Camp de Rivesaltes

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The camp of Rivesaltes ( French: Camp de Rivesaltes ) was built in 1939 as the military camp Camp Maréchal Joffre ( Camp Joffre for short ) and served as internment for various population groups from 1941 onwards. It is located about 45 kilometers north of the Spanish border near the city of Perpignan in the French department of Pyrénées-Orientales . Four fifths of the 612 hectare camp site is on the municipal territory of Rivesaltes and one fifth on that of Salses-le-Château . It is crossed in its center by the departmental road (D 900) Rivesaltes-Opoul and is connected to the Narbonne-Perpignan rail network.

In the " Joffre " camp, which was built for military purposes from 1939 onwards, Spanish civil war refugees, non-settled population groups ("Gypsies") from Alsace and foreign Jews were interned from January 1941. Probably the darkest section of the camp's history begins in August 1942 with the determination of the main assembly camp for Jews deported from Germany and captured in France in the “free zone” under the Vichy regime / German occupation. By November 1942, around 2,300 of them were deported from Rivesaltes to the Nazi extermination camp Auschwitz via the Drancy assembly camp (near Paris) .

Another decisive chapter was the Algerian war in 1962 (also after independence A.) as a result of which from September the civilian Algerian auxiliary troops of the French army in Algeria, the so-called " Harkis ", were "settled" in the camp. By December 1964, over 20,000 Harkis had been smuggled through the camp.

The more recent history of the camp includes the establishment of a deportation prison, which was located on the site from 1985 to 2007.

history

Internment camp in southern France after the end of the Spanish Civil War, 1939

Use of the Rivesaltes warehouse since 1939

Originally, the "Joffre" camp was planned to station the colonial troops resident in the department and to mobilize the conscripts in the military region. The first considerations for setting up a military camp in the Rivesaltes area go back to the mid-1920s. There are concrete indications of the construction of the camp from October 1939. In contrast to the reception camps that were built on the beaches of the department for refugees from the Spanish civil war at the beginning of 1939, the camp of Rivesaltes was initially intended to serve exclusively military purposes. Foreign workers groups, consisting of civil war refugees from Spain, were the main contributors to the construction of the camp .

From the outbreak of the Second World War to the French campaign of the German Wehrmacht , the camp actually served as a training and transit barracks for conscripts and for stationing colonial troops. With the signing of the armistice agreement between the Third Reich and France in June 1940, the camp lost its importance as the number of French armed forces was limited to 100,000 men. From then on it was used as a center for the demobilization of the regular and colonial units.

Rivesaltes Detention Center - January 1941 to November 1942

It was the Vichy government under Maréchal Pétain that recognized the camp's potential for its "National Revolution". However, the special circumstances in the Gurs camp were to be decisive for the restructuring and designation of the Rivesaltes camp as an internment camp.

To implement its regeneration policy of the French society, the Vichy government relied on under the waning Third Republic incurred detention center for Spanish Civil War refugees . What had been an exception up to this point now became the pillar of Vichy's political existence. The institutionalized xenophobia and latent anti-Semitism of the Vichy regime were revealed in the enactment of laws and reached a first climax with the publication of the first Jewish statute on October 18, 1940, which made it possible for foreign Jews to be interned in special camps. The special significance of the statute was revealed in the context of the Wagner-Bürckel campaign , in which Jews from Baden, Palatinate and Saarland were expelled and deported to France. On October 22, 1940, in the first large-scale mass deportation, around 6,540 Jews were deported from the south-west German Reich territories to the so-called “ free zone ”. Due to the Jewish statute, the latter were interned between October 24 and 25, 1940 in the Gurs camp near Oloron-Sainte-Marie in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques , built by Spanish civil war refugees . The bad weather and the overpopulation caused by their arrival quickly led to the first deaths. After a few weeks the situation became so critical that the Vichy government, under pressure from the foreign press, was forced to act to counter this internment crisis.

