National Missile Defense
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The National Missile Defense ( NMD ; German national missile defense ) or the US missile shield is an armaments project of the United States of America that was initiated during the administration of US President George W. Bush . It is considered the successor to the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI).
The purpose of the NMD should be to detect approaching ICBMs with satellite-based surveillance and to destroy them either near the launch pad, on their orbit in space or during the descent in the earth's atmosphere using missiles or lasers . In this way, a defense shield for the United States is to be realized. The weapon systems of countries such as Iran and North Korea are considered sources of danger .
The Missile Defense Agency (MDA; for example: Office for Missile Defense ), a department of the US Department of Defense, is primarily responsible for the development and implementation of the NMD .
In Bush's plans for a missile defense shield, locations in Poland and the Czech Republic initially played a central role. In September 2009, however , President Barack Obama announced a change of direction. Sea-based interceptor missiles are to replace the systems planned for Poland; a planned radar station in the Czech Republic will not go into operation.
When North Korea threatened the USA with a nuclear strike in 2013 (see North Korea Crisis (2013) ), the issue came back into public awareness.
The law
In January 1999, the 'National Missile Defense Act of 1999' (about: National Missile Defense Act ) decided (US President Bill Clinton ruled from 1993 to 2001). The law says:
“It is the policy of the United States to deploy, as quickly as technologically possible, an effective National Missile Defense capable of defending and funding United States territory against limited ballistic missile attacks (whether accidental, illicit or deliberate) is subject to the annual allocation approval and the annual approval of funds for the national missile defense. "
history
Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) 1984-1994
Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) 1994-2002
Missile Defense Agency (MDA) since 2002
Other forerunners of the NMD besides Ronald Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative included a. since the late 1950s the Nike Zeus program (discontinued in 1961), the Project Defender , the Sentinel program and - related to this - the concept of the Ballistic Missile Boost Intercept (BAMBI; each from 1963; discontinued in 1968) and - from 1967 - the Safeguard program . All of these projects turned out to be problematic for political and technical reasons and ultimately failed.
The renewed armament by the USA has been criticized for years by the People's Republic of China and Russia , among others . They warn of a new global arms race with space technology.
Tasks and procedures of the system
First of all, a missile defense system must be able to recognize and differentiate between approaching missiles. Using early warning radar stations on the ground and with the help of infrared cameras in geostationary satellites, the system recognizes - at least in theory - automatically launching rockets by their drive heat (i.e. the tail or fire jet). The infrared cameras of the early warning satellites can detect the rockets after they have passed through the lower layers of the atmosphere and determine the rocket type based on the shape and heat distribution in the jet of fire - at least that is the idea of the initiators of the NMD.
At this point in time (in the boost phase ), however, for missile types that are used both for space travel and as ICBMs, no distinction can be made between civil space travel and military aggression.
On April 24, 2007, the Near Field Infrared Experiment (NFIRE) was brought into orbit at 552 km using a Minotaur-1 launcher from the Wallops Flight Facility. The start originally planned for 2005 had previously been postponed twice. NFIRE is now to improve the detection of missile types and their intended use decisively. Rockets that are used with peaceful intent should be able to be sorted out in the launch phase.
In the next step, the missile's path is observed and calculated in advance. In the synopsis of the data obtained - in an extremely short time window - it must then be estimated whether the respective rocket launch is an attack or, for example, just a space launch vehicle.
Predicting the trajectory is relatively straightforward as long as the projectile is a strictly ballistic trajectory like most ICBMs. After the burnout, these rockets rise into space in a computationally traceable path (with certain deviations, caused among other things by various atmospheric influences) in order to release one or more warheads there. Usually, MIRVs also release warhead dummies to distract and confuse defense systems.
However, as early as the 1960s the Soviet Union had developed a ready-to-use system that made it impossible to forecast the presumed target until shortly before the impact ( see FOBS ).
