Yodŏk Detention Center

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Korean spelling
Korean alphabet : 요덕 제 15 호 관리소
Hanja : 耀 德 第 十五 號 管理所
Revised Romanization : Yodeok Je Isipo-ho Gwalliso
McCune-Reischauer : Yodŏk Che Isibo-ho Kwalliso

The internment camp Yodŏk (mostly Yodok , rarely also Yodeok or Yoduk ) is a labor camp for political prisoners in North Korea . The official name is Kwan-li-so (prison camp) No. 15 . In this camp, people who are considered to be anti-government are isolated from society with the maximum use of their labor and punished for political misconduct. Yodŏk is one of six large internment camps for political prisoners in North Korea.

location

Yodŏk Detention Center (North Korea)
Pyongyang
Pyongyang
Yodŏk
Yodŏk
Yodok Detention Center in North Korea

The camp is located in Yodŏk County, Hamgyŏng-namdo Province in North Korea , about 110 km northeast of Pyongyang . It extends in the valley of the Ipsok River, surrounded by the mountains Paek-san (1742 m in the north), Modo-san (1833 m in the northwest), Tok-san (1250 m in the west) and Byeongpung-san (1152 m in South). The Ipsok later flows into the Yonghung, which flows into the Sea of ​​Japan north of Wonsan . Another access is from the east via the 1250 m high Chaebong Pass.

description

The Yodŏk camp has two zones:

  • The zone under total control ( Korean : 특별 독재 대상 구역 ) with the penal colonies of Pyongchang-ri and Yongpyong-ri is for people who, in the opinion of the authorities, have committed crimes against the state or who have been denounced as politically unreliable (e.g. Returnees from Japan or Christians). These prisoners will never be released. The Christian aid organization Open Doors estimates that around 6,000 Christians are being held in the camp.
  • The Revolutionary Zone ( Korean : 혁명 화 대상 구역 ) with the Ipsok-ri, Kuup-ri and Daesuk-ri re-education camps is used to target people for political crimes (e.g. fleeing North Korea, criticizing the government or listening to South Korean radio stations ), sometimes punishing long imprisonment for non-political crimes. Most of these prisoners are released after they have served their sentences.

In the 1990s, the total control zone was estimated to have around 30,000 prisoners and the smaller revolutionary zone around 16,500 prisoners. Satellite images from 2011, however, indicated an increased number of people detained in the camp. Most have been detained without trial or after an unfair show trial based on "confessions" obtained under torture. Many prisoners are brought here with their whole families (principle of kin liability ), including children and the elderly.

The camp is about 378 km² in total. It is surrounded by a three to four meter high barbed wire fence, some walls with electric fences, each with watchtowers at regular intervals. The camp is guarded by soldiers (an estimated 1000 people) with automatic weapons and some dog squadrons.

A Japanese TV station published a short video in 2004 that is said to show scenes from the camp.

Situation in the warehouse

The situation in the Yodok internment camp is comprehensively documented with eyewitness reports and commented satellite images.

living conditions

The prisoners live in dusty huts with walls made of dried mud, a rotten and leaky roof made of wooden beams covered with straw and a floor covered with straw and mats made of dry plants. 30 to 40 prisoners sleep on wooden planks covered with a blanket in a 50 m² room. Most of the huts are unheated, even in winter when the temperature is below −20 ° C, and a large proportion of the prisoners develop frostbite and swollen limbs in winter . Camp inmates also suffer from pneumonia , tuberculosis , pellagra, and other diseases without receiving medical treatment.

Newly arriving prisoners receive the clothes that their predecessors wore until their death. Most of the clothing is dirty, worn and full of holes. The prisoners do not have proper shoes, socks or gloves and usually no clothes to change. The dead are buried naked because the other prisoners take over all of their belongings. All prisoners have a thick layer of dirt on their skin because they are overworked and have almost no opportunity to wash themselves or their clothes. As a result, the prisoners' huts stink and are infested with lice, fleas and other insects. The prisoners have to queue for a long time in front of the dirty communal toilets, one for 200 prisoners, and then use dry leaves to wipe off.

The guards force the prisoners to denounce each other and appoint foremen to control a group. If one prisoner doesn't work hard enough, the whole group will be punished. This leads to hostility among the detainees, destroys all solidarity and forces them to create a system of self-monitoring.

