Marie Juchacz

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Marie Juchacz, around 1919

Marie Juchacz (born Gohlke ; born March 15, 1879 in Landsberg an der Warthe ; † January 28, 1956 in Düsseldorf ) was a German social reformer , social democrat and women's rights activist . The Arbeiterwohlfahrt was founded on December 13, 1919 under her leadership . After the introduction of the right to vote for women, she was the first woman to give a speech in the Weimar National Assembly on February 19, 1919 .

Life and work

Marie Juchacz was born as the daughter of the carpenter Theodor Gohlke and his wife Henriette in Landsberg an der Warthe. After attending elementary school in Landsberg an der Warthe, Juchacz worked from 1893, initially as a maid and for a short time as a factory worker . From 1896 to 1898 she worked in nursing . She then completed an apprenticeship as a seamstress . She worked in this profession until 1913. After separating from her husband, the master tailor Bernhard Juchacz, in 1906, she moved to Berlin with her two children . During the First World War from 1914 to 1918 she worked together with Anna Maria Schulte , her sister Elisabeth Röhl and Else Meerfeld in the “home work center” and was a member of the so-called “food commission”.

The female MPs of the MSPD in the Weimar National Assembly on June 1, 1919. Marie Juchacz sits in the front row, third from the right.

Juchacz joined the SPD in 1908 , with whose program her older brother had introduced her. In a short time Juchacz developed into a popular meeting speaker. In 1913 she became women's secretary in Cologne for the Upper Rhine Province party district, where she mainly took care of the organization of the textile workers in the Aachen area. When the Social Democrats split in 1917 and the USPD was founded, Marie Juchacz, who remained with the majority Social Democrats , was given the position of women's secretary in the central party executive by Friedrich Ebert , which Clara Zetkin had previously held. She also took over the editorial management of the women's newspaper Die Equality . Marie Juchacz was one of the founders of the Arbeiterwohlfahrt (AWO) on December 13, 1919 and was its first chairwoman until 1933. From 1921 to 1931 she was a member of the board of the German Association for Public and Private Welfare (DV).

After the seizure of power by the National Socialists Juchacz emigrated to the Saar . When the population of the Saarland had voted for annexation to the German Empire, they fled to Alsace and after the beginning of the Second World War via Paris to Marseille . In 1941 she fled to New York via Martinique on an emergency visa , where she lived until 1949. In exile, she learned English at the age of 60, looked after her brother-in-law - Emil Kirschmann - and provided lunch for other refugees. In New York in 1945 she founded the Arbeiterwohlfahrt USA - Aid for the Victims of National Socialism , which after the end of the war provided support with parcel shipments in destroyed Germany.

Marie Juchacz is buried in the family grave in Cologne's southern cemetery

In 1949 she returned to Germany from her exile and became honorary chairwoman of the AWO.

Marie Juchacz was buried in the grave of her sister Elisabeth and her husband Emil Kirschmann in Cologne's southern cemetery (corridor 65 no. 307). In 2011, the Cologne City Council declared the burial site an honorary grave .

Member of the Weimar National Assembly

Marie Juchacz was elected to the Weimar National Assembly in 1919 as one of 37 women . On February 19, 1919, she was the first female parliamentarian to speak there after receiving women's suffrage :

“Gentlemen and ladies!” (Laughter.) “It is the first time that a woman is allowed to speak to the people as free and equals in parliament, and I would like to state here, quite objectively, that it was the revolution that did too has overcome the old prejudices in Germany. "

- Marie Juchacz : on February 19, 1919 in her speech to the National Assembly in Weimar.

She was the only woman on the "Committee for the Preliminary Consultation of the Draft Constitution of the German Reich " of the National Assembly. She was a member of the Reichstag from the Reichstag elections from 1920 to 1933 . Her sister Elisabeth Röhl was also a member of the SPD in the National Assembly.