To destroy the atomic warheads, a kill vehicle launched from the ground or released by satellites (as provided by NFIRE , which is supposed to combine the detection of enemy missiles with their defense in a satellite) is set on a collision course in its trajectory - in some cases almost opposite flight direction. It is equipped with IR and image sensors to detect the warheads. Ideally, this destruction device has some steering ability. There are also plans for killer satellites that are capable of autonomous proximity operations ("Autonomous Proximity Operations"). Such a “kill vehicle” should then destroy a warhead on its orbit in space, usually through a mere collision - that is, through kinetic energy - at over 7 km per second (25,200 km / h).
backgrounds
Political background
NMD is the successor program to the Strategic Defense Initiative initiated by Ronald Reagan in 1983 . During the tenure of US President George W. Bush (early 2001 to early 2009) NMD was further developed. According to official information, it was primarily intended to protect against terrorists and so-called rogue states like Iran and North Korea and not to serve as a defense against possible attacks by the nuclear powers Russia and China. The system is also designed to protect against accidentally launched nuclear missiles. On December 13, 2001, the USA terminated the ABM Treaty . The termination took effect six months later, on June 13, 2002.
Technical criticism
The defense against an entire fleet of attacking missiles - and thus the much-invoked "protective shield" - is (as of 2006) as technically impossible. According to this, a maximum of 20 warheads can currently be repelled at once, which would correspond to two to three attacking missiles with seven to eight MIRVs . The multiple kill vehicle system is intended to solve this problem in the future.
According to critics of the NMD concept, protection against terrorist attacks is also imperfect: a terrorist organization, if it did come into possession of a nuclear weapon , would rather use it against the United States in another way, such as smuggled into the country (e B. as a "suitcase bomb"), housed in a truck or the like and / or transported by ship to the port of a large city.
Tactical basics of a missile defense system
The basis of missile defense is the rapid reaction to approaching missiles / warheads. Launching missiles must be recognized as approaching ICBMs and their trajectories determined within a very short time.
Combat can take place in three possible phases of the attack:
- Start phase,
- ballistic, gfs. suborbital flight out of the atmosphere,
- Re-entry into the atmosphere / target approach.
Start phase
In the starting phase, an ascending ICBM basically offers a relatively large target moving on a predictable path, which theoretically could easily be detected and fought. Likewise, several warheads ( MIRVs ) could (in principle) be eliminated simultaneously by destroying a missile.
The active ascent phase takes about five to ten minutes; with more modern long-range missiles it is considerably shorter. During this time the starts must be discovered and evaluated. It must be decided whether there is an attack and which targets are likely to be attacked. In addition, the political and military decisions to react to a possible attack would have to be made in this short time, which significantly increases the risk of false conclusions.
Due to the NMD concept, control in this phase has not yet been possible, although intensive research is also being carried out on this. In the future, primarily airborne laser (intended for interception in the starting phase Airborne Laser , ABL) are used as the time would be easy to just here for the use of any material projectiles usually (unless the defense weapon would be in the immediate vicinity of launching rocket). The ABL hopes to be able to destroy rockets within seconds in the launch phase.
At the end of September 2006 it was announced that in 2007 a Boeing-747 , called Big Crow (German: Große Krähe ), would be equipped with a laser system for missile defense; According to reports, the first tests of the laser system under air combat conditions are planned for 2009.
For critics, however, laser weapons of this type are not only too expensive, but also superfluous, as they can be rendered ineffective with little effort: the rockets simply have to be provided with a mirrored coating that deflects a large part of the directed energy. So far, the US is said to have already spent 3.5 billion US dollars on the laser missile defense system. → Main article: Directed Energy Weapon ; see. Tactical High Energy Laser
Ballistic suborbital free flight out of atmosphere
The warheads are deployed during ballistic flight. These then steer towards their goals. If MIRVs and decoys are used, the objects to be combated multiply. The warheads are small, rapidly and independently moving targets. Each warhead would have to be individually captured, tracked and fought, which required an extremely extensive deployment of defensive means.
The benefit of fighting at this stage would be the increased response time to assess the attack and prioritize the defense.
In the NMD program, this phase should primarily be used to combat approaching warheads.
Re-entry into the atmosphere / target approach
Re-entry into the atmosphere offers the longest reaction time: depending on the flight path, up to 45 minutes after the launch of the missile to be combated. It is most likely to determine affected targets and trajectories in order to coordinate the interception process - at least with ballistic missiles. It is also easier to exclude dummies if they should burn up when they enter the atmosphere.
