North Korean nuclear weapons program

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The North Korean nuclear weapons program is being vigorously promoted by the North Korean government . Abdul Kadir Khan , the "father of the nuclear weapon " and chief developer of the Pakistani nuclear weapons program , had admitted in 2004 to the sale of secret nuclear weapons plans to North Korea. According to its own statements, North Korea produced a nuclear weapon explosion for the first time on October 9, 2006 , for which it was sharply criticized internationally by most countries.

The country claims that it has several operational nuclear weapons and corresponding delivery systems. North Korean scientists are currently working on the development of an intercontinental ballistic missile of the type Taepodong-2 , with a nuclear warhead fitted the West Coast of the United States can reach to. Due to the program, North Korea has been in the spotlight of the world for several years.

According to a UN report, the contents of which became known in August 2019, North Korea finances its nuclear weapons program largely from cyber attacks, with an estimated loot of 2 billion dollars. In the UN report, the North Korean secret service RGB is named as the originator of the cyber attacks.

In September 2018, the United States first filed a lawsuit against a North Korean allegedly involved in these cyberattacks on behalf of the regime.

development

The 5-megawatt test reactor of the
Nyŏngbyŏn nuclear facility, completed in 1986

In 1985 North Korea joined the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty under pressure from the Soviet Union . After US nuclear weapons withdrew from South Korea , North and South Korea reached an agreement in 1992 that declared the Korean Peninsula a nuclear-weapon-free zone . A year later, however, North Korea denied inspectors from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) access to the Nyŏngbyŏn nuclear facility and threatened to withdraw from the Non-Proliferation Treaty. After tough negotiations, an escalation of the crisis was temporarily averted by the signing of the Geneva Framework Agreement between the USA and North Korea on October 21, 1994. In it, North Korea undertook to abandon its nuclear weapons program, to remain in the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and to continue the controls by the IAEA. In return, the graphite-moderated reactors in North Korea were to be converted, with US help, into light water reactors that are not suitable for the production of nuclear-weapon-grade plutonium. In addition, North Korea should receive annual oil supplies to deal with its energy problems until its completion.

On April 18, 1996, the first "four-party talks" were held between North Korea, South Korea, the USA and China . On August 5, 1997, these talks resulted in the recognition of the armistice agreement of 1953. Further negotiations failed.

On August 31, 1998, a North Korean medium-range missile of the Taepodong-1 type flew over Japan (see also Kwangmyŏngsŏng ) .

In October 2001, US President George W. Bush described Kim Jong-il as a " pygmy " and expressed his intention to overthrow the head of state. In Bush's State of the Union Address in January 2002, North Korea was placed on the list of “ rogue states ”, the “ axis of evil ”. Officially, however, the US government still emphasizes that it has no intention of taking military action against North Korea.

In October 2002, based on intelligence reports, the US accused North Korea of ​​continuing to work on a nuclear weapons program and thereby violating the Geneva Framework. The North Korean government did not comment directly on the allegations, but indicated that it was in principle entitled to pursue such a program due to the "American aggression". As a consequence, the USA stopped delivering oil to North Korea in December. As a result, North Korea announced on January 10, 2003, that it would withdraw from the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. In May of the same year, it annulled the agreement with South Korea on a nuclear-weapon-free Korean peninsula. The information provided by the US secret services in 2002 on the People's Republic's alleged ability to manufacture large quantities of highly enriched uranium turned out to be part of a disinformation campaign and, as it was admitted in February 2007, far exaggerated.

Announcement

Rocket launches on July 5, 2006 (Taepodong-2 blue, others red)

Finally, on February 10, 2005, North Korea publicly announced that it had deployable nuclear weapons and at the same time announced nuclear weapon tests . At the same time, it announced its withdrawal from the six-party talks on the settlement of the nuclear dispute and threatened to expand its arsenal. The state news agency of North Korea, KCNA , accused the US of a "policy of isolation and suffocation" and justified the possession of nuclear weapons as a means of self-defense against the US.

