Elsbeth Weichmann

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Weichmanns at the SPD state party conference in Hamburg in 1982

Elsbeth Freya Weichmann , née Greisinger (born June 20, 1900 in Brno , Margraviate of Moravia , † July 10, 1988 in Bonn ) was a German politician of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). Since 1928 she was married to Herbert Weichmann, who later became the First Mayor of Hamburg . In order to save their lives, both emigrated to the USA via France in 1933. After returning from exile in 1949, she devoted herself to party politics, consumer protection, women's rights and cultural policy. From 1957 to 1974 she was a member of the Hamburg Parliament .

From monarchy to republic

Birthplace of Elsbeth Weihmann: Moravian Brno (Brno)

Elsbeth Greisinger, married Weichmann, came from a Protestant family in the predominantly Catholic margraviate of Moravia . Her father was the Brno savings bank director Richard Greisinger and her mother Theresa Greisinger. She was born the third of four daughters. She grew up knowing that she belonged to a minority and was raised to respect other minorities. For this reason, too, the family had good contacts with the Jewish residents of Brno. In contrast to her parents, she grew up bilingual and spoke fluent Czech in addition to her German mother tongue . The family atmosphere was bourgeois-liberal, but not influenced by party politics.

Elsbeth Greisinger came to the Lyceum and first came into contact with Marxist literature at the age of 17 . She had good contact with the Latin teacher who, through discussions and literature, paved her access to socialist ideas and, according to her own statements, gave her the "intellectual background" for her further development. In 1918, after graduating from high school, she became a member of the Social Democratic Workers' Party of Austria (SDAP) and later the SPD in Germany. The chairman of the Social Democrats in Brno and also a friend of the Greisinger family was Ludwig Czech . Ludwig Czech was elected to the first parliament of the newly founded Czechoslovakia in 1920 and in 1926 he became Minister for Social Affairs. He accepted Elsbeth Greisinger into the party, but promised to keep membership secret. After learning of her daughter's entry into the party, her mother confessed that she was also a member.

On October 7, 1918 Elsbeth Greisinger enrolled at the German Technical University in Brno as an extraordinary student. It is not known if she ever attended a lecture. Just one year later, she changed her place of study, went to Frankfurt am Main and witnessed the Kapp Putsch there . In Frankfurt this was more harmless than in many other places, but it remained a decisive experience for them as well as for many other democrats. After only a few semesters, she went to Kiel for one semester and then to Cologne for another . In the meantime, she also took a semester off in order to return to Frankfurt for the winter semester in October 1921. Although she was registered in Frankfurt until March 1923, she lived most of the time in Vienna with her sister, the later resistance fighter Gertrude Greisinger (1895-1992). Through her sister Elsbeth Greisinger got to know, among others, the member of the Austrian National Council Julius Deutsch and other members of the socialist scene.

Elsbeth Greisinger around 1923

In 1923 she moved to Graz to live with her grandmother and began studying at the Karl Franzens University . For the first time, her main focus was on studying and not on political activity. She attended lectures in the subjects of economic history, economics, general and comparative statistics, Austrian social insurance and international law. However, she never let political theory out of her sight and she continued her education outside the university. Her great passions were the October Revolution and Leninism , which also influenced her dissertation. In 1926 she received her doctorate in political science in Graz. The topic of her dissertation was “ Leninism as the theory of the social liberation movement in its historical foundations. “The dissertation was only just accepted and against the vote of the dean.

After completing her studies, she worked as a statistician for the German Stage Members' Cooperative . In 1928 she married Herbert Weichmann, who later became the First Mayor of Hamburg . The two met while studying in Frankfurt. Elsbeth Greisinger was matriculated there from June 1919 to April 1920 and, like Herbert Weichmann, attended seminars at the Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences. They also met in the university's “Socialist Student Group” and at the lectures given by both of them, Franz Oppenheimer, who was both admired . They became a couple at that time, but continued to go different paths in their academic careers.

emigration

In 1933 the Weichmanns were forced to emigrate as a result of persecution by the Nazi regime. The Social Democrat Herbert Weichmann came from a Jewish family, which led to the expectation of discrimination. As an SPD member, he was affected by the law to restore the civil service - he was dismissed from the Prussian civil service due to political unreliability . As the biographer Annelise Ego found, Elsbeth Weichmann would have had the choice of letting her husband go into exile alone. She herself was “professionally not in an exposed position, as a party member, despite some engagements, inconspicuous enough to remain unmolested”. But staying behind in Berlin was out of the question for her, because she was of the opinion that she had to give up much less than her husband. She would be able to settle in exile much more easily than he could and would thus be of support to him.

