Internment camp
Different places of detention in different countries at different times have been designated as detention camps .
The internees were often civilians , prisoners of war or soldiers of neutral powers.
First World War
United Kingdom
UK taught during the Boer War, an internment camp for internment prisoner Buren in Ahmednagar in the Bombay Presidency in India one. During the First World War it served as an internment camp for civilians. In the spring of 1915 over 2000 German and Austrian civilians were brought there. Mainly there were German civilians from the former German colony of German East Africa , but also from other countries. The camp still existed during World War II .
France
In France , Germans and Austrians were held in various camps, including the Le Vernet internment camp in the Pyrenees. The internment Garaison whole next conscript men families, civilian nationals of those great powers who were at war against France came. Further camps were located in Uzès in the southern French department of Gard and, the largest, on the Île Longue peninsula near Brest .
Austria-Hungary
During the Austro-Hungarian monarchy , the Abwehramt had several internment camps set up, especially in Lower and Upper Austria, including Enzersdorf im Thale, Göllersdorf, Hainburg, Katzenau , Mittergrabern, Raschala, Sitzendorf an der Schmida, Steinklamm and Weyerburg. In the Waldviertel, these were Drosendorf , Grossau , Illmau , Karlstein an der Thaya , Kirchberg an der Wild , Markl and Sittmannshof , in Styria near Graz the Thalerhof camp and others in Bohemia and Moravia.
Germany
In Germany, around 2.5 million foreign soldiers had been interned in around 320 different camps by the end of the First World War. The most famous internment camp - mainly for British civilians - was in Ruhleben .
Interwar period
France
Towards the end of the Spanish Civil War , more than half a million refugees from Catalonia fled to the French border, the only way to escape from the approaching Franco troops. Due to international pressure, the French government allowed the refugees to enter France on February 5th. Hundreds of thousands of civilians and the remains of the Republican People's Army then poured into France. By February 15, 1939, according to official information, 353,107 people had fled to the French department Pyrénées-Orientales , which at that time was home to around 230,000 people. According to a report by the French government (Informe Valière) of March 9, 1939, the number of refugees reached 440,000. Among the fugitives were 170,000 women, children and the elderly, 220,000 soldiers and militiamen, 40,000 invalids and 10,000 injured. Various internment camps were set up for the refugees, such as the Argelès-sur-Mer internment camp on the Mediterranean Sea.
Second World War
United States
In the United States , prisoners of war or citizens who were politically undesirable or considered dangerous were interned; during the Second World War, for example, 120,000 Japanese and US citizens of Japanese descent (→ internment of Americans of Japanese origin ) and, in smaller numbers, German-Americans , Mexicans and Italians . The last release of German Americans from the internment camps took place in the summer of 1948. To date, the US government has not officially recognized the forced internment or deportation of German Americans.
United Kingdom
This article or section was due to content flaws on the quality assurance side of the editorial history entered. This is done in order to bring the quality of the articles in the field of history to an acceptable level. Articles that cannot be significantly improved are deleted. Please help fix the shortcomings in this article and please join the discussion ! |
In 1940 the British government decided to intern all male German emigrants as Enemy Aliens ("enemy foreigners"). For example, German Jews who had fled to Great Britain , such as Gerhard Leibholz , as well as German opponents of the Nazis were interned in the internment camps during the Second World War . There were internment camps for civilians in Huyton , on the Isle of Man (e.g. the Hutchinson Internment Camp ), in Canada, Australia and several internment camps in India , including Ahmednagar and Dehra Dun , where the well-known Austrian one was also located Heinrich Harrer, a traveler to Tibet, was arrested. On May 28, 1940, all German women between the ages of 16 and 60 living in Great Britain were interned on the Isle of Man .
After the end of the war, from August 1946 to November 1949, Jewish refugees who wanted to enter Palestine or Israel illegally under British law were held in internment camps in Cyprus .
