corresponds to its interests.

The contract was terminated by the USA on February 1, 2019 with the planned 6-month notice period. In the US State Department's annual reports on compliance with the arms control, non-proliferation and disarmament agreements , they accused Russia , the legal successor of the Soviet Union, of violating the agreement with new land-based cruise missiles that exceeded this range. The Russian Federation announced on February 2, 2019 that it would also leave the contract by August 2019.

On August 2, 2019, the US and Russia officially declared the INF disarmament treaty to be over.

History of contract negotiations

Prehistory in the 1970s and 1980s

In the 1970s, during a relaxation phase of the Cold War , the SALT treaties and the ABM treaty were the first to restrict strategic nuclear armament .

The Soviet Union began deploying modern RSD-10 / SS-20 medium-range missiles in the late 1970s . Compared to the predecessor systems SS-4 and SS-5, they exhibited greater range, accuracy, mobility and destructive power and were therefore classified by NATO as a threat to Western Europe. In 1979, this resulted in the NATO double resolution. It decided to station its own Pershing II medium-range missiles and land-based cruise missiles BGM-109G Gryphon in NATO territory, if the Soviet medium-range missiles were not withdrawn.

At the end of 1979, NATO had also founded a special consultation group for INF negotiations, which, as a Special Consultative Group (SCG), worked out joint negotiating positions for the NATO partners and coordinated the Western negotiating positions.

After the Soviet Union was initially only ready to negotiate after the NATO double decision had been withdrawn, the German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt and Foreign Minister Hans-Dietrich Genscher succeeded in convincing the Soviet Union that arms control negotiations on medium-range nuclear systems should be commenced in the face of NATO retrofitting is also in the Soviet interest.

Peace demonstration in Amsterdam in November 1981
Peace demonstration in Bonn's Hofgarten in 1981

However, the Soviet Union was only prepared to hold preliminary talks with the USA and took part in the conference from October 17 to November 17, 1980 in Geneva . On September 24, 1981, US Secretary of State Alexander Haig and his Soviet colleague Andrei Gromyko agreed at their first meeting at the beginning of the 36th General Assembly of the United Nations in New York to continue the negotiations on November 30, 1981 in Geneva. They were led by a Standing Consultative Commission of the USA and the Soviet Union and called the Standing Consultative Commission (SCC) in the West . On the Soviet side, the Soviet ambassador Juli Alexandrowitsch Kwizinski was involved in the negotiations.

On the US side, the chief negotiator Paul Nitze , appointed by US President Ronald Reagan, and his deputy Ambassador Maynard Wayne Glitman were entrusted with the negotiations . From November 30, 1981 to June 1984 and from February 1985 to December 1986, the US delegation also included US Major General William F. Burns as Joint Chiefs of Staff Representative in the INF negotiations. The US positions at the beginning of the INF negotiations were:

  • Priority bilateral treatment of ground / land-based medium-range nuclear missiles of the USA and the Soviet Union in connection with the SALT treaties;
  • Equal treatment of rights and limitations;
  • Missile systems from third countries (Great Britain, France) are not taken into account;
  • Worldwide limits taking into account the threat from Western Europe and no relocation of the threat to Asia;
  • Collateral limits for shorter-range land-based medium-range nuclear systems;
  • Verifiability of compliance with the contract.

On November 18, 1981, US President Ronald Reagan submitted to the Soviet Union the proposal of a mutual zero solution for ground / land-based medium-range missiles, which provided for the US to abandon the stationing of Pershing II missiles and land-based cruise missiles in return for the Soviet Union Demolition of all SS-20 missiles (RSD-10) and decommissioning of the older SS-4 (R-12) and SS-5 (R-14).

At the beginning of the second round of disarmament negotiations in Geneva, the Soviet Union announced its own proposal on May 25, 1982. This contained a draft contract, which provided for the following mutual obligations:

  • Not to deploy new medium-range nuclear systems in Europe;
  • To reduce all medium-range nuclear systems (missiles and medium-range bombers) of NATO and the Warsaw Pact states in Europe with a range of more than 1,000 kilometers to a maximum of 300 systems for both sides on June 1, 1982 ;
  • Counting 255 British and French warheads on the US side;
  • To ban cruise missiles with a range of more than 600 kilometers and ballistic air-to-surface missiles worldwide.

