Human rights situation in North Korea

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The human rights situation in North Korea is particularly difficult.

Although North Korea is one of the signatory states to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights , the state is regularly accused of serious violations of human rights by the United Nations , the European Parliament and various human rights organizations. In many rankings - such as those relating to the degree of democracy or the freedom of the press of a state - North Korea ranks last in the world. It is considered to be the most restrictive of all totalitarian systems in existence today .

Historical-political background

The reasons for the development of today's political system in North Korea go back to the time of Japanese colonial rule . Towards the end of World War II , US and Soviet troops came to Korea to fight Japan. In the north of the Korean Peninsula , as in the Eastern European countries, the Soviet occupying power installed a political system modeled on the Soviet Union under Stalin . Even after the end of Japanese rule, the residents of North Korea continued to have almost no opportunities to exercise their civil and political rights.

Supported by the Soviet Union, the head of state Kim Il-sung installed a leadership system in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, founded in 1948, with a personality cult that is comparable to that of Stalin in the Soviet Union. The state repressive apparatus was also built on the Soviet model. The Kremlin dispatched advisors to serve in the North Korean Interior Ministry until the late 1950s . In the 1950s, Kim Il-sung began the fight against his supposed opponents in the party and thus consolidated his undisputed autocracy. The omnipresent climate of distrust at this time, the hunt for so-called enemies of the people , intensified the repression against the population. The ongoing conflict with the US allied South Korea , which culminated in the Korean War , had a similar effect . North Korean society underwent radical militarization during the Cold War , which led to constant alertness and, associated with this, to ongoing persecution of alleged Western agents. The accusation of espionage often served as a pretext for eliminating political opponents of Kim Il-sung and his son. A peculiarity of North Korea was that it was able to evade Soviet influence to the extent that existed in Eastern Europe through skilful maneuvering between the communist great powers China and the Soviet Union. The most important consequence of this with regard to human rights is that the North Korean regime refused to break with Stalinism and the subsequent mitigation of the other real socialist totalitarian systems. The regime's policy of isolation also prevented the democracy movements of 1989 from spreading .

Human rights violations

State discrimination against citizens classified as “politically unreliable”

It has been reported several times that the government of North Korea has divided the population into a tripartite caste system. This depends on the potential opposition to the regime. It was introduced in the late 1950s along the lines of a system that existed in the People's Republic of China under Mao Zedong . The three groups of the system are "friendly forces", "neutral forces" and "hostile forces". The hostile forces, the lowest class, include the family members of North Koreans who defected to South Korea , entrepreneurs and clergy from pre-Socialist times and their families, former employees of the Japanese colonial authorities and their families, (former) prisoners and their families, and party members who opposed Kim Il-sung's rule and their families. The preferred class of "friendly forces" includes party cadres and their families, as well as families of those killed in the fight against the Japanese and the Korean War .

Members of the lowest class have been banned from being in larger cities and near the state border and coasts since the late 1950s. It has also been reported that since the drastic worsening of the supply situation in the 1990s, this group no longer receives ration cards or other benefits from the socialist “supply state”.

Restriction of freedom of expression

The Stalinist system with its personality cult means that any deviation from the quasi-religious worship of the political leaders Kim Il-sung , Kim Jong-il and Kim Jong-un is punished. Even careless handling of the portrait of one of the leaders can have criminal consequences, as can any expression of an opinion that is not compatible with the line of the ruling labor party in Korea or even calls into question its claim to leadership.

Restriction of freedom of information

North Korean residents are not allowed to use any media other than North Korean state media that is permeated with state propaganda. Listening to foreign radio stations, for example, is severely punished. An example of this is the journalist Kang Chol-hwan , who was able to flee North Korea in time, while state organs were on the trail of this crime. Using the mobile internet is a criminal offense for North Koreans.

