Camp de Gurs

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View of the internment camp Camp de Gurs, ca.1939, view towards NNW
Plan with north arrow

The Camp de Gurs in the French town of Gurs north of the Pyrenees was the largest French internment camp even before the Second World War . It was initially built to intern political refugees from Spain and former fighters of the Spanish Civil War .

This camp became known above all in southwest Germany through the later deportation of Jews from Germany almost the entire Jewish-German population from Baden , the Bavarian Palatinate and the Saar Palatinate , which took place in October 1940 as part of the Wagner-Bürckel campaign by National Socialists and their French Collaborators were transported there. The camp was not operated directly by the Nazi regime, but by the Vichy government on its behalf . Most of these prisoners were, insofar as they were under the extreme conditions that led to a highMortality rate , had survived until then, then deported again from August 1942 and murdered by the Germans in the gas chambers of the extermination camps , which the French authorities were aware of at the time.

Since 1994 the camp site has been a national memorial , which aims to keep alive the memory of its history and the internees and prisoners there, the refugees, resistance fighters and German Jews, the abused and murdered. It is managed by the Amicale du camp de Gurs association based in Pau . The site is freely accessible.

location

The memorial is located on the border between Béarn and the Basque Country in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in southern France , about 80 kilometers from the border with Spain ; Oloron-Sainte-Marie is 13 kilometers away and Navarrenx around nine kilometers away.

The camp was located in the part of France not occupied by Germans . It was therefore operated by the Vichy government, which was, however, dependent on the Nazi regime, especially since the military occupation of the southern zone by German and Italian troops on November 10th and 11th, 1942, after which their already severely limited sovereignty was finally reduced was maintained as pure fiction.

Administratively, the former camp, located southwest of the Gave d'Oloron and the Route départementale 936 and northeast of the Lausset , belongs to the territory of the municipality of Gurs.

history

Yugoslav participants in the Spanish Civil War in Camp de Gurs camp, France, ca.1939

The camp was set up under the government of Édouard Daladier in April 1939 on a damp, 80- hectare site as temporary accommodation for political refugees and fighters in the Spanish Civil War . The camp originally consisted of 400 simple wooden barracks. It was surrounded by a double barbed wire fence and was called the "reception center". From May 1940 "undesirable persons" (for example anti-fascist emigrants from Germany and German citizens suspected of being spies as well as numerous Basques), who first had the Popular Front and from June 1940 the Vichy government arrested in France, were accommodated here.

From October 1940, Jews who had been deported from southwest Germany began to be accommodated; they were brought in trains to nearby Oloron-Sainte-Marie and transported from there to the camp - Gurs itself had no siding. For many, this was just a stopover before they were deported to the Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination camp in August 1942, where most of them were murdered.

The camp was closed by the Vichy authorities in November 1943, and the remaining prisoners were transferred to the Camp de Nexon . In 1944 the camp was reopened to keep opponents of the regime prisoner. After the liberation , the camp was used to imprison collaborators and German prisoners of war . In 1946 it was closed and then dismantled. A forest was planted on most of the site - the memory of this camp, which had always been under French administration, was to be suppressed.

Situation in the warehouse

The camp, stretching over three kilometers in length and width, was divided into Îlôts (French for small island ), twelve blocks, each containing 25 to 27 barracks with 60 beds each. The 24-meter-long and six-meter-wide barracks were made entirely of wood, and the inner height was two and a half meters. There was no furniture, the internees' suitcases served as tables and chairs. Each Îlôt was again fenced in with barbed wire.

Prisoners sometimes had to sleep on the bare ground at first, later they were allowed to fill a sack with straw as a pad. They were given a room 70 centimeters wide in the barracks . Except for the places where people cooked, the area was unpaved, so it was very muddy in bad weather. The separation from the family as well as hunger, catastrophic hygienic conditions and diseases (including dysentery ) shaped the situation. An average of seven people died every day.

The kitchen was in a small shed. The dishes of the day were prepared here in large cauldrons, but there was always hunger: in the morning there was a black broth and some bread, at noon and in the evening water soup with a few chickpeas as a garnish.