On December 21, 1982, CPSU General Secretary Yuri Andropov announced that the Soviet Union was ready to reduce its own medium-range missiles to the number of British and French systems, a total of 162 missiles. In return, the US should refrain from retrofitting in accordance with NATO's double decision. Corresponding RSD-10 (SS-20) medium-range missiles were not to be eliminated, but would be relocated to the eastern Soviet Union out of range.

However, the negotiations were broken off without result. The main reason for this was that NATO strictly rejected the inclusion of French and British missiles. So it came to the stationing of the medium-range missiles from 1983, among other things in Germany . The failure of the INF negotiations from November 1983 also put a strain on the negotiations of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE). The decision also met with strong resistance from the peace movement .

Negotiations from 1985 and contract conclusion

New talks between the Soviet Union and the USA in the course of the Stockholm Conference on Confidence Building and Disarmament in Europe were only resumed in March 1985, at the same time negotiations began on the START Treaty and on defense and space matters. There were two summits , one in Geneva in November 1985 and one in Reykjavík in 1986 . Initially, upper limits for the systems were negotiated. In 1986 discussions began about a complete abolition of nuclear weapons. At first, one could even imagine that this would be achieved by the year 2000. On July 22nd, Mikhail Gorbachev agreed to the proposal to include all medium-range missiles with a range of more than 500 km in the contract. The crux of the negotiations was the Soviet side called for a halt to the American initiative to develop an interception system against missile weapons, known as the SDI .

Shortly before the foreseeable end - and failure - of the negotiations, Gorbachev and Reagan agreed on another date not provided for in the protocol. During this extension, Reagan made a proposal that had not previously been coordinated with his negotiating team, which also astonished Gorbachev and his delegation: “So in the late afternoon I made a completely new proposal to the Secretary General: a ten-year suspension of the development of SDI and, in return, the whole Destruction of all missiles from the respective arsenals of our two nations! "

On December 8, 1987, US President Ronald Reagan and the General Secretary of the CPSU Mikhail Gorbachev signed the INF Treaty in Washington , officially known as The Treaty Between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Elimination of Their Intermediate- Range and Shorter-Range Missiles is called. The American Senate ratified the treaty on May 27, 1988. On June 1, 1988, after the ratification document was signed at the Moscow Summit , the treaty came into force.

Contractual effects in both German states

The two German states played a special role in the conclusion of the treaty. The Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic were potential target areas for a first strike and therefore particularly threatened by the missiles. They therefore urged their respective allies to give up arms, which, as a side effect, also improved relations within Germany. The National People's Army of the GDR had no missile systems relevant to the treaty.

Shortly before the contract was signed, problems arose because of the 72  Pershing 1A missiles that were stationed in the Bundeswehr on the territory of the Federal Republic. The USSR asked to be included in the treaty. Parts of the union parties spoke out against the inclusion of these short-range missiles in the treaty, the FDP , the Greens and the SPD were in favor of their disarmament. On August 26, 1987, Federal Chancellor Helmut Kohl ended the dispute, citing his authority to issue guidelines and agreed to the decommissioning of the Pershing 1A missiles. The approval was given unilaterally by the Federal Republic of Germany and was not included in the INF contract.

Further INF development from 1991

After the collapse of the Soviet Union (USSR), a number of former Soviet republics became independent nation states. With Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan and Belarus, six states with medium-range systems intended for disarmament now belong to the scope of the agreement.

As the legal successor to the Soviet Union (USSR) after its dissolution at the end of 1991, the Russian Federation (RF, Russia) took over the obligations and thus became the (new) contractual partner. The Ukraine , Belarus and Kazakhstan gave up the inherited from her arsenal of nuclear weapons and surrendered their medium-range missiles to Russia.