When re-entering, however, active evasive maneuvers of the warheads are possible, e.g. B. maneuvering in the high supersonic range in the upper atmosphere, for example by MARV .
The NMD program only covers part of all attack phases. In practice, it represents a compromise between maximum reaction time and the simplest possible combat. The most problematic thing is to develop procedures and techniques for quick evaluation and decision-making, since an attack has 20 to a maximum of 35 minutes between start and impact.
The NMD test record up to December 2008
According to a release from the Missile Defense Agency , a ground-based missile launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base , California , successfully intercepted a target projectile over the Pacific in late September 2007 from the Kodiak Launch Complex in Alaska . According to a spokesman for the MDA, the recently upgraded early warning radar at Beale Air Force Base in California recorded the “attacking” projectile immediately after takeoff. The demonstration of this ability was according to the US missile defense official the concern of the test, the twelfth of its kind since 1999 was. Four of them were failures; a test in May 2007 when an interceptor missile failed to take off was declared a "non-test". Each of these attempts cost around $ 100 million. On December 5, 2008, there was another test, which included the interception of a target launched on Kodiak Island (Alaska) by a GBI from Vandenberg Air Force Base. According to the American Air Force, all of the goals set for the test were successfully completed.
Stationing locations
Ground Based Interceptors (GBIs) have been stationed in Alaska and California since 2004 as an initial defense capacity. There are currently 20 GBIs on duty in Fort Greely (Alaska) and four more at Vandenberg Air Force Base (California). Another ten missiles should originally be stationed in Redzikowo near Słupsk (Poland) and an X-band radar in Brdy (Czech Republic).
On May 13, 2016, a plant in Deveselu in southern Romania was put into operation.
Revision of the NMD strategy by the Obama administration
On September 17, 2009, US President Barack Obama announced that he would temporarily forego the bases in Poland and the Czech Republic. On September 20, 2009, the London Guardian reported that Obama also wanted to intensify the comprehensive revision of the US nuclear doctrine that had already been announced when he took office .
The then Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin praised the US President's renunciation of the previous US missile defense project in Central Europe as a “courageous step”, but called for more far-reaching steps such as the lifting of trade barriers between Russia and the USA. Barack Obama rejected allegations that Russian pressure had led to his action: "The Russians are not making a decision about what our position on defense is." If it was a "by-product" that "the Russians felt less paranoid", be the " bonus" , so Obama on the US television channel CBS. Former Polish President Aleksander Kwaśniewski said of course “Obama's decision can be seen as a triumph for the Russians.” However, “it is not surprising that the Americans have changed their plans. It was already mentioned during Obama's election campaign that the threat situation, the technical feasibility and the costs of the project had to be reviewed. ”However, Kwasniewski shared the concern of former Czech Prime Minister Mirek Topolánek that“ the whole region would lose weight for Washington ". In contrast to the sometimes euphoric reactions in the media and governments, the Russian military expert Leonid Grigoryevich Ivashov was skeptical: "The US position on missile defense in Europe has not changed," quoted the RIA Novosti as saying. What the Americans called a concession "is indeed another lie".
In the future, the United States intends to rely primarily on tried and tested land- and sea-based short- and medium-range missiles, after the US government had, according to its own admission, changed its assessment of Iran's long-range capabilities and capabilities. According to the US Secretary of Defense Robert Gates , a significant number of ground-based SM-3 interceptor missiles will be stationed in southern and central Europe by 2015, far more than the ten previously planned exclusively in Poland. As far as we know, the new plan is to be implemented in four phases by 2020.
According to the then Russian President Dmitri Medvedev , the missile defense shield must have a global character instead of being set up in isolation by individual states. "These are global issues," Medvedev said in an interview with CNN and referred among others. a. on the problems in the Middle East and the Korean Peninsula . “That is why the protection system must have a global dimension instead of a small number of missiles that can only reach our territory without covering other areas. I hope that our American partners have heard this. ”Medvedev was optimistic that Moscow and Washington could agree a new treaty on the reduction of strategic nuclear weapons ( START ) by the turn of the year 2009/2010 . At the same time, he again turned against the accelerated integration of those states into NATO that were not yet ready and suggested that the alliance develop joint institutions.
