Köhlbrand Bridge
Coordinates: 53 ° 31 ′ 18 ″ N , 9 ° 56 ′ 18 ″ E
| Köhlbrand Bridge | ||
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| use | Road traffic | |
| Crossing of | Kohlbrand | |
| place | Port of Hamburg | |
| construction | Cable-stayed bridge | |
| overall length | 3618 m | |
| width | 17.6 m | |
| Longest span | 325 m | |
| Clear height | 53 m | |
| vehicles per day | 30,000 | |
| building-costs | 160 million German marks | |
| start of building | 1970 | |
| completion | 1974 | |
| planner |
Paul Boué , Egon Jux Hans Wittfoht |
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| location | ||
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| Overview of the Hamburg Elbe crossings (with Köhlbrand Bridge on the left) |
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The Köhlbrand Bridge has been connecting the Elbe island Wilhelmsburg in Hamburg with the federal motorway 7 (junction 30 Waltershof ) since September 23, 1974 . The bridge spans the 325 m wide Köhlbrand , an arm of the Süderelbe . The cable-stayed bridge was designed by the civil engineer Paul Boué and the architect Egon Jux .
The bridge is registered by the authority for culture and media under the number 28577 in the list of Hamburg cultural monuments.
construction
The bridge is 3618 m long and the second longest road bridge in Germany after the Elbmarsch high road. The structure consists of the eastern ramp bridge, the river bridge and the western ramp bridge. The eastern ramp bridge is a 2050 m long reinforced and prestressed concrete structure, the 520 m long river bridge is a steel cable-stayed bridge and the 1048 m long western ramp bridge is made of prestressed concrete.
The river bridge has three openings with a span of 97.5 m, 325 m and 97.5 m. The cable-stayed bridge construction has fan-shaped anchoring with 88 steel cables (up to 10 cm thick), which are attached on the one hand to the bridge box on brackets attached to the outside and on the other hand to the steel pylons . The superstructure (bridge girder) consists of a single-cell, 3.52 m high steel box girder with a 17.2 m wide deck. The pylons stand on 37 m high reinforced concrete pillars and reach a height of 135 m above the mean high tide. The clear height of the main opening is 53 m above the mean high tide, which means that the structure is currently (as of 2015) an obstacle for only a few ships.
The eastern ramp bridge in Neuhof consists of three sections. The first section in the branching area of the road consists of a 153.5 m long reinforced concrete slab . This is followed by a twelve- span prestressed concrete bridge with a curved floor plan separated by expansion joints with spans of 3 × 35 m - 36.5 m - 2 × 36 m - 36.4 m - 29.5 m - 30 m - 25.6 m - 26.5 m - 30 m. The bridge cross-section consists of two hollow boxes with a construction height of 2.0 m and is seamlessly connected to the seven-span bridge on the Breslauer Straße exit. In the further course, the eastern main ramp consists of a two-cell, three-web box-girder cross-section with a standard construction height of 3.0 m and a deck width of 17.6 m. This part has 30 fields, two continuous girders as a structural system in the longitudinal direction and spans of 35 m - 27 × 50 m - 55 m - 60 m. The maximum gradient is 4%.
The western ramp bridge in Waltershof is S-shaped with radii of up to 175 m and has 19 fields. The span of the girder bridge is 8 × 70 m - 60 m - 2 × 50 m - 7 × 42 m - 34 m. The cross-section of the prestressed concrete bridge is a single-cell hollow box with inclined webs and a construction height of 3.55 m.
The pylons were assembled using a truck- mounted crane with a load capacity of 1000 t. A floating crane was used to assemble the stiffening beams in the stream opening . An advance scaffolding was used for the prestressed concrete superstructures . 81,000 cubic meters of concrete and 12,700 tons of steel were used to build the bridge. The construction time was four years, the costs amounted to 160 million DM.