With the establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the obligations from the bilateral INF treaty were assumed from October 1992. The joint Special Verification Commission (SVC) also took over disarmament control until the end of 2001 in the new states, with the exception of Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, which until then had only one facility under the INF Treaty.

Presidents' Nuclear Initiatives (1991/92)

In 1991 the START treaty resulted in further disarmament. In public speeches in 1991 and 1992, the Presidents of the United States and the Soviet Union / Russian Federation (or Russia after the dissolution of the Soviet Union) made a political commitment to take separate but interrelated steps to reduce the number and use of their tactical nuclear weapons to do. These unilateral commitments are known as Presidential Nuclear Initiatives (PNI).

In a televised speech to the nation on September 27, 1991, President George Bush issued the first unilateral PNI in which the United States promised changes in both its strategic and tactical nuclear forces. This also included US commitments regarding tactical nuclear weapons, such as the elimination of all land-based short-range immediate nuclear missiles, the withdrawal of all tactical nuclear weapons (cruise missiles) from US warships and the reduction of atomic bombs in depots in Europe known to a few hundred.

In a speech televised on October 5, 1991, USSR President Gorbachev responded with "mutual steps". After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russian President Boris Yeltsin confirmed that Russia was the legitimate successor state of the USSR and that Russia would take responsibility for fulfilling the PNI commitments. In a televised speech on January 29, 1992, President Yeltsin responded to President George HW Bush's second PNI announcement by continuing to commit to tactical nuclear warheads.

Disarmed medium-range systems

  • 1988 A Soviet inspector investigates an American. BGM-109G Gryphon cruise missiles

  • 1988 Rail transport of medium-range missiles OTR-22 Temp-S (SS-12 Scaleboard), in the Czech Republic near Hranice na Moravě

country designation GRAY index NATO code name system Range
Soviet UnionSoviet Union Soviet Union OTR-23 Oka 9K714 SS-23 Spider Short and medium range missile 500 km
Soviet UnionSoviet Union Soviet Union OTR-22 Temp-S (TR-1) 9K76 SS-12 Scaleboard-A Medium-range missile 700-850 km
Soviet UnionSoviet Union Soviet Union OTR-22M Temp-SM (TR-1M) 9K76B SS-12M Scaleboard-B (originally also called SS-22) Medium-range missile 950 km
Soviet UnionSoviet Union Soviet Union R-12 "Dwina" 8K63 SS-4 sandal Medium-range missile 2080 km
Soviet UnionSoviet Union Soviet Union RK-55 "Relief" 3K12 SSC-X-4 slingshot Land-based cruise missile 3000 km
Soviet UnionSoviet Union Soviet Union R-14 "Usovaya" 8K65 SS-5 Skean Medium-range missile 3700 km
Soviet UnionSoviet Union Soviet Union RSD-10 "Pioner" 15Sch45 SS-20 Saber mod 1 Medium-range missile 600 to 5500 km
Soviet UnionSoviet Union Soviet Union RSD-10 "Pioner-UTTH" 15Sch53 SS-20 Saber mod 2 Medium-range missile with MIRV 600 to 5500 km
United StatesUnited States United States MGM-31A Pershing
(Pershing 1a)		 Short and medium range missile 740 km
United StatesUnited States United States MGM-31B Pershing
(Pershing II)		 Medium-range missile 1770 km
United StatesUnited States United States BGM-109G Gryphon Land-based cruise missile 2500 km

Arms discourse United States / NATO versus Russia

Discourse on compliance and compliance with contracts

The various parts of the contract, agreements and obligations and their staggered duration required a time-related view of the status of implementation. To analyze this, the two nuclear powers prepared (foreign) policy reports on the compliance of the negotiating partner for the political decision-makers and for the Congress as well as for the general public.

Since the early 2000s, the nuclear powers have been accusing each other of failing to comply with the rules and of breaching these and other arms control agreements.

The published assessments of the other contracting state subsequently triggered counter-arguments from the other side, which in turn reached the public in the form of diplomatic papers. Russia accused the United States (USA) of violating the treaty since 1999.

