Rogue state
With the political slogan rogue ( English rogue states ) described the former US administration under George W. Bush and some of their allies , a group of mostly dictatorial undermine governed countries that behave in their opinion, aggressive towards other countries, the stability of other regions and at the same time refuse international negotiations.
The official list of rogue states is the US government's list of states that support terrorism ( State Sponsors of Terrorism ) . In addition, other states not on this list were also occasionally mentioned as “rogue states” or as candidates for listing.
The terms axis of evil and outpost of tyranny are used in a similar manner .
To the subject
"Schurkenstaat" is the common German translation of the English term "rogue state". This translation cannot quite convey the content of the original, since “rogue” not only denotes a crook or rascal, but also - especially in the animal world - an unpredictable and irrational loner who represents a danger to others that is difficult to assess.
“Rogue states” is also the German translation of the term “outlaw states”, which John Rawls , an American philosopher of the 20th century, uses in his book “Das Recht der Völker”. It refers to states that are hostile to the community of peoples, pursue aggressive goals and massively disregard the human rights of their citizens. According to Rawls, the community of those peoples who want to secure peace have the “right” not to “tolerate” rogue states. Even if a rogue state "only" oppresses its citizens, it influences the other peoples negatively and poisons international relations. Rogue states would therefore have to be condemned and, in serious cases, subjected to sanctions or even intervention. Rawls cites the exclusion of the relevant state from international cooperation and the movement of goods as appropriate sanctions. As a last resort, violent military intervention to protect the citizens of a rogue state is legitimate.
The definition of the US government
Support for terrorism and the pursuit of weapons of mass destruction, especially nuclear ones, are typical distinguishing features that the Bush administration gives the rogue states . In various constellations, multinational organizations ( UNO ), groups of states ( EU ) and / or individual states (USA) issued sanctions on the states concerned , although this generally did not imply approval of the current US government's thesis of the “rogue states”.
After the US-led intervention in Iraq in 2003, which led to Saddam Hussein's overthrow and subsequent capture and execution , Iraq lost this “status”. When Libya declared in 2004 that it would give up its support for terrorism and end the development of weapons of mass destruction, the way was paved for the lifting of international sanctions and a return to the international community. North Korea was removed from the list in 2008 in exchange for pledges to end its nuclear program .
In the last six months of Bill Clinton's administration (2000-2001), the term was changed to " states of concern" without, however, essentially abandoning the underlying meaning. However, this catchphrase was only taken up again by the government under George W. Bush in 2004 in order to be able to include and sanction other countries - those that do not quite have the risk potential required for the category of “rogue states” - in this group.
Reservations and criticism
In most of the German media, the term “rogue state” is usually quoted because - as has been criticized - it does not stand up to scientific and political criteria that are even sufficiently conclusive and is often viewed as propagandistic . The French philosopher Jacques Derrida attempted a much-noticed, fundamental and ironic critique of the term in his essay “Schurken” (2003). In the USA itself, the term “rogue states” is one of the most persiflated and parodied among critics of the Bush administration, although it was also used at times by Clinton. The use of this term and the politics of the United States led to the United States being described as a rogue state by some vehement critics of its foreign policy (e.g. by Noam Chomsky or William Blum ).
Current and former "rogue states"
|
Current "rogue states":
Former "rogue states":
|
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
The US government currently describes North Korea, Iran, Sudan and Syria as "rogue states" or "states that support terrorism". Formerly Iraq, South Yemen, Libya and North Korea were included. As part of the six-party talks , it was promised that North Korea would be removed from the list if it ends its nuclear program . On October 11, 2008, it was announced that North Korea had been removed from the list. After the Sudanese government carried out the independence referendum in South Sudan in 2011 according to plan and recognized South Sudan, the US announced that it would remove Sudan from the list if further demands were met. Since then, however, Sudan has continued to be on the list of State Sponsors of Terrorism. On November 20, 2017, North Korea was re-added to the list.
South Yemen was removed from the list following its unification with North Yemen to form Yemen .
In 2006, Libya was removed from the list after Muammar al-Gaddafi publicly renounced terrorism.
Afghanistan or the Islamic emirate of Afghanistan , established by the Taliban , was never on the official list because the USA did not recognize the Taliban as the country's government.
On May 29, 2015, in the wake of the resumption of diplomatic relations between the US and Cuba, Cuba was removed from the list.
See also
- Country list K of the Foreign Trade Ordinance
- Unconstitutional state
- Pariah State
Web links
- Overview of State-Sponsored Terrorism (PDF; 677 kB)
- "Axis of the Isolated" - How many rogue states are there? Telepolis
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c US Department of State: State Sponsors of Terrorism
- ↑ NOAM CHOMSKY, THE LEFT INTELLECTUAL, ABOUT THE USA AND THE WORLD. Retrieved July 24, 2014 .
- ^ Press report from the White House
- ↑ Article on dw-world.de
- ↑ USA remove North Korea from the list of rogue states ; Neue Zürcher Zeitung: The US removes North Korea from the terrorist list
- ↑ USA wants to recognize South Sudan as an independent state , in: Focus Online, February 8, 2011.
- ^ Deutsche Welle: Libya is no longer a rogue state , May 16, 2006.
- ↑ BBc News: US report details 'sponsors of terrorism'
- ^ Zeit Online: USA removes Cuba from the terrorist list