Forced labor

Men, women, and children do hard physical labor seven days a week and are treated like slaves. Workplaces are an alabaster quarry, a gold mine , textile factories, distilleries , a coppersmith, agriculture and forestry . Dangerous accidents at work are common.

Work shifts start at 4 a.m. in the summer and end at 8 p.m. In other times of the year work starts at 5.30 a.m., but is often extended after 8 p.m. until the workload is reached, even if it is already dark. After dinner, from 9 p.m. to 11 p.m., prisoners are required to undergo ideological education and self-criticism sessions, where prisoners are severely criticized and beaten if they have not reached their workload. If prisoners cannot memorize Kim Il-sung's instructions , they are not allowed to sleep or their food rations are cut.

Most elementary school children go to school in the mornings. The most important school subject is the story of the revolution by Kim Il-sung and Kim Jong-il . In the afternoons they have to work hard physically, the workload being very heavy and the work difficult. If the quota is not reached, the children are hit with a stick. Primary school children have to haul heavy tree trunks twelve times a day over a distance of 4 km or 30 times a day a 30 kg garbage can. Other child labor includes collecting 20 kg of plants in the mountains or cultivating a 130-200 m² field. Sometimes children die in accidents at work. Older children have to work all day and from the age of 16 they get the same workload as adults.

Malnutrition

The prisoners are constantly being kept on the verge of starvation. The daily rations for prisoners are three times 100-200 g of cereal cooked to a pulp. Depending on the current harvest, rations can be lower. If prisoners do not reach their daily quota or if there is the slightest violation of the rules, the daily rations are reduced or temporarily stopped, regardless of whether someone is sick, crippled or disabled. The prisoners eat any wild animals they can somehow catch, including rats, snakes, frogs, salamanders, worms and insects, although they are severely punished if they are seen by the guards. In order not to be discovered, they usually eat the meat raw, often without removing the skin. Wild animals are the only source of meat or fat due to the lack of meat and vegetable oil in food rations. Some prisoners secretly sneak into the pigsties and steal fodder or peck undigested grains from faeces in order to survive.

Lee Young-kuk estimates that around 20% of Daesuk-ri prisoners died of malnutrition each year in the late 1990s, while new prisoners were added every month. All former prisoners reported seeing people die frequently.

Human rights violations

torture

The following torture methods are described in testimony from former inmates:

  • "Pigeon torture" : The prisoner's arms are tied behind his back, his legs are tied together and he is hung from the ceiling for several days.
  • Water infusion : The prisoner is tied to a table and forced to drink large amounts of water. Then guards jump on a board, which they put on the swollen stomach, and squeeze the water out.
  • Immersion : A plastic bag is pulled over the prisoner's head and he is immersed underwater for an extended period of time.
  • Beatings : Prisoners are beaten every day if they do not meet their workload, if they do not kneel before the guards fast enough, or simply to humiliate them. Prisoners often become disabled or die from beatings. Even children are badly beaten and tortured.

The prisoners are completely at the mercy of the guards; the guards can abuse them rampantly. Former prisoners have seen a man being tied by the neck to a vehicle and dragged over a long distance and an elementary school child severely hit and kicked in the head. In both cases, the prisoners died shortly afterwards.

Executions

Prisoners who violate camp rules (e.g. stealing food or attempting to escape) are usually publicly executed (unless they were shot on the spot). Mass executions in front of the assembled inmates take place several times a year and every former prisoner testifies that he has witnessed them. Prisoners are tortured and refused to eat before they are executed. Often inmates forced to watch can only endure the execution in protest and are then killed at the same time.

One common method of killing those prisoners who have been singled out to die is to assign them an unmanageable workload. Since the work is not finished then, the food rations are reduced as a punishment. In the end, the prisoner dies of a combination of exhaustion and malnutrition from hard work and lack of food.

When prisoners are released from the camp, they must take a written oath. The obligation is: "I will be executed if I reveal the secrets of Yodok."

Rape and forced abortion

Women in the camp are helplessly exposed to the sexual assaults of the guards. Prisoners are often ordered to strip naked to be beaten and harassed, and one former prisoner said that sexual abuse of female prisoners has become routine for the guards. Sometimes women die as a result of the rape. Pregnant prisoners usually have a forced abortion .