Honors

Several cities named streets after her such as "Marie-Juchacz-Straße" or "Marie-Juchacz-Weg". In 1969 she was honored with a stamp (catalog no. 596 block 5) 50 years of women's suffrage and in 2003 with a 1 euro stamp in the series Women of German History (catalog no. 2305).

In the Reichstag building there is a room in which the SPD parliamentary group meets, named after her, as is the meeting room of the Weimar City Council . The Arbeiterwohlfahrt has been awarding the Marie Juchacz plaque since 1969 . The Marie Juchacz Prize is awarded by the SPD parliamentary group.

On August 18, 2017, a memorial to Marie Juchacz was inaugurated on Mehringplatz in Berlin-Kreuzberg . The headquarters of the workers' welfare organization was located near the monument until 1933 . The memorial plaque consists of two supporting triangles with a central shape. The words " Freedom ", " Justice " (left) and " Equality ", " Tolerance " and " Solidarity " have been cut out of the triangular steel plates . The year of birth and death, the name and the portrait of Marie Juchacz are cut out of the steel from the steel memorial plaque in the middle. The creative artist Gerd Winner explained about the sculpture: "It combines the concepts of the welfare state and the memory of Marie Juchacz."

One of the first new Intercity Express trains ( ICE 4 ) was named after Marie Juchacz at the end of October 2017 .

In Germany, many different social institutions were named in honor of Marie Juchacz, such as a senior citizen center in Erzhausen , the senior citizens' home of the AWO in Berlin-Lichtenrade or the Marie Juchacz center of the AWO in Augsburg , a residence for alcohol addicts with chronic multiple injuries (CMA) . In 2019, the day care center “Marie Juchacz” was opened in Idstein to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the workers' welfare organization. In 2020 the Mitte Museum will show the exhibition "Marie Juchacz - The first woman at the lectern" .

Films and stage

  • Juchacz is played in a supporting role in the docu-drama The Counterrevolution - Der Kapp-Lüttwitz-Putsch 1920 (Production: BR-alpha , 2011) by Bibiana Beglau .
  • In the docu-drama Der Reichstag - Reichstag building , 2017, (Production: ARTE , NDR , RBB ) Marie Juchacz is portrayed in a supporting role by Birgit Schürmann.
  • Marie Juchacz - The first woman at the lectern. Documentary, Germany, 2018, 29:50 min., Script and direction: Steffen Jindra, production: MDR , series: Die Spur der Ahnen , first broadcast: December 5, 2018 on MDR television , synopsis by MDR Zeitreise .
  • On the occasion of Marie Juchacz's 150th birthday, the Saarland workers' welfare organization commissioned a musical . This was implemented by the musical project Neunkirchen and on August 9, 2019 under the title Gentlemen and Ladies: Marie! premiered in Neunkirchen (Saar) . The singer Nina Sepeur plays the role of Marie, while her sister Elisabeth plays Hannah Neumann. Holger Hauer wrote the book and the lyrics, Francesco Cottone and Amby Schillo wrote the music. The stage design was designed by Jochen Maas, Ellen Kärcher was responsible for the costumes as well as the artistic direction and choreography and Matthias Stockinger was the director.

broadcast

  • Why does hardly anyone know Marie Juchacz? 100 years of women's suffrage. Talk, November 12, 2018, 11:07 min., Guest: Unda Hörner , production: Deutschlandfunk Kultur , editing: Conclusion , audio file. ( Memento from November 13, 2018 in the Internet Archive )
  • “Today women have the right of citizenship to which they are entitled.” Speech by Marie Juchacz in the Weimar National Assembly as the first female parliamentarian, February 19, 1919, 34:21 min., Production: MDR , first broadcast: December 22, 2018 on MDR, audio -File.