In order to cope with the situation, Vichy had 600 hectares of the Rivesaltes military camp transferred to the Ministry of the Interior in order to set up an "accommodation center" for families. This camp was officially opened on January 14, 1941. Initially, civil war refugees and Roma (many of them came from Alsace) were relocated to Rivesaltes from neighboring camps. In March, two large-scale transports were finally carried out from the Gurs camp, mainly bringing the Jewish families from the Reich territories to Rivesaltes. The "family center" advertised as a model camp quickly turned out to be extremely unsuitable for accommodating children. Located on a desert-like plateau, the camp site was exposed to the oppressive Mediterranean sun in summer and the icy Tramontane wind in winter . In addition, only seven of the originally planned sixteen warehouse sections had been provisionally completed (F – J – K – E – B – Q – O). The only advantage of the camp consisted of the fiber-reinforced concrete barracks, which, due to their simple construction, could be erected very quickly. The approx. 1200 Jewish inmates who were admitted were moved to camp section B in April 1941 under an organizational pretext. It was the worst-repaired section of the whole camp.

The management of the camp was the responsibility of the reserve captain David-Gustave Humbert. He organized the daily routine and the supervision of all internees. On arrival at the camp, the inmates were separated: women and their children under the age of 14 were separated from the men and housed separately. The special regulation for the Rivesaltes camp provided for visiting rights among family members and meals were to be taken together. However, these regulations have been restricted more and more over time.

The particularly poor food supply and lack of hygiene in the camp led to an early outbreak of epidemics and the first deaths. In order to prevent another internment crisis, the government and camp authorities gave relief organizations a wider scope of action . The relief organizations located in camp section J paid special attention to the children. Aid was coordinated by the Nîmes Committee. If the famine of the camp inmates changed only slightly at first, the relief organizations took care to create social framework conditions. After a few months, health and food supplies, childcare and youth studios were almost exclusively in the hands of relief organizations such as the OSE , YMCA , SSE, ORT , the Swiss Working Group for War-Damaged Children (SAK) and, from 1942, the children's aid of the Swiss Red Cross . The employees of the organizations, such as Friedel Bohny-Reiter , Emma Ott , Elsa Lüthi-Ruth and Vivette Samuel, were among the “resident nurses” who volunteered to work in the camp.

There were few opportunities for the inmates to escape the reality of the camp. Until the forced recruitment in March 1942, all men between the ages of 18 and 55 could get involved in a group of foreign workers. But the working and living conditions prevailing on the construction sites were usually even worse than life in the camp itself. The application for release or an application to emigrate were the next options. For very few, however, their request turned into reality. The last option was to flee the camp, but most of them were caught and brought back within a very short time.

Deportation Drancy - Auschwitz

For the Jewish inmates of the camp, the situation changed drastically in the summer of 1942. Vichy's policy of collaboration, which was intensified under German pressure , led to the gathering of the so-called "Israelites" in the unoccupied zone as part of the " Final Solution to the Jewish Question " coordinated at the Wannsee Conference . For this purpose, parts of the Rivesaltes camp were converted into a special camp, consisting of camp sections K and F, which was supposed to accommodate up to 7,000 Jewish people. On August 11, 1942, the special camp was first declared a "regional center" and finally on August 25 the "national center for the congregation of the Israelites". A prefectoral selection commission decided on the applicability of the exemption clauses for putting together the deportation trains for Drancy, which continued to decrease over the course of the weeks.

A total of nine deportation trains left the camp from Rivesaltes towards Drancy. There were 2,313 people in the car, most of whom were deported via Drancy to the Auschwitz death camp . In August 1942, on the 11th and 26th, two transports were put together. Five more transports left Rivesaltes in September, on the 1st, 4th, 14th, 21st and 28th. The last two trains were finally directed to Drancy on October 5th and 20th. Before the internment and special camp of Rivesaltes finally closed its doors on November 24, 1942, the remaining inmates were distributed to surrounding camps. At this point in time, Wehrmacht units were already in Rivesaltes.