Request for closure

Amnesty International summarizes the human rights situation in Yodok camp as follows: “Men, women and children in the camp are exposed to hard labor, inadequate nutrition, beatings, completely inadequate medical care and unsanitary living conditions. Many fall ill in prison and large numbers die while in captivity or shortly after they are released. ”The organization calls for the immediate closure of Yodok and all other political prison camps in North Korea. This demand is supported by the International Coalition to End Crimes against Humanity in North Korea (ICNK), an association of over 40 human rights organizations.

Prisoners (eyewitnesses)

  • Kang Chol-hwan (1977–1987 in Yodŏk) was imprisoned when he was 9 years old because his family returned from Japan and was considered politically unreliable.
  • An Hyuk (1987–1989 in Yodŏk) was imprisoned as a youth for having left the country without permission.
  • Kim Tae-jin (1988–1992 in Yodŏk) was imprisoned at the age of 18 for having left the country without permission.
  • Lee Young-kuk (1995–1999 in Yodŏk), former bodyguard of Kim Jong-il , was kidnapped from China and imprisoned for leaving the country and criticizing it.
  • Kim Eun-cheol (2000–2003 in Yodŏk) was imprisoned at the age of 19 for having left the country without permission. He was with other refugees from Russia deported, which the United Nations Although refugee status granted, they had not protected.
  • South Korean Shin Suk-ja and her daughters Oh Hye-won and Oh Kyu-won (9 and 11 years old at the time) were detained in Yodŏk from 1987 to 1998 because their husband and father did not return from a stay abroad. The family had previously been lured to North Korea by North Korean agents. Kang Chol-hwan and An Hyuk testified that Shin Suk-ja was in Yodŏk.
  • The South Korean Jeong Sang-un (in Yodŏk since 2010) is a non-repatriated prisoner of war from the Korean War who was imprisoned at the age of 84 for leaving the country without permission.

Literature / musical / film

  • Literature: Kang Chol-hwan wrote the book The Aquariums of Pyongyang in 2001 about his childhood in the Yodok camp.
  • Musical: Jung Sung-san, another former prisoner in Yodok, staged the musical "Yoduk Story" about the camp in 2006.
  • Film: Andrzej Fidyk made the film “Yodok Stories” in 2008 about life in the Yodok camp. Some North Korean refugees star in this film. He uses scenes from the musical and eyewitness accounts.

See also

literature

  • Political Prison Camps in North Korea Today . Database Center for North Korean Human Rights (NKDB), 2011, ISBN 978-89-93739-16-9 (English, digitized version ( Memento from February 28, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) [PDF; 3.6 MB ]).
  • David Hawk: The Hidden Gulag - The Lives and Voices of “Those Who are Sent to the Mountains” . 2nd Edition. Committee for Human Rights in North Korea, 2012, ISBN 0-615-62367-0 (English, hrnk.org [PDF; 5.2 MB ; accessed on February 24, 2020]).