In the summer of 1933 they fled from Berlin towards Czechoslovakia (ČSR). They crossed the Giant Mountains on foot and went to Prague. From there they came to Elsbeth Weichmann's place of birth and stayed with their parents for several weeks. After a few weeks of resting from the persecution and disturbance about the conditions in Germany, they went back to Prague and tried to build a new existence for themselves. In the Czech Republic, as in Germany, there was strong anti-Semitic propaganda at that time. In Prague, anti-Semites primarily targeted journalists and authors. The assertion that almost all German-language newspapers are written by Jews quickly created a “not very encouraging atmosphere” for Elsbeth and especially for Herbert Weichmann. Through earlier journalistic activities by Herbert Weichmann ( Frankfurter Zeitung , Vossische Zeitung ) he was still able to build on old contacts. In the editorial office of the Prager Tagblatt he met former colleagues who gave him a job as a business correspondent in Paris. In October 1933 they drove with a valid visa via Switzerland ( Basel ) towards France .

France

Paris Gare de l'Est train station

The first permanent station of the emigration was the French capital. The Weichmanns spoke little French and felt lost in the metropolis. Elsbeth Weichmann wrote in her later notes about this moment: “[...] shortly after our arrival at the Gare de l'Est, we were overcome by the feeling of being lost in this strange and strange environment. Colors, noises, smells, houses, streetscapes, the whole dynamism of this city was new, unfamiliar - the stranger. ” The couple lived in a small hotel until they first stayed in a furnished room. In the "Rue Daumier 8" they found their first permanent residence in a pension. Through the contact with the landlady's son-in-law, an active socialist, the couple's French improved significantly and they were also introduced to the political life of the Seine metropolis. A short time later they moved on to a side street at the Porte de Versailles , Rue Claude Terrasse 33. There they lived in an apartment in a corner house with one large and two small rooms. There, as in all shared apartments, Elsbeth Weichmann was responsible for the furniture and other interior fittings.

Elsbeth Weichmann supported her husband in his work as a journalist. It fell to her to work through the current press and to create an archive of newspaper clippings. In addition to the work for the Prager Tagblatt , there were lucrative assignments for the business newspaper Der Deutsche Volkswirt as a foreign correspondent. Herbert Weichmann wrote there under the pseudonym "Ernst Greisinger", the maiden name of his wife. In 1935 the newly founded monthly Le Troc was looking for an editor and offered Herbert Weichmann this position, Elsbeth Weichmann was also recruited. It was the first time the couple wrote in French. Because of their work for Le Troc , the liberal weekly Europe Nouvelle became aware of the couple and they became permanent authors of the paper. A friendship developed with the editor-in-chief of the magazine Pierre Brossolette .

Elsbeth Weichmann maintained contact with other German emigrants, mostly from intellectual circles. They met at Les Deux Magots and other cafes in town. During this time, Ernst Hamburger , Albert Grzesinski and Victor Schiff became friends and conversation partners . A very close "almost familial, intimate friendship" now developed with the former Prime Minister of Prussia Otto Braun . Herbert Weichmann had stood by his side as a personal advisor for five years and was one of his closest confidants. During this time, the couple motivated Otto Braun to write his memoirs and also proofread the manuscripts. Another personality with whom the Weichmanns became friends in Paris was the former mayor of Altona , Max Brauer . She had already visited Max Brauer many times in Berlin, but a close friendship that would later have a major impact on her life only developed in Paris. Elsbeth Weichmann was also friends with Hedwig Wachenheim and her mutual friend Hans Staudinger . It was mainly Elsbeth Weichmann who was responsible for maintaining personal and friendly contacts with Germans and French. In contrast to him, she had the "natural charm in dealing with people."

After the start of the war in 1939, Herbert Weichmann received a position order from the French military. His wife finished the articles she had started, for example for Europe Nouvelle . The new editor of the newspaper Pertinax took care of a quick return of Herbert Weichmann.