Switzerland
In Switzerland, units of the French Armée de l'Est (called Bourbaki Army ) were interned for the first time in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870/71 . While only a few soldiers were interned in the First World War , in the Second World War over 29,000 Frenchmen of the 45th French Army Corps were brought back to France in consultation with the National Socialists. The 12,000 Polish soldiers of the 45th French Army Corps were interned in central camps with 2,000 civilians after crossing the Swiss border a few months later. The largest for Polish members of the 45th Army Corps was the Büren an der Aare internment camp . The second largest was the Adliswil internment camp . Other internment camps were, for example, in the Wauwilermoos moorland , in the municipality of Hinwil ( Girenbad internment camp ), in Gordola , Thalheim in the canton of Aargau , Bassecourt , and Wallisellen .
After 1943 there were around 20,000 Italians and at the end of the war many German units were added. In total, more than 100,000 people were interned. Members of the SS and Red Army soldiers who fought on the German side were turned away. Officers were allowed to move freely if they gave their word of honor not to flee.
In total, there were over 1,100 internment camps in Switzerland during the Second World War, the exact number of which is not known, and thus one in roughly every sixth place in Switzerland.
Foreign Jews and German political emigrants were also interned as illegal refugees, such as Rudolf Singer , Walter Fisch , Emanuel Treu or the opera singer Joseph Schmidt , who died in an internment camp.
France
After the Spanish Civil War , many interbrigadists fled across the border to France in February 1939 . There they were sent to internment camps that were quickly improvised along the French Mediterranean coast (including in Saint-Cyprien (Pyrénées-Orientales) , Camp d'Agde internment camp and Argelès-sur-Mer internment camp ), where they first had to sleep on the bare ground.
The internment camps set up in the run-up to the Second World War were used during the war to receive foreign refugees, imprison people hostile to the state or collect Jews for deportation to the German Reich. During the war there were a total of 219 camps.
During and shortly before the German occupation of France in World War II , according to decrees of November 12, 1938, people in France were classified as so-called "étrangers indésirables" (unwanted foreigners), also translated as "hostile foreigners" in German. Internment in camps was planned for the legally worst off of three groups. The best known of these camps was Les Milles ; Many such people were also initially held in the Gurs camp. The French legal term is similar to the Anglo-Saxon term of Enemy Alien, but does not match it.
After the retreat of the German occupying power was in France from October 1944 (in the context of "cleansing" ( épuration ) and about 10,000 to 15,000 executions without trial) 170 warehouse with 60,000 internees of collaboration were suspected furnished.
post war period
Western zones
In the course of denazification and re- education , many functionaries of National Socialist organizations, concentration camp personnel and alleged war criminals in internment camps were arrested in post-war Germany . Most of the internees had been detained under the rules of automatic arrest . Former concentration camps , satellite camps of concentration camps and former prisoner of war camps were used to accommodate the internees .
There were US, French and British camps. After the liberation of the Dachau concentration camp , the Dachau concentration camp was used by the American occupation as a Dachau internment camp . The Dachau Trials took place here, including the main Buchenwald trial . In the internment camp Bad Nenndorf there were mainly people who were seen by the British as the greatest security threat, officers of the German defense, top Wehrmacht officials and diplomats. The Neuengamme internment camp also existed near Hamburg .
The internment camps of the Americans were brought under German control in the summer of 1946 and the establishment of ruling chambers was ordered. The German ruling chambers replaced the "Security Review Boards" of the American army, which had previously processed the dismissal applications. It took many months, sometimes even up to three years, for internees to be brought to trial in the camp. With camp detention of this duration, the punishment was partially anticipated.
Eastern zone or GDR
After the end of the Second World War in 1945, the Soviet military administration set up special camps in the Soviet Occupation Zone (SBZ) , which existed in the GDR until 1950 .
In the GDR, the Ministry for State Security planned such a facility ("Prevention Complex"), but never implemented it.
Yugoslavia
By spring 1945, around 90% (around 119,000 people) of the remaining Yugoslav German population had been interned, for example in central labor camps for men who were able to work, in local camps for the population of entire towns and in internment camps for women, children and the elderly who were unable to work.
The historian Michael Portmann speaks of initially around 80 camps for the German population throughout Yugoslavia. Georg Wildmann lists 84 internment camps by name in the area of the former Yugoslavia.