Iran's chief legal scholar Ali Chamene'i rejected the intentions of the Obama administration on September 20, 2009: "Under its former president, America spared no effort against both the Muslim world and Iran," said the Iranian head of state. The current government is following the same “anti-Islamic and anti-Iranian policies of the past” despite “apparently friendly words and messages”. Western concerns about Iran's nuclear program are "just a US story of lies."
In the United States, two senators (a Republican and a Democrat ) and a former US Air Force general once again spoke out strongly in favor of a tough stance on Tehran, which must ultimately include a military option.
On November 19, 2010, NATO committed itself to the construction of the shield in its new Strategic Concept and reiterated its desire for cooperation with Russia in the area.
On February 2, 2012, the establishment of the European NATO missile defense program European Phased Adaptive Approach (EPAA) was announced. The headquarters for this is located on Ramstein Air Base in Germany, which is also the base of the Allied Air Command Ramstein . This also includes the Extended Air Defense Task Force , in which Germany and the Netherlands are also involved in addition to the USA. The missile defense system should be in place by 2020 or 2022. Meanwhile, the USA and Romania signed a defense agreement on January 31, 2012 that, from 2015, will allow 24 SM-3 anti-aircraft missiles and up to 200 US soldiers to be stationed at the Deveselu military airfield . Another base is to be built in Redzikowo , Poland, from 2018 .
There are also six appropriately converted Arleigh Burke-class destroyers , four of which arrived in Rota in 2014/2015 and the first of two more in Yokohama in 2015 .
Both in November 2017 and on February 3, 2019, Hossein Salami, as IRGC Vice-Commander, announced that he would extend the range of his country's missiles until the weapons were suitable for targets in Europe.
Sensors and weapon systems
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| designation | deployment | Positioning technology | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|
| Defense Support Program | Space ( GEO ) | Infrared | Last start in November 2007 |
| STSS | Space ( LEO ) | Infrared | Started on September 25, 2009 |
| SBIRS-GEO | Space (GEO) | Infrared | Started on May 7, 2011 |
| SBIRS-HEO | Space ( HEO ) | Infrared | Started on June 28, 2006 |
| AN / FPS-108 Cobra Dane | Ground, solid | radar | 1 station active |
| PAVE PAWS | Ground, solid | radar | 3 stations active |
| BMEWS | Ground, solid | radar | 3 stations active |
| AN / TPY-2 | Floor, mobile | radar | Mostly part of THAAD |
| AN / TPS-59 | Floor, mobile | radar | |
| Sea-Based X-Band Radar | lake | radar | |
| AN / SPY-1 | Lake, ground (solid) | radar | installed on more than 100 ships, including at least 26 BMD |
| designation | deployment | Use against | steering | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ground-Based Interceptor (GBI) | Ground, solid | IRBM to ICBM | Infrared | |
| Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) | Floor, mobile | SRBM | Radar + infrared | |
| MIM-104 Patriot | Floor, mobile | SRBM to MRBM | radar | Battle-tested |
| Kinetic Energy Interceptor | Floor, mobile | SRBM to ICBM | radar | |
| Arrow | Floor, mobile | SRBM to MRBM | radar | Use only by Israel , connected to NMD sensors |
| SM-3 | lake | SRBM to IRBM | Radar + infrared | |
| NT-SBT | lake | SRBM | radar | |
| Boeing YAL-1 | air | SRBM to TBM | Infrared | mothballed |
| NCADE | air | SRBM | Infrared |
Effects
The National Missile Defense project could lead to a renewed armament of the nuclear powers. The Russian military has already announced new long-range missiles that will have three warheads that can be steered in the free flight phase as well as additional dummies, which, as mentioned above, would make the previous concepts of the NMD largely useless. In this case, however, is to note that Russia has long planned its SS-18 - and SS-19 - intercontinental ballistic missiles to replace. The fact that, regardless of this, a small number of approaching missiles or warheads can nonetheless be repulsed, would probably further accelerate the arms race . In order to maintain a credible deterrent, China, for example, would be forced to increase its nuclear arsenal and achieve a reliable second-strike capability of its submarine fleet. This, in turn, could endanger Pakistan and India and, for their part, enlarge and modernize their arsenals . "China's modest expansion of its nuclear missile force is being pursued to enable it to overcome current and future US missile defense systems. One of these technologies would be multiple warheads to overwhelm the missile defense, ” noted US military expert Rick Fisher in 2005 .
