Children's aid from the Swiss Red Cross

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The Children's Aid of the Swiss Red Cross ( French Croix-Rouge suisse, Secours aux Enfants , Italian Croce Rossa Svizzera, Soccorso ai fanciulli ) was an aid operation of the Swiss Red Cross (SRK) lasting from January 1942 to 1955 in favor of war-damaged children from several European countries . No other Red Cross society was so involved outside of its own country in the years 1942–1945.

Swiss Red Cross
Swiss Red Cross, Children's Aid

From 1945 to 1948, Kinderhilfe was the promoter of Schweizer Spende , an association of denominational and politically diverse aid organizations initiated by the Swiss Federal Council on February 25, 1944, the aim of which was to provide humanitarian aid by collecting national donations from the Swiss people in eighteen war-torn countries in Europe and to provide reconstruction aid. In December 1944, the federal government made available over 150 million francs, while the public collection brought in a further 50 million.

prehistory

Ayuda Suiza evacuates Spanish children

Children's aid in Switzerland has a long tradition. During the First World War , Swiss families began taking in children from war-torn neighboring countries for recreation. In 1915, 444 Belgian children were invited to Switzerland for a holiday. These recreational stays were continued from 1918 for children of the Swiss abroad by private individuals and organizations such as Pro Juventute . In the interwar period, Kinderhilfe was involved in Switzerland and during the civil war in Spain. During the Second World War , children's aid received a new orientation: persecuted children and sometimes their mothers found refuge and protection in children's aid homes in the zone libre in southern France .

The voluntary helpers organized themselves in 1932 in the Proletarian Children's Aid and in 1933 in the Workers ' Children Aid of Switzerland , which merged in 1936 to form the Swiss Workers' Relief Organization (SAH) and in 1933 in the politically neutral Swiss Aid for Emigrant Children (SHEK). For aid in the Spanish Civil War, 14 aid organizations united in 1937 to form the Swiss Working Group for Spanish Children (Ayuda Suiza, SAS) , which in 1940 - due to the expansion of the war misery to more and more countries (Finland, Poland, Benelux, France) - with 17 organizations to the Swiss Working group for war-damaged children (SAK) .

The SAK (dissolved in 1944) was dedicated to taking in children from France and Belgium and placing them in Swiss families. The Geneva section of the SAK did most of the work in accepting thousands of French children, and in 1941 their numbers began to become a problem.

In August 1941, Hugo Oltramare , the head of the SAK Geneva Admissions Section, proposed to the management of the SAK in Bern that a generous, neutral relief organization should be created for Europe-wide aid, which would be supported by all of Switzerland and its authorities in accordance with their humanitarian tradition . Because the SAK lacked the human and financial resources for this on the one hand, and on the other hand it was considered "political", this was only possible by setting up a new, larger organization under the patronage of the Swiss Red Cross (SRK) , whose statutes also deal with "civil" tasks had to be expanded, was founded.

The SAK and the SRK, which was responsible for the entire activity, agreed on a cooperation agreement, the main condition of which was the unconditional maintenance of the principles of the Red Cross . Like all national Red Cross societies, the SRC had a privileged relationship with the state government and was dependent on the political line, especially in times of war. In January 1942, the Federal Council appointed Edouard de Haller as the newly created delegate for international aid organizations. He had to advise the aid agencies if their activities put them in situations that could affect foreign policy and the security of the Confederation. This was particularly possible if they were working abroad or had dealings with foreigners in Germany.

In January 1942, the new aid organization was incorporated into the SRK as a semi-autonomous department under the name Swiss Red Cross, Children's Aid . During the war, mainly children from France , Belgium and Serbia were accepted. Italy and Germany waived this option and in countries like Greece there were no transport options.

The aid organization asked the artist Hans Beutler from Büren an der Aare, who had previously run a youth camp in Ticino , to run a children's home in Le Chambon-sur-Lignon in southern France. From 1943 Beutler campaigned in Le Chambon-sur-Lignon for the rescue of young people and adults in France.

After the end of the war, children's aid was extended to numerous other European countries. Now children from Germany, Italy and Austria in need of relaxation came to Switzerland.

purpose

During the Second World War and in the years thereafter, Children's Aid was used to provide physical and psychological care for children who were ill, malnourished or injured as a result of the effects of the war, or who had traumatic war experiences, for example the consequences of an escape, separation from their family or the loss of family members. After the Second World War, Switzerland was the first country to provide help to the German civilian population and especially to children.