After the start of the war on Germany's western front in 1940, events for the German emigrants in France turned over. On May 11th of the same year, an internment warrant was issued for all people of German origin and their spouses. Therefore, Elsbeth Weichmann's still valid Czechoslovak passport did not help anything against this order. During the internment, a sorting into friends and enemies of France was supposed to take place, but this never happened. Elsbeth Weichmann was separated from her husband and the next day, on May 16, 1940, he was housed with several thousand women in the Vélodrome d'Hiver . After about a week on May 22nd, the camp was disbanded and relocated to the south of France. She was brought to Camp de Gurs via the train station in Pau in the south of France . From June, the never-ending stream of newcomers made camp life even more unbearable. Elsbeth Weichmann describes the situation in retrospect: “ The food was no longer enough and was extended with water, the washing facilities were overcrowded and the latrines were dirty. The canteen could no longer cope with the onslaught of screaming women and children. It was closed. The supplementary food, which would be particularly important for us right now, was canceled. “Elsbeth Weichmann left the camp with a discharge certificate and stamp, but with false information about name and nationality. The bills were in an unguarded office of the camp and so the release was not an official but a self-realized act by many of the “political” women.

At chance meetings with acquaintances and friends, Elsbeth Weichmann spread the information that she would be in Sète on the Mediterranean coast. Her hope was that these clues would reach her husband and that they would find each other. Through further coincidences and luck, Herbert Weichmann found his wife in this coastal town, who already lived in a room. Together they could rest there for a while and prepare for the next steps.

Escape via Spain and Portugal

The Weichmanns received the information that a US visa should be issued for them by the American consulate and the Emergency Rescue Committee . It was only through the correspondence between Albert Grzesinski , who had already emigrated to America, and Otto Braun that the couple were informed of the possibility of emigrating to America. The visa was supposed to be issued in Marseille , but this involved a lot of effort due to the poor travel connection to the city in the south of France. In addition, the access routes were checked by the police so as not to let more refugees into the overcrowded city. Another problem arose from the fact that the Vichy regime , which was cooperating with the Germans, had so-called black lists , on which Herbert Weichmann was also registered. Elsbeth Weichmann started the trip alone with her incorrectly issued discharge papers and was able to bring her husband to Marseille with a letter confirming that a visa would be available.

Due to the slow clearance by the American consulate and the increasing persecution of political refugees, they tried to get a visa in other embassies. The transit through Spain and Portugal was secured by a visa for Siam (around today's Thailand ) . Once again, the couple fled across the Pyrenees on foot to Portbou in Spain. There they received their suitcase, which had been brought to the Catalan town by train by the Stampfer family, who had also fled . From there they took the train to Madrid via Barcelona . In Barcelona it was planned that the further escape from Madrid should be undertaken together with the Stampfers.

During a stopover in Madrid, Elsbeth Weichmann's passport was stolen in the subway. Due to this mishap, the further escape to Lisbon was in danger. Despite the help of Friedrich Stampfer and Alexander Stein , who came to the American consulate as witnesses, the American consul Robert F. Fernald hesitated to issue a rescue visa . He stipulated that Herbert Weichmann and his companions should go to Lisbon immediately. Elsbeth Weichmann, on the other hand, was supposed to take care of a Spanish exit visa and a Portuguese transit visa with a visa issued by him. The consul personally accompanied her to the Spanish authorities. A few days later, on September 19, 1940, she followed her husband and the other social democratic refugees with their valid papers to the Portuguese capital. At this point in time, Elsbeth Weichmann had lost a lot of weight and was in a "deplorable condition".

Lisbon was a refugee city at the time. But unlike the other cities where refugees gathered, most of them had papers here for disembarkation for England or the USA. The Weichmanns had to wait several weeks for an opportunity to take a ship to the USA. During this time they met regularly with Erich Ollenhauer and his family as well as with Hans Vogel , Erich Rinner , Konrad Heiden and Arthur Koestler . After eight weeks in Lisbon, on November 12, 1940, the Portuguese coastal steamer Guiné began its journey to New York . Elsbeth Weichmann describes this last part of the escape dejectedly: “ The majority of the passengers stood at the bow of the ship and looked towards a new home and a new future. We looked back on our lost homeland Europe and on our destroyed future there, which was getting further and further away from us. "

United States

Elsbeth Weichmann and her husband were greeted in the harbor by Hans Staudinger , Albert Grzesinski and Hedwig Wachenheim . Despite the mutual friends from German and French times and despite Herbert Weichmann's relatives who emigrated at an early age, it was difficult for them to gain a foothold in New York. The economic beginning was marked by odd jobs. Although the Germans were registered in the country as enemy aliens after the USA entered the war , in the case of Elsbeth and Herbert Weichmann this did not result in any disadvantages or persecution.