In 2004, Russian Defense Minister Sergei Ivanov expressed Russia's wish to withdraw from the treaty. In 2005 and 2006, the Secretary of Defense explored the US response should Russia leave.

On February 10, 2007, the President of Russia, Vladimir Putin , declared at the Munich Security Conference (MSC) that the INF treaty no longer satisfies the interests of Russia, as several states such as North Korea, South Korea, India, Iran, Pakistan and Israel have access to them Missiles. "It is obvious that under these conditions we have to think about ensuring our own security," Putin said.

The reason for Putin's remarks were also the US plans for a European missile defense program with SM-3-Block-IIA missiles and X-band radars in the Czech Republic (not implemented) and Poland . The US plans endangered strategic stability, which, as the Chief of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces explained a few days later, required suitable countermeasures.

USA and NATO on Russia's violations of treaties

In 2013, the US tried to dissuade Russia from its program. As unfortunately usual, according to Dan Coats , the Russians had denied their attempts. "They only admitted the existence of the cruise missile when the Americans put the Russian designation of the device, 9M729 , on the table as proof .

In July 2014, the US Department of Defense made public that Russia had tested land-based cruise missiles with a range of 500 km to 5500 km and thus violated the ban on owning or producing launch systems for them. The type of ground-based cruise missile was not officially announced. According to media reports, it is 9K720 Iskander-K ( NATO code name : SS-C-8 Screwdriver ). This type was first tested in 2007, its maximum range is unknown, and no breach of contract has been claimed by the US in recent years.

In talks between a US delegation and the head of the arms control department of the US State Department Rose Gottemoeller in Moscow at the beginning of September 2014, Russia rejected the US allegations.

On the other hand, the USA had violated the INF Treaty on three points. For missile defense tests, the US would use missiles that were similar to medium-range missiles. The use of attack drones is also a violation of the INF Treaty because they are "100 percent in accordance with ground-based cruise missiles". In addition, Moscow is concerned about the development of the Aegis Ashore weapon system with the Mk 41 Vertical Launching System , which was deployed on the mainland in Romania ( Deveselu Air Base ) in 2015 and in Poland ( Słupsk-Redzikowo Airport ) in 2018 . Tomahawk cruise missiles could be launched from these facilities .

In February 2017, US authorities admitted that Russia had broken the treaty by not only testing and producing medium-range missiles, but also by equipping two active battalions of its armed forces with them. The weapon, designated by the USA as the SS-C-8 Screwdriver , is said to be capable of being used by launchers on trucks, which are very similar to the vehicles used by Russian troops for the 9K720 Iskander-M (NATO code name: SS-26 Stone ) to be used. According to the US, one of the units with the new missile type is still at the Kapustin Yar missile testing center , while the other has already moved away. According to a comment by Andreas Rüesch in the NZZ, there are also indications that Russia has developed a medium-range missile in addition to the SS-C-8 "bypassing the contract" and that it could mass-produce it after the end of the contract, giving Russia a clear lead starts the US in the expected arms race.

In December 2018, the NATO states reported that Russia had developed and installed the ground / land-based 9M729 cruise missile for the 9K720 Iskander-K . NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg had previously said that Russia has new medium-range nuclear missiles in Europe, whereas the United States has not. The US government gave the Russian government an ultimatum of 60 days in early December to promise to destroy its SS-C-8 missiles. At the beginning of January 2019, Stoltenberg again emphasized that Russia was currently breaking the INF treaty: There are no new US cruise missiles in Europe, but there are certainly new Russian cruise missiles. Missiles of the type SS-C-8 can be used mobile, can be equipped with atomic warheads and are able to reach European cities, according to a report by the FAZ from February 2019, even without relocations, the whole of Germany is within reach of a unit in Schuja . In total, there are three stationing locations with a resulting number of 64 missiles.

Russia on treaty violations by the US and NATO

Also in view of the invalidated INF treaty, Russia declared its adherence to the principle of compliance with international obligations in the field of arms control in the document Fundamentals of State Policy of the Russian Federation in the field of nuclear deterrence at the beginning of June 2020 . His state nuclear deterrent policy is characterized by a defensive character.