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f The Hidden Gulag: Testimony Kwan-li-so No. 15 yodok. The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea, pp. 52-69 , accessed January 11, 2013 .
  2. ^ North Korea: A case to answer - a call to act. Christian Solidarity Worldwide, June 20, 2007, pp. 44–45 , accessed on January 11, 2013 (English).
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g North Korea: Political Prison Camps. Amnesty International, May 3, 2011, accessed October 27, 2011 .
  4. ↑ a b Martin Robinson: 'Hell on earth': Detailed satellite photos show death camps North Korea still deny even exist. The Daily Mail, September 20, 2011, accessed January 11, 2013 .
  5. ↑ a b c The Hidden Gulag - Satellite imagery: Kwan-li-so No. 15 Yodok Partial Overview. The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea, pp. 197-208 , accessed January 11, 2013 .
  6. ↑ A Christian Family Detained for life for Praying. Daily NK , October 14, 2005, accessed November 28, 2011 .
  7. ↑ a b End horror of North Korean political prison camps. (No longer available online.) Amnesty International, May 4, 2011, archived from the original on December 25, 2011 ; accessed on November 22, 2011 (English). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.amnesty.org
  8. ↑ World Watch List 2013. (No longer available online.) Open Doors, January 6, 2013, archived from the original on January 23, 2013 ; accessed on January 9, 2013 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / worldwatchlist.org.au
  9. ↑ Yodok Detention Center North Korea. Amnesty International University Group Bonn, 2012, accessed January 22, 2014 .
  10. ^ Yodok Detention Center in North Korea (analysis of satellite images). Amnesty International, August 30, 2011, accessed January 22, 2014 .
  11. ↑ a b Images reveal scale of North Korean political prison camps. Amnesty International, May 3, 2011, accessed November 24, 2011 .
  12. ↑ Yodok - Secret Prison Camp. (No longer available online.) Amnesty International Austria, 2011, archived from the original on February 2, 2014 ; accessed on January 22, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.amnesty.at
  13. ↑ a b c Anne Schneppen: Ten years in hell. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, June 23, 2003, accessed on January 17, 2014 .
  14. ↑ Urgent Action: Older gentleman in danger of death. Amnesty International Germany, accessed November 24, 2010 .
  15. ↑ Outside World Turns Blind Eye to N. Korea's Hard-Labor Camps (+ interactive map). Washington Post, June 20, 2009, accessed January 13, 2014 .
  16. ^ Yodok Concentration Camp - North Korea. Fuji TV, June 20, 2009, accessed January 13, 2014 .
  17. ^ Political Prison Camps in North Korea Today . Database Center for North Korean Human Rights (NKDB), 2011, ISBN 978-89-93739-16-9 (English, digitized version ( Memento from February 28, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) [PDF; 3.6 MB ] comprehensive analysis of the camps for political prisoners with detailed testimony). Political Prison Camps in North Korea Today ( Memento of the original from February 28, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / nkdb.org
  18. ↑ a b c Inside North Korea's gulag. The Independent, February 18, 2006, archived from the original on March 29, 2010 ; accessed on November 28, 2011 (English).
  19. ↑ a b End horror of North Korean political prison camps. Amnesty International, May 4, 2011, accessed January 15, 2014 .
  20. ^ Prisoners Forced to Work at a Frozen River during the Winter. Daily NK , February 14, 2006, accessed November 24, 2011 .
  21. ^ North Korea's Political Prison Camp. International Coalition to Stop Crimes against Humanity in North Korea, October 13, 2011, accessed December 2, 2011 .
  22. ↑ a b c d e f g I Was a Prisoner of North Korea's Political Prison Camp. Citizens' Alliance for North Korean Human Rights, December 20, 2007, archived from the original on April 23, 2012 ; accessed on January 16, 2014 (English).
  23. ^ The physical appearance of typical prisoners. The Daily NK , January 31, 2006, accessed November 28, 2011 .
  24. ↑ Martin Fritz: The forgotten Gulag. Deutschlandfunk, July 15, 2003, accessed on January 22, 2014 .
  25. ^ Prisoners Forced to Work at a Frozen River during the Winter. Daily NK , February 14, 2006, accessed November 28, 2011 .