Restriction of freedom of belief

The right to freedom of worship is enshrined in the constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea . This applies with the restriction that religion must not interfere in political matters. According to official figures, a minority of around 0.2% of the population belong to religious communities, mostly Buddhism or Christianity . While Buddhism is in some ways respected as a cultural heritage of the country, the relationship with Christianity is considered strained. The government associates the Christian faith with political activists influenced by the US and South Korea. According to human rights organizations, North Korea is one of the countries where Christians are most severely persecuted. There are numerous reports of people being interned, tortured or executed in camps because of their Christian beliefs. Several public executions of Christians are reported. For example, the Christian Ri Hyon-ok is said to have been publicly executed in Ryongchŏn on June 16, 2009 for spreading the Bible, while her husband and three children were deported to the Haengyŏng concentration camp . The execution took place in connection with alleged espionage activities for the USA and South Korea, as well as the aid to escape the republic.

Between 1949 and 1952 under Kim Il-sung's rule and during the Korean War, all churches were destroyed, most priests and monks were executed or died in North Korean internment camps . The martyrdom of the Benedictine monks in the former Tokwon Abbey is exemplarily documented, as the process of beatification was initiated for them. Since then there have been no priests and no Christian communities in North Korea. The places of worship built in Pyongyang form a contrast, the actual relevance of which has not yet been clarified in the western world. Since 1988, four churches have been built with foreign donations, which are presumably only intended to give the appearance of religious freedom, but are actually mainly shown to foreign visitors. Under the influence of Russia, which is increasingly turning to the Church, a Russian Orthodox Church was also built in Pyongyang in 2006. Christianity is officially represented in North Korea by the "Korean Christian Association".

Restriction of freedom of movement

The citizens of North Korea are not allowed to leave their place of residence without official permission. In addition, the authorities determine the place of residence of the citizens. It is known that politically unreliable citizens as well as visibly disabled people are prohibited from settling in Pyongyang , for example . North Koreans who illegally cross state borders are also severely punished. There are special penal institutions for North Koreans who were apprehended and sent back in China.

torture

Former inmates of prisons and penal camps report the prevalence of torture methods in the North Korean penitentiary system.

death penalty

The death penalty is imposed for numerous offenses. Executions often take place in public. Human rights organizations have collected and documented testimony to a total of 1,193 executions in North Korea, although the number of unreported cases is likely to be much higher. For the period from 2000 to 2013, the state-funded Korean Institute for National Unification counted 1,382 public executions. The annual peak was reached in 2009 with 160 executions. The number of annual executions is said to have increased again in 2014. North Korea itself reported one execution in 2009 and two executions in 2014.

Human trials

Several North Korean refugees, but also employees of international organizations, report that in North Korea new weapons, including chemical and biological weapons, are systematically being sent to camp inmates and e. T. underage disabled people would be tested. For example, groups of people in an enclosed space would be exposed to lethal doses of poison gas in order to test its effectiveness. These reports from 2009 were collected again in 2014 and 2015. In 2014, a man who had lost a hand and a foot in an accident reported how disabled people in North Korea, referred to as non-existent, would have to do without any outside help in everyday life. This was borne out by reports from another refugee who reported a program that bought disabled children from their parents with promises to take care of them, but in reality used them as test subjects for experiments with anthrax and chemical weapons. In July 2015, a refugee who is believed to be in Finland according to unconfirmed reports said that he had worked at a research facility in Ganggye and that during his escape he had taken away large amounts of data that could prove the human experiments. He wanted to submit these data to the European Parliament .

The system of penal camps

The North Korean penal system with its penal camps and prisons is divided into two parts: The internment camps for political prisoners (Korean Kwan-li-so) and the re-education camps (Korean Kyo-hwa-so).

Internment camp for political prisoners

Detention Center in North Korea

The prison camps, in which persons accused of political offenses or politically unreliable persons are interned, are operated by the State Security Ministry. The principle of kin liability applies to political prisoners . They are picked up together with their parents, children and siblings, sometimes even grandparents and grandchildren, without trial or conviction, and deported to the penal camps, where they usually remain interned for the rest of their lives.

