Herbert Weichmann

Herbert Weichmann, 1971

Herbert Kurt Weichmann (born February 23, 1896 in Landsberg , Upper Silesia ; died October 9, 1983 in Hamburg ) was a German lawyer, journalist and politician ( SPD ). From 1965 to 1971 he held the office of First Mayor of Hamburg .

During his law studies he worked as a journalist and continued to do so afterwards. In 1927 he went to Berlin . There his political career began as a personal advisor to the Prussian Prime Minister Otto Braun .

In 1933 he fled to Paris with his wife Elsbeth and worked as a journalist. After the Wehrmacht invaded France , the couple fled to the United States via Spain and Portugal in 1940 . Further studies in New York enabled him to build up an existence as an auditor and tax advisor .

In 1948 he followed a call from Max Brauer and became President of the Hamburg Court of Auditors . From 1957 he acted as Senator for Finance and from 1965 was Hamburg's First Mayor for six years. This made him the first and so far only head of government of Jewish origin in post-war Germany. A number of important economic and urban planning decisions were made in his era . From 1961 to 1974 he was a member of the Hamburg citizenship .

In the empire

Family background

Herbert Weichmann was born on February 23, 1896 in Landsberg, Upper Silesia, a place with around 1000 inhabitants. His father Wilhelm Weichmann (1859–1920) worked as a doctor, his mother Irma Weichmann (1874–1943), née Guttentag, took care of the household; his sister Margot was born on February 7, 1902. The parents' families had lived in Silesia for generations . In 1897 the small family moved to the garrison town of Liegnitz, which has around 50,000 inhabitants . In a bourgeois district she lived there on the first floor of the corner house in which Wilhelm Weichmann ran his practice.

Childhood and youth

The son attended one of the city's Protestant elementary schools and then the humanistic city high school . He also received piano lessons. Religion played a role in the parental home, although religious rules were not strictly observed. The father was inclined to be liberal , but political activities were neither present nor pursued in any form in the family.

In 1911 Herbert joined the Wandervogel movement. He was the only Jewish member of the Liegnitz group and took on a leading role in it. The convictions and closeness to nature of this youth movement shaped him throughout his life, as did many friendships during these years. Herbert Weichmann passed his school leaving certificate on March 20, 1914.

Soldier in World War I

At his father's insistence, he enrolled to study medicine and chose Freiburg im Breisgau as the place to study . It is not certain whether he attended medical lectures there. On the other hand, his contact with the local group of free German youth has been handed down. The news of the beginning of the war reached him on a hike from Basel to Olten . He immediately reported in Liegnitz as a war volunteer and was assigned to the medical service. His unit was the 5th Company of the 7th Landwehr Infantry Regiment. His troops were deployed on the Eastern Front . Weichmann received the Iron Cross in 1915 . On November 4, 1915, he was buried in a hospital. Only eleven days later he found himself back with the fighting troops, again on the Eastern Front. He experienced the end of the war in Lithuania with the rank of sergeant . In the wake of the revolutionary unrest, Weichmann was elected to the soldiers' council, which essentially dealt with the tasks of demobilization . In December 1918, Weichmann returned to Liegnitz.

The years of the Weimar Republic

Studies and judicial service

At the turn of the year 1918/19, Weichmann not only switched from a soldier to a civilian existence, he also decided on a different subject: During the winter semester of 1918/19, he was still enrolled for medical studies at the University of Freiburg , but wrote in February 1919 However, he enrolled at the Silesian Friedrich Wilhelms University in Breslau to study law. There he became a member of a socialist student group that wanted to counter völkisch - nationalist currents in the student body. The time and place turned out to be unfavorable for a concentrated study because the post-war disputes about the future of Upper Silesia between Poland and Germany also shaped the discussions at the University of Wroclaw.

Elsbeth Greisinger around 1923

In the summer semester of 1919, Weichmann continued his studies at the Foundation University in Frankfurt , which, thanks to the work of the economist Adolf Weber and the sociologist Franz Oppenheimer, had a special attraction for democratic and socialist-minded students - Weichmann listened to lectures from both professors. In the context of Oppenheimer's events, Herbert Weichmann met Elsbeth Greisinger, his future wife. The four-year younger student came from a German-Protestant Honoratiorenfamilie from the Catholic dominated Brno . In the winter semester of 1919/20 he moved on to Heidelberg . In addition to his legal studies, he attended events by Heinrich Rickert , Karl Jaspers and Alfred Weber at the Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg .

In early 1920, Weichmann was studying again in Breslau. After the Kapp Putsch , he decided to join the SPD. He passed his first legal exam on July 18, 1921. On November 14, 1921, he submitted his doctoral thesis , and on March 6, 1922, he held the doctoral certificate in his hands. Until 1924 he did his legal traineeship in Breslau. At the end of 1924 or beginning of 1925 he passed the Grand State Examination for Private and Public Law at the Berlin Court of Appeal . Because Prussia did not hire any lawyers in 1925, he was initially unable to find employment in the civil service. From November 1926 to March 1927 he worked as a judge, first in Liegnitz, then in Breslau.

Journalistic activities

Already at the end of the First World War , Weichmann had made an article in the short-lived Jewish youth magazine Jerubbaal , in which he called on young Jews in particular to serve the political idea of ​​reconciliation for all people and the recognition of Jews. In essence, with this text, Weichmann reflected his Jewish identity and what he saw as the task of the Jews.

As a student he developed into a publicist , albeit not with Jewish topics or those of the youth movement. Rather, the focus of his contributions was the Silesian question. From December 1920 to May 1921 he reported for the Frankfurter Zeitung from Upper and Lower Silesia before and during the vote on the territorial affiliation of Upper Silesia . Between August 1921 and October 1926 he wrote for the Vossische Zeitung . For this Ullstein sheet he also described the situation in Upper Silesia until mid-1924. In 1925 and 1926 he lived in Essen , from there to deliver articles on coal mining and the processing industry for the Vossische Zeitung. At the beginning of April 1927 he finally took the position of editor-in-chief of the Kattowitzer Zeitung . The Foreign Office had contacted him beforehand because it was looking for a suitable journalist to head this body of the German-speaking minority in Polish Upper Silesia . Weichmann held this post until November 1927.

Work for Otto Braun

In November 1927, on the recommendation of Ernst Hamburger , the Prussian State Ministry called Herbert Weichmann to Berlin, because they needed a consultant for minority issues who should represent the rights of Germans abroad diplomatically and at the same time energetically in the matter . As a result, Weichmann rose to advisor to Otto Braun, the Prussian Prime Minister. Rapid career steps showed the mutual trust: in December he held the position of government assistant, in May 1928 he was promoted to council, in spring 1930 to senior government councilor, in August 1931, Weichmann worked with the rank of ministerial councilor.