Selection criteria for help

According to the principle of impartiality, the SRK Kinderhilfe tried to help as many children in need as possible from all affected European countries. When selecting children for a recreational stay in Switzerland, medical criteria were primarily taken into account. Children were selected whose health was necessary and whose condition allowed them to travel to Switzerland for a three to six month stay.

When after the end of the war the health of the children deteriorated due to the chaotic conditions in the war-damaged countries and tuberculosis spread in many places, the SRK's largest program to date was implemented within a short time on the recommendation of Hugo Oltramare in Adelboden , which takes in around 1000 pretuberculosis children at the same time was able to set up and operated successfully from September 1945 to March 1946. This action was later extended to other health resorts. For the stay in Switzerland, the children had to be vaccinated in order to prevent the spread of epidemics among the helpers, host families and the Swiss population. In the affected countries, children and infants were given large quantities of fresh milk, canned milk and powdered milk to remedy the nutritional deficiencies that weakened their immune systems.

organs

Elsbeth Kasser, Regina Kägi-Fuchsmann, Arnold Saxer, Camp de Gurs , 1942

The supreme body and executive committee of SRK Children's Aid was the working committee , which, in addition to the president ( Hugo Remund , head physician SRK), was made up of the representatives of the SAK: Alfred Siegfried ( Pro Juventute ), Giuseppe Crivelli ( Caritas ), Regina Kägi-Fuchsmann (SAH ), Hugo Oltramare, the representatives of the SRK: Gustav Adolf Bohny , Paul Hertig, Heinrich Spengler, H. Moll-Obrecht (until 1944), Elsbeth Kasser (from 1945) and the representatives of the Federal Council: Edouard de Haller , Arnold Saxer. In 1945 the working committee was expanded to 26 members.

In addition to the working committee, several commissions were formed. The placement commission responsible for the admission of children in Switzerland was divided into four commissions that worked closely together: Transport, Family Placement, Collective / Home Placement and Medical Commission (President Hugo Oltramare). In addition there were the commissions for propaganda, business auditing, purchasing (among others with Gottlieb Duttweiler ), works abroad and the central secretariat in Bern ( Rodolfo Olgiati until 1943; 1944–1948 he was the operational head of the central office for Swiss donations ) and the delegations in France : Max Oscar Zürcher was the general delegate, Maurice Dubois in Toulouse was responsible for the southern zone and Odette Micheli in Paris was responsible for the occupied northern zone .

Organizers and helpers using the example of southern France

SAK staff meeting, Château de la Hille, 1941
Meeting of SRK employees, Montluel, June 1942

From the hundreds of voluntary helpers of children's aid in Switzerland and abroad, some employees of children's aid in southern France are listed here. The majority of these were Swiss nurses and teachers from all political and neutral camps who spoke three or more languages. They volunteered for refugees and children during the two world wars and in the inter-war and post-war periods in Switzerland, in Spain during the Spanish Civil War , in the zone libre and in occupied southern France , and in destroyed post-war Europe. They organized successful collections of relief goods and money, children's homes, children's trains and recreational stays, showed diplomatic skills in difficult negotiations with authorities and gained the support of broad sections of the population in Switzerland through their humanistic work for the innocent victims of the political upheaval:

activities

The relief operations of the SAK (1940-1941), SRK Children's Aid (from 1942) took place during the Second World War and in the post-war period in Switzerland and in the European countries affected by the war and had the following total scope:

  • Stays in Switzerland 1940–1955 (children's trains): 180,000 children, over 60,000 of them from France and the rest from over a dozen European countries
  • Help on site (food aid, clothes, etc.): Example France: 550,000 children
  • Sponsorships 1940–1949: 140,000
  • Placement of pre-tubercular children in Switzerland 1945–1955: 7,000 children
  • Total value of the aid campaigns (1942–1949): 123 million Swiss francs (excluding operating costs; equivalent to around CHF 1 billion in 2013).

Children's homes and aid campaigns in France

Locations of internment camps and SRK children's homes in southern France (selection)

At the beginning of 1942, the SRK Kinderhilfe took over around 40 employees and several children's homes from the SAK in southern France, including these colonies in particular:

In 1942 and 1943, the accommodation capacity was increased by expanding the existing facilities and the following new children's homes by the SRK Kinderhilfe:

From 1942 to 1944, the number of children housed in Swiss children's homes in France tripled.