The inauguration took place on September 20, 1974 by the then Federal President Walter Scheel . The population then had the opportunity to walk over the bridge for three days. Over 600,000 Hamburgers took advantage of this opportunity. The city minted 100,000 commemorative medals for this event, which were sold out very quickly.
Due to its height, the Köhlbrand Bridge is widely visible and a landmark of the city of Hamburg. In 1975, the civil engineer Paul Boué , who was responsible for the steel construction of the cable-stayed bridge, accepted the European Steel Construction Prize (EKS | ECCS | CECM) in Torremolinos ( Spain ), and Egon Jux provided the architectural advice . The prestressed concrete bridges were planned and implemented under the direction of the civil engineer Hans Wittfoht as the leader of a working group.
At the beginning, large oscillations of the suspension cables with simultaneous occurrence of rain and wind were occasionally observed at the bridge. These were prevented by the subsequent installation of vibration dampers. Because of corrosion damage and wire breaks, all ropes were replaced from 1978 to 1979. In March 2014, a comprehensive overhaul of the bridge began, which was completed in 2016 at a cost of 61 million euros.
traffic
The bridge has four lanes and was used by an average of 37,000 vehicles per working day in 2013, around 36 percent of which were heavy traffic. Mainly be goods transported in the in-port area container terminals (u. A. Of the container terminal Altenwerder and Automobilverladeanlagen at the Rethe be shipped), or come from there.
The bridge is closed to pedestrians, cyclists and mopeds. Pedestrians have only been able to use the bridge twice since it was built: at the opening and on its 25th birthday (1999). Since 2011, the participants of the annual Köhlbrand Bridge Run, which takes place on October 3rd, have been able to enjoy the view of the harbor and the city. Cyclists can pass it annually as a participant in the Hamburg Cyclassics race or as part of the bicycle rally on the Mobile-Without-Car Day . For several years now, the Köhlbrand Bridge has been closed to public traffic during the New Year's fireworks.
The Köhlbrand Bridge is mainly used for port traffic between the eastern side of the harbor and the Federal Motorway 1 as well as the western side of the harbor and the A 7. Since the bridge itself is not a destination, Köhlbrand Bridge is not signposted anywhere in Hamburg. If you want to use it, you can leave the A 7 via the Waltershof junction or, vice versa, drive from Hamburg Centrum via Veddeler Damm and continue in the direction of A 7 / Flensburg or take a 151 bus between Wilhelmsburg and Finkenwerder.
Headroom
The clear height of the Köhlbrand Bridge is 55.3 m at the lowest possible water level ( LAT ), the passage height for ships is 51 m at medium high water level (MHW).
The command of large container ships and bulk carriers (such as the 332 m long BW Fjord ) must observe the tides and current conditions when entering and leaving the Köhlbrand in order to determine the exact passage height (“airdraft”) of the ship. The simultaneous water level of the Elbe as well as the draft of the ship are to be included in the calculation in order to ensure a sufficient safety distance to the bridge deck. The factors mentioned have an influence on the loading and unloading of the ship. Most large container ships operate at low tide according to the Airdraft with a sufficient safety distance and thus pass the Köhlbrand Bridge (see right photo). The safe passage time is precisely calculated by the captain, the Hamburg port operator (HPA) and the port pilots. It is often necessary, for example, to fold down radar masts several meters high. It is possible to read the water level for incoming ships at the Köhlbrandhöft (radar tower). For ships departing from the Altenwerder (CTA) or Hansaport container terminal, there is a display of the respective clearance height at the top in the middle of the bridge ( bridge level ).
Large container ships such as the Alexander von Humboldt with a length of almost 400 m (LüA) cannot dock at the Altenwerder container terminal because of their height above Kiel (in this case that is 69.5 m above sea level), because they cannot dock at the lowest water level (LAT) pass under the bridge. You have to transfer your containers at another container terminal.
Accidents
On February 20, 1998, the Köhlbrand Bridge was damaged by the Dutch floating crane "Rotterdam". The boom of the crane rammed the steel box girder of the bridge because the crew of the floating crane had misjudged the boom height. The damage, especially two square meter holes in the girder, was repaired while the bridge was completely closed for several weeks.