Elsbeth Weichmann completed a short study at the New York University in the field of Business Statistics . She was enrolled somewhat involuntarily in this course of study by an "old friend from Berlin's time", Robert Kempner , who meanwhile taught as a professor at the University of Philadelphia.

After a long job search, Elsbeth Weichmann got the first position in a department of the Rockefeller Foundation as an auxiliary and support worker and thanks to her great commitment she was able to move up the hierarchy quickly. With the professional success came the social inclusion in the American society. She wrote: “ I was relieved to find that I was no longer viewed as an outsider who did not fit into this environment. The threshold from outsider to belonging was crossed. “In 1945 the employer moved from New York to Washington, DC and Elsbeth Weichmann lost her job. With the end of the war, jobs became scarce again and she started her own business. She founded a company that produced cuddly toys from sheepskin and wool. She rented a small shop on the outskirts of Harlem where she and a few seamstresses produced the stuffed animals. It was an intense experience to work with the black seamstresses: “I did not manage to get the black girls who worked for me out of their distance and slightly aggressive reserve. It wasn't until I asked her to have lunch together at the round table in my office that the ice broke. […] At that time, she longed to have ever lighter skin like white people and ever smoother hair - like white people. In the meantime, that has changed. The blacks have found their identity. "

Despite Herbert's training - he had taken up a three-year evening course in accountancy (bookkeeping) - and Elsbeth Weichmann, they longed to return to their homeland as soon as it was liberated from the Allies . In New York the friendship with the future mayor of Hamburg Max Brauer deepened. Further acquaintances and friendships developed to the entrepreneur Otto Walter, in whose auditing firm Herbert Weichmann worked for a long time. A meeting point and meeting place for the couple were the events of the German Labor delegation , where they met friends like Agnes and Rudolf Katz , Marie Juchacz and Emil Kirschmann . After the end of the war and the return of Max Brauer and Rudolf Katz to Germany, these were an important link to their old homeland.

Elsbeth Weichmann wrote down her experiences during this time in the publication Refuge - Years of Exile .

Hamburg time

In 1949 Elsbeth Weichmann returned to Germany. She followed her husband to Hamburg, who had returned the year before. The close bond with her husband is also reflected in the correspondence between the spouses during the period of separation in 1948/1949. The first letter Herbert Weichmann sent his wife was written two hours after arriving in Hamburg. He describes the depressing mood in post-war Germany and ends with the words: “ This, my good, are first impressions. I sent it to you because I felt the need to talk to you about everything immediately and because I know how much you are waiting for a first word from me. But I will probably stop my lyrical effusions now. Either way, and feelings or not, now I have to react less with my heart or my feelings and more with my head. “Hamburg should be her home for the rest of her life. When asked why she felt so comfortable in Hamburg later, she said: “ Everything is a little different here than in other parts of Germany. Hamburg is not only an aesthetic, beautiful city, it is the tradition of cosmopolitanism that is stronger than any current of politics, fashion, society. "

Elsbeth Weichmann with the former Senator Paula Karpinski at an SPD state party conference in 1982

In Hamburg, Elsbeth Weichmann devoted herself to several topics at the same time from the start. On the one hand, she dealt with consumer protection, equal rights for women and, a little later, with culture and cultural policy.

Consumer protection, women's rights and cultural policy

Elsbeth Weichmann made the consumer center in Hamburg an important institution. One innovation was her view that "in addition to legal protection, which must be subject to certain limits, [...] systematic and careful consumer education should be pursued ". On March 5, 1957, she and eleven other women founded the “Working Group for Consumer Issues” in the trade union building at Besenbinderhof. She headed the association, which was renamed the “consumer advice center” about a year later, as chairwoman from the start. It was the first consumer advice center in Germany and in the early days it focused exclusively on the practice of housekeeping.

She became a board member of the "Working Group of Consumer Associations" in Bonn and, in 1964, President of the consumer associations of the EEC countries in Brussels . She was also the second chairman of the “Bureau Européan des Consommateurs” and a member of the contact committee of consumer organizations.