The cold came from the Pyrenees. Lice, fleas and bed bugs were everywhere. The children's aid of the Swiss Red Cross brought improvement.

There was also an infirmary with beds in the camp, but there was no medicine or medical equipment.

Home countries of prisoners; Reasons for arrest

Germany

Stumbling block for a Jewish citizen from Baden who was deported to Gurs at the age of 83.

The aforementioned undesirables also included people with German citizenship who had fled Spain to France because of their origin or political position or as former interbrigadists and were viewed as foreign nationals of a hostile nation . Among them were a significant number of German Jews who had fled the Nazi regime; B. Hannah Arendt ; she fled the Nazis to France in 1933 and was arrested in Gurs in May 1940 (see also the section known prisoners).

At the instigation of the Gauleiter of Baden , the most fanatical Nazis Robert Wagner , and the Gauleiter Josef Bürckel ( Gau Saarpfalz ) under the were first scheduled deportation of Jews from Germany 6,538 German Jewish faith from the October 22, 1940 Baden , the Palatinate and the Saarland abducted to Gurs by the Gestapo and French authorities. Your rail transports came from Mannheim (2335), Heidelberg (1380), Karlsruhe (900), Baden-Baden (106), Freiburg (450) and Konstanz (110). Around 2,000 of them died in the camp alone; most were by rail via the bearing de Rivesaltes camp in the extermination camp Auschwitz-Birkenau deported and murdered.

From 1941 onwards, a few managed to emigrate to safe third countries through international aid organizations and personal contacts .

Gurs was in Vichy , which was unoccupied until November 11, 1942 - southern France of Marshal Pétain ; however, from 1942 onwards, imprisoned people were "expelled" from here to Germany. Many of those deported were then murdered in the Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination camp. Hundreds have already died in the camp.

On the occasion of the 70th anniversary of the deportations of Jews from Baden and the Saar-Palatinate, commemorative events and exhibitions were held in many communities in the affected regions.

The film "Menachem and Fred" (directed by Ronit Kertsner, Ofra Tevet) tells the fate of the siblings Heinz and Manfred Mayer from Hoffenheim , who were also interned in Gurs concentration camp and who meet again after 60 years.

France

From France were among others. the following groups of people in the warehouse:

With the signing of the armistice of June 22, 1940 between France and Germany, the region in which the camp was located fell into the unoccupied zone controlled by the Vichy regime; the camp was placed under civil administration.

The military commander appointed by the Daladier government burned the files before the transfer of authority and let the Spanish republican internees escape who went into hiding among the French population. However, the fire in the files meant that a large number of ex-internees had enormous difficulty in obtaining compensation for their internment after the war.

700 of these prisoners were released between August 21 (the arrival date of an inspection commission sent by the Third Reich) and October 1940. They returned to Germany because of their nationality or their proximity to the Nazi regime.

Netherlands

The first contingent from the Netherlands arrived in Gurs on May 21, 1940, eleven days after the German invasion of the Netherlands.

Spain

The French administration distinguished here four groups of prisoners:

  • Basques or Gudaris : Basque nationalists or members of the Basque Army ( Eusko Gudarostea ) during the Spanish Civil War ( Gudari : Basque word meaning soldier or warrior, from guda (war) and the suffix -ari , as a professional title; the members of the current ETA also refer to themselves as Gudaris .) Most of the Gudaris were able to find support in France due to the proximity of their homeland and finally escaped.
  • Brigadists: Soldiers of the International Brigades - from all over Europe ( Russia , Germany , the Baltic States , Austria , Czechoslovakia, etc.) Some managed to escape, some went to the French Foreign Legion .
  • Aviators / Ground Staff : Ground staff of the Air Force of the Spanish Republic . Her job as a mechanic made it relatively easy for her to find French employers, so they were allowed to leave the warehouse legally.
  • Spaniards: people with no family, political or personal ties in France, who did not belong to any of the other groups, had previously worked in agriculture or other low-paid occupations and whom France saw as a burden. Most of them were returned via the Irun border crossing , from where they were taken to Camp de Miranda de Ebro .

Other countries occupied by the Third Reich

Austria, Czechoslovakia, Italy, Poland.