Rescued survivors

Military occupation of the Wehrmacht - November 1942 to August 1944

The takeover of the Rivesaltes camp by the Wehrmacht was due to the war in November 1942. In response to the British-American landing in North Africa on November 8th, the Wehrmacht High Command triggered the "Anton" operation . On the morning of November 11, the units designated for this purpose were given marching orders to advance into the southern zone of France. The aim of the so-called "operation troops" was the Mediterranean area in order to establish a new line of defense there, the Mediterranean coastal front .

The invasion of the southern coastal sector, which stretched from Montpellier to the Spanish border, was assigned to a total of three divisions. The first units of the 7th Panzer Division reached the Rivesaltes camp on the morning of November 12th and the takeover took place at the end of November. The billeting of individual troops followed from this point in time.

Mainly units of the 326th Infantry Division were in the camp. The division was tasked with organizing coastal defense in this sector between December 1942 and February 1944. The coastal defense section from Leucate to Cerbère was transferred to the 751st Grenadier Regiment. In April 1943, his first battalion took up permanent quarters in the camp as a Mobile Reserve, albeit with interruptions. In total, the operation troops billeted in the camp seem to have had six sections available, including a section for ammunition storage. The camp had a workforce of up to 3,000 men and was also used for troop training.

As a result of the Italian surrender in September 1943, the Wehrmacht took control of the coastal sector from La Ciotat to Menton , which was occupied by the Italians . Parts of the Italian troops that were in retreat were disarmed by the German operation troops and smuggled through the Rivesaltes camp. Between the end of September and the beginning of October 1943 there were around 1,300 soldiers of the Italian army on the camp grounds. Less than a month later, around 1,500 Belarusian soldiers were also sent to the camp. It seems that these Italian and Belarusian soldiers were then sent to the Reich territory to work for the German war industry.

The declaration in mid-January 1944 as a combat zone on an approximately 30-kilometer-wide coastal strip also concerned the Joffre camp. The 751st Grenadier Regiment, quartered in the camp at that time, was relocated to the north of France a month later with the entire 326th Infantry Division. Towards the end of March 1944, the latter was replaced by the 272nd Infantry Division to take over the coastal defense section. The field replacement battalion 272 took up quarters in the Rivesaltes camp. The infantry division, which was broken up on the eastern front and re-established in southern France, stayed until July 1, 1944, only to be relocated to Normandy, where it took part in the defensive battle against the Allies .

The last units to occupy the camp belonged to the 716th Infantry Division, which had been defeated in Normandy . From the beginning of July to the end of August 1944, the divisional units were tasked with defending the stretch of coast. As a result of the Allied landing in Provence on August 15, 1944, the 716th Infantry Division received the order to withdraw. The withdrawal of the divisional units should be completed by August 19th at the latest. During the retreat there were isolated fights with the FFI , and columns moving from the Rivesaltes camp towards Narbonne were also attacked. It is not known whether there were fighting in the camp itself. After the Wehrmacht withdrew, it was FFI fighters who took possession of the camp. Most of the camp found had been destroyed and looted. Not all of the damage in the camp can be attributed to the Wehrmacht units stationed there.

Little is known about the exact use of the camp by the quartered division units. As already mentioned, it can be assumed that the camp was mainly used for barracking mobile units and for military training purposes. The ammunition depot located in the warehouse suggests that material for coastal defense was also stored, including for mining the beaches in the department.

After the liberation struggles, the French authorities took over the Rivesaltes camp again. As before the Wehrmacht occupation, two administrative areas were created, of which the first was assigned to the War Ministry and the second to the Ministry of the Interior. In the civilian part of the camp, a “Center de séjour surveillé” was created as part of the process of political cleansing, and the military part assumed its original function.

"Center de séjour surveillé" and prisoner of war camp - September 1944 to May 1948

A “Center de séjour surveillé” for political cleansing and a prisoner-of-war camp operated almost parallel to one another in the Rivesaltes camp . The "Center de séjour surveillé" set up in the civilian sector in September 1944 mainly took in people who had been accused of collaboration with the enemy. In December 1944 the "POW camp 162" opened for soldiers of the Axis powers .

