Hamburg Elbe bridges
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The Hamburg Elbe bridges are several independent bridge structures that cross the Elbe in Hamburg . They connect the northern districts with the Elbe islands, the port area and the Harburg district south of the Elbe . In addition, they have an important supra-regional function as north-south connections in European road and rail traffic. Together with the Old Elbe Tunnel (1911) and the New Elbe Tunnel (1975), the Elbe bridges form the last fixed crossings before the river flows into the North Sea .
As Elbbrucken in the narrower sense it several parallel rail and road bridges are referred to, the center of Hamburg with the Elbinseln Veddel and Wilhelmsburg connect and at the same time the eastern end point of the on account of their low headroom seagoing drivable area of Unterelbe and the Port of Hamburg form. Their southern counterpart are the Harburg Elbe bridges over the Süderelbe , which are also signposted as Elbe bridges on road signs in the city .
In addition to these Elbe bridges in the narrower sense, there are other bridges over the Elbe in the urban area, which forms an inland delta with several main and side arms. These bridges are not usually referred to as Elbe bridges, but only with their respective proper names such as B. Kattwyk or Köhlbrand Bridge .
history
Up until the 19th century there were no bridges over the Elbe in the Hamburg area. For a long time there was no need for such a connection between the rival port cities of Hamburg and Harburg . Traditional north-south long-distance trade routes such as the Ochsenweg or the Alte Salzstraße crossed the Elbe either west or east of Hamburg. In addition, the low-lying marshland of the Elbe Islands, which was influenced by tides, storm surges and floods, made it difficult to build roads and bridges for a long time. Local traffic between the Elbe islands was ensured by ferries in summer and via the stable ice cover of the Elbe in winter.
The first direct connection between Hamburg and Harburg was established during the French occupation in 1813/14: At that time, Marshal Louis-Nicolas Davout had Napoleon instructed Hamburg and Harburg to be expanded into fortresses and a four-kilometer-long wooden "Jochbrücke" to be built between them. This bridge, built in 83 days, crossed the then only partially diked island of Wilhelmsburg and ran roughly along today's Georg-Wilhelm-Strasse. However, the Elbe itself was not crossed by the “Jochbrücke”, for this it was necessary to transfer to pull ferries on the North and South Elbe. After the end of the French era , the building was no longer maintained due to a lack of demand. The insufficiently protected structure was completely destroyed by ice in 1817 and was never rebuilt.
In 1828, the Senate Syndicus Karl Sieveking described in very clear terms how difficult the way from Hamburg to Harburg was: The most dangerous part (...) was the crossing over the Elbe from Harburg to Hamburg via the Wilhelmsburg island, which I took partly on ships and partly on a farmer's wagon over Wilhelmsburg, partly on foot between two ships, on whose long poles I had to lean on.
It was not until industrialization , the expansion of the railway in Germany and the founding of the Reich in 1871 that the economic and political prerequisites were created for the construction of a permanent Elbe crossing. For fear of the local haulage system, Harburg, which belongs to the Kingdom of Hanover , initially resisted running the Celle – Harburg railway line opened in 1847 across the southern and northern Elbe and into Hamburg. Only with the completion of the Hamburg-Venloer Bahn in 1872 could trains run to the Venloer Bahnhof on the Hamburg island Grasbrook (today Hafencity ). From 1887 horse-drawn vehicles could drive from the Veddel over the New Elbe Bridge to Hamburg. From 1899, when the first bridge was built over the Süderelbe, there was a continuous road connection between Hamburg and Harburg.
Hamburg's (northern) Elbe bridges
Between Veddel and Rothenburgsort or Hammerbrook , three directly adjacent bridges cross the Norderelbe. Downstream, i.e. west of it, the Elbe fairway is navigable for seagoing vessels.
New bridge over the Elbe
The first road bridge over the North Elbe was built between 1884 and 1887 with characteristic lens girders according to the Lohse system as the New Elbe Bridge - in contrast to the railway bridge from 1872, located about 250 meters further to the west. Between 1928 and 1929, the first filigree construction was completed with a second full-walled construction Bridge added.
From 1957 to 1960 there was extensive widening, with the original western bridge from 1887 and the neo-Gothic portals made of brick and sandstone being torn down. The bridge originally built to the east in 1929 was extended by one deck bridge in each direction of travel and is now in the middle. To create sufficient headroom for shipping, the solid wall girders from 1929 were raised by 2.5 m. The two deck bridges are used for private transport and the bridge structure between them from 1929 is reserved for public transport - until the mid-1970s, the tram and, since it was discontinued in 1976, the HHA city buses .
- Location: 53 ° 32 ' N , 10 ° 2' E
Railway bridge (noun)
The railway bridge over the Norderelbe consists of two separate bridges. The first Norderelbbrücke was built between 1868 and 1872 for the Hamburg-Venloer Bahn of the Cologne-Mindener Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft . The bridge construction company Harkort in Duisburg was commissioned to build the double-track bridge; Heinrich Strack was responsible for the architectural design . The iron superstructures were expanded from two to four tracks between 1890 and 1893 and the portals were widened accordingly. From 1926 to 1927 the bridge girders were replaced by stronger new buildings. The design of the new bridge was based on the free port bridge that was just completed at the time. The bridge has four tracks for long-distance and regional traffic.