The SAK nutrition program was greatly expanded by the SRK Kinderhilfe and new distribution camps were built in the north and south. At the end of 1942 the southern zone had 360 distribution centers. In the north, meals (Vespers) were organized in the kindergartens of cities from 1943 onwards. In 1944 the delegation in Toulouse distributed over 1 million meals, in Paris 650,000 and in the north 150,000 Swiss meals. Child sponsorships in France increased from 5,400 in 1941 to 25,000 in 1944.

Children's trains to Switzerland

Children at the train window on departure in Vienna

The organization of children's trains by rail to Switzerland was the largest children's aid campaign during and after the end of the Second World War. 1940–1941 the SAK arranged around 7,000 recreational stays for French and Belgian children in Switzerland. From 1942 to 1945, the SRK Kinderhilfe was able to give around 55,000 malnourished and sick, mostly French children, a three-month recovery stay. After the war, the residency programs were continued and expanded in favor of children from all over Europe, including more than 44,000 from Germany as of April 1946.

By the end of the campaign (1956), around 100,000 Swiss foster families were caring for 181,000 children. After the Swiss Red Cross stopped the Kindertransporte, the recreational stays in Switzerland were continued on a smaller scale by private individuals and organizations such as the National Association of Free Swiss Workers . Children from Berlin in particular were regularly placed with Swiss families.

Organization of children's trains using Germany as an example

The Swiss Consul General Franz-Rudolf von Weiss started the action with his post 1945 report on the chaotic political and economic situation in the Rhineland and the misery of the civilian population as well as the helpless attempts of the British occupying power to bring order to the chaos. The lawyer Hans Rolf Gautschi, central secretary of the SRC Children's Aid from 1944 to 1947, was able to convince the Allies of the humanitarian character of the action and cleared the way for the children's trains from Germany. René Steiner, a lifelong employee of the SRC, was the organizational head of Children's Aid, responsible for the organization of the train journeys and helped with the sponsorship campaigns.

In the spring of 1946 the first delegation of the children's aid of the Swiss Red Cross traveled to Germany. They were Käthe Näf, head of the Zurich section of the Swiss Red Cross and responsible for the placement of German children, Marianne Jöhr, central secretary of SRC Children's Aid from 1947 to 1949, and the doctor Martha Zehr. The first German train was prepared in March and April 1946.

The pre-selection of malnourished and sick children was made by German doctors. A Swiss medical commission carried out a medical examination in preparation for the train journeys. Shortly before departure, a serial check-up was carried out for contagious diseases. The children's trains of the Swiss Federal Railways carried a baggage car (Fourgon) in which a kitchen team made up of volunteers prepared simple meals in a large wood-burning kettle. The train attendants, called Convoyeusen , were volunteers like Martha Wachter-Schneider . The chief convoyeuse Claire Hungerbühler from Bern accompanied almost all 74 trips.

At the border station in Basel , the children were given two plates of sausage soup in the station restaurant, for many their first normal meal in weeks and months. The departure from Germany was scheduled so that the trains arrived in Basel the next morning. After the meal, the Swiss border medical service cleaned and disinfected the children in the bathing establishment. The children of the first transports were taken to a quarantine camp in Schaffhausen for a week to prevent the whole operation from being endangered by epidemics that were introduced. Pre-tubercular children came to nursing homes, such as the Miralago in Brissago in Ticino, where they were cared for with reclining cures and good food.

Ms. Lüdi, head of the SRK of Wiener Kindertransporte with the 10,000th Viennese child

Overview of children's trains from 1946 to 1949

On April 17, 1946, the first train from Germany and the French zone with children from Saarbrücken / Trier / Ludwigshafen arrived at the Basel border station and the last on December 3, 1948. A total of 18 trains with 5,331 children drove from the British zone to Switzerland by February 25, 1949.

On July 5, 1946, the first train from the British zone with four to ten year old children from Hamburg arrived in Basel after a two-day journey. A total of 27 trains with 10,699 children ran from the British zone to Switzerland by February 25, 1949.

On January 16, 1947, the first children's train from the American zone with children from Mannheim reached Switzerland. There were a total of 18 trains with 6,342 children, the last on March 29, 1949.