Storage statistics

From Spain
(April 5 to August 31, 1939)
Basques 6,555
Brigadists 6,808
Aviator 5,397
other Spaniards 5,760
total 24,520
Other
(September 1, 1939 to April 30, 1940)
total 02,820
Unwanted Persons
(May 1 to October 24, 1940)
Spaniards 3,695
Germans and Austrians 9,771
French people 1,329
total 14,795
Interned under the Anti-Jewish Law (Vichy)
(October 25, 1940 to October 31, 1943)
Germans from Baden and the Saar-Palatinate 6,538
From the St. Cyprien camp 3,870
Spaniards 1,515
Others 6.262
total 18,185
Last interned under the Vichy regime
(April 9, 1944 to August 29, 1944)
total 229
Prisoners after the Liberation
(August 30, 1944 to December 31, 1945)
German prisoners of war 0310
Spanish anti-frankists 1,475
Collaborators with the German occupation 1,585
total 3,370
Summary
Until before the liberation 60,559
After the liberation 03,370
Total internees (1939–1945) 63,929

Commemoration

Camp de Gurs memorial information pavilion
View into the pavilion

Known inmates

Lou Albert-Lasard - Jean Améry - Hannah Arendt - Marie Arning - Edith Auerbach - Tatjana Barbakoff - Dora Benjamin - Ilse Bing - Hans-Walter Blank - Karl Robert Bodek - Georg Bredig - Leo Breuer - Ernst Busch - Eva Busch - Alfred Cahn - Helga Cazas - Lily Ehrenfried - Lotte Eisner - Eugen Eppstein - Marta Feuchtwanger - Lisa Fittko - Ernst Friedrich - Manuel Garcia-Barrado - Johanna Geissmar - Babette Gross - Alice Herz - Walter Hochmuth - Gertrud Isolani - Fritz Johne - Fritz Kahmann - Emma Kann - Alfred Katzenstein - Fritz Kaufmann - Franz Korwan - Lore Krüger - Maria Leitner - Kurt Leval - Richard Liebermann - Robert Liefmann - Max Lingner - Kurt Conrad Loew - Pauline Maier - Léo Maillet - Rudolf Meinert - Eva Mendelsson - Hanna Meyer-Moses - Alfred Mombert - Leopold Neumann - Paul Niedermann - Sepp Plieseis - Peter Pringsheim - Josef Raab - Alexandra Ramm-Pfemfert - Max Raphael - Horst Rosenthal - Charlotte Salomon - Greta Saur / Sauer - Erich Schmid - Ernst Scholz - Hanna Schramm - Karl Schwesig - Germaine Helga Shafran - Hans Steinitz - Thea Sternheim - Luise Straus-Ernst - Adrienne Thomas - Julius Collen Turner - Elsbeth Weichmann - Marianne Welter - Karl Wilczynski - Konrad Wolff

National memorial in the camp

The national memorial consists of different elements. A pavilion provides information about the camp, the inmates and the conditions. A “path of remembrance” with information boards runs through the area (mostly in the forest). At the beginning of the approximately two-kilometer-long camp road, a double row of steles indicates the various groups of victims in this place, designed by the Israeli artist Dani Karavan . One of the wooden barracks has been reconstructed. In the open-air area, a 160-meter-long track leads from a barracks indicated by a wooden scaffolding to a concrete square fenced with barbed wire, a symbolic reminder of the deportation to the extermination camps .

Camp de Gurs memorial plaque from 1980

“This is where the French internment camp of Gurs was located, where the internees were:
23,000 Spanish-Republican fighters
07,000 volunteers from the International Brigades 120 patriots and resistance fighters from France 12,860 immigrant Jews who were interned May – June 1940 6,500 German Jews from Baden 12,000 Jews who were held on French soil by Vichy 1939 Remember you 1944 "
00

0

- Memorial plaque at the former entrance to the camp

The cemetery

Jewish graves in the Camp de Gurs cemetery

In 1947, on their return to Gurs, former internees decided to give their comrades, who were buried in strange soil, a worthy burial site. At the suggestion of the Lord Mayor of Karlsruhe, Günther Klotz , as well as the President of the Upper Council of the Israelites Baden, Otto Nachmann (1893–1961), and his son, Werner (1925–1988), a call for help was made to the bodies of the state of Baden. From the spring of 1961 to the autumn of 1962, a cemetery for the dead was created according to the plans of the planning office of the city of Karlsruhe. 1187 people are buried here, mostly refugees and fighters from Spain who died in the camp, as well as Jewish deportees. The federal states of Baden-Württemberg, Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland are committed to preserving the cemetery.

