Kim Jong-il

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Kim Jong-il

Korean spelling
Chosŏn'gŭl 김정일
Hancha 金正日
Revised
Romanization
Gim Jeong-il
McCune-
Reischauer
Kim Chŏngil

Kim Jong-il [ kim.dzɔŋ.iːɭ ] (born February 16, 1941 in the Russian SFSR , Soviet Union as Yuri Irsenowitsch Kim , Russian Юрий Ирсенович Ким ; according to North Korean publications * February 16, 1942 near the Paektusan in the Paektusan secret camp , Chōsen ; † December 17, 2011 in Pyongyang , North Korea ) was a communist North Korean politician and after the death of his father Kim Il-sung as General Secretary of the Party of Labor of Korea (PdAK), chairman of the National Defense Commission of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army (KVA) from 1994 to 2011 the Stalinist dictator of North Korea.

In North Korea, Kim Jong-il was the focus of a leadership cult ; outside the country, his rule was seen as a dictatorial regime marked by human rights violations . During his tenure, flawed economic policies centered on the military also impoverished the population. He had chosen his youngest son, Kim Jong-un , to be his successor . In April 2012, Kim Jong-il was posthumously appointed “Eternal Secretary General” and “Eternal Chairman of the National Defense Committee of the DPRK”.

Life

Childhood and youth

Propaganda image: Kim Jong-il, surrounded by his parents Kim Jong-suk and Kim Il-sung .

The exact date and place of birth of Kim Jong-il are unclear. It is likely that he was born on February 16, 1941 in the Voroshilov camp near Nikolsk . He was the eldest son of Kim Il-sung and his wife Kim Jong-suk , who were together in the fight against the Japanese invasion in the guerrilla warfare in Manchuria and repeatedly withdrew to Soviet territory. It is also widespread that Kim was born in the Vyatskoye camp in Khabarovsk district. According to Lim Jae-Cheon, this does not match Kim Il-sung's war records, according to which Kim moved to the Vyatskoye camp in July 1942. According to the official biography, Kim Jong-il was born on February 16, 1942 on Mount Hakudōsan . The date and place of birth were likely changed between 1981 and 1982 for propaganda reasons. Mount Paektu has a high symbolic significance, it is likely that in the early 1980s Kim, who was born on the highest sacred mountain in Korea, was to be portrayed as being responsible for taking over the leadership of North Korea. The birthday was subsequently changed, probably to establish a propaganda connection to his father, who was born in 1912. The birthdays of the two Kims could be celebrated with a big celebration in the same year. This thesis suggests that Kim Jong-il's 40th birthday was celebrated twice, namely in 1981 and 1982. According to official legend, a star and a double rainbow appeared in the sky after his birth.

Kim spent his early childhood among partisans in a strictly military environment. After the capitulation of Japan and the establishment of a provisional government under Kim Il-sung, Kim Jong-il attended the Namsan Kindergarten for functionaries' children. After the outbreak of the Korean War , Kim was first evacuated to Chagang Province and later to Jilin in the People's Republic of China . In the spring of 1952 he was brought back to Pyongyang, where he was enrolled in the Mangyongdae School for children of revolutionaries in November 1952. He stayed there until the end of the Korean War, through which he too experienced death, hunger and destruction at close range. In September 1953 he went to the Samsok Elementary School, in February 1954 to the Fourth Elementary School of Pyongyang. His mother had already died in 1949 due to childbirth complications. Between 1952 and 1953, Kim Il-sung married Kim Song-ae , who was previously a domestic servant in the Kim's house. Kim's relations with his stepmother were not particularly good, so he often stayed with his uncle Kim Yong-ju. Other former partisans like Yi Ul-Sol or O Chin-u also cared a lot for him; Father Kim was seldom home due to state affairs.

In September 1954 he began attending the First Middle School in Pyongyang, where he became chairman of the student association in 1955. In September 1957 he went to Namsan High School, where he took part in the activities of the Youth Democratic League. He was a mediocre student who only wanted to study for practical purposes, but was very interested in what also interested his father. As a teenager he was shielded from the children of non-functionaries, had a keen interest in shooting and hunting and learned to play the piano. Private tutors were put at his side and in 1957 and 1959 he accompanied his father to Moscow. He repeatedly knew how to use his father's influence to his own advantage. During Kim's youth, the Chuch'e ideology emerged , with which North Korea's leadership distanced itself from Khrushchev's policy of peaceful coexistence with the West after Stalin's death . Kim's father, who ruled North Korea on the Stalinist model, saw himself indirectly attacked by the de-Stalinization in the Soviet Union. Kim Jong-il also witnessed his father's political cleansing, particularly when leading former partisans like Choe Chang-ik , Pak Chang-ok and Yun Kong-hum criticized Kim Il-Sung's concentration of power, personality cult and focus on heavy industry. The three critics were dismissed, reinstalled after protests from China and the Soviet Union and later secretly dismissed again. Kim Jong-Il himself was part of the Chollima movement , which achieved miraculous increases in production and achieved the first five-year plan in just three and a half years. Kim thus experienced the golden age of socialism in North Korea, worked on railway construction and river regulation himself, firmly believed in the victory of socialism and the bright future of his country.