In matters of minority policy, Weichmann immediately took part in the drafting of a law for the protection of minorities, with special emphasis on the school system. The associated goal of calming the minority conflicts in Prussia could not, however, be achieved. Part of the minority policy was the promotion of borderland Germans , especially in Poland. Weichmann also participated in this. Weichmann defended the aid to the East , in which Prussia participated, until Otto Braun withdrew from this politically controversial support of East Elbe landowners at the end of 1931 .

Within the scope of his possibilities, Weichmann also took part in one of Braun's most comprehensive projects: the reform of the empire, which was initiated by the federal states, especially by democratic Prussia, and which was supposed to lead to the creation of a central state. Here, however, even a small step approach was not very successful: neither the connection of Schaumburg-Lippe nor the connection of Mecklenburg-Strelitz came about. The desired joint work with Thuringia also came to nothing. Only the integration of Waldeck succeeded in 1929.

Weichmann's dealing with port issues would prove to be more successful. The project of a transnational joint administration of the fishing ports of Bremerhaven and Wesermünde led to corresponding contracts in mid-1930. Even more significant was the port community agreement that Prussia and Hamburg signed in December 1928. He fixed the legal basis for a joint development and administration of the port areas of Hamburg, Harburg-Wilhelmsburg and Altona . Contacts were made on a personal level that would later prove to be important. That was true for Hamburg's police senator Adolph Schönfelder , for the public economy expert and Prussian negotiator Hans Staudinger and above all for Max Brauer, the Altona mayor.

Like Robert Kempner , Weichmann urged his superiors after 1930 to defend themselves against the growing and violent National Socialist movement - an unsuccessful undertaking, however. After the resignation of the Prussian Interior Minister Albert Grzesinski on February 28, 1930 and the end of the grand coalition in the Reich under Hermann Müller on March 27, 1930, Braun reacted with discouragement.

The deposition of the Braun government on July 20, 1932 by the “ Preussenschlag ” did not lead to an uprising by the Prussian government or to resistance from the trade unions or the SPD. Herbert Weichmann never forgave this acceptance of the demolition of the “democratic bulwark”.

As a result of the coup , Weichmann was transferred to the Prussian Ministry of Commerce, which was now called the "Ministry of Economics and Labor". Here he worked as a consultant for trade issues for seven months from August 8, 1932.

Trip to the Soviet Union

Herbert Weichmann was married to Elsbeth Greisinger on March 16, 1928. In 1930 the couple made a trip to the Soviet Union together . The occasion was, among other things, the study of nationality and minority politics there. The journey took the Weichmanns to Russia , Ukraine , the North Caucasus , Georgia , Armenia and Azerbaijan . The couple were also interested in the Soviet living conditions; they visited working-class clubs, pubs, canteens, housing estates, slums, factories, trade union houses, schools, theaters and museums. She was by no means convinced by the impressions of this trip, but mostly repelled them; they perceived propaganda, the economy in scarcity, disorganization, overregulation, poverty, neglect and disorder.

A first journalistic result of the trip were two articles by Herbert Weichmann for the Vossische Zeitung on the constitutional state structure of the Soviet Union, on the constitutional reality and on dealing with minorities. The joint travelogue Everyday Life in the Soviet State in the form of a book published in 1931 proved to be more effective . It questioned the positive image of the Soviet Union that partisans of Soviet communism painted. The Weichmanns' book sold well, the trade unions printed a shortened special edition, and Prussia acquired a few thousand copies for its police and mine administration. Representatives of the Communist Party of Germany and the Soviet Union, however, regarded the writing as an anti-communist work.

exile

Escape from Germany

The law to restore the civil service ended Weichmann's activity in the Prussian civil service. The National Socialists considered him "politically unreliable" because of his SPD membership. In September 1933 Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann fled in the Giant Mountains over the green border into Czechoslovakia . Via Prague it went to Brno. However, Elsbeth Weichmann's hometown was not the goal of the flight. The couple continued on their way to France in October 1933 , provided they had valid visas . Herbert Weichmann was accredited as a journalist for the Prager Tagblatt . Even before they arrived in Paris, the couple's new place of residence, it was arranged that Herbert Weichmann could also write for the magazine Der Deutsche Volkswirt .

Journalist in Paris

The couple implemented their resolution to initially stay out of political debates in Paris and not strive for a temporary escape, but to settle down. For almost two years, the two had little political presence. With the help of his wife, Herbert Weichmann wrote instead for the German economist and - in a slightly modified form - also for the Prager Tagblatt reports on the economic situation in France. He made contributions to the German economist until September 27, 1935. It was not just two editors who approved his texts - Herbert Weichmann served a total of eleven sheets in his exile in Paris. He also wrote for two Dutch newspapers ( Economisch weekblad voor Nederlandsch-Indie , Batavia ; Economisch Statistical Reports , Rotterdam ).

Soon, Weichmann was able to offer articles in French. In February 1935 he started at Le Troc , this magazine advertised Franco-German compensation deals . From autumn 1935, after Der Deutsche Volkswirt had terminated his contract with him, he wrote for French trade papers: L'Europe nouvelle and Les Échos . His reports dealt with German financial, economic and armaments policy. The reporting on this choice of topic was therefore no longer apolitical.

From 1939, Weichmann was a member of the group of employees of the exile papers Pariser Tageszeitung (October 1939 to February 1940) and Die Zukunft (April 1939 to April 1940), in the editorial department of the future he took over the business section. Working for Die Zukunft in particular brought him into contact with Willi Munzenberg , who in the second half of the 1930s increasingly distanced himself from Stalinist guidelines and organized political campaigns and projects independently of Moscow . In addition to the future, this included the founding of the Franco-Allemande Union , in which Weichmann also participated, and the Friends of Socialist Unity in Germany , at whose meeting Weichmann appeared as a speaker.

Escape from France

Herbert Weichmann was interned on September 4, 1939, shortly after the start of the Second World War . At the insistence of his wife, however, he was quickly released. His renewed arrest on May 15, 1940 after the start of the campaign in the West proved to be much more dangerous , because both Weichmanns were threatened with extradition to Germany - the National Socialists had expatriated and expropriated them in March 1939 . Herbert Weichmann came to the men's camp in Maisons-Laffitte , then as an auxiliary soldier in the Camp du Ruchard military camp in southern France . Elsbeth, also arrested, first found himself in the Vélodrome d'Hiver , from there to the Gurs camp northeast of the Pyrenees .