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation repeatedly stated in 2017 that the dual use of the MK-41 launchers is also considered a breach of contract for medium-range systems. This ground-based Aegis system uses technology almost identical to that installed on US Navy ships. According to experts, the Mk-41 launcher could be converted with relatively little effort for offensive weapons such as Tomahawk cruise missiles .

Russian President Vladimir Putin alleged that the ground-based Aegis Defense System (AAMDS) with MK41 launcher , which has been stationed as part of the US missile shield on the Romanian military airfield Deveselu since 2016 , also fired cruise missiles with nuclear warheads "at any time" could become.

However, the US had indicated that nothing of the kind had ever been tested or developed for it. However, after the test on the island of San Nicolas off the coast of California on August 19, 2019, Russia sees its concerns about the Aegis Ashore plants in Poland and Romania sufficiently confirmed. Putin's comment on this was simply: "Such tests only confirm that the Americans wanted to derail the INF treaty from the start."

From a Russian perspective, the development of rocket-armed US drones is also a breach of the INF treaty. Drones were not covered by the contract as, like other aircraft, unlike missiles, they returned to the base.

The Russian political scientist Vladimir Frolov wrote in autumn 2018 that Russia, ostensibly adhering to the treaty, would create the conditions for his long-desired natural death. Volker Perthes from the Science and Politics Foundation said that Russia was also interested in the end of the treaty because of its position vis-à-vis India and China, which both had medium-range missiles.

Discourse on the exit of the USA from the INF treaty

On October 20, 2018, US President Donald Trump announced that he would terminate the INF treaty. Russia has been violating the treaty for a long time with the production of the new land-based cruise missile 9M729 ( NATO code name : SS-C-8 Screwdriver ) for the Iskander-K carrier system that can be equipped with nuclear equipment . It is a land-based version of the 3M14 cruise missile, which was considered a breach of the INF treaty in 2017. NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg had already expressed skepticism in early October 2018 that the implementation of the 9M729 system was INF-compliant. The NZZ compared the situation with the origin of the INF treaty, which Russia should be familiar with: armament to force Russia to disarm.

Russian politicians commented on allegations of breach of contract in 2018 that there was no evidence to substantiate a specific Russian breach of contract.

On December 2, 2018, the US wanted to initiate the formal exit procedure. After a meeting with Angela Merkel, the proceedings were postponed for two months and Russia was ultimately asked to destroy or modify the 9M729 units in question in order to undo the breach of contract.

On February 1, 2019, the US officially declared its withdrawal from the INF disarmament treaty.

Positioning of the People's Republic of China

The People's Republic of China rejected the US allegations that a Chinese armament with nuclear medium-range systems had something to do with the decision of US President Trump. In contrast to the successor states of the Soviet Union and the USA, China is not a party to the INF Treaty. According to a 2017 statement by Pacific Fleet Commander Harry Harris , 95 percent of existing Chinese missiles and cruise missiles would be covered by the INF Treaty if China were a signatory state.

The People's Republic of China is equally committed to a dual strategy of political dialogue and military deterrence. However, the claim is less geopolitically oriented - as with the USA - but is regionally focused on the Far East. This is what the military and armaments program of the 2019 White Paper is primarily aimed at.

There are no fundamental issues with Russia, but neither are there any particularly cordial relations. In addition to conventional military technology, China also produces strategic combat aircraft, drones, intercontinental missiles, hypersonic weapons, submarines and aircraft carriers. The first Chinese aircraft carrier entered service in 2019; four more will follow. Mastery of military space technology and cybersecurity are also part of national defense. In doing so, China by no means wants to get involved in an arms race with the United States, but relies on minimal deterrence.

Reactions in the NATO countries

For Europe, the INF Treaty was a guarantee that it would not become the scene of a nuclear exchange.