The German cities of Karlsruhe , Freiburg im Breisgau , Mannheim , Heidelberg , Pforzheim , Konstanz and Weinheim , from which Jews were deported, provided a working group to maintain the camp cemetery until 2019. By resolution of the three state governments of Baden-Württemberg (for what was then Baden), Rhineland-Palatinate (for the Palatinate) and Saarland, the care of graves will then be financed by these states; These countries have also commissioned a new traveling exhibition, which should be ready for the 80th anniversary of the deportations.

Memorials in the countries of origin

A central memorial in Neckarzimmern commemorates the deportation of almost all Jews from Baden, the Palatinate and Saarland on October 22nd and 23rd, 1940 to the Gurs internment camp; in Mannheim at the main train station and in Freiburg on the Wiwilí bridge over the tracks of the main train station and in the courtyard of the Hebelschule, further memorials were erected; in addition, signposts in various cities, which are similar to current street signs, remind of the injustice.

  • Neckarzimmern memorial

  • Memorial on the square of the Old Synagogue in Freiburg

  • Memorial stone for the fellow citizens from Nussloch (Rhein-Neckar district) who were deported to Gurs in 1940

  • Memorial for a forgotten coat with a Jewish star on the Wiwili Bridge in Freiburg

  • Stumbling block in Böchingen for Lieselotte Wolff

  • The memorial for the Gurs concentration camp. It is located in front of the Landau City Archives.

  • To commemorate, Konstanz Bahnhof- / Sigismundstrasse: Monolith with the names of the deported Jews from Konstanz. Four pages with names.

Art in the warehouse

From January 26th to April 10th, 2016, the exhibition "Die von Gurs" - Art from the internment camp of the Elsbeth Kasser Collection took place in the museum in the warehouse in St. Gallen . An overview of Elsbeth Kasser's entire collection can be found on the website of the Archives for Contemporary History at ETH Zurich. There you can also find one of Horst Rosenthal's three comics online : Petit guide à travers le camp de Gurs . All three comics, as well as the aforementioned Mickey au camp de Gurs and La Journée d'un hébergé , can also be viewed on the Euskal Herria Lehen - Basque d'Antan website. According to Pnina Rosenberg, Rosenthal's comics, created in Gurs in 1942, are "an integral part of the well-known iconographic testimonies to the French internment camps and the 'undesirable foreigners' held in them."

The official website of the Camp de Gurs has its own subpage about the artistic activities in the camp between 1940 and 1943. There, some interned artists are briefly introduced, as well as children's drawings made in the camp. A large section is devoted to the musical life in the camp and the songs composed there. The text for a Gurs song, which Leonhard Märker set to music as a tango, is printed in German and French .