Planned new building
In June 2012, the First Mayor Olaf Scholz announced that the Köhlbrand Bridge would be demolished and replaced by a new building. At the beginning of January 2017, the Hamburg port authority announced that it had started planning a new Köhlbrand bridge. It should have a clearance of at least 73.5 meters and be available from 2030.
According to a report by Hamburger Abendblatt in April 2018 and others, according to alternative plans, the bridge could be replaced by a two-story tunnel in which a lane for autonomous container transporters is provided on the lower level. A tunnel is more expensive to build than a new bridge, but the maintenance costs are significantly lower in the long term. By eliminating the bridge, ships of all sizes could approach the Altenwerder container port at any water level.
On February 13, 2020, Andreas Scheuer , Federal Minister for Transport and Digital Infrastructure, and Peter Tschentscher , First Mayor of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg, signed a joint declaration of intent on the renewal of the Köhlbrand crossing. Accordingly, the new construction of the Köhlbrand crossing to the federal road is to be funded with federal funds.
Trivia
The Köhlbrand Bridge was planned as a motorway bridge as part of the Hafenquerspange . A second identical bridge was planned for the oncoming lane.
The bridge was also designed for pedestrians. Elevators and wide staircases are located in the pillars of the abutment adjacent to the cable-stayed bridge. There is a wide, well-lit and fenced footpath in the box girder under the roadway. Due to the unfavorable location of the bridge, this service was not put into operation for public transport.
literature
- Hans Wittfoht, Walter Bilger, Wolfgang Steffen: The prestressed concrete superstructures of the Köhlbrand Bridge. In: Beton- und Stahlbetonbau , Vol. 70, Issue 6, 1975, ISSN 0005-9900 pp. 133-142
- Frank Binder: The Köhlbrand Bridge on the test bench. In: Daily port report of November 27, 2013, p. 1, Seehafen-Verlag, Hamburg 2013, ISSN 2190-8753
Web links
- Köhlbrand Bridge. In: Structurae
- Bridges in Germany
- Always bolder, always more beautiful (Der Spiegel 38/1974)
- Article with extensive picture gallery at kontrastkammer.de
Individual evidence
- ↑ List of listed buildings of the Hamburg Authority for Culture and Media , accessed on March 3, 2020
- ↑ Erich Fiedler: Road bridges over the Elbe. Saxoprint Dresden 2005, ISBN 3-9808879-6-0 , p. 225 f.
- ↑ Map of the average daily vehicle traffic volume on working days (Monday – Friday), Hamburg 2013 (PDF file; 5.3 MB)
- ↑ Köhlbrand Bridge Run
- ↑ BW Fjord - photos and ship data
- ↑ Press Office for the Economic Authority, Press Office for Electricity and Harbor Construction, February 20, 1998
- ↑ NDR: 1974: Köhlbrandbrücke inspires the people of Hamburg (page 2). Retrieved July 20, 2017 .
- ↑ Port authority starts planning for a new Köhlbrand bridge. In: Hamburger Abendblatt. January 5, 2017, accessed on January 6, 2017 (restricted access).
- ↑ HPA annual outlook 2017: Good grades for Hamburg's port bridges. (No longer available online.) Hamburg Port Authority, January 5, 2017, archived from the original on January 15, 2017 ; Retrieved January 15, 2017 (press release). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ https://www.abendblatt.de/hamburg/article213912619/Wird-ein-Koehlbrandtunnel-mit-zwei-Etagen-gebaut.html
- ^ Felix Selzer: Köhlbrand: Pit traffic under the Elbe? In: Hansa , issue 5/2018, p. 88
- ↑ Setting the course for the new construction of the Köhlbrand crossing. Press release No. 010/2020. In: Internet presence. Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure, February 13, 2020, accessed on February 13, 2020 .