She was aware that consumer protection at that time was primarily aimed at women, who largely took on the classic role of housewife. But it is precisely there that she called for equal rights for women, not only in professional life, but also in marriage: “ In addition to all these reasons for a slow technical restructuring of family households, there is the good old spirit of submission that the German man is so loyal to in his relationship with The state is preserved and the German woman in her relationship with the Lord and Lord. This subservience will prevent them for a long time from giving themselves a democratic position in the economy and forcing the man, as a companion in life, to consider doing household chores as his own business. "

In addition to consumer protection, her second political concern was cultural policy. She was one of the founders of the “Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Kulturförderung”. In her opinion, culture was not for the upper classes. For them, the motto counted across party lines: “ Culture for everyone ”.

Citizenship and "First Lady"

Herbert Weichmann (1971)

Elsbeth Weichmann was a member of the Hamburg Parliament from 1957 to 1974 . There her main field of activity was cultural policy .

Her husband's term of office as First Mayor (1965 to 1971) also fell during this period. For this reason, the couple moved out of their cramped apartment in Eilbek at the end of March 1967 . They settled in a more representative place in Hamburg and lived in an apartment at Feenteich 8 in the immediate vicinity of the Outer Alster . This apartment was also mainly furnished by the lady of the house, mostly with antique furniture. Frequent guests at this time included Rolf and Helga Stödter , Helmut and Loki Schmidt , Hans-Jochen Vogel and Carlo Schmid . She commented on the political activity in the city at the same time: “We both worked in a business. My husband as mayor. I am in the citizenry and in the committees. "

Life after the death of Herbert Weichmann

In 1983 her husband died. At the memorial service for Herbert Weichmann in Hamburg's town hall on October 16, 1983, the speakers emphasized the close relationship between the two spouses and Elsbeth Weichmann's contribution to her husband's life. The then First Mayor Klaus von Dohnanyi (SPD) said in the direction of the widow: “ He would not have managed all this, he often said, without his wife Elsbeth. His cheerfulness in the seriousness of life, his kindness in the severity - he has often said how much of it he owes you, Frau Weichmann. You both shared the fate of Weimar, flight, emigration and finally the great task of Hamburg and carried it together. Until the last few days. Hamburg loves them both. "The then mayor Peter Schulz and successor Weichmanns as Hamburg mayor said:" And it was his wife, without her love and camaraderie, without her care and sensitive critical advice, his life and his performance would not have been possible. "Former Chancellor Helmut Schmidt (SPD) addressed the words directly to Elsbeth Weichmann at the funeral service: “You did everything together, because you actually thought everything together. Everyone in Hamburg knows that without you Herbert would not have been able to accomplish all of this. It is your common work. And by thanking Herbert, we thank you. "

The Weichmanns had no children, but took Herbert Weichmann's nephew Frank Aron as an adoptive son. The nephew's parents did not survive the Holocaust . Elsbeth Weichmann's mother-in-law was also a victim of the Shoah .

ElsbethWeichmannUnterschrift.jpg

Even after the death of her husband, Elsbeth Weichmann remained actively interested in political events. In the weekend edition from 6./7. September 1986 she reported on the subject of asylum policy. She said in the Hamburger Abendblatt , referring to her own experiences during the Nazi era: “ The memory of this dark chapter in German history must be a warning to today's people to maintain a liberal spirit in asylum policy. The liberal asylum law must not be attacked. "

Honor and foundations

In 1977/78 the Elsbeth-Weichmann-Gesellschaft was founded. The aim of the company is to promote culture and international understanding. Among other things, it mediates contacts between private cultural initiatives and potential sponsors.

In 1978 Elsbeth Weichmann received the Biermann Ratjen Medal for her commitment to cultural policy . In 1984 she received the Mayor Stolten Medal for her services to the Hanseatic City of Hamburg. In 1988 she became an honorary senator at the University of Hamburg .

In 1989, one year after Elsbeth Weichmann's death, the Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann Foundation was established. According to its own statement, the foundation's task is to “recall the work of the democratic opposition in exile against the totalitarian rule of Hitler as well as the consequences of this work for Germany after the war and to preserve this memory for future generations.” The practical work of the foundation consists of printing subsidies , Grants, archive trips and support for academic work and events. The foundation, based on the Kehrwieder , also publishes scientific papers and organizes readings and conferences.