In September 1960, Kim Jong-il began studying political economy at Kim-Il-sung University . A professor was assigned exclusively to Kim's education, while Pak Su-dong , then chairman of the university's party committee, had to oversee Kim's party activities. The student Kim got the university's curriculum cleansed of revisionist content and replaced by Chuch'e ideology. He also started a movement in which everyone should read 10,000 pages within a year, mostly works by Kim Il-sung. In addition to his studies, he worked on a construction site, learned to ride and enjoyed driving a car. As a student, he was allowed to take part in high-level discussions with the North Korean government, party and the military, and again he accompanied his father on trips to the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. He was ambitious and wanted to become a political leader like his father, following his environment he thought nationalist and anti-American . German media report that he had received training in economics in the GDR , even though North Korea was bringing its foreign students back to the country at the same time for ideological reasons.

Rise to successor to Kim Il-sung

Kim graduated from Kim Il-sung University in March 1964, and on June 17 took up a position in the Organization Department of the Central Committee - the most powerful department in the Labor Party of Korea . He first worked in the central management section, which dealt with government and state security matters. He later moved to the general management section that dealt with military issues. He also worked in his father's security office. A year later he was transferred to the Prime Minister's Secretariat, from where he returned to the position of senior management in the Organization Department in 1966. In these positions he got to know the mechanisms of power in the state and party apparatus, and although his father may have arranged the promotions, Kim Jong-il had to prove himself. He later reported that at first he found it difficult to work with the much older and more experienced colleagues at ministerial level.

Kim Jong-il received his first political task in the course of the political cleansing around the Kapsan faction . These veterans from the war against Japan, who unlike Kim Il-sung had no guerrilla past, wanted Pak Kum-chol to be the successor to Kim Il-sung. They produced a propaganda film to heroize the Pak couple and had the Paks birth house restored. They criticized Kim's high investment in heavy industry and called for light industry to be promoted to better meet the needs of the population. Kim Il-sung met this challenge by having the members of the Kapsan group expelled from the party and sent to camps at the 15th plenary session of the 4th Central Committee, supported by O Chin-u. Kim's role was to lead the investigation into the Kapsan faction, even though he was only 26 years old. After these measures, Kim Il-sung's regime was stable and there was no one to attack his power. The cult of Kim intensified along the lines of the cult of Mao Zedong , which was at its height in China at the same time as the Cultural Revolution . Kim Yŏng-ju developed the ten principles of the monolithic ideological system on which the regime was based in the years that followed.

In September 1967, Kim Jong-il was promoted to head of the Art and Culture Leadership Section of the Central Committee's Propaganda Department. Two years later he became deputy chairman of the propaganda department. In this role he strengthened the cult around his father. He had places with connections to Kim Il-sung and his guerrilla fight against the Japanese army expanded into places of pilgrimage and trips to these places organized. He pushed publications about Kim Il-sung and partially changed the family history of the Kims and demanded that films about Kim Il-sung's time in the guerrilla be made. He created production units for film , opera, theater, painting and literature. In particular, he believed in the propaganda power of the film - like Stalin and Hitler before him, for example - and had documentaries made about the anti-Japanese resistance such as The Flower Girl . With these productions he touched all war veterans - especially his father. Kim Jong-il also had a new North Korean form of opera created and pieces arranged based on the plot and content of the documentaries.

Foreign policy developments also contributed to the rise of Kim Jong-il to the role of crown prince of his father. In 1961, the South Korean military staged a coup under Park Chung-hee , which once again brought US troops into the immediate vicinity of North Korea. Kim Il-sung responded by signing assistance agreements with the Soviet Union and China (July 6 and July 11, 1961, respectively). After the Cuban Missile Crisis , when the Soviet head of government gave in to American pressure and withdrew his nuclear missiles, the Soviet Union was considered an unreliable ally in North Korea. The de-Stalinization policy in Eastern Europe and the Cultural Revolution in China led Kim Il-sung to the realization that he had to defend himself and to the formulation of the four military principles, according to which military strength should be sought at the expense of the quality of life of the population. The de-Stalinization in the Soviet Union and the (alleged) attempted coup by Lin Biao against Mao Zedong showed the aging and sick Kim Il-sung the importance of a loyal successor. Kim Yong-ju, who was originally in the most promising position to succeed Kim Il-sung, had retired in 1968 because of a serious illness. Kim Song-ae had threatened the influence of the guerrilla veterans faction, had been opposed by them and was ousted in February 1974. Thus in 1974 the way was clear for Kim Jong-il to the head of the North Korean state. He had shown himself loyal, ambitious and capable enough that other potential candidates had no chance of advancement.