While Elsbeth Weichmann was able to leave the Camp de Gurs with the help of forged papers, Herbert Weichmann managed to evade his forced integration into auxiliary soldiers when the resistance of the French armed forces against the invasion of the Wehrmacht collapsed. The couple met again in Sète . It turned to Marseilles in order to promote the departure there. Because a regular entry of the two into the United States with the help of the American Federation of Labor and the Jewish Labor Committee had failed, the Weichmanns were stuck with thousands of refugees in the port city. Only the purchase of transit visas for Spain and Portugal at the Siam embassy improved their situation. At the beginning of August 1940, after crossing the border illegally in the Pyrenees, they traveled by train from Portbou via Barcelona to Madrid . Here they parted ways again at short notice, because Elsbeth Weichmann was the victim of a theft. Her passport with a visa had been stolen, a coveted document at the time. Herbert Weichmann therefore traveled on to Portugal alone. His wife also came to Lisbon on September 19, 1940 . On November 12, 1940, both finally left the Portuguese capital and with it Europe - the Guiné , a 3,000-ton coastal freighter, brought them to the USA.

United States

In New York there was about half a year of uncertainty as to how things should continue professionally. This vagueness, financial worries and the difficult prospects of being able to settle in the new world led to Herbert Weichmann feeling resigned.

At first there was little else than getting by with casual work. This included a study financed by the Rockefeller Foundation for the New School for Social Research on economic relations between France and South America, the two-month work as an acting editor for the German-Jewish newspaper Aufbau , the work as an expert witness for German currency law at the Ministry of Justice United States and the six-month employment as secretary of the New World Club , a Jewish immigrant organization that published the structure and also provided charitable and educational work.

After the United States entered the Second World War on December 8, 1941, Herbert Weichmann was unable to get a job in the growing state administration. Shortly after arriving in the United States, his wife began studying statistics at New York University , which she quickly completed. In 1942 he began a three-year evening course in accountancy ( bookkeeping ), also at New York University. It qualified him for the profession of auditor. In this way he succeeded in familiarizing himself with the profession of tax advisor and auditor. Over several positions, he rose to become a partner in a law firm, where he looked after his own customer base.

His wife worked numerous odd jobs. Her studies in New York took advantage of this. From October 1943 to the beginning of 1945 she worked as a statistician for the Film Library of the Museum of Modern Art and achieved a management position. In 1945 she founded a cuddly toy sewing shop on the outskirts of Harlem that employed ten people. Since the late summer of 1943, both spouses had been permanent residents and were in possession of American citizenship .

In New York the Weichmanns kept in touch with the German-speaking emigrant circles. On their arrival in Staten Island , they were received by Albert Grzesinski, Hans Staudinger and Hedwig Wachenheim . The trench warfare of the émigré circles rather deterred them. Herbert Weichmann did not bond with the German Labor delegation . The group New Beginning by Paul Hagen he maintained an even greater distance. He was also not explicitly involved in the Association of Free Germans , which he, Max Brauer, Albert Grzesinski and others founded in 1941 and whose appeal “For the Free Germany of Tomorrow” of October 1942 he had signed. Due to the lack of memberships, he had no sustainable political connections to government agencies that recruited emigrants to work during the war years.

In the first days of June 1945 Herbert Weichmann learned that his mother, sister and her husband had been deported to Poland . All were murdered in Auschwitz in the course of the Holocaust . Only Frank , his sister Margot's son, survived because Dutch helpers had hidden him. Herbert and Elsbeth decided to adopt the young person . In the summer of 1946 he arrived in New York.

Herbert Weichmann wondered whether he should return to Germany after the end of the war, not only against the backdrop of the Nazi crimes. He was also undecided because the economic situation in Germany seemed uncertain and he would have had to give up a bourgeois existence that had been painstakingly built up in New York. In any case, he did not want to return as a job seeker, but to be called. In July 1947 he received an invitation from Max Brauer, who had been the first mayor of war-torn Hamburg since November 1946. About a year later, on May 8, 1948, Herbert Weichmann began his return journey to Germany without his wife, who was to follow along with Frank in March 1949.

In Hamburg

President of the Court of Auditors

The return journey took Weichmann first to Paris, where he stayed for 14 days. Then we went to the Netherlands for a few days . He reached Hamburg on June 6, 1948.

Brauer had planned for him the position of a Senate syndicate , members of the Senate opposed this plan. Walter Dudek in particular , mayor of Harburg-Wilhelmsburg before 1933 and now Hamburg's Senator for Finance, harbored an aversion to Weichmann from the time of the negotiations about the Hamburg-Prussian port community. A different perspective soon emerged: Weichmann was to act as President of the Auditing Office (later the Court of Auditors). Dudek tried unsuccessfully to question the Court's independence from the executive , but the British insisted on such autonomy , based on their prerogatives as an occupying power . On June 19, 1948, Weichmann was introduced to the office of President of the Auditing Office. He worked as an employee entrusted with the conduct of the business, his tenure which had been established as of 1 January 1949 as President of the Court, took place in early 1949. One of his first tasks included the legal foundation of the new authority and its personnel resources.

In terms of content, Weichmann ensured that performance audits did not relate solely to public companies , but to all public budgets . His concept of profitability audits became the basis for general audits of other state audit offices. His work was valued across parties. After the mayor elections of 1953 , which led to the replacement of Brauers and made Kurt Sieveking ( CDU ) First Mayor, Weichmann remained in office.

The remigrant endeavored early on to convey to the German-speaking audience what it meant to start a new life in the USA. He also wanted to report from his own experience about the mentality, lifestyle, ideals and standards of values ​​of Americans. In December 1948 an agreement was reached on a corresponding book project. His writing Everyday in USA appeared the following year.

For years Herbert Weichmann made sure that his return permit to the USA (Re-entry Permit) was always extended. In 1954 he renounced it and acquired German citizenship again with his wife . Both gave up their American citizenship.

In 1956 he became a lecturer at the Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences at the University of Hamburg .

Finance Senator

In 1957 the general election again led to a political change in the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg. The Sieveking Senate was replaced by a social-liberal Senate , in which Max Brauer again presided . For the post of finance senator, brewer planned Gerhard Neuenkirch . However, he joined the board of the Bank für Gemeinwirtschaft . Instead, Brauer has now nominated Weichmann. On December 4, 1957, the Hamburg citizenship elected the new Senate , to which Weichmann belonged as Senator for Finance. He was also responsible for state finances in the Senate under Paul Nevermann , who ruled from early 1961 to mid-1965.

Herbert Weichmann quickly grew into his political tasks as head of the tax authorities . His appearances in front of the citizens were considered successful. Overall, his actions were valued across all parties. Nevertheless, the policy of fully financed budgets and fiscal austerity for which he was responsible provoked the occasional criticism of the opposition and the SPD parliamentary group. Particularly during Nevermann's term of office, there were increasing voices in the SPD in Hamburg calling for a turn away from solid budgetary policy in favor of greater government spending.