The resumed six-party talks culminated on September 19, 2005 in a joint declaration in which North Korea signaled its readiness to abandon its nuclear weapons program in favor of economic and technological aid.

On July 5, 2006, North Korea tested six missiles, including one of the Taepodong-2 type, which are said to be capable of transporting nuclear warheads. According to US data, they can reach Alaska. However, the missile crashed after less than a minute. The test caused concern worldwide.

According to US intelligence reports, a new type of missile was presented at a military parade in spring 2007 on the 75th anniversary of the founding of the People's Army .

In December 2019, Kim Jong-un claimed that North Korea had a novel missile technology. In addition, one would no longer feel bound by the obligations of the nuclear deal with the United States . That includes potential new nuclear weapons tests.

Nuclear weapons tests

Nuclear weapons test 2006

On October 3, 2006, North Korea announced nuclear weapons tests; one was forced to do so by pressure from the USA. According to North Korean information, the test was successfully carried out on October 9, 2006. The North Korean government's statements have been confirmed by American and South Korean seismologists when they saw a strong tremor in Hwadaeri near Kilchu ( 40 ° 58 ′  N , 129 ° 19 ′  ) at 10:36 a.m. local time (3:36 a.m. CEST ). O ) ( Hamgyŏng-pukto Province ) in the northeast of the country. The Russian government also confirmed that its surveillance systems had discovered an underground nuclear weapon test in North Korea.

The South Korean secret service assumes that the bomb tested had an explosive force of 550 tons (0.55 kilotons) of TNT . Its explosive power would have been far below that of the first atomic bomb dropped in a war, " Little Boy ", which was dropped on Hiroshima by the USA on August 6, 1945 with an explosive force of around 12.5 kilotons of TNT . Due to the low explosive power, there are suspicions that the detonation could be due to a conventional explosive device. The French Ministry of Defense is now assuming that either the nuclear weapon test failed or the explosion was triggered by a conventional explosive device. The CTBTO has so far only been cautious. Although there are measurements of an increased number of radioactive particles of the isotope xenon 133, which indicate a release at the explosion site, the measuring network was not yet fully operational at the time of the test. Secret service circles confirm a measurement of radioactive particles.

International reactions

Numerous governments around the world sharply criticized the bomb test; even China, allied with North Korea, faced consequences. South Korea put its troops on alert at the inner-Korean border. It also cut off its support for the people in the north.

Japan banned trade and boat tourism with North Korea and tightened entry requirements for North Koreans.

The United Nations Security Council decided on October 14, 2006 with Resolution 1718 to make demands on North Korea and to impose sanctions for non-compliance. The import and export of some military goods and services, as well as luxury goods, were banned. Sanctions have also been imposed on those who promote North Korea's nuclear weapons program. These sanctions include financial measures and a travel ban. These measures are monitored by a committee set up by the Security Council.

Nuclear weapons test 2009

Location of the second nuclear test (2009)

North Korea said it had launched a launcher with the communications satellite Kwangmyŏngsŏng-2 on April 5, 2009, despite international protests. The UN Security Council condemned the rocket launch on April 13, 2009. In protest, the North Korean Foreign Ministry declared on April 14, 2009 the end of the six-party talks on the North Korean nuclear weapons program and its consequent continuation.

Another nuclear test was conducted on May 25, 2009. According to Russian information, the explosive device had an explosive force of 20 kilotons . In addition to the nuclear test, several short-range missiles were fired.

In response to this nuclear test, the UN Security Council unanimously accused North Korea of ​​violating Resolution 1718 and announced a new resolution. The North Korean Foreign Ministry then threatened to take further self-defense measures if the United Nations imposed sanctions on the nuclear weapon test. Meanwhile, US Secretary of Defense Robert Gates announced at a security conference in Singapore on May 30, 2009 that the United States would not accept a nuclear-armed North Korea.