On May 8, 1947, the first children's train set off from Berlin for Switzerland and on March 26, 1949, the last of 9 trains with a total of 4,412 children arrived.

445 children from Potsdam came from the Soviet zone in January 1948 and 433 from Dresden in May 1948.

Extent of the relief operation in Germany

Deutschlandhilfe started on November 21, 1945 with ten children's aid campaigns in major German cities and was gradually expanded to the following cities, areas and countries: Freiburg im Breisgau , Koblenz , Mainz , Saarbrücken , Trier , Aachen , Bochum , Kleve / Goch , Dortmund , Düren / Jülich , Gelsenkirchen , Cologne , Kiel , Berlin , Baden , Württemberg-Hohenzollern , Bavarian Palatinate , Rheinhessen , Saarland , North Hesse , Rhine Province , Ruhr Area , Lower Saxony , Schleswig-Holstein , Saxony .

Since early 1946, more than two million children in the British, French and Soviet zones received daily meals. Ten thousand tons of medicines, clothing and parcels went to Germany. There were also sponsorships in favor of refugee and displaced children. A recreational stay in Switzerland was organized for malnourished and sick boys and girls, the so-called “Children's Trains to Switzerland”.

Swiss villages

So-called Swiss villages were built in several large cities. Here children who were not eligible for a convalescent trip were fed. The one in Cologne consisted of eleven former Swiss military barracks. From there the catering for tens of thousands of malnourished Cologne children was organized and workshops (carpentry, tailoring, shoemaker's workshop), a counseling center and a daycare center were maintained. As a replacement for the destroyed children's clinic in Cologne, eighteen military barracks from Switzerland were built in May 1946 as a temporary children's clinic. The existence of the Swiss village in Cologne had meant that comparatively few children from Cologne, which was severely damaged by the war, had to travel to Switzerland for successful stays.

In many places, material donated from Switzerland such as sewing machines, fabrics, wool, needles and thread were set up in sewing rooms, in which textiles were then mended and new items of clothing were made, in particular to be able to remedy the shortage of children's clothing.

Children's dinner campaign: Entrance to the canteen of the "Bayrischer Hof" in Vienna

Children's meals

Other assistance provided by the SRK Children's Aid included so-called feedings in Vienna , Lower Austria and Germany, i.e. providing children with food on site. The children's meals were organized by the Swiss donation everywhere in such a way that the children came to the issuing point with ID, meal card, food bowl and spoon, usually a kindergarten, where they ate the food. In Cologne, the children's meals began on March 1, 1946 with all kindergarten children and three weeks later it was extended to external children.

Family stay

The most important part of child aid was that Swiss families took the children in for three months, during this time they paid for food, clothing and other supplies and integrated the children as much as possible into family life. This despite the fact that food was also rationed in Switzerland until June 1948 . When assigning the children to the families, emphasis was placed on agreement with regard to language and denomination . If necessary, the families received material support from the SRC. In addition, there was cooperation with other organizations such as the Swiss Boy Scout Association , which mainly looked after older young people in six-week summer camps. Many former “Swiss children” are still in close contact with their foster family and their time in Switzerland was an unforgettable experience. As a rule, the general physical and psychological condition of the children improved significantly during their stay, and they almost always returned home with new clothes, toys and other gifts.

Submission of sponsorship packages in Austria

Sponsorship campaigns

From 1946 (earlier in France) a sponsorship program for children was set up in many European countries. During the campaign, 70,000 sponsors were obtained from the Swiss population. The "love gift packages" for children who for various reasons could not take part in a stay in Switzerland contained food, clothes, fabrics and bed linen. As part of these sponsorships, around 11,000 German children were provided with a monthly package by Swiss families. In 1949 alone, German children received 46,000 parcels. Even children and orphanages in Austria were supported by the delivery of relief supplies.

Refugee camp in Schleswig-Holstein

Help for displaced and refugee children

The health of children in the mass accommodation of the Germans who were expelled from the areas beyond the Oder-Neisse line from 1946 onwards prompted the Swiss Red Cross to provide further aid. In the early 1950s, Kinderhilfe and other organizations organized the stay of such children in Switzerland. By the end of winter 1951/52, Swiss families took in 8,299 refugee children; by 1956 there were a total of 14,814.

financing

Kinderhilfe was financed primarily through monetary and material donations from the population, through bazaars and badge sales as well as through income from the sale of special stamps . From April 1942, the so-called weekly chunk ( French Sou hebdomadaire ), a contribution of 10 cents, became the most important source of income alongside sponsorships, which brought in over 8.67 million Swiss francs by the end of 1946.