In 1964, the Senator for Finance was appointed honorary professor for public budgeting and accounting.

While Elsbeth Weichmann had been a member of the township since 1957, her husband succeeded in doing so after the township election on November 12, 1961 . He remained a member of the Hamburg Parliament until 1974.

First Mayor

The visit of the British Queen Elizabeth II to Hamburg on May 28, 1965 led to media controversy about Paul Nevermann. In the context of the visit it was known and scandalized by the Bild newspaper, among others , that the Nevermann couple had been going their separate ways for a long time and that Grete Nevermann refused to fulfill her “representative duties”. Other papers from the Springer Group also publicly questioned Nevermann's ability to represent Hamburg. The first mayor finally resigned on June 8, 1965. The Senate College elected Herbert Weichmann on June 9, 1965 as his successor. The 69-year-old was initially considered a kind of transitional mayor, but that changed after a few weeks. Weichmann ruled until June 9, 1971.

Weichmann made a change within the Hamburg administrative landscape by setting up the judicial authority . The prison authorities and the state justice administration were merged with her. The background to this step was the scandal surrounding the death of the prisoner on remand Ernst Haase. He had already been found dead on June 30, 1964 in a cell of the Hamburg remand prison . The circumstances of death remained mysterious because the relevant public prosecutor's investigations were apparently delayed. It was not until January 31, 1966, when the Hamburger Abendblatt reported that the pressure to clarify the situation increased. Responsibility for the death could no longer be clarified, although a special investigator from the Senate and two committees of inquiry tried to do so.

In terms of fiscal policy, the establishment of a planning team to implement the medium-term financial planning decided on by the grand coalition at the time and welcomed in principle by Weichmann was important .

A number of construction and transport infrastructure projects were initiated during the Weichmann era . These included the Congress Centrum Hamburg , at that time the first modern congress center in Germany, the completion of the Hamburg television tower , the creation of the Hamburg transport network with the establishment of the City-S-Bahn , the commissioning of the AK Altona , the then most modern hospital in Europe in Hamburg- Othmarschen , the step-by-step construction and occupation of the City Nord , the start of construction of the New Elbe Tunnel , the construction of the Köhlbrand Bridge and the settlement of an aluminum works of the American Reynolds group in the port expansion area of Hamburg-Finkenwerder .

Weichmann's accents in port politics were also sustainable. Plans of the EEC - Commission , the free ports in Bremen abolish and Hamburg could thwart successfully. In 1966 the mayor was still skeptical as to whether the future of maritime trade would be linked to container shipping . A year later, however, he agreed to the expansion of the Burchard quay into a container terminal . The container age in the Port of Hamburg began.

Not all of the projects initiated under Weichmann could be realized. The plans for the construction of a deep-sea port in the Elbe estuary came to nothing in the 1970s. Even the airport Kaltenkirchen were not built. Executed projects by no means always brought the success that the decision-makers had promised. For example, Weichmann advocated the construction of large estates such as Osdorfer Born , Steilshoop and Mümmelmannsberg . The expected satisfaction of the tenants was not achieved there - to the disappointment of Weichmann.

Overall, the voters honored the record of the Senate led by Herbert Weichmann. In the general election of March 27, 1966 , ten months after Weichmann took office, the Hamburg SPD achieved its best result since the Second World War with 59% of the vote. Based on this result, the Hamburg FDP decided to leave the Senate. The Social Democrats formed a sole government . In the general election of March 22, 1970 , the SPD did not come close to its record result, but won 55.3% of the votes. She therefore decided to offer the FDP the re-edition of a social-liberal senate. The Elbe liberals agreed.

Herbert Weichmann (right) with Federal President Gustav Heinemann

When discussions about possible successors for Heinrich Lübke in the office of Federal President arose, leading Social Democrats and Union politicians sounded out whether Weichmann would be available. However, this refused. He cited the reasons that he would come into contact with the delicate relations between the Federal Republic of Germany and the Arab world on the one hand and Israel on the other. In addition, a Jewish Federal President is not suitable for showing ways of coming to terms with the Nazi past . In private circles he let it be known that he feared that the willingness of German citizens to accept a Jewish head of state was not unequivocally given. On July 1, 1969, Gustav Heinemann was elected Lübke's successor.

At the end of 1970, Weichmann announced that he would not serve as first mayor for the entire legislative period . Weichmann, who was 75 years old, did not agree with certain developments within the SPD. This concerned responding to student participation requests. This request was met by the Hamburg University Act, which was passed by the citizens on April 23, 1969 and entered into force on May 1, 1969. It was the first law on university reform to break old structures and create the transition from a full-time to a group university . Weichmann also perceived the union's demand for a new employee representation law with expanded participation options as a threat to the Senate's ability to act. He was also critical of the extended co-determination in Hamburg's public companies. He was also concerned about budgetary issues with the demand for a significantly higher salary for the Hamburg teaching staff. Weichmann's lack of understanding for the forms of youth and student protests was added. In some party circles, his demeanor was seen as authoritarian and patriarchal , which seemed unsuitable for entering into a constructive discourse and taking up reform impulses. Against this background, the SPD state executive decided that appearances by the First Mayor in front of a young audience were not desired.

On June 9, 1971, exactly six years after taking office, Herbert Weichmann resigned as First Mayor. His successor was Peter Schulz .

Retired

As an elder statesman, Herbert Weichmann repeatedly dealt with the preservation of the democratic constitutional state . He considered compliance with legal rules to be essential in view of the new forms of politics and protests of the 1968 movement . Weichmann always remained a man of the governmental wing of the SPD and defended his position emphatically. Of revolutionary ideas as they recited rebellious students, he held nothing. As a result, spokesmen of the left in the SPD, in the media and in the universities were not on good terms with him. The differences escalated on June 22, 1973. Weichmann had been asked to give a lecture on the subject of “ Basic Law in Need?” At the Christian Albrechts University in Kiel . The General Student Committee had publicly disparaged this event in advance. When Herbert Weichmann entered the large lecture hall, students of the organizer, but also members of left-wing groups, occupied the podium. There were verbal and physical attacks. Weichmann was prevented from beginning his speech. During the tumult, protesters chanted slogans with the demand " enemies of the people out!" Weichmann felt reminded of the situation towards the end of the Weimar Republic and commented on the events by stating that he had suffered long enough from “ fascists from the right”. “Today fascism comes from the left.” In 1978 he spoke out clearly against loosening the radical decree by turning away from the rule request. He called for a militant democracy, enemies of the constitution had no place in the public service.