The penal camps are located in the center and northeast of the country. They consist of numerous penal colonies in remote and isolated mountain valleys. The total number of prisoners is estimated at around 200,000. The Yodŏk and Pukch'ang camps are divided into two areas: in one part live the political prisoners who have been interned for life, in another part, similar to the re-education camps, prisoners sentenced to long prison terms live in the hope of possible release.

Forced labor is imposed on prisoners, mostly in mines or agriculture. Malnutrition, workload and a lack of medical care lead to the death of many prisoners. In addition, many show mutilations caused by accidents at work, frostbite or torture. There is an arbitrary punishment system within the camp. Working too slowly and disobedience are usually punished with mistreatment and torture, theft, including of food, or attempts to escape with public executions.

Originally more than twelve penal camps, some were merged and closed. Including the Onsŏng Internment Camp, Kwan-li-so No. 12, after an uprising with around 5,000 dead was put down in 1987. Around 2009 there were probably the following six penal camps in North Korea. Their size was determined on the basis of satellite images, the number of prisoners estimated by former prisoners.

Penal camp Official name size Prisoners
Kaech'ŏn Detention Center Kwan-li-so No. 14 155 km² 15,000
Yodŏk Detention Center Kwan-li-so No. 15 378 km² 46,500
Hwasŏng Detention Center Kwan-li-so No. 16 549 km² 10,000
Pukch'ang Detention Center Kwan-li-so No. 18 73 km² 50,000
Haengyŏng Detention Center Kwan-li-so No. 22 225 km² 50,000
Ch'ŏngjin Detention Center Kwan-li-so No. 25 0.25 km² > 3,000

A former inmate of Yodŏk No. 15 Penal Camp is South Korean journalist Kang Chol-hwan , who wrote a book about his time in the camp. The fate of a prisoner who fled from prison camp No. 14 Kaech'ŏn , Shin Dong-hyuk , is also the subject of a book that was also made into a film .

In 2013, the United Nations first examined the penal camps in North Korea. Persistent hunger and torture were documented. The North Korean government accused the UN of forgeries and attempted coups.

Re-education camps

Human rights situation in North Korea (North Korea)
Chŏn'gŏri
Chŏn'gŏri
Sinŭiju
Sinŭiju
Kangdong
Kangdong
Tanch'on
Tanch'on
Oro
Oro
Hoeryŏng
Hoeryŏng
Yŏngdam
Yŏngdam
Re-education camps in North Korea
(8 of a total of approx. 15-20)

The re-education camps for criminals in the conventional sense are run by the Ministry of the Interior. The transition between ordinary crimes and political crimes is fluid, as people who have made themselves unpopular in any way with the party leadership are often denounced on the basis of false accusations. They are then subjected to brutal torture in remand prisons (Lee Soon-ok, for example, had to kneel down for an hour with other prisoners, six of whom did not survive, repeatedly showered with water in Ch' überschngjin) and in a short show trial sentenced to long prison terms. In North Korea, political crimes are very broad, they range from fleeing the republic to any disruption of the state and are severely punished. Because of the poor prison conditions, hunger and torture, a large number of the prisoners do not survive their sentences.

The re-education camps are mostly large prison complexes surrounded by high walls. The situation of the prisoners differs little from that in the camps for political prisoners. They have to do hard slave labor in the prison's own workshops and if they do not meet the requirements, they are tortured and (at least in the Kae'chŏn re-education camp ) locked for days in a punishment cell that is so small that one can neither stand nor stretch out. One difference to the internment camps is that the prisoners are given ideological instruction after work. B. Learning the speeches of Kim Il-sung and Kim Jong-il by heart and having to undergo rituals of criticism and self-criticism . Many inmates of the re-education camps are guilty of offenses that are also punishable in other countries around the world, but these were often committed out of economic hardship, e.g. B. Food theft, smuggling or illicit trade.

There are around 15-20 re-education camps in North Korea. Aside from re-education camp No. 1 Kae'ch Nrn (approx. 6,000 prisoners), there are also testimonies from former prisoners to some other camps. B. to re-education camp No. 12 Chŏn'gŏri (approx. 2,000 prisoners), re-education camp No. 77 Tanch'ŏn (approx. 7,000 prisoners), re-education camp No. 22 Oro (approx. 1,000 prisoners), re-education camp No. 4 Kangdong (approx 7,000 prisoners).