Literary remembrance

  • The writer Gertrud Isolani , who had been imprisoned in Gurs for two months in 1940 but was able to escape from the camp, processed her experiences in the novel Stadt ohne Männer , published in 1945, later reprinted and translated several times . Her memoir No mince mention captivity in Gurs (Basileia Verlag, Basel 1985).
  • Using the example of his mother, Christian Berkel describes life in the Gurs camp in several chapters of his novel The Apple Tree and pays tribute to the caricaturing depictions of camp life in Horst Rosenthal's comics.
  • The journalist Maxim Leo tells in his book Where we are at home: The story of my missing family, published in 2019, in one chapter of the internment of his great aunt Ilse Leo (* 1919 - December 14, 2011), who in June 1940 together with her sister Edith had been admitted to Gurs. While Edith fled the camp in November 1940 and managed to find her mother in Paris, the trained nurse Ilse stayed behind and worked in the camp in the hospital barracks. Here she met her future husband, the also interned Austrian doctor Heinz Pollak (June 18, 1911 in Vienna; † November 1, 2003).
    In 1941 the Catholic organization     Amitié Chrétienne was founded in Lyon . This organization was supposed to help Jewish victims and also worked in the camps. The Amitié Chrétienne received permission to set up so-called "reception centers" for interned refugees. "Due to their medical expertise, Heinz Pollak and Ilse Leo were among the first 57 inmates who were transferred from Gurs to the reception center in Chansaye in the Rhône department on November 25, 1941." In 1944 , Heinz Pollak worked as a nurse in a Jewish children's home in Limoges , and was active in the communist resistance. In 1945 the couple returned to Vienna, where Heinz Pollak was able to establish himself as a doctor. "Ilse Pollak passed the Matura at the age of 60 and completed a psychology degree five years later." She opened a practice for child psychology and practiced for another ten years. Maxim Leo also deals with the internal family processing of the experienced past, which was not talked about, or in a way that glorifies reality, whereby the time "in the camp in Gurs is always told quite romantically, more as a love story than a story of suffering".