The inmates interned for the purpose of political cleansing were in camp section Q. At the turn of the year 1944/45, around 1100 collaborators, black market traders and people accused of illegally crossing the border were interned in this section. Gradually, the inmates were re-accepted into society until the center was officially closed on December 25, 1945.

The POW camp 162 was opened on October 16, 1944 and placed under the direction of the battalion commander Delpont. Up until June 1945 there were initially only a few hundred prisoners in the camp. These were mainly former Italian soldiers. When the Americans handed over German prisoners of war to the French, the situation in the camp changed until the end of 1945. The French transitional government required these prisoners of war to be used to rebuild the country and its economy, even if this contradicted the Geneva Conventions of 1929 . In total, around 740,000 German prisoners of war had been deported to France by the end of 1945, to which one must count a further 200,000 who were captured by French troops in the course of the fighting. By September 1945, over 10,000 German prisoners of war were assigned to the Rivesaltes camp.

Due to the overpopulation, the lack of food and the poor sanitary conditions in the camp, epidemics broke out among the German forced laborers in the summer of 1945. Even if the overall conditions improved significantly from November onwards, over 500 prisoners of war died as a result of illness. Most were buried in the local Rivesaltes cemetery and later in the camp itself.

The labor input of the prisoners of war was determined by both the military and civil authorities. The military initially used the prisoners of war to clear the coastal area in the department. So-called “commands” were formed which were released from the camp under supervision. Such commands were later also used in iron ore mining in the mines of the Canigou massif, in a gold mine and in repair work on roads. Above all, however, the prisoners' labor is used in local agriculture. Here the Joffre warehouse served as a distribution warehouse for farmers in the Greater Region to hire cheap labor.

From 1946 the number of prisoners of war in the camp steadily decreased. The reason for this was the return home that began at the beginning of the year. In the summer of 1947, prisoners of war were given the opportunity to acquire the status of so-called “free workers” if they voluntarily agreed to stay in France. When they signed an employment contract, they had the same rights as French employees. The last releases took place in April 1948 and POW camp 162 was officially closed on May 1st.

In the following years the camp was used again mainly for military purposes. At the turn of the year 1951/52 training centers were set up on the camp grounds, but the continued use of the camp for interning a civilian population group is linked to the Algerian war of independence.

Reception camp for Harkis after the Algerian War - September 1962 to December 1964

With the Agreement of Evian in March 1962 and Algeria's declaration of independence the following July, an eight-year conflict between France and one of its colonies, which had been a department until then, ended . The so-called "Events of Algeria" were ultimately decisive for the fall of the 4th Republic and the establishment of the 5th Republic under General De Gaulle.

As part of the withdrawal of the French army from Algeria, the use of the Joffre von Rivesaltes camp came back into the sight of the military and civil authorities. Between January and July 1962, a prison was set up for fighters from the Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN) . During this time the 1st Algerian Rifle Regiment was returned to French soil and quartered in the Joffre camp.

However, the inclusion of the so-called " Harkis " turned out to be problematic for the French military and civil authorities . Originally, they were local fighters who formed supplementary units for the French army in the Algerian conflict, but retained a civilian status. Later the term "Harkis" erroneously became a collective term for all locals who worked for the French colonial authorities in Algeria.

The relocation of the Harkis to continental France posed some problems for the repatriation authorities. In the context of the largest population movement that France knew in the 20th century, with over a million so-called " pieds-noirs " who moved to the European continent, the Harkis population was considered to be incapable of adapting to French society. In order to limit the number of Harkis willing to relocate as much as possible, a decree was issued on March 20, 1962, which gave the latter the opportunity to participate in the regular army, to return to civilian life for a discharge bonus or to extend their employment contract by six months. Despite these measures, around 85,000 local colonial workers and their families came to France between 1962 and 1965.