The Polish President Andrzej Duda expressed during his meeting with German President Frank-Walter Steinmeier his understanding of the threat of US President Donald Trump termination of the INF Treaty because of the Russian position on 23 October 2018 in Berlin.

On November 27, 2018, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Defense of the Netherlands reported in a joint statement that they have intelligence evidence that Russia has developed and introduced 9M729 (SSC-8) ground-based cruise missiles.

The German government under Chancellor Angela Merkel , on the other hand, regretted the announced withdrawal of the USA in an initial reaction in October 2018. At the beginning of February 2019, Merkel accused Russia of violating the treaty, while Heiko Maas spoke of a de facto nullification of the treaty due to violations by Russia.

In May 2020, the Science and Politics Foundation (SWP) sees “the rule-based international order [...] in the crisis and with it the nuclear order, which is contained in the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), in the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) and in is anchored in the bilateral arms control treaties between the United States and Russia to limit strategic weapon systems. "

The British Defense Minister Gavin Williamson left no doubt that Russia had been violating the treaty for years and that the US would have tried diplomatic channels to get Moscow to abide by the treaty long enough, while Europe would never have announced anything.

The US National Security Advisor , John Bolton , announced on October 24, 2018 that Washington would consult its allies before submitting the notice, which can take place within six months.

Czech President Miloš Zeman is of the opinion “If there are the technical parameters of these missiles that are in breach of the treaty, either by the Russian or the US side, it is very easy to show these parameters and to communicate. I want all of these treaties to exist, of course, as getting out of these treaties will lead to an arms race "