In order to guarantee the freedom of action and impartiality of the aid, the funding came exclusively from Swiss funds. Since a large part of the donations consisted of contributions in kind, the exact total amount is not known. Cautious estimates assume around 120 million Swiss francs. The Swiss donation as well as private committees and associations commissioned the Red Cross to carry out relief operations and handed over the funds it had raised itself.

The care of around 180,000 children by foster families until the end of the campaign in 1955 cost around five Swiss francs per child and day. This aid corresponded to a financial value of around 80 million Swiss francs.

Swiss European Aid

On July 1, 1948, Swiss European Aid took over the legacy of the Swiss donation and carried out many campaigns that had already started, including the work in the Swiss villages.

Exhibitions

  • Humanitarian Switzerland 1933–1945 - Children on the run with a series of lectures and contemporary witnesses. University of Basel from October 31 to December 19, 2003, University of Bern from October 29 to November 27, 2004, Kornhaus Bern from August 26 to October 2, 2004
  • Special exhibition in the Henry Dunant Museum Heiden from April 23 to November 2010: Children's trains to Switzerland
  • Humanitarian Swiss Children's Relief 1917-1948 . Jerusalem Synagogue , Prague , April 16 to June 21, 2012 (Czech, English)
  • Femmes oubliés, L'histoire du Secours Suisse aux Enfants, 1917-1948 . Maternité Suisse d 'Elne, Château d'en Bardou Elne, February 16 to September 30, 2013 (French, Catalan)

Honor

  • On June 27, 1948, the " Monument of Gratitude " by Georges Salendres was unveiled by a girl in Alsatian costume and a Basel child in Basel to the sound of the Marseillaise , as a thank you from France to the helpers of the children's aid of the Swiss Red Cross who took care of countless French Children took care.

literature

  • Antonia Schmidlin: Another Switzerland. Helpers, children of war and humanitarian policy 1933–1942. Chronos Verlag, Zurich 1999, ISBN 3-905313-04-9 .
  • Paul Senn: If you are human ... feel my need. Read in faces! A photo report of the activities of the Swiss aid organization in children's homes and refugee camps in the south of France. In: Schweizer Illustrierte Zeitung. Zofingen, Vol. 31 (No. 9/25 February 1942), pp. 261-265.
  • Mathilde Paravicini: Children come to Switzerland. In: Eugen Theodor Rimli (ed.): The book from the Red Cross. The Red Cross from the beginning until today. Fraumünster-Verlag, Zurich 1944, pp. 336–367.
  • Nettie Sutro: Youth on the Run, 1933–1948. 15 years in the mirror of the Swiss Aid Organization for Emigrant Children. With a foreword by Albert Schweitzer . Europa-Verlag, Zurich 1952.
  • Bertha Elisabeth von Arburg: memories of the SRK children's trains. In: Thurgauer Jahrbuch , Vol. 77, 2002, pp. 54–67. ( e-periodica.ch )
  • Working group of the association “Swiss Children”: The miracle of a journey. The “Swiss Children” and their trip to fairy tale land. Robert Gessler, Friedrichshafen 2003, ISBN 3-86136-080-2 .
  • Anton Partl, Walter Pohl (Ed.): Sent to Switzerland. Children of war discover a better world. Böhlau, Vienna 2005, ISBN 3-205-77426-4 .
  • Bernd Haunfelder : Children's trains to Switzerland. The Germany Aid of the Swiss Red Cross 1946–1956. Aschendorff, Münster 2007, ISBN 978-3-402-12730-8 .
  • Bernd Haunfelder: Need and Hope. German children and Switzerland 1946–1956. Aschendorff, Münster 2008, ISBN 978-3-402-12776-6 .
  • Bernd Haunfelder (Ed.): Swiss help for Germany. Appeals, reports, letters, memories, speeches, 1917–1933 and 1944–1957. Aschendorff, Münster 2010, ISBN 978-3-402-12870-1 .
  • Helena Kanyar Becker (ed.): Forgotten women. Humanitarian aid to children and official refugee policy 1917–1948. Friedel Bohny-Reiter, Elisabeth Eidenbenz, Renée Farny, Georgine Gerhard, Germaine Hommel, Anne-Marie Im Hof-Piguet, Regina Kägi-Fuchsmann, Elsbeth Kasser, Elsa Lüthi-Ruth, Rösli Näf, Emma Ott, Mathilde Paravicini, Nettie Sutro, Ruth von Wild. Verlag Schwabe, Basel 2010, ISBN 978-3-7965-2695-4 .
  • Serge Nessi: La Croix-Rouge suisse au secours des enfants 1942–1945 et le rôle du docteur Hugo Oltramare. Preface by Cornelio Sommaruga. Editions Slatkine, Geneva 2011, ISBN 978-2-8321-0458-3 .
    • Serge Nessi: The Children's Aid of the Swiss Red Cross 1942–1945 and the role of the doctor Hugo Oltramare. Preface by Cornelio Sommaruga. Karolinger Verlag, Vienna / Leipzig 2013, ISBN 978-3-85418-147-7 .
  • 1946 - From rubble land to wonderland Rescue journey with the children's relief train of the Swiss Red Cross. In: Jungfrau Zeitung , August 13, 2007.
  • David Fonjallaz, Yves Yersin : 8. Help for children? . In: L'histoire - c'est moi . Time and audio documents (DVD).