The Obama administration's decision not to deploy missile defense systems near Stolp in Western Pomerania and the Czech Republic, which the Russian government believes was primarily directed against Russia, contributed significantly to the fact that Obama was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize on October 9, 2009 has been.
In December 2012, the Russian government took the position that because of the "encirclement" of Russia with alleged defensive weapons, the Russian nuclear weapons potential would be reduced to zero. This will destroy the strategic equilibrium that has been functioning for decades between the two great nuclear powers Russia and the USA. This cannot and will not be accepted, said President Vladimir Putin at a press conference on December 20, 2012 in Moscow.
Furthermore, Russia is working on new missile systems that could immediately destroy NATO protective shields worldwide. Russia is not interested in escalation, but in negotiations and in binding treaties for all parties, but will under no circumstances tolerate being strategically eliminated with regard to nuclear weapons.
In this case, the Russian General Staff reserved a preventive war against the participating states in 2011.
The Russian side decided, among other things, to equip Kaliningrad, 600 km from Berlin, with squadrons of conventional tactical ballistic surface-to-surface short-range Iskander missiles (Nato code SS-26 Stone).
Since the defense system would be oversaturated by a massive first strike, while it may be able to ward off retaliation through the usually lower second strike capacity , it is viewed as potentially destabilizing. Nuclear strategies based on deterrence thus appear weakened compared to a first strike .
Quotes
“We - quote - 'do not' reset 'missile defense. We're doing missile defense faster than the Bush administration planned. And we are setting up a more extensive system. "
See also
- Active Layered Theater Ballistic Missile Defense (NATO missile defense program for Europe)
- Anti-Ballistic Missile
- Cyberwar
- Defense Support Program
- Fractional Orbital Bombardment System
- Global Strike
- Ground-Based Interceptor * ICBM
- Nuclear weapon
- Maneuverable reentry vehicle
- MIRV
- Mutual assured destruction
- Near Field Infrared Experiment
- North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD)
- Missile defense
- Sea-based X-band radar
- Strategic Defense Initiative
- Space weapon
literature
- Bernd W. Kubbig : Knowledge as a Power Factor in the Cold War. Scientists and American Missile Defense. Campus Verlag, November 2004. - ISBN 3-593-37601-6 .
- T. Bielefeld, Götz Neuneck: Missile Defense and ABM Treaty. Agenda Verlag, 2004. - ISBN 3-89688-117-5 .
- M. Elaine Bunn: Strategic Forum 209 - Deploying Missile Defense: Major Operational Challenges. NDU Press, August 2004 ( National Defense University , Institute for National Strategic Studies - PDF download, 649 kB: [1] )
- Jäger, Thomas / Dylla, Daria W. (2007): “Ballistic Missile Defense and Polish Security Interests. An analysis of the discussion about the stationing of the US missile base on Polish territory ”, in: Thomas Jäger / Daria W. Dylla: Germany and Poland. European and international politics. VS-Verlag, 2008, ISBN 978-3-531-15933-1 .
- Dylla, Daria W. (2007): US Missile Defense Base and Polish Security Interests . In: European Security, 7, 20–22. - PDF
- Enrico Fels (2008): Will the Eagle strangle the Dragon? As Assessment of the US Challenges towards China's Nuclear Deterrence (PDF; 125 kB), Trends East Asia Study No. 20 (February 2008).
- James M. Lindsay, Michael E. O'Hanlon: Defending America, Updated: The Case for Limited National Missile Defense. Brookings Institution Press, October 2002. - ISBN 0-8157-0633-2 .
- Richard Butler: Fatal Choice: Nuclear Weapons and the Illusion of Missile Defense. Westview Press Inc., USA, April 2002. - ISBN 0-8133-3980-4 .