Willy Brandt's policy of integrating “critical youth” and marginalized groups ( dropouts , peace movements , supporters of the environmental movement ) was rejected in 1981 by signing a paper by Richard Löwenthal and Annemarie Renger . With regard to the NATO double decision , he took the line of Helmut Schmidt , but the Hamburg Social Democrats rejected this in September 1983 with a narrow majority.

The Weichmanns at the SPD state party conference in Hamburg in 1982

Herbert Weichmann had his last major public appearance on June 17, 1982. He gave the speech on the Day of German Unity in the German Bundestag . In doing so, he placed the division of Germany in a context of the history of ideas . He saw them as part of the conflict between power and law, between Machiavelli and Montesquieu . There is an obligation to uphold the principle of law and to counter threats to freedom promptly and consistently. Freedom is more than material prosperity, it must also be the ideal power of a responsible and creative freedom that consciously serves humanitas . "Freedom of the individual also requires the awareness of his duty to think about the good of the community in order to know the wisdom of compromise and to respect or at least accept the decision of the majority."

On October 3, 1983, the retiree suffered a stroke. He was admitted to the Marienkrankenhaus and died there on October 9, 1983. He left behind his wife Elsbeth and his adopted son Frank Weichman . A daughter came from a romance during his time in Essen.

Tomb of the Weichmanns

In honor of the deceased took place on October 16, 1983 City Hall, a state ceremony instead. Speeches were held by Klaus von Dohnanyi as Acting Mayor, Peter Schulz as president of citizenship, Nathan Peter Levinson as Chief Rabbi , Karl Carstens as president, Helmut Schmidt as a member of the German parliament and Chancellor a. D. and Hans Koschnick as President of the Senate of the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen . After the state ceremony, he was buried in the Ohlsdorf cemetery .

Appreciation and memory

Honors

On June 9, 1971, the day he left the office of First Mayor, Herbert Weichmann was made an honorary citizen of Hamburg. This made him the 19th honorary citizen of the city and the fourth after the Second World War. The German Association of Cities made him an honorary member.

In 1973 Herbert Weichmann received the Freiherr vom Stein Prize . In 1976, the University of Hamburg awarded Herbert Weichmann the honor of being an honorary senator .

Herbert-Weichmann-Strasse has been located on Uhlenhorst since February 23, 1986 . It was previously called Adolphstrasse, named after the Hamburg merchant Adolph Jencquel . A bridge built over the Uhlenhorster Canal in 1894 was later renamed Herbert-Weichmann-Brücke in his honor .

On the occasion of his 100th birthday, a multi-day symposium was held in 1996 with the main theme "Return and rebuilding after 1945". This specialist event was accompanied by an exhibition about the fate of the Weichmanns as emigrants.

Since 2007, the Hamburg Jewish Community has been awarding the Herbert Weichmann Medal to people who have rendered outstanding services to Jewish life and the coexistence of cultures.

Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann Foundation

In 1988 the "Herbert Weichmann Foundation for Research into German Political Exile eV" was established. The "Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann Foundation" emerged from this association in 1989. It preserves the memory of its namesake and wants to recall the work of the democratic opposition in exile against the totalitarian rule of Hitler as well as the consequences of this work for Germany after the war and preserve this memory for future generations. It publishes publications, studies and compilations itself or supports corresponding projects. It also promotes or organizes conferences, also in cooperation with other institutions. So far, these have dealt with the topics of exile, emigration, resistance, remigration, spaces of remembrance in Europe as well as the fate of books and libraries.

Biographical presentations

The lives of Elsbeth and Herbert Weichmann have been presented to the interested public in a two-part double biography. The first part, from the end of the 19th century to Herbert Weichmann's return to Germany in 1948, was published by the historian Anneliese Ego in 1998. In 2001 the journalist Uwe Bahnsen published the second part. This biographical project was based on a corresponding decision by the Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann Foundation, which also published both volumes. In 2015, Günter Regneri presented a sketch about Herbert Weichmann in the book series Jewish Miniatures .

attachment

Fonts

Winfried Uellner first recorded the writings of Herbert Weichmann in 1974 in a bibliography . This collection was supplemented and continued in 1998 as part of the study by Anneliese Ego.

The most important fonts include:

• Committed to society and the state. Simple and Difficult Truths. Foreword by Helmut Schmidt . Knaus, Hamburg 1981, ISBN 3-8135-1443-9 .
• Return from emigration. Herbert Weichmann's letters from Hamburg in June 1948 , edited by Hans-Dieter Loose . In: Journal of the Association for Hamburg History , Volume 67 (1981), pp. 177–205.
• Endangered freedom. Call for militant democracy . Hoffmann & Campe, Hamburg 1974, ISBN 3-455-08120-7 .
• Of freedom and duty. Excerpts from speeches by the Mayor of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg . Ed .: Paul O. Vogel. Christians, Hamburg 1969.
• Everyday life in the USA , Hauswedell, Hamburg 1949.
• Together with Elsbeth Weichmann: Everyday life in the Soviet state. Power and people, will and reality in Soviet Russia , Brückenverlag, Berlin 1931.

literature

• Uwe Bahnsen : The Weichmanns in Hamburg. A stroke of luck for Hamburg. Published by the Weichmann Foundation. Christians, Hamburg 2001, ISBN 3-7672-1360-5 .
• Anneliese Ego: A social democratic résumé in the turmoil of its time. In: Claus-Dieter Krohn (Ed.): Herbert Weichmann (1896–1983). Prussian civil servant, exile, Hamburg mayor. Documentation on the occasion of a colloquium of the Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann Foundation "Return and Reconstruction after 1945". Lütcke & Wulff, Hamburg 1996, ISBN 3-00-000778-4 .
• Anneliese Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Living history 1896–1948. Published by the Weichmann Foundation. Christians, Hamburg 1998, ISBN 3-76-721318-4 .
• Claus-Dieter Krohn (Ed.): Herbert Weichmann (1896–1983). Prussian civil servant, exile, Hamburg mayor. Documentation on the occasion of a colloquium of the Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann Foundation "Return and Reconstruction after 1945". Lütcke & Wulff, Hamburg 1996, ISBN 3-00-000778-4 .
• Holger Martens : Weichmann, Herbert. In: Hamburgische Biografie 1, ed. by Franklin Kopitzsch and Dirk Brietzke , 2nd improved edition, Wallstein-Verlag, Göttingen 2008, pp. 338-340.
• Günter Regneri: Herbert Weichmann. “Developing the building blocks for the better from the existing”. Hentrich & Hentrich, Berlin 2015, ISBN 978-3-95565-096-4 .
• Axel Schildt : Herbert Kurt Weichmann (1896–1983). In: Arno Herzig (Ed.): Silesians from the 14th to the 20th century. On behalf of the Historical Commission for Silesia ( Schlesische Lebensbilder , Volume VIII, edited by the Historical Commission for Silesia), Neustadt an der Aisch 2004, ISBN 3-7686-3501-5 , pp. 263-269.
• Axel Schildt: Herbert Weichmann. In: Barbara Stambolis (Hrsg.): Youth moved shaped. Essays on autobiographical texts by Werner Heisenberg, Robert Jungk and many others. V&R unipress, Göttingen 2013, ISBN 978-3-8471-0004-1 , pp. 717–723.