Including:
In the Batschka :
- Jarek camp (Bački Jarak) with 7,000 deaths
- Gakowa (Gakovo) with 8,500 deaths
- Kruschiwl (Kruševlje) with 2,800 deaths
In the Banat :
- Molidorf (Molin) camp with 3000 deaths
- Rudolfsgnad (Kničanin) with 9500 deaths
In Syrmia :
- Camp “Svilara”, silk factory in Syrmisch Mitrowitz (Sremska Mitrovica) with 2,000 deaths
In Slavonia :
- Walpach (Valpovo) with 1,000 deaths
- Kerndia (Krndija) with 300 deaths
According to the legal opinion by Dieter Blumenwitz (2002), the total number of Danube Swabian human casualties in the camps was 59,335 victims, including 5,582 children. This number includes the Danube Swabians who died in the temporary camps and those shot while fleeing. Michael Portmann (2004) named around 46,000 Germans from Vojvodina alone who, according to statistical estimates, died in the camps between autumn 1944 and spring 1948.
In January 1946, the Yugoslav government applied to the Western Allies to expel the approximately 110,000 Yugoslav Germans who had remained in the country to Germany. However, this was refused. In 1947 groups of Germans were allowed to leave the country or were able to flee from the camps across the borders to Romania or Hungary. In 1948 the camps were closed; The 80,000 or so surviving Germans were fired, but were then forced to sign mostly three-year employment contracts with prescribed employers. During this time, they were not given identity cards and were not allowed to leave their homes. Only after completing the service and often only after paying a bounty did they receive the status of full citizens.
Internment camps in individual countries (selection)
Afghanistan
- Bagram Military Prison (Bagram Theater Internment Facility)
Chile
China
Denmark
Germany
- Internment camp Bad Wurzach (1942 for residents of the British Channel Islands)
western allies:
- Rhine meadow camp (1945, also prisoners of war)
American Zone of Occupation (Civilian Internment Enclosures. Abbreviation: CIE)
- Allendorf internment camp (CIE 96, Aug - Sep 1945)
- Altenstadt internment camp (Upper Bavaria) (CIE 10, Sep 1945 - Apr 1946)
- Internment Camp Aschaffenburg (CIE 14, March 1946)
- Internment camp Augsburg-Göggingen (CIE 317, July 1946 - May 1948)
- Internment camp Berlin -Wannsee / Lichterfelde (May 1945 - Dec 1947)
- Internment camp Bremen - Parkallee / Riesport (May 1945 - Dec 1947)
- Internment camp Butzbach (CIE 99, Nov 1945 - March 1946)
- Internment camp Coburg (CIE 12)
- Internment camp Dachau (CIE 29, Sep 1945 - Aug 1949)
- Internment camp Darmstadt (CIE 91, March 1946 - Dec 1949)
- Flossenbürg Internment Camp (July 1945 - April 1946)
- Internment camp Garmisch-Partenkirchen (CIE 7 and 8, June 1945 - Sep 1949)
- Hammelburg Internment Camp (CIE 9, Sep 1945 - May 1948)
- Internment camp Heilbronn -Böckingen (CIE 81, Nov 1945 - Jan 1946 and July 1947)
- Internment camp Hersbruck (CIE 4, Sep 1945 - Apr 1946)
- Internment camp fortress Hohenasperg (CIE 76, July 1945 - July 1947)
- Internment camp Kornwestheim (CIE 73 (July 1945 - July 1946) and 75 (July 1945 - July 1948))
- Internment camp Ludwigsburg CIE 71 (May 1945 - Apr 1946), 72 (May 1945 - Dec 1947), 74 (June 1945 - Aug 1946), 77 (Sep 1945 - Dec 1949) and 79 (Ludwigsburg / Bruchsal, Oct 1945 - Apr 1946 )
- Internment camp Moosburg an der Isar (CIE 6 (Sep 1945 - March 1948), former main camp VII A )
- Internment camp Natternberg (Deggendorf) (CIE 5, Sep 1945 - Apr 1946)
- Internment camp Neustadt (Hessen) (CIE 97, Aug - Sep 1945 and July 1947)
- Internment camp Neu-Ulm (CIE80, July and Oct - Dec 1945)
- Internment camp Nürnberg- Langwasser (CIE 409, July 1946 - Sep 1949)
- Internment camp Ollendorf (CIE 94, June 1945)
- Plattling Internment Camp (CIE 13, Nov 1945 - July 1846)
- Internment camp Regensburg (CIE 22 July 1946 - Aug 1949)
- Rockenberg Internment Camp (CIE 98, Sep - Dec 1945)