Publications

  • The coming peace . W. Moeser, Berlin 1919.
  • Practical hints for the social democratic women's movement . Edited by the board of the Social Democratic Party of Germany. Berlin 1921.
  • Ottilie Baader : A rocky road. Memoirs of a socialist . With a foreword by Marie Juchacz. JHW Dietz Verlag Nachf., Berlin 1921.
  • Marie Juchacz, Johanna Heymann: The workers' welfare. Requirements and development . JHW Dietz Nachf., Berlin 1924.
  • Birth question - sexual counseling a task of the workers' welfare . In: Arbeiterwohlfahrt (magazine) , 4 (1929), issue 23, pp. 730–734. Digitized .
  • Votes against § 218. In: The socialist doctor , 7th year (1931), issue 4 (April), pp. 102-103, digitized.
  • As of July 31, 1932 . In: Arbeiterwohlfahrt , 7 (1932), issue 14, pp. 417-418. Digitized
  • You lived for a better world. Life pictures of leading women of the 19th and 20th centuries . JHW Dietz Verlag Nachf., Berlin, Hanover 1955.

literature

  • Walter Hammer: High house in the hangman's hands. Looking back on the Hitler era, on the ordeal and sacrifice of German parliamentarians. 2nd, worked through and expanded edition. European publishing house, Frankfurt am Main 1956.
  • Marie Juchacz . In: Franz Osterroth and Dieter Schuster: Chronicle of the German Social Democracy. Volume 1: Until the end of the First World War. JHW Dietz Verlag Nachf., Bonn and Berlin 1960, pp. 150–151.
  • Juchacz (née Gohlke), Marie . In: Wilhelm Kosch : Biographisches Staats Handbuch . Lexicon of politics, press and journalism . Continued by Eugen Kuri. Second volume. A. Francke Verlag, Bern and Munich 1963, p. 615.
  • Birgit Leske: Juchacz, Marie . In: History of the German labor movement. Biographical Lexicon . Dietz Verlag, Berlin 1970, pp. 233-234.
  • Susanne Miller :  Juchacz, Maria, née Gohlke. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 10, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1974, ISBN 3-428-00191-5 , p. 633 ( digitized version ).
  • Lotte Lemke : Marie Juchacz. Founder of the Workers' Welfare Association 1879–1956. Auer, Donauwörth 1979.
  • Martin Schumacher (Ed.): MdR The Reichstag members of the Weimar Republic in the time of National Socialism. Political persecution, emigration and expatriation, 1933–1945. A biographical documentation. 3rd, considerably expanded and revised edition. Droste, Düsseldorf 1994, ISBN 3-7700-5183-1 .
  • Brigitte Domrurath: Juchacz, Marie . In: Manfred Asendorf, Rolf von Bokel (ed.): Democratic ways. German résumés from five centuries . JB Metzler, Stuttgart, Weimar 1997, ISBN 3-476-01244-1 , pp. 312-313.
  • Lydia Struck: "So much goes through my head and through my heart." Marie Juchacz. Letters and thoughts on the new beginning of the AWO. Edited by AWO Bundesverband, Berlin 2014 (= series of publications on the history of workers' welfare ).
  • Lydia Struck: “That still has to be talked about” AWO women and their contributions to gender equality policy Edited by AWO Bundesverband, Berlin 2015 (= series of publications on the history of workers' welfare ). ISBN 978-3-9815319-0-9 , pp. 42-53.
  • Gisela Notz: Marie Juchacz's exile experiences . In: Ariadne. Forum for Women's and Gender History (2017), issue 72, pp. 44–51.
  • Eckhard Hansen, Florian Tennstedt (eds.) And others: Biographical lexicon on the history of German social policy from 1871 to 1945 . Volume 2: Social politicians in the Weimar Republic and during National Socialism 1919 to 1945. Kassel University Press, Kassel 2018, ISBN 978-3-7376-0474-1 , pp. 90 f. ( Online , PDF; 3.9 MB).