The Rivesaltes camp was by far the camp that hosted most of the Harkis. Between September 1962 and December 1964, around 22,000 Harkis and their families were smuggled through the camp. Responsible for this population group was the "Service for the Reception and Integration of the Indochinese and Muslim French". Although the main objective of the authorities was certainly integration, the introduction to the camp also served to protect and specifically monitor a population group that was undesirable in French society. The stay in the camp was justified by the fact that there was a risk of an overflow to the armed secret organization (OAS) - i.e. H. an organization that carried out terrorist attacks against the government and supporters of the Evian Agreement for French Algeria.

In order to prevent the risk of the Algerian conflict continuing on French soil, the government authorities insisted on strict discipline in the camp. The reason for this was the fear that right and left-wing extremist groups could exert influence on the camp inmates and the risk of the adjacent ammunition and weapons depot being plundered. Various incidents in and around the camp prompted the government to tighten these disciplinary measures.

The living conditions in the camp were extremely difficult when the Harkis settled in the summer of 1962, as the repair work on the barracks and sanitary facilities had not yet started. It was not until October that the military pioneers began work that was to be completed in the first half of 1963. During this period, the Harki families stayed in several tent camps built as a temporary solution, right next to the dilapidated structures. If you take into account the extraordinary rainfall in mid-October and the tramontane winds of the upcoming winter, the living conditions in these months were particularly difficult. Relief was initially provided by relief organizations, which among other things sent clothes to the inmates, who were mostly dispossessed.

Over the years, the main goal of integrating this population group into French society was never overlooked. In southern France, most of the Harkis were settled in specially built settlements where they were supposed to carry out reforestation work ( hameaux de forestage ) and which existed until 1982. Another large group was transferred to the heavy industrial districts of northern France and Lorraine . Before the transit camp for French people of North African descent was officially closed on December 31, 1964, there were only a few inmates who were considered unadaptable in the Joffre camp.

Until the 1980s, the military authorities took control of the warehouse again. From this point onwards, a deportation prison was set up, which in turn could accommodate civilians.

Detention center for immigrants without a residence permit - January 1985 to December 2007

The law of October 29, 1981 made it possible for French authorities to detain immigrants without legal residence status in so-called “Centers de rétention administrative” (CRA) until they continue to be, usually deported to their home country. Such a CRA existed from 1985 to 2007 on a section of the former camp site, which at that time was mainly used by the military and was considered a military restricted area.

Over 20,000 people migrated through the Rivesaltes deportation prison in these 22 years. Many of them were passing through the European continent and had hardly spent any time in France. The building of the former CRA included small rooms for the prisoners, shared bathrooms, a lounge, telephone booths and a very small office space. While the deportation prison was in use, CIMADE, a French refugee organization, was particularly committed to helping the prisoners. In addition to discussions about the origins and curriculum vitae of the individual internees, the provision of a lawyer and processing of the asylum application were among the tasks of the organization, which is active throughout France. Most of these applications were rejected by the French state.

The deportation prison was moved in 2007 from the former Joffre camp to the immediate vicinity of Perpignan-Rivesaltes Airport.

today

The warehouse section F today

The camp site, which today extends on the edge of an industrial and commercial area, is now largely used again by the French military.

In 1995, German soldiers moved into maneuvering quarters again in abandoned buildings for the first time when the Eurocorps carried out an exercise in the region.

In one section, the Mémorial du Camp de Rivesaltes was built according to the plans of the renowned architect Rudy Ricciotti , a memorial that is supposed to process and document the history of the camp. The project is currently supported by the Languedoc-Roussillon region , the opening was on October 16, 2015 at 2 p.m.