- Schwarzenborn Internment Camp (CIE 93, June 1945 - March 1946)
- Stephanskirchen Internment Camp (CIE 15, Nov 1945 - April 1946)
- Internment camp Straubing (CIE 11, Nov 1945 - July 1946)
- Internment camp Ziegenhain (CIE 95 (July 1945 - March 1946), former main camp IX A )
- Internment camp Zuffenhausen (CIE 78, Oct 1945 - July 1946)
British zone of occupation (Civilian Internment Camps, abbr .: CIC):
- Internment camp Eselheide (from Oct. 1946 CIC No. 7, former main camp VI K (326) )
- Esterwegen internment camp (CIC No. 9, May 1945 - July 1947)
- Internment camp Bad Fallingbostel (CIC No. 3, May 1945 - June 1949, former main camp XII B)
- Internment camp Hemer , called " Camp Roosevelt " (CIC No. 7, former main camp VI A)
- Internment camp Neuengamme (CIC No. 6)
- Internment camp Neumünster-Gadeland (CIC No. 1, until Oct 1946)
- Internment camp Recklinghausen-Hillerheide (CIE 91, CIC No. 4)
- Internment camp Sandbostel (CIC No. 2, June 1945 - Aug 1948, former main camp XB )
- Staumühle internment camp (CIC No. 5)
- Westertimke internment camp (CIC No. 8, May 1945 - June 1946)
- Interrogation Center Bad Nenndorf
- Interrogation Centers No. 030-032
- Internment settlement Delmenhorst- Adelheide (May 1947 - Oct 1948)
- Criminal -Zentrum neugraben-fischbek (Mai 1947 - early 1948)
French zone of occupation: (Camps d'Internement)
- Algenrodt internment camp in Idar-Oberstein
- Internment camp Balingen
- Internment camp Bühl- Altschweier
- Internment camp Diez (former main camp XII A)
- Internment camp Freiburg- Betzenhausen
- Prisons in Koblenz
- Lahr-Dinglingen internment camp
- Internment camp in Landau in the Palatinate
- Internment camp Neunkirchen -Binsenthal
- Internment camp Saarbrücken on the liberation field
- Theley internment camp
- Internment camp Trier on the Petrisberg (former main camp XII D)
- Internment camp in Wörth am Rhein
Soviet occupation zone:
France
- Internment camp in Argelès-sur-Mer
- Barcarès internment camp
- Bram internment camp
- Camp d'Agde internment camp
- Chambaran Detention Center
- Gurs internment camp
- Le Vernet internment camp
- Les Milles internment camp
- Rieucros internment camp
- Rivesaltes internment camp
- Internment Camp Saint-Cyprien (Camp de Concentration de Saint-Cyprien)
- Septfonds Internment Camp
- Vallon-en-Sully internment camp
- Voves internment camp
- Drancy collection camp
India
Japan
Canada
- Castle Mountain Internment Camp
Netherlands
North Korea
- Pukch'ang Detention Center
- Ch'ŏngjin Detention Center
- Haengyŏng Detention Center
- Hwasŏng Detention Center
- Kaech'ŏn Detention Center
- Yodŏk Detention Center
- see also: Kwan-li-so
Austria
- Drosendorf internment camp
- Internment camp Grossau
- Internment camp Illmau
- Internment camp Karlstein an der Thaya
- Katzenau internment camp
- Internment camp Kirchberg an der Wild
- Internment camp Lochau
- Internment camp Markl
- Internment camp Rossau
- Sittmannshof internment camp
Poland
- Internment camp for soldiers of the People's Republic of Ukraine
- Szczypiorno internment camp
- Zgoda camp
- Toszek NKVD camp
- Laband Internment Camp
- Lamsdorf internment camp
Soviet Union
South Africa
Switzerland
- Internment camp Büren an der Aare
- Internment camp Girenbad
- Internment camp Adliswil
- Wauwilermoos internment camp
Czechoslovakia
- Internment camp Theresienstadt
- Ostrava internment camp
United States
- Bagram military prison
- Guantanamo Bay Naval Base Detention Center
- Manzanar War Relocation Center
- Minidoka War Relocation Center
- In World War II:
See also
- Labor education camp as internment camp, police prison
- Gulag (Soviet Union)
- Arrest and Repatriation (China)
literature
- Heiner Wember : re-education in the camp. Internment and punishment of National Socialists in the British zone of occupation in Germany . Essen 1991.