About five meters next to this bridge, a parallel bridge with two tracks for the Harburg S-Bahn was built between 1978 and 1980 . The two bridges differ in shape and color: the main bridge is painted gray and the extension is green.
The bridge was renovated between January 2008 and the end of 2009. The cost of the measures amounted to 129 million euros.
- Location: 53 ° 32 ' N , 10 ° 1' E
Freihafenelbbrücke
The Freihafenelbbrücke was built in order to create a structurally separate crossing of the Elbe for what was then the free port . Construction began in 1914 and was discontinued in 1917 due to the war. It was not completed and opened until 1926. The bridge piers were made with caissons made of reinforced concrete. The 471 m long bridge is directly adjacent to the railway bridge. In addition to three lanes, it also has a separate railway track for the Hamburg port railway , which, however, has been cut on the north side since 2015 and is no longer passable. The last train ran here on July 5, 2012.
The bridge was designed to be two-storey in order to accommodate a planned underground line through the free port area to Steinwerder , which was never realized. Instead, if the U4 underground line should be extended to the south over the Norderelbe, another parallel bridge will be built directly west of the Freihafenelbbrücke. On the north bank, this new bridge would flow directly into the current Elbbrücken terminus .
The Hamburg Port Authority (HPA) announced in November 2018 that the end of the planned usage period of the Freihafenelbbrücke will be reached in the foreseeable future. The HPA is therefore currently investigating two options: partial renewal while retaining the riveted arches or complete demolition and new construction. Both measures are controversial in the professional world.
- Location: 53 ° 32 ' N , 10 ° 1' E
Harburg (southern) Elbe bridges
Between Harburg and Wilhelmsburg, four directly adjacent bridges cross the Süderelbe:
Railway bridge
The railway has been crossing the Süderelbe with an arched bridge since 1872. Like its counterpart on the North Elbe, this bridge was also built by the Duisburg bridge construction company Harkort as part of the Hamburg-Venloer Bahn . 1970 to 1979 the old bridge was demolished and replaced by a 340 meter long truss bridge from Dillinger Stahlbau GmbH .
As the Federal Ministry of Transport announced in April 2019, a new construction of this bridge is planned in the long term. The reason for this is the poor condition of the bridge, which can be traced back to structural deficiencies as early as 1978. Renovation work will be carried out by 2022 so that trains can travel at up to 60 km / h on the long-distance tracks and the S-Bahn at up to 80 km / h on the S-Bahn bridge.
- Location: 53 ° 28 ' N , 10 ° 0' E
Old Harburg Elbe Bridge
The old Harburg Elbe Bridge was opened on September 30, 1899 . The 474 m long steel arch bridge, which was then built for road vehicles, was the first road bridge over the Süderelbe and is only used by pedestrians and cyclists today. The sandstone portals were designed by Hubert Stier and are intended to remind of city gates with the Wilhelmsburg and Harburg coats of arms. They used to be decorated with the imperial eagle .
In April 1897, MAN was commissioned to build the bridge, which can be traced back to a corresponding contract between the province of Hanover and Hamburg. The electricity construction director Georg Narten was in charge of the construction of the old Elbe bridge in Harburg . Until the beginning of the 1970s, it was also used by the tram between Hamburg and Harburg, the former location of the rails can still be guessed at from the arrangement of the pavement in the southern approach road. Between 1980 and 1995 the bridge was completely restored, the sidewalk cantilevered footpath was omitted.
- Location: 53 ° 28 ' N , 10 ° 0' E
June 17th Bridge
The bridge on June 17 was opened in 1937 as the New Harburg Elbe Bridge and renamed in 1964 in memory of the uprising of June 17, 1953 . It is a 472 meter long composite bridge made of steel girders with a concrete slab for Hannoversche Strasse .
- Location: 53 ° 28 ' N , 10 ° 0' E
Europe Bridge
The Europabrücke was built in 1983 for the then A 253 motorway . Today, via the 471-meter reinforced concrete - girder bridge the B75 .
- Location: 53 ° 28 ' N , 10 ° 0' E
Further bridges over the main arms of the Elbe
Moorfleet motorway bridge
At Moorfleet , the Norderelbe is crossed on a cable-stayed bridge as part of the eastern bypass of the A1 motorway . The bridge, opened in 1962, is one of the first large cable-stayed bridges after the Theodor Heuss Bridge over the Rhine in Düsseldorf, which was completed in 1957 . It is 411 m long. It has a span of 172 m between the two central pylons . The steel bridge deck is 30.74 m wide and only 3 m high. From both sides of each pylon two parallel (harp-shaped) groups of ropes are stretched at an angle to the bridge deck. Each group of ropes in turn consists of two double ropes arranged close together, so a total of four individual ropes. For architectural reasons, the two pylons protrude several meters above the top rope anchorage.