Member of the Central Committee

At the 7th plenary session of the PdAK Central Committee from September 4 to 17, 1973, Kim Jong-il was elected Secretary of the Central Committee. His uncle Kim Yŏng-ju, who had temporarily been discussed as Kim Il-sung's successor and remained Kim Jong-il's most important potential rival within the family, was disempowered on the same occasion and downgraded from 6th place in the party hierarchy to 13th place. In addition, Kim Jong-il was then given the management of the two most important departments: organization and propaganda and agitation. He thus had the most important “tools” at hand for consolidating his position in the party hierarchy and for his further ascent. As a result, at the 8th plenary session of the Central Committee on February 13, 1974, he became a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the PdAK and succeeded his father Kim Il-sung.

Then a personality cult arose around the dear Führer , which was equal to that of his father , who was revered as the Great Leader . From 1977 to 1979, Kim Jong-il did not appear in public. The reasons for this are not known. Some media interpreted this to mean that he had fallen from grace. Other studies attribute his non-appearance to differences of opinion in the political leadership of the country: There was at times resistance to the establishment of a dynastic government.

On the VI. At the PdAK party congress, which took place in Pyongyang from October 10 to 14, 1980, Kim Jong-il was elected a member of the Presidium of the Politburo of the PdAK Central Committee and a member of the Central Military Committee of the PdAK and was re-elected Secretary of the PdAK Central Committee . In February 1982 he became a member of the North Korean parliament . In May 1990 he was elected First Deputy Chairman of the National Defense Commission of North Korea, and on December 24, 1991, he was elected Supreme Commander of the KVA. Since April 9, 1993 he was chairman of the National Defense Commission and thus held the "highest office in the state".

After his father's death in 1994, he took over his position as de facto head of state . On October 8, 1997, Kim Jong-il was elected General Secretary of the PdAK.

According to a report by the North Korean news agency KCNA on December 19, 2011, Kim Jong-il died of a heart attack on the morning of December 17 while on a business train ride. There are doubts about the exact circumstances of his death on the train, which is seen as part of North Korean propaganda about the personality cult. According to evaluations of satellite images by the South Korean secret service, his armored train should not have left the capital Pyongyang. The late report of death is also seen as an indication of this. His body, like that of his father Kim Il-sung, was laid out in a glass coffin in Kumsusan Palace . On the occasion of his death, an eleven day state mourning was ordered, during which the shops had to remain closed. Tens of thousands of weeping people gathered at public funerals in Pyongyang. About 100,000 people marched to the funeral services after a 40-kilometer procession on Kim Il-sung Square .

politics

Domestic politics

Kim Jong-il's power relied primarily on the KVA, which is why he was sometimes referred to as a "military ruler" in the western media. With around 1.1 million soldiers, North Korea is the country with the largest military apparatus in the world in relation to a population of 24 million people. The special relationship between the state and party leadership and the military is evident in the Sŏn'gun policy, which gives top priority to preparedness for defense.

Nuclear armament

In contrast to his father, who sought North Korea's self-sufficiency with his Chuch'e ideology, Kim Jong-il also pursued the Sŏn'gun ideology during his dictatorship : the military first. With the help of the military and Sŏn'gun , Kim did everything possible to arm his country with nuclear weapons. Under his direction, the North Korean armed forces nominally became the fourth largest army in the world; In 2006 Kim detonated the country's first atomic bomb, followed by a second detonation in 2009. This policy was continued under his son Kim Jong-un, and a third nuclear test was carried out in 2013 , which led to the 2013 North Korea crisis .

Human rights violations

Kim Jong-il was charged with numerous human rights violations. In May 2011, Amnesty International reported that around 200,000 people are being held in “inhuman” political prisoners in “terrible conditions” and called on Kim Jong-il to close the camps immediately. The conditions in the North Korean camps are the worst that the organization has documented in the past 50 years. North Korea denies the existence of the camps.

A United Nations report in 2009 accused Kim Jong-il of “cruel and oppressive rule” and “massive human rights violations” affecting millions of North Koreans who are exploited, persecuted and discriminated against. According to the report, Kim Jong-il "secured his reign of terror ... with kin detention, torture and public executions, although North Korea recently incorporated respect for human rights into its constitution ..." North Korea described the report as "a lying document of political distortion and conspiracy ". In the same year, a coalition of various South Korean human rights organizations prepared an indictment against Kim Jong-il for crimes against humanity before the International Court of Justice .