Web links

Commons : Swiss Red Cross  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ The semi-autonomous organizational structure of children's aid was abolished in June 1949 and integrated into the permanent structures of the SRC
  2. ↑ Cornelio Sommaruga in: Serge Nessi: The Children's Aid of the Swiss Red Cross 1942-1945 and the role of the doctor Hugo Oltramare . Karolinger Verlag, Vienna
  3. ↑ Founding members: Swiss Charitable Society, Federation of Swiss Women's Organizations, Pro Juventute, Swiss Caritas Association, Swiss Workers' Aid, Swiss Aid for Emigrant Children, Mouvement de la Jeunesse Romande, Swiss Charitable Women's Association, Swiss Teachers' Association, Swiss Teachers' Association, Société Pédagogique de la Suisse Romande, Friends of Swiss Romande People's education centers, Service civil international (Switzerland section), Association of German-Swiss Youth Associations from the Blue Cross, Swiss Medical and Medical Aid, Swiss Section of the World Association for the Renewal of Education, Fédération du Christianisme Social de la Suisse Romande. Later came: the Catholic Women's Association, the Association of Catholic Women's Associations, Ligue pour l'Education nouvelle, Swiss annual meeting of friends (Quakers)
  4. ↑ Hans Beutler - The other Paul Grüninger. A Swiss rescued over 5,000 Jewish children and adults in France ( Memento of the original from December 22, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (on kirche-heute.ch) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.kirche-heute.ch
  5. ↑ Bernd Haunfelder: Need and Hope. German children and Switzerland 1946–1956. Verlag Aschendorff, Münster 2008, ISBN 978-3-402-12776-6 .
  6. ↑ Serge Nessi: The Children's Aid of the Swiss Red Cross 1942-1945 and the role of the doctor Hugo Oltramare . Karolinger Verlag , Vienna / Leipzig 2013, ISBN 978-3-85418-147-7 .
  7. ↑ Helena Kanyar Becker: Forgotten women . Schwabe 2010
  8. ↑ Historisches Museum Thurgau 2013: A little suitcase tells ... - Humanitarian aid after the war years  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF)@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.srk-thurgau.ch  
  9. ↑ Bernd Haunfelder: Children's trains in Switzerland. The Germany Aid of the Swiss Red Cross 1946–1956. Verlag Aschendorff, Münster 2007, ISBN 978-3-402-12730-8 .
  10. ↑ Swiss Teachers' Newspaper, Volume 3, Volume 47, 1942–1943: Swiss Red Cross, Children's Aid
  11. ^ Helena Kanyar-Becker: The humanitarian Switzerland 1933-1945: Children on the run . University Library Basel 2004 (exhibition catalog)
  12. ↑ dunant2010.ch/dunant-museum ( Memento of the original from February 24, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.dunant2010.ch
  13. ↑ Old Basel: Monument of Gratitude from 1948
  14. ↑ Saving children in dangerous times. NZZ of November 3, 2010:
  15. ^ Archimob: L'histoire - c'est moi . Oral history project about the time during the Second World War in Switzerland with 555 contemporary witnesses, 2004