In the Hamburg City Hall in the waiting area of ​​the Senate there has been a painted portrait of every First Mayor since 1945 . The double portrait of Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann by Almut Heise is an unofficial honor and specialty : Elsbeth Weichmann is the only wife of a mayor who was portrayed.

Commemoration

Tomb of the Weichmanns

One day after Elsbeth Weichmann's death, the Hamburger Abendblatt reported almost full-page about the politician. You quoted the then Hamburg Mayor Henning Voscherau (SPD), who said in an initial statement: “ Your death fills me with deep sadness. She was a steadfast woman who mastered her fate with courage, strength and wisdom. Your friends - including me - will very much miss your warmth and advice. "The then FDP country chief Robert Vogel said:" Your memory will always be a memory of persecution, exile and non-natural return. "

About a week after her death, on July 18, 1988, they said goodbye in the Hamburg City Hall and at the official memorial service in St. Petri Church . In the town hall, Henning Voscherau said in his speech: “ She set the tone herself. She herself was a sovereign personality. She herself had - no less than her husband - what it takes to be a "state woman" and she knew it too. She is such a role model for girls and women who want to go their own way in life. "

Publications

literature

  • Uwe Bahnsen : The Weichmanns in Hamburg. A stroke of luck for Hamburg. Published by the Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann Foundation. Christians-Verlag, Hamburg 2001, ISBN 3-7672-1360-5 .
  • Rita Bake, Brita Reimers: This is how they lived! Walking on the paths of women in Hamburg's old and new town. Hamburg 2003, ISBN 3-7672-1417-2 , pp. 288-290.
  • Rita Bake, Brita Reimers: City of Dead Women. Portraits of women and life pictures from Ohlsdorf cemetery. Dölling and Galitz Verlag, Hamburg 1997, ISBN 3-930802-56-2 , pp. 291-292.
  • Anneliese Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Living history 1896–1948. Published by the Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann Foundation. Christians-Verlag, Hamburg 1998, ISBN 3-7672-1318-4 .
  • Hans Fahning (Ed.): Herbert Weichmann to the memory. Hamburg says goodbye to its mayor. Albrecht Knaus Verlag, Hamburg 1983, ISBN 3-8135-0178-7 .
  • Inge Grolle , Rita Bake: “I practiced juggling with three balls.” Women in the Hamburg citizenship from 1946 to 1993. State Center for Political Education Hamburg, Hamburg 1995, ISBN 3-930802-01-5 , pp. 405–406 .
  • Daniel Tilgner: E. Weichmann. In: Franklin Kopitzsch , Daniel Tilgner (Ed.): Hamburg Lexikon. 2nd, revised edition. Zeiseverlag, Hamburg 2000, ISBN 3-9805687-9-2 , p. 522.
  • Marianne Loring: Escape from France 1940. The expulsion of German Social Democrats from exile. Fischer Taschenbuchverlag, Frankfurt am Main 1996, ISBN 3-596-12822-6 .
  • SPD Hamburg (ed.): For freedom and democracy. Hamburg Social Democrats in Persecution and Resistance 1933–1945. Hamburg 2003, ISBN 3-8330-0637-4 , p. 440.