- Utz Anhalt: The Forbidden Village The Interrogation Center Wincklerbad of the British occupying forces in Bad Nenndorf 1945 - 1947 . Offizin, Hannover 2010, ISBN 978-3-930345-90-8 .
- Heiner Wember : Tommies as perpetrators - The specialist historian Heiner Wember comments on the latest information about British torture camps in Germany after World War II. In: ZEIT online. April 4, 2006.
- Bernd Kroemer: "Gottreich Hubertus Mehnert", From Schutztruppler to Farmer and Scientist (in the Andalusia camp), messages, Namibia Scientific Society, September - December 2012
Web links
- The planned Stasi isolation camps
- Internment plan of the Stasi district office in Bernau from July 25, 1989 (PDF file; 249 kB)
Individual evidence
- ↑ http://www.ilelongue14-18.eu/
- ^ Jochen Oltmer: Migration and Politics in the Weimar Republic. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2005, ISBN 3-525-36282-X , p. 271.
- ↑ Les lieux de détention. prisonniers-de-guerre-1914-1918.chez-alice.fr, accessed on April 25, 2014 (French).
- ↑ Arnold Krammer: Undue Process: The Untold Story of America's German Alien Internees. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, London 1997, ISBN 0-8476-8518-7 .
- ^ Ted Jones: Both sides of the wire. 2 volumes. New Ireland Press, 1989 ISBN 0920483216 ISBN 0920483259 . About a warehouse in Fredericton , New Brunswick
- ^ Hervé de Weck : Internments. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland . May 13, 2008 , accessed June 5, 2019 .
- ^ Georges Schild: The internment of military and civilians in Switzerland 1939-1946. a historical-postal study . Clipaeus, Bern 2016, p. 180-210 .
- ^ Joseph Schmidt in the exile archive
- ↑ Les camps d'internement français entre 1939 et 1945: list of the camps. Retrieved June 14, 2017 .
- ↑ Journal officiel, 1938, pp. 12920-12923, esp. 12923 Scan at Gallica
- ↑ Joel Kotek, Pierre Rigoulot: The century of the camp. Captivity, forced labor, extermination. Propylaea, 2001, ISBN 3-549-07143-4 .
- ^ Heiner Wember: re-education in the camp. Internment and punishment of National Socialists in the British zone of occupation in Germany. Essen 1991, ISBN 3-88474-152-7 , p. 7 f. (Düsseldorf publications on the modern history of North Rhine-Westphalia; Vol. 30)
- ↑ Christa Schick: The internment camps. In: M. Broszat, K.-D. Henke, H. Woller (Ed.): From Stalingrad to the currency reform. On the social history of upheaval in Germany. Munich 1989, ISBN 3-486-54132-3 , p. 301 ff.
- ↑ Peter Reif-Spirek, Bodo Ritscher (ed.): Special camp in the SBZ. Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin 1999, ISBN 3-86153-193-3 .
- ^ Michael Portmann, Arnold Suppan: Serbia and Montenegro in World War II . In: Austrian Institute for East and Southeast Europe: Serbia and Montenegro: Space and Population - History - Language and Literature - Culture - Politics - Society - Economy - Law . LIT Verlag 2006, p. 277 f .
- ↑ Michael Portmann: Politics of Destruction. In: Danubiana Carpathica. Vol. 1, 2007, p. 342ff.
- ↑ Michael Portmann: Politics of Destruction? In: Danubiana Carpathica, Vol. 1 (48), 2007, p. 351.
- ↑ a b c d e f g Georg Wildmann: Crimes against the Germans in Yugoslavia 1944–1948 . Editor: Donauschwäbische Kulturstiftung. Munich 2010, p. 320.
- ^ The suffering of the Germans in communist Yugoslavia , Volume 3. Donauschwäbisches Archiv Munich, 1995, ISBN 3-926276-21-5 , p. 234ff.
- ↑ Dieter Blumenwitz , legal opinion on the crimes against the Germans in Yugoslavia 1944–1948, special edition: Legal Studies, Munich 2002, p. 64.