Almost two weeks later, on June 12, 2009, the UN Security Council unanimously passed Resolution 1874 based on the nuclear weapons test and missile launches . This provides for tougher sanctions against the country; these include a tightened arms embargo and increased requirements for financial transactions. The US has announced plans to stop ships carrying contraband allegedly destined for North Korea. The North Korean government responded a day later by announcing that it would again enrich uranium and threatened military action. In addition, all available plutonium would be used for weapons production. On June 16, 2009, US President Barack Obama and his South Korean counterpart Lee Myung-bak reiterated a tough stance against North Korea. Obama described the nuclear weapons program as a "grave threat to the world" and called on the country to negotiate. On the same day, Japan imposed a full export embargo on North Korea.

Further developments

On August 6, 2009, Obama urged North Korea to abandon its nuclear weapons program and end its "provocative behavior"; the United States wanted "the good of the North Korean people".

Regardless of this, the North Korean government announced at the beginning of September 2009 that it had reached the final phase of uranium enrichment and thus another path to the construction of nuclear weapons. Plutonium obtained from nuclear fuel rods should be made weapons-grade at the same time.

At the end of November 2010, a report was published that the North Korean nuclear weapons program is more advanced than previously thought. On February 27, 2011, North Korea announced that it would further expand its nuclear weapons program.

Possible nuclear weapons test in 2010

In May 2010, radionuclides of the noble gas xenon were measured by measuring stations in South Korea . These measurements led to the assumption that there was another low-explosive nuclear weapon test in North Korea. However, no corresponding seismic signal was measured in the corresponding period of time, which would match a test with more than 1 tonne of explosive force that is well coupled to the ground.

A 2012 report by the United Nations found that two of the Security Council members rule out such a test and that the majority of independent experts are also not convinced that such a test will take place. The test is therefore not included in more recent analyzes of the North Korean nuclear weapons program.

Moratorium 2012

On February 29, 2012, North Korea signed a standstill agreement on the enrichment of uranium, which also includes the testing of long-range missiles, in exchange for negotiations on food deliveries by the US. North Korea also allowed IAEA inspectors access to the Nyŏngbyŏn nuclear facility to check compliance with the moratorium.

Declaration on nuclear power

In mid-April 2012, the country made a constitutional amendment and has since officially designated itself as a nuclear power .

According to press reports based on South Korean estimates, the cost of the two rocket launches ( Unha-3 rocket) in 2012 was around USD 1.3 billion . These costs are made up as follows: The launch costs alone are supposed to amount to USD 600 million, plus USD 400 million for the launch complex (launch pads, infrastructure, etc.) and USD 300 million for the additional equipment required.

Nuclear weapons test 2013

Photographs of US spy satellites contain from December 2012 indications of increased activities in the nuclear weapons test site Punggye-ri ( Punggye Ri ). Researchers concluded from this a possible impending nuclear test. In January 2013 the evidence intensified.

On February 12, 2013 at around 12 p.m. local time (4 a.m. CET), earthquake control centers in several countries registered an artificially caused tremor with a magnitude of 4.9 to 5.2 in North Korea. The hypocenter was about a kilometer below the surface of the earth in the Kilchu region in the northeast of the country, where the Punggye-ri nuclear weapons test site is located. The state news agency KCNA had previously announced a "high intensity action". After the earthquake, KCNA announced an underground test of a light, miniaturized nuclear weapon - but more powerful than before. The explosive power was estimated by South Korea at 6 to 7 kilotons of TNT equivalent , which is about half the explosive power of the Hiroshima atomic bomb. German experts from the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR) estimated the explosive force at 40 kilotons.

UN sanctions and consequences

As a consequence of this nuclear weapon test, the UN Security Council unanimously decided on March 7, 2013 to tighten sanctions against North Korea. Among other things, travel bans and account freezes were decided. Before the Security Council meeting, the North Korean leadership had threatened the United States and South Korea with a pre- emptive nuclear strike for the first time . In response to the new UN sanctions, North Korea terminated the non-aggression pact with South Korea and all other related agreements hours later . The permanent connection channel to the south known as the “red telephone” will also be closed. North Korea also announced an expansion of its nuclear technology program.