See also

Web links

Commons : Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ INF Treaty - Treaty between the USA and the USSR for the elimination of their medium and short-range missiles , signed December 8, 1987, in force since June 1, 1988, dissolved on August 2, 2019.
  2. ↑ Oliver Bange: SS-20 and Pershing II: Weapon Systems and the Dynamization of East-West Relations . In: Christoph Becker-Schaum, Philipp Gassert, Martin Klimke, Wilfried Mausbach (eds.): The Nuclear Crisis. The Arms Race, Cold War Anxiety, And The German Peace Movement Of The 1980s. Berghahn Books, New York 2016, p. 70.
  3. ↑ Michael Staack (Ed.): Introduction to International Politics. Study book . Oldenbourg, Munich 2012, ISBN 978-3-486-59117-0 , p. 756.
  4. ↑ a b c d See comment from the Department of State of the Russian Federation in connection with the publication of the US Department of State's annual report on States' Compliance with Arms Control and Non-Proliferation Agreements. Document № 892 of April 29, 2017. Translation a. d. Russian by Rainer Böhme. In: DGKSP discussion papers, Dresden 2017, July, pp. 4–8. [1] . Soot. Original under URL: [2] ; Accessed June 12, 2017.
  5. ^ ABM Treaty - Treaty between the USA and the USSR for the limitation of missile defense systems, from May 26, 1972; is one of the two parts of the SALT I agreement. (en.) Treaty between The United States Of America and The Soviet Socialist Republics on the Limitation of Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems (Anti-Ballistic Missiles Treaty). [3] ; Accessed June 25, 2017; (ru.) Договор об ограничении систем противоракетной обороны, ДПРО.
  6. ↑ Putin threatens withdrawal from cold war nuclear treaty . In: The Guardian Online . October 12, 2007 ( theguardian.com [accessed February 2, 2019]).
  7. ↑ See example 2017: US Department of State's Annual Report on Adherence to and Compliance with Arms Control, Nonproliferation, and Disarmament, Washington, April 14, 2017. See full text under: [4] ; Accessed June 25, 2017.
  8. ↑ Reaction to US decision: Russia also suspends INF disarmament treaty . In: Spiegel Online . February 2, 2019 ( spiegel.de [accessed February 2, 2019]).
  9. ↑ The INF Treaty is history . In: Deutschlandfunk . August 2, 2019 ( deutschlandfunk.de [accessed August 2, 2019]).
  10. ↑ Dirk Ulrich Kaufmann: Calendar sheet: October 12, 1986: Understanding of Reykjavik .
  11. ↑ Thomas Stamm-Kuhlmann : Missile Armament and International Security from 1942 to the Present. Historical communications / supplement, vol. 56, Steiner, Stuttgart 2004, p. 124.
  12. ↑ See: Report of the United States Department of State to Congress of June 2020. (Ger.) “Compliance with and Regulatory Compliance with Agreements and Obligations relating to Arms Control, Non-Proliferation and Disarmament”. Translation a. d. Engl. By Rainer Böhme. In: Arms control in discourse. DGKSP discussion papers, Dresden 2020, July, Appendix pp. 96–101. [5]
  13. ↑ See: Summary results for executives: Compliance and compliance with contracts and agreements on arms control, non-proliferation, etc. Disarmament. (en.) US State Department, April 14, 2020, 16 pp. Accessed July 17, 2020, URL: [6]
  14. ↑ For example: Compliance Report June 2020. Report of the United States Department of State to Congress of June 2020. “Compliance with and regulatory compliance with agreements and obligations relating to arms control, non-proliferation and disarmament” Translation a. d. Engl. By Rainer Böhme. In: Arms control in discourse. DGKSP discussion papers, Dresden 2020, July, Appendix pp. 63–170. [7]
  15. ↑ See: Synopsis on the Discourse on Compliance - Russia vs. United States (2017-2020). In: Arms control in discourse. Regulatory Compliance and US Compliance Report. Translation a. d. Soot. and Engl. by Rainer Böhme. DGKSP discussion papers, Dresden 2020, July, pp. 3–62. [8th]
  16. ↑ See: Synopsis on the Discourse on Compliance - Russia vs. United States (2017-2020). In: Arms control in discourse. Regulatory Compliance and US Compliance Report. Translation a. d. Soot. and Engl. by Rainer Böhme. DGKSP discussion papers, Dresden 2020, July, pp. 17–20. [9]
  17. ↑ Nikolai Zlobin: A Close Look at Russia's Leaders: Meeting Putin and Ivanov, ISSN 0195-6450 - Volume XXXIII, No. 5, September / October 2004 ( Memento from December 7, 2004 in the Internet Archive )
  18. ↑ RIA Novosti: Russia to compensate for INF losses with Iskander missile system (web link moved to Sputnik since 2013: Russia to compensate for INF losses with Iskander missile system ( memorial from December 17, 2018 in the Internet Archive )).
  19. ↑ http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/24034
  20. ↑ a b America announces the INF contract , NZZ, February 2, 2019, page 3
  21. ↑ adherence to and compliance with arms control, nonproliferation and disarmement agreements and commitments
  22. ↑ Russia Declared In Violation Of INF Treaty: New Cruise Missile May Be Deploying Federation Of American Scientists, July 30, 2014
  23. ↑ US Says Russia Tested Cruise Missile, Violating Treaty. New York Times, July 28, 2014.
  24. ↑ Russia and USA: No Progress in the Dispute over the Disarmament Treaty , RIA Novosti , September 15, 2014.
  25. ↑ Michael R. Gordon: Russia Deploys Missile, Violating Treaty and Challenging Trump. New York Times February 14, 2016.
  26. ↑ Russia is said to have stationed new missiles , NZZ, February 15, 2017
  27. ↑ a b Andreas Rüesch: Threatening armaments spiral , NZZ, February 2, 2019, p. 3
  28. ↑ NATO accuses Russia of breaking nuclear missile treaty . In: BBC , December 4, 2018.
  29. ^ INF disarmament treaty: NATO accuses Russia of clear breach of treaty for the first time . In: Süddeutsche Zeitung , December 4, 2018.
  30. ↑ NATO's Stoltenberg calls on Russia to comply with INF nuclear treaty . In: Reuters , October 30, 2018.
  31. ↑ a b NATO threatens to debate nuclear retrofitting. In: FAZ. January 4, 2019, accessed January 4, 2019 .
  32. ↑ Russia has more missiles than previously known
  33. ↑ Russia stations cruise missiles at more locations , AZ, February 10, 2018
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