bibliography

  • Roger Barrie: Mémento chronologique du camp de Rivesaltes. Languedoc-Roussillon region, 2011
  • Serge Barba: De la frontière aux barbelés. Editions Trabucaire, Canet 2009, ISBN 2-849740-86-1
  • Josep Bartoli: La Retirada: Exode et exil des républicains d'Espagne. Editions Actes sud, Arles 2009, ISBN 2-742780-40-8
  • Anne Boitel: Le Camp de Rivesaltes 1941–1942. You center d'hébergement au “Drancy de la zone libre”. Presses Universitaires de Perpignan - Editions Mare Nostrum, Perpignan 2001, ISBN 2-908476-25-8
  • Martine Camiade & Jordi Font (dir.): Déplacements forcés et exils en Europe au XXe siècle: Les conditions de départ et d'accueil: actes du 1er Séminaire transfrontalier. Editions Talaia, Perpignan 2012 ISBN 2-917859-22-9
  • Tristan Castanier i Palau: Femmes en exile: mères des camps - Elisabeth Eidenbenz et la maternité suisse d'Elne (1939–1944). Editions Trabucaire, Canet 2008, ISBN 2-849740-74-8
  • André Dumas : «Rivesaltes: Criblages». in Jeanne Merle d'Aubigné: Les clandestins de Dieu. Labor et Fides, Geneva 1989
  • Radoslav Gruev: Construction d'une institution totale. Le camp de Rivesaltes 1941–1942. Mémoire de Master en Sociologie under Antigone Mouchtouris, UPVD, Perpignan 2008
  • Emmanuel Filhol: La mémoire et l'oubli: L'internement des Tsiganes en France (1940-1946). Editions L'Harmattan, Paris 2004, ISBN 2-747562-02-6
  • Mechthild Gilzmer: Camps de femmes. Editions Autrement, Paris 2000, ISBN 2-746700-28-X
  • Radoslav Gruev: Construction d'une institution totale. Le camp de Rivesaltes 1941–1942. Mémoire de Master en Sociologie under Antigone Mouchtouris, UPVD, Perpignan 2008
  • Anne Grynberg: "Les camps de la honte": les internés juifs des camps français 1939–1944. Editions La découverte, Paris 1991, ISBN 2-707120-30-8
  • Raymond Gureme: Interdit aux nomades. Editions Calmann-Levy, Paris 2011, ISBN 2-702142-21-4
  • Serge Klarsfeld: Les transferts de Juifs du camp de Rivesaltes et de la région de Montpellier vers le camp de Drancy en vue de leur déportation: 10 Août 1942 - 6 Août 1944. Association les fils et filles des déportés juifs de France, Paris 1993
  • Serge Klarsfeld: La Shoah en France, t. 1 Vichy-Auschwitz, t. 2 et 3 Le calendrier de la déportation des Juifs de France, t.4 Le mémorial des enfants juifs déportés de France. Editions Fayard, Paris 2001, ISBN 2-213610-89-4
  • Serge Klarsfeld: Adieu les enfants. Editions Mille et une nuits, Paris 2005, ISBN 2-842059-08-5
  • Violette Marcos-Alvarez & Juanito Marcos: Les camps de Rivesaltes: une histoire de l'enfermement: 1935–2007. Nouvelles Editions Loubatières, Portet-sur Garonne 2009, ISBN 2-862665-85-1
  • Joël Mettay: L'Archipel du mépris. Histoire du camp de Rivesaltes de 1939 à nos jours. Editions Trabucaire, Canet 2001, ISBN 2-912966-51-5 ( Historia )
  • Alain Monnier: Rivesaltes, un camp en France. Editions la Louve, Cahors 2008, ISBN 2-916488-18-9
  • Abderamen Moumen: Entre histoire et mémoire. Les rapatriés d'Algérie. Dictionnaire bibliographique. Gandini, Nice 2003, ISBN 2-906431-63-X ( Histoire des Temps Coloniaux )
  • Henri Parens: Healing After the Holocaust. Memories of a psychoanalyst , Psychosozial Verlag, Giessen 2017, ISBN 978-3-8379-2731-3
  • Henri Parens: Return à la vie. Editions Tallandier, Paris 2010, ISBN 2-847346-44-9
  • Denis Peschanski: La France des camps. L'internement, 1938-1946. Editions Gallimard, Paris 2002, ISBN 2-07-073138-3 , ( La Suite des temps ), (Also: Paris, Univ., Diss., 2000: Les camps français d'internement (1938–1946). )
  • Denis Peschanski: Les tsiganes en France: 1939-1946. CNRS Editions, Paris 1994, ISBN 2-271070-21-X
  • Vivette Samuel: Sauver les enfants. Editions Liana Levi, Paris 1995, ISBN 2-867461-2-51
  • Paul Sauer: The fate of the Jewish citizens in Baden-Württemberg during the Nazi period of persecution 1933–1945. W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1969
  • Gerhard J. Teschner: The deportation of the Baden and Saar-Palatinate Jews on October 22, 1940. Peter Lang, Frankfurt / Bern 2002, ISBN 3-631-39509-4
  • Gregory Tuban: Les séquestrés de Collioure. Editions Mare Nostrum, Perpignan 2003, ISBN 2-908476-31-2
  • Erhard R. Wiehn: October deportation 1940. The so-called 'deportation' of the Jews from Baden and the Saar-Palatinate to the French internment camp in Gurs as a station before Auschwitz. 50 years later in memory. Hartung-Gorre, Konstanz 1990, ISBN 3-89191-332-X
  • Frédérick Wies: Destination Rivesaltes - Histoire de l'expulsion des Juifs de Sarre et de leur internement au camp de Rivesaltes: 22 octobre 1940 - 5 octobre 1942. Mémoire de Master franco-allemand, N. Marty & J.-M. Goger (dir.), 2 tomes, UPVD, Perpignan 2009