- ↑ Documentation Working Group: Crimes against Germans in Yugoslavia 1944–1948. The stages of genocide. Munich 1998, p. 314. In: Central and Eastern European Online Library, Michael Portmann: Communist Retaliation and Persecution on Yugoslav Territory During and After World War II (1943–1950) . Currents of History (Tokovi istorije), Volume 12, 2004, pp. 45-74 (English).
- ↑ Foreign Relations of the United States - Diplomatic Papers 1946, Volume V, p. 135.
- ^ Immo Eberl, Konrad G. Gündisch, Ute Richter, Annemarie Röder, Harald Zimmermann: Die Donauschwaben. German settlement in Southeast Europe, exhibition catalog, scientific management of the exhibition Harald Zimmermann, Immo Eberl, and employee Paul Ginder . Ministry of the Interior of Baden-Württemberg, Sigmaringen 1987, ISBN 3-7995-4104-7 , p. 262-265 ( Internet publication ).
-
^ Zoran Janjetović : The conflicts between Serbs and Danube Swabians. Belgrade, 2004
Anton Scherer : History of Danube Swabian Literature. Munich, 2003, ISBN 3-926276-51-7 , p. 134.
Herbert Prokle: The way of the German minority of Yugoslavia after the camp was dissolved in 1948. Munich 2008, ISBN 978-3-926276-77-3 , p. 144, here p. 14. - ↑ Kathrin Meyer: Denazification of women. The internment camps of the US zone of Germany 1945-1952 (Documents - Texts - Materials 52), Berlin 2004, ISBN 3-936411-24-7 (The title is misleading, as this scientific study only casually deals with the special situation of women ; Review ). For Bavaria: Christa Schick: The internment camps . In: Martin Broszat, Klaus Dietmar Henke, Hans Woller (eds.): From Stalingrad to currency reform. On the social history of upheaval in Germany , Munich 1988, pp. 301–326. For Württemberg-Baden: Christof Strauss: Between apathy and self-justification: The internment of people burdened by Nazi in Württemberg-Baden ; in: End of the war and a new beginning: The occupation time in the Swabian-Alemannic area , Konstanz 2003, ISBN 3-89669-731-5 , pp. 287-313. For Hesse: Armin Schuster: The denazification in Hesse 1945-1954: Politics of the past in the post-war period (publications of the Historical Commission for Nassau 66), Wiesbaden 1999, ISBN 3-930221-06-3 , in particular pp. 239-257. Postmark of some camps at Jay T. Carnigen: Civilian Internment Enclosures (CIE) and Hospitals ( Memento from October 14, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Until April 1946 referred to as Interrogatio Camp Berlin (interrogation camp Berlin); Meyer p. 266.
- ^ Until April 1946 referred to as Interrogatio Camp Bremen (interrogation camp Bremen); Meyer p. 266.
- ↑ In some of the sources you can also find the term "Civilian Internment Camp No. 15 ".
- ↑ Henrik Friggemann: The internment Darmstadt. Democratization measures as part of the American and German denazification and internment policy after the Second World War . Munich 2007. (Master's thesis), ISBN 978-3-656-27412-4 (eBook). ( Extracts )
- ^ Peter Heigl : Flossenbürg Concentration Camp. 1994, ISBN 3-921114-29-2 , p. 79.
- ↑ First of all, all internees were housed in the Olympic ice stadium and then divided into two barracks; Karl Vogel: M-AA509, 11 months in command of an internment camp , Memmingen (self-published) 1951.
- ^ Files in the Ludwigsburg State Archives . Watercolor of the surroundings ( memento from October 17, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Georg Haberl, Walburga Fricke: Beginning and End of the Thousand Year Reich in Eastern Bavaria , Vol. 2, 2009, ISBN 978-3-85022-760-5 , pp. 319–329.
- ↑ Letter to the camp commandant ( memento of the original dated February 27, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Georg Haberl, Walburga Fricke: Beginning and End of the Thousand Year Reich in East Bavaria , Vol. 2, 2009, ISBN 978-3-85022-760-5 , pp. 314-319.
- ^ Waltraut Burger (text): Trutzhain memorial and museum. The permanent exhibition , Trutzhain 2012, ISBN 978-3-9813483-0-9 . The Trutzhain Memorial and Museum has its own room with pictures and texts on "CI Camp 95".