literature

  • Anonymous: The city without men. In the assembly camp for 18,000 women. In: Basler Nachrichten , July 22, 1940.
  • Reinhard Bek: Gurs, an internment camp. Southern France 1939–1943. Watercolors, drawings, photographs. Elsbeth Kasser Foundation (editor), Schwabe, Basel 2009 ISBN 978-3-7965-2573-5 .
  • Benito Bermejo, Sandra Checa: Libro Memorial. Españoles deportados a los campos nazis (1940–1945). Cultura, Madrid 2006. (Spanish)
  • Gerhard Brändle: Gurs, Limbo at Auschwitz. Anti-Semitism in Pforzheim 1920–1980. Documents, photos, reports. Exhibition catalog. City of Pforzheim (publisher and publisher), 1980.
  • Anja Clarenbach: Gertrud Isolani and Heinrich Eduard Jacob: Correspondence about "City without Men" In: Exil. Research, findings, results , No. 2, 14th year, Frankfurt 1994, pp. 37-50, ISSN  0721-6742 .
  • Christian Eggers: “Unwanted Foreigners”. Jews from Germany and Central Europe in French internment camps 1940–1942. Metropol, Berlin 2002, ISBN 3-932482-62-X .
  • Lisa Fittko : My way across the Pyrenees. Memoirs 1940–1941. dtv, Munich 1989, ISBN 3-423-62189-3 .
  • Klaus Frahm, Angela Graf, Michael Philipp, Frithjof Trapp, eds .: Gurs. An internment camp in southern France 1939–1943. Literary certificates, letters, reports. Foundation for the Promotion of Science and Culture, Hamburg 1991 ISBN 3-926736-06-2 ; 2nd edition, Hamburg Institute for Social Research , HIS, 1993.
  • Uta Gerdes: Ecumenical solidarity with Christian and Jewish persecuted. The CIMADE in Vichy France 1940–1944. (= Work on contemporary church history. Series B: representations), V&R, Göttingen 2005, ISBN 3-525-55741-8 , passim.
  • Stefanie Gerlach, Frank Weber: "It happened in broad daylight ..." - The deportation of Jews from Baden, Palatinate and Saarland to the Gurs / Pyrenees Jews camp . 4th edition. State Center for Civic Education Baden-Württemberg, Stuttgart 2005, DNB  960578366 ( full text [PDF; 2.4 MB ; accessed on March 10, 2019]).
  • Bella Gutterman, Naomi Morgenstern, Yaacov Peterseil (Eds.): The Gurs Haggadah. Passover in perdition. Devora, Yad Vashem-Jerusalem 2003.
  • Erich Hackl , Hans Landauer (Ed.): Album Gurs. A find from the resistance . Deuticke, Vienna-Munich 2000, ISBN 3-216-30552-X .
  • Gert Hoffmann Barcelona, ​​Gurs, Managua - On bumpy roads through the 20th century , Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin, 2009, ISBN 978-3-320-02179-5 .
  • Gertrud Isolani : City without men factual novel. Falken, Zurich 1945. New editions: Hamburg 1959, Basel 1979.
  • Maria Krehbiel-Darmstädter: Letters from Gurs and Limonest 1940–1943. Lambert Schneider, Heidelberg 1970.
  • Karl Kunde: The Odyssey of a Worker. Edition Cordeliers, Stuttgart 1985, ISBN 3-922836-36-4 .
  • Claude Laharie: Le camp de Gurs 1939–1945. One aspect of the history of Vichy. Societé Atlantique d'Ímpression, Biarritz 1993, ISBN 2-84127-000-9 (first J&D, Pau 1985, ISBN 2-906483-89-3 ; again: Gurs 1939-1945. Un camp d'internement en Béarn. Atlantica, 2005 ISBN 2-84394-783-9 ).
  • Claude Laharie with the collaboration of Jacques Abauzit, Jean-François Vergez and the “Amicale du camp du Gurs”: Gurs 1939–1945. An internment camp in southwest France. From the internment of Spanish republicans and volunteers in the International Brigades to the deportation of Jews to the Nazi extermination camps , translated and annotated by Cornelia Frenkel-Le Chuiton, publisher Evangelische Landeskirche in Baden, Atlantica-Séguier, Biarritz 2005 & 2007, ISBN 978-3-00-020501-9 (first: Röderberg, Frankfurt 1982).
  • Hans Maaß: Gurs. Stopover on the way to Auschwitz or Israel. In: Community of Evangelical Educators in Baden (ed.): Contributions to educational work. Volume 53, Issue 4, 2010, pp. 36–56 ( full text. (PDF; 360 kB)).
  • Edwin Maria Landau , Samuel Schmitt (Ed.): Camp in France. Survivors and their friends. Evidence of emigration, internment and deportation. von Brandt, Mannheim 1991, ISBN 3-926260-15-7 , therein reports from Les Milles and Gurs. Also: overview of the French internment camps; Excerpts from protocols of André Fontaine's research.
  • Max Lingner : Gurs. Report and appeal. Drawings from a French internment camp. Dietz, Berlin 1982, ISBN 3-87682-757-4 .