Web links

Commons : Herbert Weichmann  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

• Literature by and about Herbert Weichmann in the catalog of the German National Library
• Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann Foundation
• Early documents and newspaper articles on Herbert Weichmann in the 20th century press kit of the ZBW - Leibniz Information Center for Economics .

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b} Regneri: Herbert Weichmann. From the existing , 2015, p. 9.
2. ↑ Ego: A Social Democratic Résumé in the Troubles of His Time , 1996, p. 16.
3. ^ Ego: A social democratic résumé in the turmoil of its time , p. 16, Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived History , 1998, p. 15.
4. ^ Ego: A social democratic résumé in the confusion of his time , p. 17, Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived History , 1998, p. 16.
5. ^ Ego: A social democratic résumé in the turmoil of its time , p. 16, Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived History , 1998, pp. 16-18. See also Weichmann's self-statement in: Herbert Weichmann in conversation with Joachim Fest . In: Witnesses of the Century. Portraits from politics and political science. Eugen Gerstenmaier , Gebhard Müller , Carlo Schmid , Dolf Sternberger , Herbert Weichmann. After a series of ZDF programs . Edited and provided with a foreword by Karl B. Schnelting . Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 1982, pp. 135–160, here p. 136, ISBN 3-596-24601-6 .
6. ↑ Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived History , 1998, p. 18.
7. ↑ On this issue see Schildt: Herbert Weichmann , 2013; on Weichmann's leadership role in Liegnitzer see there. P. 720.
8. ↑ Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived History , 1998, p. 28.
9. ↑ Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived history , 1998, p. 28 f.
10. ^ Ego: A Social Democratic Life Course in the Troubles of His Time , p. 19; Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived History , 1998, p. 29 and p. 31.
11. ↑ Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived History , 1998, p. 33 f .; Ego: A social democratic résumé in the turmoil of his time , p. 19.
12. ^ Regneri: Herbert Weichmann. From the existing , 2015, p. 12; Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived History , 1998, p. 34.
13. ↑ Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived History , 1998, pp. 36–39.
14. ↑ Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived History , 1998, p. 41.
15. ↑ Ego: A Social Democratic Life Course in the Troubles of His Time , p. 20.
16. ↑ Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived History , 1998, p. 48.
17. ↑ Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Gelebte Geschichte , 1998, p. 51. For Elsbeth Greisinger's family background, see Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived History , 1998, pp. 53–60.
18. ↑ Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived History , 1998, p. 52.
19. ^ Ego: A social democratic résumé in the confusion of its time , 1996, p. 21; Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived History , 1998, p. 53 and p. 61.
20. ^ Ego: A social democratic résumé in the confusion of its time , 1996, p. 45; Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived History , 1998, p. 62 f.
21. ↑ Ego: A Social Democratic Life Course in the Troubles of His Time , 1996, p. 22.
22. ^ Ego: A social democratic résumé in the turmoil of its time , 1996, p. 22; Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived History , 1998, p. 82.
23. ^ Regneri: Herbert Weichmann. From the existing , 2015, p. 14. Regneri speaks of "Assessorenzeit (legal clerkship)". Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Gelebte Geschichte , 1998, p. 82 speaks of the "Referendardienst", for the period she does not provide any information with reference to Weichmann's personal file.
24. ↑ Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived History , 1998, p. 119.
25. ^ Regneri: Herbert Weichmann. From the existing , 2015, p. 14.
26. ^ Regneri: Herbert Weichmann. From the existing , 2015, p. 15; Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived History , 1998, p. 126.
27. ↑ See Schildt: Herbert Weichmann , 2013, p. 721 f.
28. ^ Ego: A social democratic résumé in the turmoil of its time , 1996, p. 22; Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived History , 1998, pp. 67–81.
29. ^ Regneri: Herbert Weichmann. From the existing , 2015, p. 15.
30. ↑ For the content and background of Weichmann's reporting, see Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived History , 1998, pp. 89–112.
31. ↑ Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived History , 1998, p. 120.
32. ^ Ego: A social democratic résumé in the turmoil of its time , 1996, p. 23; Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived History , 1998, p. 130, p. 133 and p. 140.
33. ↑ Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived History , 1998, p. 84; Schildt: Herbert Kurt Weichmann , 2004, p. 265.
34. ^ Ego: A social democratic résumé in the turmoil of its time , 1996, p. 24; Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived History , 1998, p. 139.
35. ^ Ego: A social democratic résumé in the turmoil of its time , 1996, p. 24; Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived History , 1998, p. 142.
36. ↑ Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived History , 1998, pp. 161-164.
37. ↑ Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived History , 1998, pp. 164–171.
38. ↑ Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived History , 1998, p. 172.
39. ↑ Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived history , 1998, p. 150 f. and p. 160.
40. ↑ Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived history , 1998, p. 159 f.
41. ↑ For the cooperation of Weichmann in the creation of this port community, see Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived History , 1998, pp. 151–158.
42. ^ Ego: A social democratic résumé in the turmoil of its time , 1996, p. 11 f.
43. ↑ Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived history , 1998, p. 175 f.
44. ↑ Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived History , 1998, p. 192 f .; Bahnsen: Die Weichmanns in Hamburg , 2001, p. 36, p. 62–71; Regneri: Herbert Weichmann. From the existing , 2015, p. 30.
45. ↑ Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived History , 1998, pp. 203-205.