  26. ^ A b Daniel-Dylan Böhmer: The people as enemies of the North Korean regime. Die Welt, April 14, 2011, accessed January 22, 2014 .
  27. ^ Prisoners Steal the Leftover Possessions of Dead Prisoners. Daily NK , February 10, 2006, accessed November 28, 2011 .
  28. ↑ Prisoners Harassed by Lice under Extremely Unsanitary Conditions. Daily NK , February 23, 2006, accessed November 28, 2011 .
  29. ^ Speak out for the 50,000 forgotten prisoners of Yodok, North Korea. (No longer available online.) Amnesty International Australia, Aug 9, 2011, archived from the original on June 4, 2012 ; accessed on May 15, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.amnesty.org.au
  30. ^ Prisoners Using Community Toilet. Daily NK , February 27, 2006, accessed November 28, 2011 .
  31. ^ A b Pierre Rigoulot: Crime and Terror in North Korea: Prisons and Camps. International Society for Human Rights (ISHR), 1998, accessed January 17, 2014 .
  32. ↑ Amnesty Report: Call for Help from North Korea's Horror Prisons. Der Spiegel, May 4, 2011, accessed on January 22, 2014 .
  33. ^ Concentrations of Inhumanity. Freedom House, May 1, 2007, pp. 47-48 , accessed November 28, 2011 .
  34. ^ Survey Report on Political Prisoners' Camps in North Korea. (PDF; 1.2 MB) In: nkdb.org. National Human Rights Commission of Korea, December 1, 2009, pp. 111-112 , archived from the original on April 26, 2012 ; accessed on April 20, 2019 .
  35. ^ A b c d Children in North Korean Concentration Camps - 2nd Citizens' Alliance for North Korean Human Rights, December 20, 2007, archived from the original on April 23, 2012 ; accessed on January 16, 2014 (English).
  36. ↑ a b Nicholas Zifcak: AI says: Death is welcome in North Korea's penal camps. Epoch Times Deutschland, May 28, 2012, accessed January 22, 2014 .
  37. ^ Survey Report on Political Prisoners' Camps in North Korea. (PDF; 1.2 MB) In: nkdb.org. National Human Rights Commission of Korea, December 1, 2009, pp. 161-172 , archived from the original on April 26, 2012 ; accessed on April 20, 2019 .
  38. ^ Children Routinely Carry Heavy Loads. Daily NK , October 26, 2005, accessed December 7, 2011 .
  39. ^ Survey Report on Political Prisoners' Camps in North Korea. (PDF; 1.2 MB) In: nkdb.org. National Human Rights Commission of Korea, December 1, 2009, pp. 156-159 , archived from the original on April 26, 2012 ; accessed on April 20, 2019 .
  40. ^ Labor of Death. Citizens' Alliance for North Korean Human Rights, December 20, 2007, archived from the original on April 23, 2012 ; accessed on January 16, 2014 (English).
  41. ^ Inside North Korea's labor camps. Al Jazeera, June 9, 2009, accessed December 2, 2011 .
  42. ↑ a b Images reveal scale of North Korean political prison camps. Amnesty International, May 3, 2011, accessed December 2, 2011 .
  43. ^ The physical appearance of typical prisoners. Daily NK , January 31, 2006, accessed December 2, 2011 .
  44. ^ People I met in No. 15 camp. International Coalition to Stop Crimes against Humanity in North Korea, October 13, 2011, accessed December 2, 2011 .
  45. ^ Prisoners Eating Salamanders, Frogs and Anything Else To Stay Alive. Daily NK , December 25, 2005, accessed December 2, 2011 .
  46. ^ Prisoners Catching Rats for Survival. Daily NK , February 21, 2006, accessed December 2, 2011 .
  47. ^ Children in North Korean Concentration Camps - 2nd Citizens' Alliance for North Korean Human Rights, December 20, 2007, archived from the original on April 23, 2012 ; accessed on January 16, 2014 (English).
  48. ^ North Korea's Political Prison Camp. International Coalition to Stop Crimes against Humanity in North Korea, October 13, 2011, accessed December 2, 2011 .
  49. ↑ Prisoners Eat Pig slops to Avoid Starvation. Daily NK , February 16, 2006, accessed December 2, 2011 .
  50. ^ Political Prison Camps Expand. Radio Free Asia, May 4, 2011, accessed December 2, 2011 .
  51. ↑ 'NK gulags hellish for detainees'. The Korea Times, September 5, 2011, accessed September 28, 2011 .
  52. ^ Yodok, North Korea - Write for Rights 2011 (reenactment of the torture of the pigeons 1:55 - 02:30). Amnesty International USA, November 23, 2011, accessed November 28, 2011 .
  53. ↑ a b Concentrations of Inhumanity. Freedom House, May 1, 2007, p. 48 , accessed November 28, 2011 .
  54. ^ A Well-founded Fear: Punishment and Labor Camps in North Korea. Human Rights Watch, November 19, 2002, accessed November 28, 2011 .