  • Maurice Meier: Letters to my son. Steinberg, Zurich 1946. With additions, new edition, ed. by Robert Krais. Stückle or German-Israeli working group, Ettenheim 2000. Without ISBN. French translation 2004, ISBN 2-9522663-0-1 “Letters from Gurs 1940–1942”, also in Hebrew: The Open Museum, POB 1, IL 24959 Migdal Tefen.
  • Jeanne Merle d'Aubigné: Gurs. La faime, l'attente, In: Same, Violette Mouchon, Émile C. Fabre (Ed.): Les Clandestins de Dieu. CIMADE 1939-1944. Labor & Fides, Geneva 1989 (first: Fayard, Paris 1968), ISBN 2-8309-0588-1 , pp. 61-76. (French)
  • Gabriele Mittag : Gurs: German émigrés in French exile. Catalog for the exhibition of the same name. Contributions by Rita Thalmann , Gisèle Freund and others, photography by Birgit Kleber. Argon, Berlin 1991.
  • Gabriele Mittag: “There are only condemned people in Gurs.” Literature, culture and everyday life in an internment camp in the south of France. 1940–1942 Attempto, Tübingen 1996, ISBN 3-89308-233-6 (also dissertation Berlin). Also published by the Scientific Book Society .
  • Gabriele Mittag: “We are the end!” Life and death in Gurs, the “Limbo of Auschwitz”. In Barbara Distel (Ed.): Women in the Holocaust. Bleicher, Gerlingen 2001, ISBN 3-88350-051-8 , pp. 49-69.
  • Gabriele Mittag: "The sin and shame of Christianity has reached its culmination point". Gender-specific aspects of the literature created in the French internment camps, in exile research. An international yearbook: Language - Identity - Culture. Women in Exile, 17th edition text + kritik, Munich 1999, pp. 69–78; about Thea Sternheim's Gurs diary
  • Paul Niedermann : Letters - Gurs - lettres: Letters from a Baden-Jewish family from French internment camps. Lettres d'une famille juive du Pays de Bade, internée dans les camps en France . Translated into French by Irène Kuhn . In: Ernst Otto Bräunche, Jürgen Schuhladen-Krämer (Hrsg.): Research and sources on city history . tape 11 . Info-Verlag, Karlsruhe 2011, ISBN 978-3-88190-619-7 ( table of contents [PDF]).
  • Johannes Obst (Ed.): Gurs. Deportation and fate of the Jews from Baden-Palatinate 1940–1945. Didactic and methodological guide for secondary schools. Compilation and publishing company for Christian-Jewish Cooperation, Rhein-Neckar, Mannheim 1986.
  • Ulla Plener (Ed.): Women from Germany in the French Resistance. (= Labor movement. Research, documents, biographies ), 2nd corrected edition, Bodoni, Berlin 2007 (first 2005), ISBN 3-929390-80-9 .
  • Karl Schatz: GURS - 45 years later! In: HEGAU - magazine for history, folklore and natural history of the area between the Rhine, Danube and Lake Constance , Volume 41/42, pp. 211–226; Self-published by the Hegau history association Singen e. V., Singen, September 1986.
  • Therese Schmid-Ackeret: Elsbeth Kasser 1910–1992. A biographical project. Elsbeth Kasser Foundation, Thun 1999.
  • Antonia Schmidlin: Another Switzerland. Helpers, children of war and humanitarian policy 1933–1942. Chronos Verlag, Zurich 1999, ISBN 3-905313-04-9 .
  • Hanna Schramm: People in Gurs. Memories of a French internment camp (1940–1941). With a documentary contribution to French emigration policy (1933–1944) by Barbara Vormeier. Verlag Georg Heintz, Worms 1977, ISBN 3-921333-13-X , p. 363 shows the prisoner number on August 21, 1940.
  • Lukrezia Seiler (Ed.): “What will become of us?” Letters from the Lörrach Grunkin siblings from the Gurs camp, 1940–1942. Chronos, Zurich 2000, ISBN 978-3-905314-16-8 .
  • Peter Steinbach : The suffering - too heavy and too much. On the importance of the mass deportation of Southwest German Jews (PDF; 80 kB). In: Tribüne - magazine for the understanding of Judaism . 49th year, issue 195. 3rd quarter 2010, pp. 109–120.
  • Rolf Weinstock : The real face of Hitler's Germany. Inmate No. 59000 tells of the fate of 10,000 Jews from Baden, the Palatinate and the Saar region in the hells of Dachau, Gurs-Drancy, Auschwitz, Jawischkowitz, Buchenwald. Volksverlag, Singen 1948.
  • Richard Paid: Dr. Johanna Geissmar. From Mannheim to Heidelberg and across the Black Forest through Gurs to Auschwitz-Birkenau. 1877-1942. In memory of a Jewish doctor 60 years later. Hartung-Gorre, Konstanz 2001, ISBN 3-89649-661-1 .