46. ↑ Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived History , 1998, p. 140.
47. ^ Ego: A social democratic résumé in the chaos of its time , 1996, p. 25; Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived History , 1998, p. 177.
48. ↑ Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived History , 1998, p. 184.
49. ^ Ego: A social democratic résumé in the confusion of its time , 1996, p. 26; Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived History , 1998, p. 183.
50. ^ Ego: A social democratic résumé in the confusion of its time , 1996, p. 26; Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived History , 1998, p. 183 f.
51. ↑ Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived History , 1998, p. 186 f.
52. ^ Herbert Weichmann, Elsbeth Weichmann: Everyday Life in the Soviet State. Power and people, will and reality in Soviet Russia , Brückenverlag, Berlin 1931.
53. ↑ Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived History , 1998, p. 180 and p. 185.
54. ↑ Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived History , 1998, p. 188.
55. ↑ Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived history , 1998, p. 187 f.
56. ^ Ego: A social democratic résumé in the turmoil of its time , 1996, p. 27; Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived History , 1998, p. 205.
57. ↑ Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Gelebte Geschichte , 1998, pp. 208-211; Ego: A social democratic résumé in the turmoil of his time , 1996, p. 27.
58. ↑ ^{a b} Ego: A social democratic résumé in the turmoil of his time , 1996, p. 28.
59. ↑ Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived History , 1998, pp. 213 f., 232 f.
60. ↑ Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived History , 1998, p. 220.
61. ↑ Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived History , 1998, p. 257.
62. ↑ Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived History , 1998, p. 224.
63. ↑ Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived History , 1998, p. 215.
64. ^ Ego: A social democratic résumé in the turmoil of its time , 1996, p. 28; Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived History , 1998, p. 217 and p. 220.
65. ↑ Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived History , 1998, p. 268.
66. ↑ Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived History , 1998, p. 245.
67. ↑ Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived History , 1998, p. 221; Ego: A social democratic résumé in the confusion of its time , 1996, p. 29.
68. ^ Ego: A social democratic résumé in the confusion of its time , 1996, p. 29; Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived History , 1998, p. 275.
69. ^ Ego: A social democratic résumé in the confusion of its time , 1996, p. 29; Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived History , 1998, pp. 277–284; Krohn (Ed.): Herbert Weichmann (1896–1983). Prussian civil servant, exile, Hamburg mayor , 1996, p. 55 and p. 58; Schildt: Herbert Kurt Weichmann , 2004, p. 266.
70. ↑ For this organization, see the corresponding entry in the Jewish Virtual Library (accessed on March 28, 2016).
71. ^ Ego: A social democratic résumé in the turmoil of its time , 1996, p. 30 f .; Krohn (Ed.): Herbert Weichmann (1896–1983). Prussian civil servant, exile, Hamburg mayor , 1996, pp. 61–63; Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived History , 1998, pp. 280-296.
72. ↑ Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Gelebte Geschichte , 1998, p. 304 and p. 314; Ego: A social democratic résumé in the turmoil of his time , 1996, p. 32.
73. ↑ For the odd job see Ego: A social democratic life course in the chaos of his time , 1996, p. 32 f .; Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived History , 1998, p. 310, p. 315 and p. 355 f. and p. 357 f.
74. ↑ Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived History , 1998, pp. 341-344.
75. ^ Ego: A social democratic résumé in the turmoil of its time , 1996, p. 33 f .; Krohn (Ed.): Herbert Weichmann (1896–1983). Prussian civil servant, exile, Hamburg mayor , 1996, p. 79; Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived History , 1998, pp. 359-363.
76. ↑ Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived History , 1998, p. 363.
77. ↑ Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived history , 1998, p. 369 f.
78. ^ Ego: A social democratic résumé in the confusion of its time , 1996, p. 34; Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived History , 1998, pp. 370–372.
79. ↑ Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived History , 1998, p. 365.
80. ↑ ^{a b} Schildt: Herbert Kurt Weichmann , 2004, p. 267.
81. ↑ Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived History , 1998, p. 301.
82. ^ Reprinted in Krohn (ed.): Herbert Weichmann (1896–1983). Prussian civil servant, exile, Hamburg mayor , 1996, p. 90 f.
83. ^ Ego: A social democratic résumé in the confusion of its time , 1996, p. 34; Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived History , 1998, pp. 344-350.
84. ↑ Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived History , 1998, p. 392.
85. ↑ Ego: A social democratic curriculum vitae in the chaos of its time , 1996, p. 35. For the fate of Frank Aron and Weichman, see Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived History , 1998, pp. 393–396. See also Frank Ludwig Weichman: Survival Paths. Memories , Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann Foundation, Hamburg 2011, here pp. 66–94.
86. ↑ Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived History , 1998, pp. 409–437. Brauer's letter is printed in Krohn (Ed.): Herbert Weichmann (1896–1983). Prussian civil servant, exile, Hamburg mayor , 1996, p. 106 f. and in Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Gelebte Geschichte , 1998, p. 430. On the return of Elsbeth Weichmann and Frank Weichman, see Bahnsen: Die Weichmanns in Hamburg , 2001, p. 52.
87. ↑ Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived History , 1998, pp. 438-440.
88. ^ Ego: A social democratic résumé in the chaos of its time , 1996, p. 35; Bahnsen: The Weichmanns in Hamburg , 2001, p. 15.
89. ^ Bahnsen: Die Weichmanns in Hamburg , 2001, p. 25 f .; see also Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived history , 1998, p. 157 f.
90. ^ Bahnsen: Die Weichmanns in Hamburg , 2001, p. 39 and p. 46.
91. ↑ Krohn (Ed.): Herbert Weichmann (1896–1983). Prussian civil servant, exile, Hamburg mayor , 1996, p. 97.
92. ^ Bahnsen: Die Weichmanns in Hamburg , 2001, p. 72.