Developments in 2014

In his New Year's address, Prime Minister Kim Jong-un threatened a “massive nuclear disaster” that would also affect the United States if war broke out again on the Korean peninsula.

On September 5, 2014, the IAEA published a report that the Nyŏngbyŏn nuclear reactor was apparently back in operation. Corresponding indications were found on satellite images.

Developments in 2015

On January 10, 2015, North Korea offered the US the end of its nuclear weapons tests. The condition for this is that the USA refrain from joint military maneuvers with South Korea.

According to Chinese findings, North Korea has 20 atomic bombs, according to the Wall Street Journal.

The North Korean government reported in mid-May that it had the ability to miniaturize nuclear weapons to such an extent that they could be carried to their target with long-range missiles.

Nuclear weapons tests in 2016

6th January

On January 6, 2016, the government of North Korea announced that a successful test of a hydrogen bomb had been carried out for the first time . Chinese and US earthquake monitoring stations measured seismic signals near the Punggye Ri nuclear test site, indicating a nuclear weapon explosion. However, the level of seismic activity to be expected with a hydrogen bomb does not match the measured values, since the explosive power of a hydrogen bomb is normally many times higher than that of a fission bomb. Rather, experts assume a fission bomb boosted by hydrogen . The People's Republic of China, which in the past had supported North Korean positions on several occasions, condemned the test in clear terms. At the request of the United States and Japan, the United Nations Security Council then called an emergency meeting. On January 10, 2016, an American B-52 bomber flew over South Korea, which was understood internationally as an affirmation of the American-South Korean military alliance and a warning to North Korea not to escalate the situation too much.

Another missile test was carried out by North Korea one month after the nuclear test. According to the North Korean state television, the Earth observation satellite Kwangmyŏngsŏng-4 was put into orbit on February 7 with an Unha-3 launcher . The United States, South Korea and Japan saw the launch as a test of a long-range missile that could be equipped with nuclear weapons. The United Nations Security Council has condemned the missile test and announced new sanctions. In response to the missile launch, the United States intends to move a mobile unit of the THAAD missile defense system to South Korea. Other states also took measures: Japan closed the ports for ships from North Korea and restricted financial transactions, the South Korean government shut down the joint Kaesong industrial park and increased the propaganda sound at the border. In return, North Korea expelled the South Koreans who were still in Kaesong and announced that they would confiscate the South Korean facilities.

In April 2016, the government of the People's Republic of China banned the import of iron ore and coal from North Korea. In mid-June 2016, Beijing prohibited the export of weapons-grade goods to the neighboring country.

September 9th

On September 9, 2016, a magnitude 5.3 earthquake was measured near the North Korean test site in Punggye-Ri. A few hours later, North Korean state media confirmed that a fifth, successful nuclear test had taken place. According to initial estimates, foreign experts assume an explosive force of around ten kilotons. North Korea spoke of a newly developed warhead. The nuclear test caused international indignation. NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg called on North Korea to immediately stop all nuclear activities and tests with ballistic missiles. In South Korea, the National Security Council was convened for an emergency meeting, and the Chinese Foreign Ministry was also critical. Japan announced that it would send special aircraft to take air samples. The ambassador of North Korea was summoned to Germany.

Nuclear weapons test 2017

September 3

Japan's Foreign Minister Tarō Kōno and the South Korean media announced on September 3, 2017 that North Korea had probably carried out another nuclear weapon test. This was indicated by measurements from various earthquake stations that recorded two tremors. The American USGS gave the strengths as 6.3 and 4.6. The first vibration was caused by an explosion, the second, about 8 minutes later, by a collapse.

A few hours after these reports, North Korean state media said that the country had tested a hydrogen bomb .

While the explosive force of the last tests from 2013 to 2016 was in the range of 10 to 25 kilotons of TNT equivalent , the explosive force of the explosion on September 3, 2017 was, according to initial estimates, in the range of a few hundred kilotons of TNT equivalent.

See also

Web links

Commons : North Korean Nuclear Tests  - Image, Video, and Audio File Collection

Individual evidence

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