- Craig R. Eisendrath, Gerald E. Marsh, Melvin A. Goodmann: The Phantom Defense: America's Pursuit of the Star Wars Illusion. Greenwood Press, August 2001. - ISBN 0-275-97183-X .
- Martin Senn: "It is purely ludicrous and everybody knows it"? Ballistic Missile Defense as a strategic challenge for Russia. In: Missile Defense Research International, PRIF, Bulletin No 57 - Summer 2007 (Online: [2] - PDF, 11 pages)
- Keir A. Lieber and Daryl G. Press: The Rise of US Nuclear Primacy, " Foreign Affairs " Vol. 85, No. 2, pp. 42–54, March / April 2006 - Online: [3]
- Nathan, J .; Tien, C .: The "China Threat". National Missile Defense and American public opinion. In: Defense and Security Analysis, Volume 19, No. 1, March 2003, pp. 35-54 (20)
- Oprach, Marc: Dmitri Medvedev plays for time - Russia and the US missile defense . In: Russlandanalysen, No. 167, pp. 10–11. - PDF
Web links
- Michael Ludwig: Anger over missile defense: Russia threatens Europe with preventive strikes. Faz.net, May 3, 2012. See US missile shield could neutralize Russian ICBMs globally ; Missile Defense Conference: Moscow threatens NATO with preventive measures (summary) RIA Novosti, both reports: May 3, 2012.
- Robert M. Gates : A Better Missile Defense for a Safer Europe (" New York Times ", September 19, 2009 - cf. Russian expert fears satellite weapons as a replacement for US missile shield , RIA Novosti , September 17, 2009)
- Hillary Clinton : Speech in Advance of the United Nations General Assembly Brookings Institution, Washington, DC, September 18, 2009 - PDF, 14 pp., 53 kB; see. Clinton defends Obama's new missile defense plans (" Der Standard ", September 18, 2009; NATO-Russia Council )
- End for rocket shield: "In the past it would have been even better" - armaments expert Nassauer on the U-turn in the rocket shield case and the end of the nuclear era ("Der Standard", September 19, 2009)
- Discussion paper: Missile defense in Europe - the discussion in the USA, the Czech Republic, Poland and Russia ( Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung , August 2007 - PDF, 25 p .; 140 kB)
- Gerhard Mangott, Martin Senn: Return to the Cold War? The Russian-American rift over missile defense in Eastern Europe (" International Politics and Society ", Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung , 3/2007 - PDF, 12 p .; 79 kB)
- Missile Defense Research International Bulletins (PRIF, 2000 ff. - study collection, PDF download possible); Website of the project
- US missile defense system NMD, ABM treaty, space weapons (collection of articles by the Peace Research Group at the University of Kassel)
- Heiko Steffen Dorsch, The US Attempt to Establish a Strategic Missile Defense System (1995-2002) ( PRIF , MA thesis - PDF, 142 p., 790 kB)
- US missile defense around Russia (Special by the Russian news agency RIA Novosti , 2007 ff.)
- Gorbachev to US: Let's not repeat the Cold War (CNN, June 6, 2007 - see Michail Gorbatschow ; Kalter Krieg )
- Markus Becker, Controversial Defense: Experts warn of Bush's holey missile shield (Spiegel Online, April 3, 2007)
- Sascha Lange / Oliver Thränert, Missile Defense in and for Europe? (SWP Comments 2007 / A 20, March 2007, 4 pages - PDF download possible )
- Animation: The US missile defense system BMDS (Tagesschau.de)
- Scott Ritter , Russia Could Go Ballistic on American Missile Defense ( AlterNet , February 23, 2007)
- Analysis and comments: There is no missile defense against Topol-M (RIA Novosti, February 16, 2006)
- Report of the APS Study Group on Boost-Phase Intercept Systems for National Missile Defense ( American Physical Society , July 15, 2003 - PDF , 7.03 MB - The study comes to a very negative result with regard to the feasibility and the chances of success of national missile defense the Bush administration; cf. [4] , [5] )
- Papers from the Symposium Ballistic Missile Defense, Space, and the Danger of Nuclear War ( American Philosophical Society : APS Proceedings, vol. 145, 3, September 2001)
- Aegis Ashore Supporting Phased Adaptive Approach for Layered Missile Defense (Lockheed Martin advertising brochure, 2013 - PDF, 2 pages; 439 kB).