Foreign policy

Kim Jong-il with the then Russian President Dmitri Medvedev during his visit to Russia in August 2011

In terms of foreign policy, Kim Jong-il was primarily concerned with maintaining good relations with the People's Republic of China and Russia .

In early June 2000 and the following year, Kim Jong-il traveled to the People's Republic of China in an armored train, and to Russia in 2001. In April 2004 he traveled to the PRC again. According to media reports, he was there for deliberations, the subject of which were his country's nuclear dispute with the United States and other states, as well as economic reforms. From January 10 to 18, 2006 and from May 3 to 7, 2010, he again made unofficial state visits to the PRC.

Another multi-day visit by Kim Jong-il to Beijing began on August 27, 2010. This time he was reportedly traveling with his youngest son and successor as North Korean ruler, Kim Jong-un . The purpose of the visit was to get China's support for handing over power to his son. This visit was also only officially confirmed in retrospect.

Possible responsibility for terrorist attacks

Kim Jong-il is suspected of being responsible for organizing two terrorist attacks:

  • In 1983 he is said to have instigated an assassination attempt on the South Korean military dictator Chun Doo-hwan , in which several South Korean ministers died in the Burma's capital, Rangoon .
  • On November 29, 1987, Korean Airlines Flight 858 exploded over the Andaman Sea , killing all 115 occupants. The assassin, North Korean secret agent Kim Hyon-hui, testified in her confession that she smuggled the bomb on board on instructions from Kim Jong-il.

In 2010, more than 90,000 classified documents from the Afghanistan war were released on WikiLeaks . In some of these documents, US agents report arms deals between North Korea and the Taliban.

Private

Elaborate lifestyle

Despite the poverty in his country, Kim Jong-il is said to have lived an elaborate lifestyle. About a dozen luxurious residences were available to him for private use. On the other hand, large parts of the reports on Kim Jong-il's lifestyle are now considered exaggerated and may have been circulated by the South Korean secret service.

health

Kim Jong-il is said to have had a heart condition and diabetes . In public appearances in 2009, he looked very emaciated. It was said that he was terminally ill with pancreatic cancer and had a maximum life expectancy of five years.

The opposite was stated in the magazine Der Spiegel in 2010 :

“A businesswoman - so powerful that she doesn't have to fear the North Koreans - was even able to visit the first man in the police state: Kim Jong-il recently received her in his guest villa on Mount Myohyang. The woman experienced the dictator 'in good health and in good spirits', noted the US eavesdroppers. At least it seems that Kim appeared to be 'everything under control' and 'detail-oriented, charismatic and strong memory'. "

Shortly before his death, suspicions of a serious illness increased again. However, the North Korean state media remained silent on this issue. Analysts saw signs of poor health in the fact that preparations have now begun for a transfer of power to Kim Jong-un . For example, father and son appeared together at the acceptance of a military parade on the occasion of the 63rd anniversary of the founding of North Korea.

family

Kim Jong-il was married four times and had five legitimate children. His first marriage is said to have been forced by his father, Kim Il-sung, while he was already secretly living with his future second wife.

With his first wife Kim Yong-suk, who was once his fellow student , he had the daughter Kim Sol-song (* 1974).

With his second wife Sung Hae-rim he fathered his eldest son Kim Jong-nam (1971-2017). Sung Hae-rim died in Moscow in 2003.

His third wife, the former dancer Ko Yŏng-hŭi (1953-2004), gave birth to three further children: the sons Kim Jong-chol (* 1981) and Kim Jong-un (* 1984) and the daughter Kim Yo-jong (* 1987). Kim Jong-un, although without military training, has been a four-star general of the KVA since autumn 2010 , a member of the Central Committee and vice-chairman of the Central Military Commission of the PdAK; after the death of his father, he succeeded him as the North Korean ruler.

The former long-time secretary Kim Ok (* 1964) was his fourth wife.

Awards

Awards of North Korea

  • "Kim-Il-sung" Prize (February 1973, posthumously in March 2012)
  • "Hero of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea" (1975, 1982, 1992, posthumously on December 19, 2011)
  • "Kim Il sung" Order (1978, 1982, 1992, posthumously 2012)
  • " Marshal of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea " (April 20, 1992)
  • " Generalissimo of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea" (posthumously on February 14, 2012)

Title within North Korea

Foreign honorary citizenship

Peru

  • City of Lima (February 4, 1997)
    • Magdalena del Mar district of Lima city (April 30, 2004)
  • City of Piura (July 4th 1997)
  • Huancayo City (August 29, 1997)
  • City of Tumbes (December 8, 1997)
  • Lima San Luis District (December 31, 1997)
  • City of Arequipa (January 3, 1998)
  • City of Coisco of Ancash Region (February 8, 1998)
  • Huacho City (November 26, 1999)
  • City of Comas (October 3, 2000)
  • Lince District of Lima Province (February 2003)
  • Pampas District, Tayacaja City, Huancavelica Province (March 18, 2009)
  • Ancon District, Lima Province (October 17, 2011)