Filmography

  • Denis Peschanski & Jorge Amat: La France des camps. 1938-1946. Compagnie des phrases et balises, CNRS Images, Conseil Général des Pyrénées-Orientales, Paris / Perpignan 2010 (85 minutes)
  • Jacqueline Veuve: Journal de Rivesaltes 1941–1942 . Aquarius Film Production, VPS prod, Lausanne / Perpignan 1997 (77 minutes)

literature

  • Friedel Bohny-Reiter, Ed .: Erhard R. Wiehn: Vorhof der Vernichtung: Diary of a Swiss sister in the French internment camp Rivesaltes 1941–1942 . Hartung-Gorre, Konstanz 1995 ISBN 978-3-89191-917-0 . Adult new edition ibid. 1997
  • Friedel Bohny-Reiter, Michèle Fleury-Seemuller: Journal de Rivesaltes 1941–1942 . Editions Zoé, 2010, ISBN 978-2881826771
  • Susan Zuccotti : Holocaust Odysseys: The Jews of Saint-Martin-Vésubie and Their Flight Through France and Italy . Yale University Press 2007, ISBN 978-0-300-12294-7
  • Gisela Friedemann: Encounters with the Camp de Rivesaltes. On the history of an internment camp in southern France 1939 - 2007. Hartung-Gorre, Konstanz 2016 ISBN 9783866285583