-
^ Mathias Beer : From home to home. Refugees in the Schlotwiese camp , Sigmaringen 1995. Mathias Beer: People in camps. The Schlotwiese 1942-1967 . In: People in Red. The history of a Stuttgart district in life pictures . Tübingen 1995, ISBN 3-87407-217-7 , pp. 29-35.
Mathias Beer: Zuffenhausen in the period after the Second World War . In: Albrecht Gühring (Ed.): Zuffenhausen, village - city - city district . Möglingen, 2004, ISBN 3-00-013395-X , pp. 477-498. - ↑ Those who were accused of war crimes were interned in the Esterwegen camp. From July 1946 the camp was named No. 101 Prison Camp with a German director under a British commander; Wember, pp. 81-82.
- ↑ Wember, pp. 61-63.
- ↑ The internees were taken to the Easelheide internment camp in September 1946; Wember, pp. 55-58.
- ^ Stiftung Lager Sandbostel ( Memento from December 18, 2013 in the Internet Archive ). Wember, pp. 58-60.
- ↑ Before prisoner of war camp for British and American ship crews; Wember, pp. 79-81.
- ↑ The Civil Interrnment Settlement No. 1 Adelheide was intended to isolate people classified as followers for the long term ; see Wember, pp. 85-86. prehistory
- ^ The War Criminal Holding Center No. 2 Fischbek comprised around 1,200 people in autumn 1947; Wember, pp. 87-88.
-
^ Rainer Möhler: The internment camp in the French occupation zone . In: Special camps - internment camps: internment policy in occupied post-war Germany (conference in the Berlin-Hohenschönhausen memorial on October 25, 1996) . Berlin 1997, ISBN 3-933152-02-X , pp. 50–60 (there p. 54 overview of the “twelve large internment camps” in the French zone).
Rainer Möhler: Denazification in Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland under French occupation 1945-1952 (= publications of the Parliament's commission for the history of Rhineland-Palatinate 17). Mainz 1992, pp. 358–395: Internment as part of the denazification policy .
Gerd Bayer: The chair . Zell / Mosel 2012 (reports from former internees). -
↑ Edgar Mais: Algenrodt internment camp . In: Landkreis Birkenfeld (Ed.): Home calendar of the Landkreis Birkenfeld 1985 . Baumholder 1984, pp. 179-185.
Bayer, pp. 28-36.
Karl Geiger: Internment in the German Southwest . 3rd edition, Heilbronn 1977 (report of former internees), pp. 29–57. - ↑ Old Swiss
- ↑ Bayer, p. 36 ff.
- ↑ The prisons in Koblenz, in which civilians were held after the automatic arrest , are not counted as internment camps in the literature (Möhler, Internierungslager, p. 54). The people imprisoned in Koblenz were housed in the bunker in Nagelgasse, in the town hall cellar, in the prison on the Karthauser, in "Camp 20" in Lützel and in the casemates of the Ehrenbreitstein fortress . Bayer, pp. 24-28.
- ↑ Geiger, pp. 64–67.
- ↑ Adolf Welter: Trier-Petrisberg 1940-1945: The POW camp Stalag XII D . Trier 2007, ISBN 3-923575-26-2 . Adolf Welter also has a private archive with documents on the internment camp.
- ↑ According to investigations by the Tracing Service of the German Red Cross, there were 1,215 internment camps, 846 labor and penal camps and 215 prisons in Czechoslovakia, in which 350,000 Germans were detained for longer or shorter periods. Wilfried Ahrens: Crimes against Germans - documents of expulsion . - Deutsche Verlagsanstalt 1983 ISBN 0391111639 , p. 225.
- ^ Alfred de Zayas The Nemesis of Potsdam. The Anglo-Americans and the expulsion of the Germans. 14th expanded edition. Herbig, Munich 2005, ISBN 3-7766-2454-X . - English: Nemesis at Potsdam (1–3 issues Routledge, London / Boston; 4–5 issues University of Nebraska Press; 6th issue Picton Press, Rockland / Maine, 2003). P.224
- ↑ Internment camp Hanke: Ostrava plans a memorial for Germans murdered after the end of the war. in: Czech Republic online 19.1.2018