Ecuador

Mexico

  • City of Nezahualcóyotl (July 9, 2003)
  • City of Chiautempan, Tlaxcala State (August 3, 2003)
  • City of Izucar de Matamoros, Puebla State (December 3, 2003)
  • City of Rafael Lara Grajales, Puebla State (April 9, 2004)

Nigeria

Other countries

Legends and reception

The flower Kimjongilia was named after him. His birthday is a national holiday in North Korea and is celebrated annually as the day of the shining star .

In the West, the blog Kim Jong-il Looking at Things was successful, which satirically published propaganda pictures of Kim.

In February 2015 the exhibition “On the Day of the Shining Star” was shown at the party headquarters of the Czech Communists. The KSCM chairman said the leadership in Pyongyang had "done a lot for the people." A conservative politician criticized the intention of the exhibition and described Kim Jong Il as a "mass murderer and dictator".

There were also some parodies about Kim Jong Il in film and television: Within the television program MadTV there was the "Kim Jong Il Show". The dictator was played by Bobby Lee . Sprite produced an advertisement for the Israeli market in 2011 that is strongly reminiscent of the North Korean ruler. The "E-Harmony Ad", in which Kim found his supposedly perfect love, was also a kind of commercial. In the so-called outtakes, the ruler criticizes his loved one in order to shoot her afterwards. In the film Team America: World Police , the Kim Jong Il puppet sang the song "I'm So Ronery". In addition, at the beginning of Sacha Baron Cohen's film The Dictator, a picture of Kim Jong-il with the caption “In silent memory of Kim Jong-il” is displayed.

The writings of Kim

According to North Korean sources, Kim Jong-il published 890 works during the period from June 1964 to June 1994. According to the North Korean news agency KCNA, 550 works appeared from 1964 to 2001. In 2001 it was announced that the PdAK publishing house had published at least 120 works by Kim Jong-il.

In 2009, the KCNA presented the numbers as follows: “At least 354,000 copies of Kim Jong-il's works have been translated into nearly 70 languages ​​and have been printed in about 80 countries in the new century. In 2006 there were more than 500 study and sales activities for the plants in at least 120 countries and regions. In the following year, a total of more than 600 events of various forms were held in at least 130 countries and regions. And in 2008 at least 3,000 activities took place in over 150 countries and regions for the same purpose. "

The Selected Works Collection , whose publication continued after Kim's death, runs up to volume 24 in Korean and up to volume 15 in German. Volumes 3 to 8 were never published in German.

In his youth and student years, Kim Jong-il wrote poetry - especially you, Korea, I want to make you famous . Kim Jong-il also wrote lyrics. With the treatise On Film Art from 1973, he wrote his first major literary work.

Editions of works by Kim Jong-il

The following two German-language editions of works have been published by the publishing house for foreign-language literature (Pyongyang) .

  • Kim Dschong Il: For the completion of the revolutionary Juch work. Volume 1. (1990)
  • Kim Jong Il: Selected Works.
    • Volumes 1 - 2: 1992/1995
    • Volumes 9 - 15: 1997/1999/2003/2008/2009/2010/2011

literature

  • Michael Breen: Kim Jong Il. North Korea's "Beloved Leader". European Publishing House, Hamburg 2004. ISBN 3-434-50585-7
  • Adrian Buzo: The Guerrilla Dynasty. Politics And Leadership in North Korea . IB Tauris & Co, New York 1999. ISBN 1-86064-415-5
  • Dae-Sook Suh and Chae-Jin Lee (Eds.): North Korea after Kim Il Sung. Lynne Rienner Publishers, Boulder 1998. ISBN 1-55587-763-X
  • Константин Пуликовский: Восточной экспресс. По России с Ким Чен Иром , Москва: Городец-издат, 2002. ISBN 5-9258-0060-5 (Konstantin Pulikovsky, "Ost-Express. Through Russia with Kim Jong Il", Moscow: Gorodets, 2002, (russ.) )
  • John Feffer: North Korea and the USA. American interests in the Korean peninsula . Hugendubel, Munich / Kreuzlingen 2004. ISBN 3-7205-2484-1
  • Malte Herwig: The great dictator. Kim's cinema. (in: Zeit-Magazin , December 23, 2008)
  • Jung Chang Hyun: Kim Jong Il of North Korea . Joongangbooks, Seoul, 2009. ISBN 978-89-6188-797-7
  • Peter Scholl-Latour : Colossus on feet of clay. America's balancing act between North Korea and Iraq . Ullstein-Verlag, Berlin 2006. ISBN 3-548-36890-5
  • Jasper Becker: Kim Jong Il and the Looming Threat of North Korea , New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-19-517044-X
  • Marcus Noland: Korea after Kim Jong-il , Washington: Institute for International Economics, 2004. ISBN 0-88132-373-X
  • Kim Jong Il. Biographical summary , Pyongyang: Verlag für Fremdsprachige Literatur, 2001, without ISBN
  • Kim Jong Il: Applichiamo a fondo le raccomandzioni del compagno Kim Il Sung grande leader sulla riunificaione della patria , Roma: Democrazia Popolare, 2002, without ISBN
  • Jo Song Baek: The Leadership Philosophy of Kim Jong Il , Pyongyang: Foreign Language Publishing House, 1999, no ISBN