Web links

Commons : Camp de Rivesaltes  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Anne Boitel: Le camp de Rivesaltes 1941–1942: You center d'hébergement au “Drancy de la zone libre” . Perpignan: PUP, Mare Nostrum, 2000, p. 25
  2. ↑ Ibidem. P. 265
  3. ↑ Violette Marcos-Alvarez & Juanito Marcos: Les camps de Rivesaltes: une histoire de l'enfermement, 1935–2007 . Portet-sur-Garonne: Loubatières, 2009, p. 90.
  4. ↑ Roger Barrié: Mémento you chronologique camp de Rivesaltes, 1923-1965 . Perpignan: Mémorial du camp de Rivesaltes, 2011, p. 11
  5. ↑ Ibidem. P. 27
  6. ^ Ibid. P. 29
  7. ↑ Frédérick Wies: "Les juifs de Sarre sous l'emprise totalitaire: Une esquisse de l'exode de 1935-1936 et du refoulement du October 22, 1940" . Dans M. Camiade & J. Font (dir.): Déplacements forcés et exils en Europe au XXe siècle: Les conditions de départ et d'accueil: actes du 1er Séminaire transfrontalier . Perpignan: Talaia, 2012, p. 127
  8. ↑ Ibidem.
  9. ^ Gerhard J. Teschner: The deportation of the Jews from Baden and the Saar-Palatinate on October 22, 1940 . Frankfurt, Bern: Peter Lang, 2002, p. 107
  10. ↑ Claude Laharie: Le camp de Gurs 1939-1945: un aspect méconnu de l'histoire de Vichy . Paris: J&D, 1993, p. 167.
  11. ↑ Frédérick Wies: "Les juifs de Sarre sous l'emprise totalitaire ..." , op. Cit., P. 128
  12. ↑ Ibidem.
  13. ^ Anne Boitel: Le camp de Rivesaltes ... , op.cit., P. 33.
  14. ↑ Frédérick Wies: "Les juifs de Sarre sous l'emprise totalitaire ..." , op. Cit., P. 129.
  15. ↑ Ibidem, p. 128
  16. ↑ Frédérick Wies: "Les juifs de Sarre sous l'emprise totalitaire ..." , op. Cit., P. 130
  17. ↑ Friedel Bohny-Reiter: Journal de Rivesaltes 1941–1942 . Genève: Zoé, 1993, p. 5
  18. ↑ Frédérick Wies: "Les juifs de Sarre sous l'emprise totalitaire ..." , op. Cit., P. 131
  19. ↑ Ibidem, p. 132
  20. ↑ Ibid., P. 132
  21. ↑ Ibid., P. 134
  22. ↑ Andreas Schuler: “One night the time had come”. In: Südkurier of July 14, 2017, p. 19.
  23. ↑ Christian Xancho: Le Mediterranean coast front . Thèse de Doctorat, 2 tomes. Perpignan: UPVD, 2008.
  24. ↑ Roger Barrié: Mémento chronologique ... , op cit, p.55..
  25. ↑ Ibidem, p. 57
  26. ↑ Ibid., P. 59
  27. ↑ Ibid., P. 61
  28. ↑ Ibid., P. 63
  29. ↑ Roger Barrié: Mémento chronologique ... , op.cit ., P. 63
  30. ↑ Violette Marcos-Alvarez & Juanito Marcos: Les camps de Rivesaltes ... , op.cit., P. 117
  31. ↑ Général Buisson: Historique du Service des Prisonniers de Guerre de l'Axe . P. 40.
  32. ↑ Violette Marcos-Alvarez & Juanito Marcos: Les camps de Rivesaltes ... , op.cit., P. 118
  33. ↑ Ibidem.
  34. ↑ Violette Marcos-Alvarez & Juanito Marcos: Les camps de Rivesaltes ... , op.cit., P. 119
  35. ↑ Ibidem.
  36. ↑ Ibid., P. 120
  37. ↑ Abderhamen Moumen: "De l'Algérie au camp de Rivesaltes: the conditions de départ et d'accueil des Harkis in 1962" . Dans M. Camiade & J. Font (dir.): Déplacements forcés et exils en Europe au XXe siècle: Les conditions de départ et d'accueil: actes du 1er Séminaire transfrontalier . Perpignan: Talaia, 2012, p. 173
  38. ↑ Ibidem, p. 171
  39. ↑ Fatima Besnaci-Lancou & Abderhamen Moumen: Les Harkis . Paris: le Cavalier bleu, 2008, p. 29.
  40. ↑ Abderhamen Moumen: "De l'Algérie au camp de Rivesaltes ..." , op. Cit., P. 173
  41. ↑ Fatima Besnaci-Lancou & Abderhamen Moumen: Les Harkis ... , op.cit ., P. 57
  42. ↑ Abderhamen Moumen: "De l'Algérie au camp de Rivesaltes ..." , op. Cit., P. 176
  43. ↑ Fatima Besnaci-Lancou & Abderhamen Moumen: Les Harkis ... , op.cit ., P. 57
  44. ↑ Article on the CIMADE website about the CRA ( Memento of the original from April 19, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ldh-toulon.net
  45. ↑ Article on the CIMADE website about the CRA ( Memento of the original from April 19, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ldh-toulon.net

Coordinates: 42 ° 48 ′ 2.9 "  N , 2 ° 52 ′ 13.3"  E