93. ^ Regneri: Herbert Weichmann. From the existing , 2015, p. 46.
94. ^ Bahnsen: Die Weichmanns in Hamburg , 2001, p. 57.
95. ^ Bahnsen: Die Weichmanns in Hamburg , 2001, p. 45 and p. 91.
96. ↑ ^{a b} Krohn (Ed.): Herbert Weichmann (1896–1983). Prussian civil servant, exile, Hamburg mayor , 1996, p. 98.
97. ^ Bahnsen: Die Weichmanns in Hamburg , 2001, p. 129 and p. 132.
98. ^ Bahnsen: Die Weichmanns in Hamburg , 2001, p. 156, p. 158 and more often.
99. ↑ Ego: A Social Democratic Résumé in the Troubles of His Time , 1996, p. 38.
100. ^ Bahnsen: Die Weichmanns in Hamburg , 2001, p. 191 f.
101. ^ Bahnsen: Die Weichmanns in Hamburg , 2001, p. 176.
102. ^ Bahnsen: Die Weichmanns in Hamburg , 2001, pp. 201–203. For the background to the campaign against Nevermann operated by the Springer Group, see Hartmut Soell : Helmut Schmidt. Common sense and passion. 1918–1969 , DVA, Munich 2003, pp. 442–444, ISBN 3-421-05352-9 .
103. ^ Bahnsen: Die Weichmanns in Hamburg , 2001, p. 208 f.
104. ↑ On the Haase case, see Bahnsen: Die Weichmanns in Hamburg , 2001, pp. 224–233. See also Uwe Bahnsen: Who killed the Hamburg prisoner Haase? , in Die Welt on March 12, 2016 (accessed March 29, 2016).
105. ↑ Krohn (Ed.): Herbert Weichmann (1896–1983). Prussian civil servant, exile, Hamburg mayor , 1996, p. 98; Bahnsen: The Weichmanns in Hamburg , 2001, p. 278 f.
106. ^ Regneri: Herbert Weichmann. From the existing , 2015, p. 52.
107. ↑ On Weichmann's achievements during the mayor years 1965 to 1971 see Krohn (Ed.): Herbert Weichmann (1896–1983). Prussian civil servant, exile, Hamburg mayor , 1996, p. 98 and Bahnsen: Die Weichmanns in Hamburg , 2001, p. 418 and p. 426.
108. ^ Bahnsen: Die Weichmanns in Hamburg , 2001, p. 388 f.
109. ^ Bahnsen: Die Weichmanns in Hamburg , 2001, pp. 386–388; Regneri: Herbert Weichmann. From the existing , 2015, p. 56 f.
110. ^ Bahnsen: Die Weichmanns in Hamburg , 2001, p. 389 f.
111. ↑ See Sascha Balasko: Official end for Kaltenkirchen Airport , Hamburger Abendblatt from March 20, 2013 (accessed on March 30, 2016).
112. ^ Bahnsen: Die Weichmanns in Hamburg , 2001, p. 418 f. and p. 429.
113. ^ Bahnsen: Die Weichmanns in Hamburg , 2001, p. 244 f.
114. ^ Bahnsen: Die Weichmanns in Hamburg , 2001, pp. 419–423.
115. ^ Bahnsen: Die Weichmanns in Hamburg , 2001, pp. 355–357 and p. 489.
116. ^ Rainer Nicolaysen : Reference date: November 9, 1967: "Under the gowns Muff of 1000 years". A Hamburg student protest hits the nerve of the full-time university. In: 19 days in Hamburg. Events and developments in the city's history since the 1950s . Edited by the Research Center for Contemporary History in Hamburg . Dölling and Galitz, Munich / Hamburg 2012, pp. 110–126, here p. 125, ISBN 978-3-86218-035-6 .
117. ^ Bahnsen: Die Weichmanns in Hamburg , 2001, pp. 424–431.
118. ^ Bahnsen: Die Weichmanns in Hamburg , 2001, p. 438.
119. ↑ It was about the conservatively dominated and new union students for the Basic Law . See Bahnsen: Die Weichmanns in Hamburg , 2001, p. 447.
120. ^ Bahnsen: Die Weichmanns in Hamburg , 2001, pp. 447–452. The quotation from Weichmann can be found there on p. 449. For the events in Kiel, see also RB : A clear answer , Die Zeit from June 29, 1973 (accessed on May 18, 2016) and Rainer Burchardt : Rangelei oder Nötigung , Die Zeit vom July 12, 1974 (accessed May 18, 2016).
121. ^ Bahnsen: Die Weichmanns in Hamburg , 2001, p. 461 and p. 464.
122. ↑ For the paper, see Something Thin , Der Spiegel , December 7, 1981 (accessed March 30, 2016). The Löwenthal paper, for its part, provoked a sharp reaction from Brandt: He did not let the "metal worker Löwenthal", the "dock worker Weichmann" and the "textile worker Renger" tell him what the labor movement was. See Bahnsen: Die Weichmanns in Hamburg , 2001, p. 464.
123. ^ Bahnsen: Die Weichmanns in Hamburg , 2001, p. 471 f. For the state party conference, see Dieter Buhl : The great impatience of the comrades , Die Zeit , 40/1983 of September 30, 1983 (accessed on April 4, 2016).
124. ↑ For the background to this speech, see Bahnsen: Die Weichmanns in Hamburg , 2001, pp. 467-470.
125. ^ Reprint of the speech in Hans Fahning (ed.): Herbert Weichmann zum Gedächtnis. Hamburg bids farewell to its mayor , Albrecht Knaus Verlag, Hamburg 1983, pp. 11–19, ISBN 3-8135-0178-7 . The quote can be found there on p. 14.
126. ^ Bahnsen: Die Weichmanns in Hamburg , 2001, p. 472 f.
127. ↑ Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived History , 1998, p. 125.
128. ↑ On the state act, see Bahnsen: Die Weichmanns in Hamburg , 2001, pp. 473–476. The speeches are printed in Hans Fahning (Ed.): Herbert Weichmann zum Gedächtnis. Hamburg bids farewell to its mayor , Albrecht Knaus Verlag, Hamburg 1983, ISBN 3-8135-0178-7 .
129. ^ Regneri: Herbert Weichmann. From the existing , 2015, p. 58.
130. ^ Bahnsen: Die Weichmanns in Hamburg , 2001, p. 443.
131. ^ Bahnsen: Die Weichmanns in Hamburg , 2001, p. 488.
132. ↑ Information on the website of the University of Hamburg ( Memento of the original dated December 8, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (Accessed March 31, 2016).  
133. ^ Bahnsen: Die Weichmanns in Hamburg , 2001, p. 479; Regneri: Herbert Weichmann. From the existing , 2015, p. 60.
134. ^ Sven Bardua: Bridge metropolis Hamburg Architecture - Technology - History until 1945 , Dölling and Galitz Verlag, Hamburg 2009, p. 96, ISBN 978-3-937904-88-7 .
135. ^ Hans Fahning: Occasion: Herbert Weichmann 100 years . In: Claus-Dieter Krohn (Ed.): Herbert Weichmann (1896–1983). Prussian civil servant, exile, Hamburg mayor. Documentation on the occasion of a colloquium of the Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann Foundation "Return and Construction after 1945" , Lütcke & Wulff, Hamburg 1996, p. 7f., ISBN 3-00-000778-4 .
136. ^ Regneri: Herbert Weichmann. From the existing , 2015, p. 61.
137. ^ Bahnsen: Die Weichmanns in Hamburg , 2001, p. 484.
138. ↑ See the Foundation's website , accessed March 30, 2016.
139. ↑ Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Living History , 1998; Bahnsen: The Weichmanns in Hamburg , 2001.
140. ^ Regneri: Herbert Weichmann. From the existing , 2015.
141. ↑ Winfried Uellner: Herbert Weichmann. With a foreword by Willy Brandt and contributions by Carlo Schmid and Paul O. Vogel . Christians, Hamburg 1974, pp. 46-112; Ego: Herbert and Elsbeth Weichmann. Lived history , 1998, p. 456 f. See the note from Holger Martens: Weichmann, Herbert , 2008, p. 340.

This article was added to the list of excellent articles on April 20, 2016 in this version .