Web links

Commons : Camp de Gurs  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ The internment camp of Gurs. In: Chemins de Mémoire. Ministère des Armées , accessed March 10, 2019 .
  2. ↑ a b Alexandra Lohse: Gurs , in: Joseph R. White (Ed.): The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945. Vol. 3, Camps and Ghettos under European Regimes Aligned with Nazi Germany . Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2018, ISBN 978-0-253-02373-5 , pp. 150-152
  3. ↑ Karl Schatz: GURS - 45 years later! in "HEGAU - magazine for history, folklore and natural history of the area between the Rhine, Danube and Lake Constance", page 211; Volume 41/42, September 1986
  4. ↑ a b c badische-zeitung.de, October 23, 2010, Martina Faller: No hate, only pity (October 23, 2010)
  5. ↑ Andreas Schuler: “One night the time had come”. In: Südkurier of July 14, 2017, p. 19. (Contemporary witness report by Margot Wicki-Schwarzschild , born in 1931, deported from Kaiserslautern).
  6. ↑ Peter Steinbach: The suffering - too heavy and too much. On the significance of the mass deportation of Southwest German Jews . In: Tribüne - magazine for the understanding of Judaism. 49th volume 195. 3rd quarter 2010, pp. 109–120.
    Newspaper Der Sonntag im Markgräflerland , October 24, 2010, p. 2, From the region , Hans Christof Wagner: Speeches against forgetting
  7. ↑ a b badische-zeitung.de, Lokales, Müllheim , October 20, 2010, Volker Münch: A hint of the youth (October 23, 2010)
  8. ↑ GURS. An internment camp - Southern France 1939–1943. Museum Offenburg , accessed on March 10, 2019 .
  9. ↑ Menachem and Fred in the Internet Movie Database (English)
  10. ↑ The painter Edith Auerbach (1899–1994) is the daughter of Benjamin Auerbach . A biography about her was published in Dutch in 2020: TEKENARES VAN MONTPARNASSE (THE DRAWERS OF MONTPARNASSE)
  11. ↑ a b Art from the Holocaust: Karl Robert Bodek and Kurt Conrad Loew
  12. ↑ Kurt Leval (* 1908 in Hamburg; † 1990 in Paris) was a composer and pianist. ( Lexicon of persecuted musicians from the Nazi era: Kurt Leval )
  13. ↑ So far there is only one article on him in the Dutch WIKIPEDIA: Julius Collen Turner
  14. ↑ Jewish graves should be preserved welt.de, 9. September 2019, accessed January 29, 2021.
  15. ^ Joint care of graves in Gurs. FAZ, September 10, 2019, p. 7 (own report)
  16. ^ "Die von Gurs" - Art from the internment camp in the Elsbeth Kasser Collection. Museum im Lagerhaus, St. Gallen, accessed on March 10, 2019 .
  17. ^ Archives for Contemporary History at ETH Zurich
  18. ↑ Horst Rosenthal: "Petit Guide à travers le Camp de Gurs" , 1942.
  19. ↑ LA BANDE DESSINEE AU CAMP DE GURS EN 1942
  20. ↑ USHMM : Professional Background of Pnina Rosenberg
  21. ^ Pnina Rosenberg: Mickey orphelin: la courte vie de Horst Rosenthal / The orphan Micky Mouse, or: the short life of Horst Rosenthal ', in: Anne Grynberg; Johanna Linsler (Ed.): L 'irréparable: itinéraires d'artistes et d'amateurs d'art juifs, réfugiés du “Troisième Reich” en France / Irreparable: The lives of Jewish artists and art connoisseurs on the run from the “Third Reich “In France, publications of the Magdeburg coordination office, Magdeburg, 2013, ISBN 978-3-9811367-6-0 , p. 368.
  22. ↑ Les activités artistiques (1940–1943)
  23. ↑ Christian Berkel: Der Apfelbaum , Ullstein, Berlin, 2018, ISBN 978-3-550-08196-5 .
  24. ↑ Maxim Leo: Where we are at home: The story of my missing family , Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Cologne 2019, ISBN 978-3-462-05081-3 , p. 181 ff.
  25. ↑ a b c Memorial book for the victims of National Socialism at the University of Vienna 1938: Heinz Pollak . See also: Susanne Pollak: Family reunion. A search for traces , Picus Verlag, Vienna 1994, ISBN 978-3-85452-258-4
  26. ^ European Holocaust Research Infrastructure (EHRI project): Amitié Chrétienne
  27. ↑ Maxim Leo: Where we are at home , p. 252
  28. ↑ Maxim Leo: Where we are at home , p. 256

Remarks

  1. ↑ see The city without men. In the assembly camp for 18,000 women. , Basler Nachrichten, 1940, as well as Gertrud Isolani : City without men factual novel. Falken, Zurich 1945. New editions: Hamburg 1959, Basel 1979.
  2. ↑ Steinitz was a prisoner in Gurs for two years and subsequently editor of the magazine Aufbau in New York.
  3. ↑ Marie and Josef Grunkin, 27 and 31 years old at the time they were abducted from Lörrach; abducted with her mother Fanny Grunkin.

Coordinates: 43 ° 16 ′ 25 ″  N , 0 ° 44 ′ 21 ″  W.