  55. ↑ A Child Brutally Beaten for a minor offense. Daily NK , November 2, 2005, accessed November 28, 2011 .
  56. ↑ Cruel Punishment for Children. Daily NK , October 30, 2005, accessed November 28, 2011 .
  57. ^ A Child Kicked into a Dung Bucket and Beaten to Death. Daily NK , November 3, 2005, accessed November 28, 2011 .
  58. ↑ On the run from starvation. (No longer available online.) Amnesty International, February 18, 2004, archived from the original February 1, 2014 ; Retrieved January 17, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.amnesty.de
  59. ^ My Experience in a Political Prison Camp. Citizens' Alliance for North Korean Human Rights, December 20, 2007, archived from the original on April 23, 2012 ; accessed on January 17, 2014 (English).
  60. ↑ Ex-prisoner tells about camp life in North Korea "It was like Hitler's Auschwitz". Focus Online, December 28, 2011, accessed January 22, 2014 .
  61. ^ North Korea: A case to answer - a call to act. Christian Solidarity Worldwide, June 20, 2007, pp. 36–37 , accessed December 6, 2011 (English).
  62. ^ Survey Report on Political Prisoners' Camps in North Korea. (PDF; 1.2 MB) In: nkdb.org. National Human Rights Commission of Korea, December 1, 2009, archived from the original on April 26, 2012 ; accessed on April 20, 2019 .
  63. ↑ Child prisoner: Kang Chol Hwan. NBC News, October 28, 2003, accessed November 28, 2011 .
  64. ↑ Mark Tran: North Korean defectors tell of torture and beatings. The Guardian, November 4, 2009, accessed November 4, 2009 .
  65. ^ After Repatriation: Three Years in Yodok. Citizens' Alliance for North Korean Human Rights, December 20, 2007, archived from the original on April 23, 2012 ; accessed on January 17, 2014 (English).
  66. ^ A Well-founded Fear: Punishment and Labor Camps in North Korea. Human Rights Watch, November 19, 2002, accessed November 28, 2011 .
  67. ^ N. Korean Security Turns to Sexual Abuse, Seduction. Chosun Ilbo, March 16, 2010, accessed November 28, 2011 .
  68. ^ Concentrations of Inhumanity. Freedom House, May 1, 2007, pp. 53-59 , accessed November 28, 2011 .
  69. ↑ ICNK Letter To Kim Jong Il. International Coalition to Stop Crimes against Humanity in North Korea, October 13, 2011, accessed November 28, 2011 .
  70. ^ North Korea Prison Camp Survivors Speak at UN Meeting. Christian Post, April 10, 2005, accessed on November 21, 2011 .
  71. ↑ The Supremo in His Labyrinth. Time Magazine, February 11, 2002, accessed November 21, 2011 .
  72. ^ After Repatriation: Three Years in Yodŏk. Citizens' Alliance for North Korean Human Rights, December 20, 2007, archived from the original on April 23, 2012 ; accessed on January 17, 2014 (English).
  73. ↑ Sang-hun Choe: An escapee tells of life and death in North Korea's labor camps. The New York Times, May 31, 2007, accessed December 6, 2011 .
  74. ^ Document - North Korea: Summary of Amnesty International's concerns: 2.2 Shin Sook Ja and her daughters. Amnesty International , October 12, 1993, accessed February 1, 2011 .
  75. ↑ North Korea: Disappearances of Political Prisoners and Their Families. International Society for Human Rights (ISHR), 2012, accessed on January 17, 2014 .
  76. ^ Blaine Harden : A family and a conscience, destroyed by North Korea's cruelty. Washington Post , February 22, 2010, accessed September 27, 2011 .
  77. ↑ 아내 • 두 딸 을 북한 에 두고 탈출 한 오길남 박사. Chosun Ilbo, September 3, 2009, archived from the original on February 21, 2012 ; Retrieved February 25, 2010 (Korean).
  78. ↑ North Korea: Elderly prisoner's life at risk in North Korea: Jeong Sang-un. Amnesty International, August 19, 2010, accessed November 21, 2011 .
  79. ↑ Tim Tepel: Book review: The Aquariums of Pyongyang. (No longer available online.) University of Paderborn: Asian Studies in Business and Economics, June 9, 2010, archived from the original on February 4, 2014 ; accessed on January 22, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / groups.uni-paderborn.de
  80. ↑ engl. Wikipedia: The Aquariums of Pyongyang
  81. ↑ Yoduk Story: Promotion Clip. Yoduk Story, 2006, accessed September 18, 2012 .
  82. ^ Charles Scanlon: Musical brings Korean horrors home. BBC , March 24, 2006, accessed September 18, 2012 .
  83. ^ Yodok Stories: The Movie. Piraya Film, 2009, accessed November 22, 2011 .

Coordinates: 39 ° 40 ′ 27 ″  N , 126 ° 51 ′ 5.1 ″  E