Web links

Commons : Kim Jong-il  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Kim Jong-il's writings in German translation (1974–2003)

annotation

  1. Kim Jong-il was born either in the Voroshilov camp near Nikolsk or in the Vyatskoye camp in Khabarovsk district. See also the section on childhood and adolescence .

Individual evidence

  1. Naenara : Excerpt from the life of the leader Kim Jong Il , accessed February 1, 2015
  2. KCNA, [1] , April 13, 2012
  3. Christopher Richardson: Hagiography of the Kims and the Childhood of Saints . In: Adam Cathcart, Robert Winstanley-Chesters, Christopher K. Green (Eds.): Change and Continuity in North Korean Politics . Routledge, London / New York 2017, ISBN 978-1-134-81104-5 , pp. 121 .
  4. ^ A b Lim Jae-Cheon: Kim Jong Il's leadership of North Korea . 1st edition. Routledge, London 2009, ISBN 978-0-203-88472-0 , pp. 9-10 .
  5. North Korea: Kim Jong Il is dead. In: Spiegel Online. December 19, 2011, accessed December 19, 2011 .
  6. Lim Jae-Cheon: Kim Jong Il's leadership of North Korea . 1st edition. Routledge, London 2009, ISBN 978-0-203-88472-0 , pp. 23-26 .
  7. Lim Jae-Cheon: Kim Jong Il's leadership of North Korea . 1st edition. Routledge, London 2009, ISBN 978-0-203-88472-0 , pp. 27-30, 33 .
  8. ^ A b Lim Jae-Cheon: Kim Jong Il's leadership of North Korea . 1st edition. Routledge, London 2009, ISBN 978-0-203-88472-0 , pp. 31-35 .
  9. ^ AFP, dpa: North Korea: Kim Jong Il, the distant stranger. In: The time. December 19, 2011, accessed December 19, 2011 .
  10. Daniel Gomà: El nacimiento de la Dinastía Roja: La instauración de la sucesión hereditary en Corea del Norte (1970-1974) . In: Historia Contemporánea , ISSN  1130-2402 , No. 62 (2020), pp. 159–186, here p. 168.
  11. Lim Jae-Cheon: Kim Jong Il's leadership of North Korea . 1st edition. Routledge, London 2009, ISBN 978-0-203-88472-0 , pp. 36-37 .
  12. Daniel Gomà: El nacimiento de la Dinastía Roja: La instauración de la sucesión hereditary en Corea del Norte (1970-1974) . In: Historia Contemporánea , ISSN  1130-2402 , No. 62 (2020), pp. 159–186, here p. 169.
  13. Lim Jae-Cheon: Kim Jong Il's leadership of North Korea . 1st edition. Routledge, London 2009, ISBN 978-0-203-88472-0 , pp. 38-41 .
  14. Lim Jae-Cheon: Kim Jong Il's leadership of North Korea . 1st edition. Routledge, London 2009, ISBN 978-0-203-88472-0 , pp. 42-46 .
  15. Lim Jae-Cheon: Kim Jong Il's leadership of North Korea . 1st edition. Routledge, London 2009, ISBN 978-0-203-88472-0 , pp. 46-57 .
  16. a b Daniel Gomà: El nacimiento de la Dinastía Roja: La instauración de la sucesión hereditary en Corea del Norte (1970-1974) . In: Historia Contemporánea , No. 62 (2020), pp. 159–186, here p. 179.
  17. Daniel Gomà: El nacimiento de la Dinastía Roja: La instauración de la sucesión hereditary en Corea del Norte (1970-1974) . In: Historia Contemporánea , No. 62 (2020), pp. 159–186, here p. 180.
  18. Der Spiegel , edition 32/1988, p. 157
  19. Der Spiegel , edition 40/1980, p. 284
  20. ^ Buzo: The Guerilla Dynasty, p. 87.
  21. a b KCNA, February 16, 2002: Brief biography of Kim Jong-ils (English) ( Memento from October 12, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  22. North Korea's head of state Kim Jong-il has died . On: DiePresse.com on December 19, 2011
  23. Asian Mirror: Where did Kim Jong-il really die? ( Memento of January 13, 2012 in the Internet Archive ), December 22, 2011
  24. How I (almost) mourned Kim Jong Il spiegel-online from December 20, 2011
  25. ^ The next Kim will be "Supreme Leader" ( Memento from January 7, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) tagesschau.de from December 29, 2011
  26. http://www.globalisierung-ffekten.de/personen-der-zeitgeschichte/kim-jong-il/
  27. a b weekly magazine Der Spiegel , No. 15, April 8, 2013: Editorial: The enemy of the world. North Korea's unpredictable dictator Kim Jong Un threatens nuclear war. The US is deploying a mighty fleet - one wrong move could trigger a devastating chain reaction. , P. 86 ff.
  28. Weekly magazine Der Spiegel , No. 15, April 8, 2013: “The military first”. How the Kim dynasty secured their empire . P. 91
  29. ff / dpa / AFP: Amnesty report: Call for help from North Korea's horror prisons. In: Spiegel Online. May 4, 2011, accessed December 19, 2011 .
  30. kgp / dpa / AP / AFP: North Korea: UN denounces Kim Jong-ils atrocities. In: Spiegel Online. October 23, 2009, accessed December 19, 2011 .