Web links

Commons : Elsbeth Weichmann  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Elsbeth Weichmann's "year of birth 1902" has been used in official and unofficial documents since 1919, for example in the Official Gazette of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg of October 25, 1957. The first incorrect entry was made in 1919 when a baptismal certificate was issued. The date was not given with the correct year of birth 1900, but with 1902. It is not known why she continued the wrong date, cf. in addition: Ego: living history. P. 116 and accompanying footnote.
  2. ↑ Ego: Lived History. Pp. 53-60.
  3. ↑ Ego: Lived History. Pp. 114-117.
  4. ^ Bahnsen: The Weichmanns in Hamburg. P. 102. The year of the dissertation is given differently, e.g. B. at Grole / Bake it is dated 1927.
  5. ↑ Ego: Lived History. P. 117.
  6. ↑ Ego: Lived History. P. 51.
  7. ↑ Ego: Lived History. Pp. 221-224.
  8. ↑ a b Weichmann: Refuge. Pp. 21-23 and 35-37.
  9. ↑ Ego: Lived History. P. 209.
  10. ↑ Weichmann: Refuge. P. 42.
  11. ↑ Ego: Lived History. P. 215.
  12. ↑ Weichmann: Refuge. Pp. 44-46. In Annelise Ego's biography (pp. 210–211) it is assumed that the order from the German economist had already gone to Herbert Weichmann in Prague or even in Berlin.
  13. ↑ Ego: Lived History. P. 250.
  14. ↑ Ego: Lived History. P. 217 and Weichmann: Refuge. P. 63.
  15. ↑ Weichmann: Refuge. Pp. 53-58, citation p. 56.
  16. ↑ Weichmann: Refuge. Pp. 58/61.
  17. ↑ Ego: Lived History. P. 221.
  18. ↑ Weichmann: Refuge. Pp. 77-78.
  19. ↑ Weichmann: Refuge. Pp. 81–87, as well as Ego: Lived History. Pp. 277-279.
  20. ↑ Ego: Lived History. P. 278, as well as Weichmann: Refuge. Pp. 87-93., Citation p. 90.
  21. ↑ Weichmann: Refuge. Pp. 94-105.
  22. ↑ Ego: Lived History. Pp. 284-285.
  23. ↑ Weichmann: Refuge. Pp. 105–111 and Ego: Lived History. Pp. 290-291.
  24. ↑ Loring: Escape. Pp. 119-122.
  25. ↑ Weichmann: Refuge. Pp. 112-115, Loring: Flucht. Pp. 126–128 and Ego: Lived History. Pp. 292-293.
  26. ↑ Ego: Lived History. Pp. 295–296, as well as Weichmann: Refuge. Pp. 115-119, citation: p. 119.
  27. ↑ Weichmann: Refuge. P. 147.
  28. ↑ Weichmann: Refuge. Pp. 128–134 and Ego: Lived History. Pp. 304-305.
  29. ↑ Weichmann: Refuge. Pp. 157-160.
  30. ↑ Weichmann: Refuge. Pp. 194-195.
  31. ↑ Weichmann: Refuge. Pp. 165-167.
  32. ↑ Weichmann: Refuge. P. 188.
  33. ↑ See also Bake, Reimers: This is how they lived. P. 289.
  34. ↑ Claus-Dieter Krohn (ed.): Herbert Weichmann: Prussian civil servant, exile, Hamburg mayor. Documentation on the occasion of a colloquium of the Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann Foundation "Return and Reconstruction after 1945". Hamburg 1996, ISBN 3-00-000778-4 . Herbert Weichmann's letters to his wife from p. 121, quotation p. 123.
  35. ↑ a b Hamburg said goodbye to Elsbeth Weichmann. In: Hamburger Abendblatt. July 19, 1988, p. 3 (full page).
  36. ↑ E. Weichmann: Are marriage and work compatible? undated typescript (probably first half of the 1950s), partly in Bahnsen: The Weichmanns in Hamburg. Pp. 109-111, citation p. 111.
  37. ↑ Evelyn Preuß: Help for customers: Elsbeth Weichmann had the idea. In: Hamburger Abendblatt . March 15, 2007 and 50 years of the Hamburg Consumer Center. on the website of the consumer center Hamburg (seen on November 24, 2007).
  38. ↑ Grolle, Bake: I have been juggling ... pp. 405–406.
  39. ↑ E. Weichmann: "Are marriage and work compatible?", Undated typescript (probably first half of the 1950s), partly in Bahnsen: The Weichmanns in Hamburg. Pp. 109-111, citation p. 110.
  40. ↑ a b c Always a voice for the weak. In: Hamburger Abendblatt. July 11, 1988, p. 3 (full page).
  41. ^ Bahnsen: The Weichmanns in Hamburg. Pp. 283-285.
  42. ↑ Grolle, Bake: I juggle ... p. 406.
  43. ^ Fahning: Herbert Weichmann. P. 30.
  44. ^ Fahning: Herbert Weichmann. P. 31.
  45. ^ Fahning: Herbert Weichmann. Pp. 43/44.
  46. ↑ Authorities, communities and foundations of the City of Hamburg ( pdf )
  47. ↑ Honorary Senators of the University of Hamburg
  48. ↑ Internet presence of the Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann Foundation


This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on November 26, 2008 .
personal data
SURNAME Weichmann, Elsbeth
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Weichmann, Elsbeth Freya (full name); Greisinger, Elsbeth Freya (maiden name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German politician (SPD), MdHB
DATE OF BIRTH June 20, 1900
PLACE OF BIRTH Brno , Margraviate of Moravia
DATE OF DEATH July 10, 1988
Place of death Bonn