Web links

Commons : Marie Juchacz  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b Johanna Roth: Women's suffrage in Germany: The great grandma of democracy. In: the daily newspaper ( taz ), November 11, 2018.
  2. ↑ Marie Juchacz: "Today women have the right of citizenship to which they are entitled." - Speech of January 19, 1919 in Weimar. In: MDR , November 22, 2018, 34:21 min.
  3. ↑ Annette Kammerer: For women and the poor. AWO founder Marie Juchacz. In: Deutschlandfunk Kultur: Zeitfragen dated December 11, 2019, accessed on December 12, 2019.
  4. ↑ a b c Jennifer Striewski: Marie Juchacz (1879-1956), founder of the workers' welfare. In: Landschaftsverband Rheinland , March 8, 2013.
  5. ↑ Marie Juchacz, née Gohlke. In: Daniela Weiland: Hermes Handlexikon. History of women's emancipation in Germany and Austria , Econ-Taschenbuch, Düsseldorf 1983, pp. 133/134.
  6. ↑ Council decision of June 20, 2011. Honorary burial place for Marie Juchacz. In: City of Cologne . Retrieved January 6, 2018 .
  7. ↑ 95 years ago: First speech by a woman in the Reichstag. In: bundestag.de . February 13, 2014, accessed April 7, 2018 .
  8. ↑ Protocol to the Reichstag of February 19, 1919, pp. 177f.
  9. ↑ January 19, 1919: Women can vote for the first time. In: Friedrich Ebert Foundation .
  10. ↑ Marie Juchacz Hall. In: City of Weimar .
  11. ↑ AWO founder Marie Juchacz receives a memorial. Retrieved August 18, 2017 .
  12. ↑ Press release: Memorial for Marie Juchacz unveiled. In: Arbeiterwohlfahrt Berlin. August 18, 2017, accessed January 6, 2018 .
  13. ^ Helke Ellersiek: Appreciated late. A memorial was dedicated to AWO founder Juchacz in Kreuzberg. Martin Schulz came too . In: Tagesspiegel . August 19, 2017, p. 14 .
  14. ↑ Rebecca Barth: A bit of an election campaign . In: taz . August 19, 2017, p. 52 .
  15. ↑ The ICE 4 names have been determined. The jury selected the top 25 names for the upcoming train baptisms. ( Memento from October 28, 2017 in the Internet Archive ). In: DB Inside Bahn , October 27, 2017.
  16. ^ Claudia Stehle: Newly opened senior center in Erzhausen. In: Darmstädter Echo , Tuesday, November 20, 2018, p. 20.
  17. ↑ AWO retirement home
  18. ^ Marie Juchacz Center. In: AWO Augsburg .
  19. ^ Middle of the museum: Exhibition "Marie Juchacz - The first woman at the lectern". January 16, 2020, accessed January 22, 2020 .
  20. ↑ From Reich to Republic: The Counterrevolution - The Kapp-Lüttwitz Putsch. In: Bayerischer Rundfunk . November 15, 2011, accessed January 6, 2018 .
  21. ↑ The Reichstag. History of a German house. In: medientipp.ch , January 6, 2018, accessed on January 6, 2018.
  22. ↑ Film announcement: The Reichstag. History of a German house. In: arte / ARD , December 19, 2017.
  23. ^ Kurt Bohr: Musical project Neunkirchen: Marie Juchacz as a musical star. In: Culture magazine Opus . Retrieved on August 16, 2019 (Issue No. 74, review of the premiere).
  24. ↑ Silvia Buss: How Marie declares war on the upper class. In: Saarbrücker Zeitung . August 11, 2019, accessed on August 16, 2019 (review of the world premiere).
personal data
SURNAME Juchacz, Marie
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Gohlke, Marie (maiden name)
SHORT DESCRIPTION German social reformer, women's rights activist and politician (SPD), MdR
DATE OF BIRTH March 15, 1879
PLACE OF BIRTH Landsberg on the Warta
DATE OF DEATH January 28, 1956
Place of death Dusseldorf