  31. Daein Kang: Kim Jong-il before the International Court of Justice! In: Daily NK . July 24, 2009, accessed December 19, 2011 .
  32. ^ Special train from North Korea: Kim visits China
  33. Secret visit: Kim Jong Il extends visit to China
  34. Der Spiegel , edition 29/1994, p. 119
  35. Der Spiegel , edition 7/2005, p. 108
  36. Der Spiegel : South Korea: Lonely Year , edition 16/1988, p. 194
  37. The guide in his labyrinth (English)
  38. The palaces of Pyongyang on Google Earth (English)
  39. GlobalSecurity (English)
  40. North Korea's military rulers: Secret services puzzled over Kim Jong-il's illness
  41. Pancreas: Kim Jong-il is said to be seriously ill with cancer
  42. US insights into North Korea: In the realm of the chain smoker
  43. Cf. Colin Dürkop and Min-Il Yeo, “Ein Nordkorea nach Kim Jong Il. Political and social perspectives before the expected change of power ” , KAS-Auslandsinformationen 08/2011 , Berlin 2011, pp. 73–105, here: pp. 76–79.
  44. See SPIEGEL online, "North Korean military parade: Kim Jong Il shows himself to his people , [September 14, 2011].
  45. Kim Jong-il's New Marriage and Succession Plans. In: Vantage Point , August 2006, Vol. 29, No. 8 (English)
  46. According to Kim Jong-il ( Memento of March 26, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) (English)
  47. a b North Korea: Kim Jong-il marries his secretary
  48. North Korea's ruler Kim: Clan of Horror
  49. North Korea's dictator: Kim Jong Us aunt lives secretly in the USA. In: Spiegel Online . May 28, 2016. Retrieved June 9, 2018 .
  50. a b c Naenara: Summary of the life of the leader Kim Jong Il
  51. Title of DPRK Hero Awarded to Kim Jong Il ( Memento of October 12, 2014 in the Internet Archive ). Korean Central News Agency, December 30, 2011 (English).
  52. KCNA, February 15, 2002: Title of Generalissimo Awarded to Kim Jong Il (English) ( Memento from June 4, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
  53. KCNA, February 7, 1997: Honorary Citizenship of Lima granted to Secretary Kim Jong Il (English) ( Memento of October 12, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  54. KCNA, May 6, 2004: Certificate of honorary citizenship for Kim Jong Il from Peru (English) ( Memento from May 16, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  55. KCNA, July 11, 1997: Honorary Citizenship and Golden Key for Secretary Kim Jong Il from Peru (English) ( Memento from October 12, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  56. KCNA, September 8, 1997: Peruvian citizenship awarded to Secretary Kim Jong Il (English) ( Memento from October 12, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  57. KCNA, December 19, 1997: World honorary citizenship and golden key awarded to General Secretary Kim Jong Il (English) ( Memento from October 12, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  58. KCNA, January 7, 1998: General Secretary Kim Jong Il proclaimed an honorary citizen of Lima San Luis, Peru (English) ( Memento of February 12, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  59. KCNA, February 10, 1998: Honorary Peruvian Citizenship to Secretary General Kim Jong Il (English) ( Memento of October 12, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  60. KCNA, February 14, 1998: General Secretary Kim Jong Il registered as an honorary citizen of Peru (English) ( Memento of October 12, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  61. KCNA, December 2, 1999: Kim Jong Il registered as an honorary citizen of Peru (English) ( Memento from October 12, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  62. KCNA, October 10, 2000: Honorary Peruvian Citizenship awarded to Kim Jong Il (English) ( Memento from September 14, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  63. KCNA, February 27, 2003: Honorary Citizenship for Kim Jong Il (English) ( Memento from July 20, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
  64. KCNA, April 1, 2009: Honorary citizenship awarded to three generals from the Päktu Mountains (English) ( Memento from October 12, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  65. Three Commanders of Mt. Paektu Awarded in Peru ( Memento from October 12, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) KCNA from October 24, 2011 (English).