A former inmate of the Kae'chŏn re-education camp is the South Korean human rights activist Lee Soon-ok .

State propaganda

Propaganda poster in Kaesŏng

As in other dictatorships , human rights violations by the North Korean government are denied and there are a number of institutions that are supposed to give the impression to other countries that North Korea is a democratic, pluralistic society. There is a parliament (the Supreme People's Assembly ) with various parties (in addition to the ruling Labor Party of Korea , these are the Korean Social Democratic Party and the Chondoist Ch'ŏngu Party , which, according to reports, have no regional divisions). There are also Buddhist temples and Christian churches, which are believed to serve the purpose of giving the appearance of religious freedom. The Bonsoo Church in Pyongyang was built especially in 1989 for the World Festival of Youth and Students , to which many foreign visitors were expected.

With a few exceptions, foreign visitors and journalists are only allowed to visit the capital Pyongyang and selected places for propaganda purposes under strict surveillance.

The North Korean Foreign Minister, Ri Su-yong , stated on March 1, 2016 that North Korea would no longer take part in any future meeting of the United Nations Human Rights Council on the situation in North Korea. The country does not want to recognize decisions of the body regarding North Korea as meaningful in the future.

Ri accused the USA, Japan and South Korea of ​​sending agents to North Korea in order to recruit, as he said, 'criminals' as defectors who would produce unfounded and unfounded reports about the country after they had fled for money.

Foreign prisoners

In North Korea there were repeated arrests of foreigners. Probably the first case was Evan Hunziker, an American who illegally crossed the border between China and North Korea in 1996 and was released after 95 days. The best known case was Otto Warmbier . He was charged with stealing a propaganda poster, sentenced to 15 years in a labor camp , and released terminally ill after 529 days. He passed away a few days later.

Most of those arrested were US citizens, but there were also several South Koreans, an Australian and a Canadian with a South Korean migrant background.

After the last US citizens were released in preparation for the summit meeting between Donald Trump and Kim Jong-un , three South Koreans are currently (June 2018) still in custody:

  • Pastor Kim Jung Wook (North Korean standard transcription: Kim Jong Uk), arrested in October 2013 and convicted of alleged "activities as a South Korean agent". He is believed to have been trapped after the authorities discovered and deported North Korean refugees in China, which he was caring, to North Korea.
  • Kim Kook Kie, arrested in June 2015, convicted of "espionage activities against the DPRK under the control of the US government and the puppet regime in South Korea"
  • Choi Chun Kil, arrested in June 2015, convicted of "espionage activities against the DPRK under the control of the US government and the puppet regime in South Korea"
  • Ko Hyon Chol, arrested July 2016, convicted of "kidnapping orphans"

The charges against the two Kims and Choi are common propaganda in politically motivated convictions, which in North Korea also include convictions for religious activity, which arguably the reason for the arrests of Kim Kook Gie and Choi Chun Kil. In the case of Ko, it is not clear to what extent the allegations apply.

North Korea has also kidnapped foreigners, particularly Japanese, who were then forced to teach Japanese to North Korean spies. Japan insists that all those abducted in this way can return to Japan.

International investigations

In February 2014, a United Nations investigative commission accused North Korea of crimes against humanity . Many of these crimes were committed against a starving population; annual investigations had produced evidence of this. There were also kidnappings of people from Japan and South Korea . The International Criminal Court in The Hague should be entrusted with dealing with the question of guilt. The Representation of North Korea to the United Nations in New York called the allegations baseless and said it would never accept them.

In November 2014, the UN Special Rapporteur Marzuki Darusman compared the human rights violations in North Korea with crimes during the Nazi era . There is sufficient evidence to bring Kim Jong-uns to the International Criminal Court. In January 2016, Darusman asked the UN to officially inform Kim that, according to the November 2014 report, he could be investigated for crimes against humanity.

literature

Reports from North Koreans

Web links

Documentaries

Individual evidence

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