A replacement structure was planned in 2018 as part of the expansion of the A1. During a publicly advertised implementation competition, the planning community consisting of the engineering office Grassl (Hamburg) and the office PPL Architektur und Urbanung (Hamburg) won with their design for the new Norderelbbrücke. A plan approval procedure is planned for 2021. The start of construction is planned for 2024 at the earliest.
- Location: 53 ° 31 ' N , 10 ° 4' E
Moorwerder motorway bridge
At Moorwerder , the A1 motorway crosses the Süderelbe with a 970 meter long bridge. The Moorwerder motorway bridge will also be replaced in the course of the expansion work on the A1. The new structure will take into account the eight-lane expansion of the A1. The design for the new Moorwerder Bridge comes from the international engineering association sbp - WTM - D + W (Schlaich Bergermann und partner, WTM Engineers GmbH, DISSING + WEITLING architecture).
- Location: 53 ° 28 ' N , 10 ° 1' E
Kattwyk Bridge
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The Kattwyk Bridge over the Süderelbe is a 290 meter long lift bridge with two 70 m high end portals for rail and road traffic. It connects Moorburg with the Elbe island Wilhelmsburg and enables seagoing vessels to access the Harburg harbor. The inauguration took place on March 21, 1973. With a lifting height of 46 m and 100 m passage width, it is the largest lifting bridge in Germany.
- Location: 53 ° 30 ′ N , 9 ° 57 ′ E
Köhlbrand Bridge
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The Köhlbrand Bridge , which opened in 1974 between Waltershof and Neuhof , crosses the Köhlbrand , the only waterway from the Lower Elbe to the South Elbe suitable for seagoing ships and, thanks to its distinctive construction, has become a landmark of modern Hamburg.
- Location: 53 ° 31 ' N , 9 ° 56' E
See also
- List of bridges in Hamburg
- Old Elbe tunnel
- New Elbe tunnel
- HADAG ferry connections (Norderelbe only)
literature
- Does the Freihafenelbbrücke still have a future? , Citizenship of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg, printed matter 21/17106 from May 14, 2019
- Sven Bardua: Freihafen-Elbbrücke Hamburg in Bauwelt , 20/2018, p. 12f
- Sven Bardua: Hamburg as a bridge metropolis. Dölling and Galitz, Hamburg 2009, ISBN 978-3-937904-88-7 .
- Frank Binder: The Köhlbrand Bridge on the test bench. In: Daily port report , November 27, 2013, p. 1.
- Eckhard-Herbert Arndt: Two other problem cases: The ravages of time are gnawing at technology. In: Daily port report , November 27, 2013, pp. 1, 3.
- Atlas for the journal for construction. Vol. LI, Berlin 1901, plates 35, 36, download from the Central and State Library Berlin .
- Construction journal. Vol. LI, Berlin 1901, columns 293 ff. 421 ff.
Web links
- The new Elbe bridge near Hamburg. Drawing by G. Theuerkauf in: Über Land und Meer , Volume 29 . Eduard Hallberger, Stuttgart 1873, p. 144 .
- Photographs of the construction of the Elbe Bridge in 1869, photographer W. Champes, (Technical University of Berlin, Architecture Museum, University Library).
- Historic photo of the Norder-Elbbrücken portals ( Memento from March 22, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
Individual evidence
- ↑ Hamburg's new bridge over the Elbe . In: The Gazebo . Volume 2, 1888, pp. 29 ( full text [ Wikisource ]).
- ^ The Elbe bridges of the Paris-Hamburg railway . In: The Gazebo . Issue 17, 1872, pp. 274–276 ( full text [ Wikisource ]).
- ↑ New major construction site: Years of traffic jams at the gateway to the city? In: Hamburger Abendblatt , January 5, 2007
- ↑ Sven Bardua: Freihafen-Elbbrücke Hamburg in Bauwelt , 20/2018, p. 12f
- ↑ G. Hetzel, O. Wundram: Basic building technology and its mechanical aids , Berlin / Heidelberg 1929, ISBN 978-3-642-51284-1 , pp. 158–161
- ↑ Port railway takes the last tracks north of the Elbe out of service on July 10, 2012
- ^ Henry Salzmann: Der Hamburger Hafen , Leipzig 1927, p. 32
- ↑ Resolution: U4 is extended to the Elbe bridges. In: nahverkehrhamburg.de , January 15, 2013
- ↑ Freihafenelbbrücke: A Hamburg landmark is threatened with demolition In: Hamburger Abendblatt , November 13, 2018
- ↑ Riveted steel bridges: Courage to bridge In Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , December 8, 2018
- ↑ [1]
- ↑ Printed matter 21/20195 of the citizenship of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg from February 21, 2020
- ↑ This is what the new Norderelbbrücke looks like. Retrieved March 28, 2019 .
- ↑ The Süderelbbrücke. Retrieved March 28, 2019 .
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