  66. KCNA, November 15, 2002: Honorary Citizenship for Kim Jong Il (English) ( Memento from October 12, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  67. KCNA, April 20, 2004: Three generals from the Päktu Mountains in Ecuador registered as honorary citizens (English) ( Memento from October 12, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  68. KCNA, January 18, 2008: Honorary citizenship and key awarded to Kim Jong Il of Ecuador (English) ( Memento from August 22, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  69. KCNA, August 21, 2008: Kim Jong Il honored with honorary title and provincial key of Ecuador (English) ( Memento of October 12, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  70. KCNA, May 18, 2009: April holidays of the DPRK (English) ( Memento of October 12, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  71. KCNA, February 26, 2010: Ecuadorian citizenship awarded to three generals (English) ( Memento from June 10, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  72. KCNA, April 21, 2011: Three generals from the Päktu Mountains in Ecuador awarded (English) ( Memento from October 12, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  73. KCNA, January 29, 2012: Ecuador decides to raise three generals from the Päktu Mountains to honorary citizens (English) ( Memento from October 12, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  74. KCNA, July 17, 2003: Honorary Citizen title awarded to Kim Jong Il (English) ( Memento of October 9, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
  75. KCNA, August 12, 2003: Kim Jong Il awarded honorary citizenship (English) ( Memento from January 12, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
  76. KCNA, December 10, 2003: Honorary citizenship and gift for Kim Jong Il (English) ( Memento from October 12, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  77. KCNA, April 21, 2004: Honorary Citizenship Certificate awarded to Kim Jong Il (English) ( Memento from June 9, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  78. KCNA, February 10, 2012: Kim Jong Il granted honorary citizenship of Nigerian city (English) ( Memento from May 12, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  79. KCNA, February 15, 2012: Kim Jong Il granted honorary citizenship of Nigeria (English) ( Memento from April 4, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
  80. KCNA, February 14, 1997: Honorary Citizenship for Secretary Kim Jong Il (English) ( Memento of October 12, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  81. KCNA, October 11, 2000: Guyanese honorary citizenship and key awarded to Kim Jong Il (English) ( Memento from September 3, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  82. ^ Http://orf.at/#/stories/2264955/ Criticism of homage to North Korea by Czech communists, ORF.at February 12, 2015
  83. Kim Jong Il's Death: 5 Memorable Parodies of the North Korean Dictator (Video). In: Hollywood Reporter. December 19, 2011, accessed March 20, 2016 .
  84. ^ 1. A Great Thinker and Theoretician . In: naenara.com.kp . May 2008. Retrieved December 11, 2015.
  85. Over 530 works of Kim Jong Il published . KCNA. June 8, 2001. Archived from the original on October 12, 2014. Retrieved on May 6, 2016.
  86. Over 120 works of Kim Jong Il brought out . In: web.archive.org . KCNA. December 26, 2000. Archived from the original on October 12, 2014. Retrieved on February 29, 2016.
  87. ^ Kim Jong Il Authors Lots of Works . KCNA. August 25, 2009. Archived from the original on October 12, 2014. Retrieved on May 6, 2016.
  88. 'Selected Works of Kim Jong Il' (Enlarged Edition) Vol. 24 Off Press . KCNA. November 22, 2014. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  89. ^ Korea Publications Exchange Association catalog . Korea Publications Exchange Association, 2015, p. 27. Archived from the original on April 2, 2017 (Retrieved September 21, 2017).
  90. Selected Works . In: north-korea-books.com . Archived from the original on April 30, 2016. Retrieved May 6, 2016.
  91. 23. Leader Kim Jong Il, genius of literature and art . In: naenara.com.kp . March 2010. Retrieved December 11, 2015.
  92. Song lyrics by Kim Jong Il . In: naenara.com.kp . Retrieved February 11, 2016.
  93. Jae-Cheon Lim: Leader Symbols and Personality Cult in North Korea: The Leader State . Routledge, 2015, ISBN 978-1-317-56741-7 , p. 28.
  94. ^ Catalog of the Korea Publications Exchange Association ( Memento from April 12, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
  95. sowiport. Retrieved January 1, 2015.