Individual evidence
- ↑ Stephen Kaufman: Obama Announces New Plan to Defend Europe from Iranian Missiles ( Memento of the original from September 22, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 17th September 2009
- ↑ spiegel.de March 15, 2013: New systems in Alaska: USA strengthen missile shield against North Korea
- ^ National Missile Defense Act of 1999
- ↑ Florian Rötzer: China warns of rearmament in space. In: Telepolis. Christian Heise, January 15, 2001, p. 1 , archived from the original on February 8, 2015 ; Retrieved February 8, 2015 .
- ↑ Near Field Infrared Experiment - missile phenomenology data collection satellite (data sheet from General Dynamics , PDF)
- ↑ Image video of the Directed Energy Directorate, AFRL, Kirtland Airbase, 2006 - 9:09 min., 19.1 MB ( memento of the original from January 24, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked . Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Message from RIA Novosti
- ↑ US conducts successful missile defense test (Xinhua, September 29, 2007)
- ↑ Vandenberg Air Force Base press release December 5, 2008 ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Globalsecurity.org: Initial Defensive Operations Capability (IDOC)
- ↑ Globalsecurity.org: Ft. Greely
- ^ Globalsecurity.org: Redzikowo, Poland
- ↑ Globalsecurity.org: Brdy, Czech Republic
- ↑ Putin announces reaction to new US missile defense in Eastern Europe
- ↑ USA do without missile shield in East Central Europe ( Neue Zürcher Zeitung , September 17, 2009)
- ↑ Barack Obama ready to slash US nuclear arsenal - Pentagon told to map out radical cuts as president prepares to chair UN talks (" The Guardian ", September 20, 2009)
- ↑ Obama rejects Russia missile link (BBC, September 20, 2009)
- ↑ The end of the atomic shield: Kwasniewski calms the Poles (Spiegel Online, September 20, 2009)
- ↑ Marc Champion / Peter Spiegel: US Missile U-Turn Roils Allies (" Wall Street Journal ", September 18, 2009)
- ↑ Thomas Vieregge and Knut Kohn: Missile defense: Obama catches friend and enemy on the wrong foot ("Die Presse", September 18, 2009)
- ↑ Ralph Sina, WDR Radio Studio Washington: The End of the Missile Defense Theater ( Memento from September 22, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) (Tagesschau.de, September 17, 2009)
- ↑ Paul Reynolds: US missile rethink a huge shift ( BBC , September 17, 2009)
- ↑ Russian expert believes Obama's new missile defense strategy is a sham (RIA Novosti, September 18, 2009)
- ↑ ( Page no longer available , search in web archives: Obama's new missile defense plan has four phases - plan runs until 2020 ) (APA / dpa / "Der Standard", September 18, 2009)
- ↑ Medvedev promotes a global missile defense system (RIA Novosti, September 20, 2001)
- ↑ Iranian leader decries Obama's missile defense plan (CNN, September 20, 2009)
- ^ Daniel R. Coats, Charles S. Robb and Charles F. Wald: Last Chance for Iran (" Washington Post ", September 21, 2009 - The authors presented the cross-party report " Meeting the Challenge: Time Is Running Out " in mid-September 2009 before; PDF download possible )
- ^ Kuk / dpa: Defense Agreement: Missiles in Romania should protect Europe. In: Focus Online . September 14, 2011, accessed October 14, 2018 .
- ↑ Iran threatens Europe with a high-range missile , Die Welt, November 26, 2017
- ↑ Five years of free rein , Novaya Gazeta, February 9, 2019
- ↑ Enrico Fels, Will the Eagle strangle the Dragon? As Assessment of the US Challenges towards China's Nuclear Deterrence, Trends East Asia Study No. 20 (February 2008) ( Memento of the original from April 10, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 125 kB)
- ↑ Rick Fischer, Top Ten Chinese Military Modernization Developments ( Memento of the original from August 18, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ http://de.ria.ru/politics/20121220/265188860.html
- ↑ Assessing Boost Phase Missile Defense - Center for Strategic and International Studies - ( Memento of the original dated June 8, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
