Hedwig Dohm
Marianne Adelaide Hedwig Dohm (née Schlesinger; born September 20, 1831 in Berlin ; † June 1, 1919 there ) was a German writer and women's rights activist . She was one of the first feminist theorists to attribute gender-specific behaviors to cultural imprinting rather than biological determination .
Life
Hedwig Dohm was the fourth of 18 children of tobacco manufacturer Gustav Adolph Gotthold Schlesinger and his wife Wilhelmine Henriette Jülich. Like nine of her siblings, she was born out of wedlock because her parents were only able to marry in 1838, after the death of her paternal grandfather. This had threatened his son disinheritance if he should marry Jülich, who was also born out of wedlock. Hedwig Dohm's father came from a Jewish family and converted to the Protestant faith in 1817 ; from 1851 he was allowed to use the family name Schleh.
The family's daughters were only allowed a limited education, while the sons were allowed to attend grammar school. At the age of 15 Hedwig Dohm had to leave school and instead help with the family's household. Three years later she was able to attend a teachers' seminar. In 1853 she married Ernst Dohm , editor-in-chief of the satirical magazine Kladderadatsch , with whom she had five children between 1854 and 1860. The only son Hans Ernst (* 1854) died at the age of eleven, their four daughters Gertrude Hedwig Anna (1855–1942), Ida Marie Elisabeth (* 1856), Marie Pauline Adelheid (* 1858) and Eva (* 1859, 1. Marriage Max Klein , 2nd marriage Georg Bondi ) received a solid education and professional training.
Hedwig Dohm was the grandmother of Katia Mann , the wife of Thomas Mann , and the physicist and astronomer Hans Rosenberg, and the great-grandmother of the German-Swiss journalist and writer Eva Maria Borer .
The Dohm couple frequented intellectual circles in Berlin. Hedwig Dohm was suitable knowledge for their first release , the Spanish national literature in its historical development from 1867 self-taught on.
In the first half of the 1870s, the first four feminist books by Hedwig Dohm appeared, in which she called for complete legal, social and economic equality between women and men. She also demanded the right to vote for women back in 1873, as one of the first in Germany. These four essays - one of them is Der Frauen Natur und Recht - made her famous in one fell swoop, but also met with fierce criticism, not only among the “gentlemen's rights activists”, but also among the ranks of the bourgeois women's movement of the time, Dohm's radical theses went far. Middle-class women focused on the demand for improved schooling for girls and the care of single mothers. At the end of the 1870s, Dohm published several comedies , all of which were performed in the Berlin Schauspielhaus .
Her husband Ernst Dohm died in 1883 after a long illness. After his death, Hedwig Dohm began to write short stories and novels. When the radical wing of the women's movement gained strength at the end of the 1880s, it turned to political publications in newspapers and magazines again. In addition, she was co-founder of several radical clubs, u. a. of the Reform Women's Association (later the Women's Education Association - Women's Studies ), which campaigned for comprehensive educational reform and women's studies . She joined Minna Cauer's radical association Frauenwohl and at the age of 74 she became a member of the founding assembly of Helene Stöcker's Association for Maternity Protection and Sexual Reform . Until her death in 1919, she published several volumes of essays and almost a hundred articles in newspapers and magazines, in which she commented and positioned herself on current debates in literature and politics.
During the First World War (1914–1918) Dohm was one of the few intellectuals who spoke out against the war from the start; she was critical of “ Hurray patriotism ”. In her last writings, most of which she published in explicitly pacifist media such as Franz Pfemfert's Die Aktion , she identified herself as an uncompromising pacifist. She lived to see the introduction of women's suffrage in Germany in 1918.
Hedwig Dohm died at the age of 87 on June 1, 1919. She is buried in the Old St. Matthew Cemetery in Berlin-Schöneberg . The journalists Bund has built there a memorial with a new grave stone on 22 September, 2007. In August 2018, the Berlin Senate decided to honor Hedwig Dohm as a person of particular importance for Berlin with an honorary grave. The inauguration took place on March 24, 2019 in the presence of the District Mayor of Tempelhof-Schöneberg , Angelika Schöttler, and other representatives from politics and the journalists' association.
Create
Hedwig Dohm was an early thought leader in feminism . She called for the same education and training for girls as for boys. She was convinced that economic independence was the only way for women to no longer necessarily end up in “marriage prison”, but to be able to voluntarily decide for or against - thanks to economic independence - an equal partnership with a man.
In addition to demands for equal training and female employment, she spoke out vehemently in favor of women's suffrage.
Helene Lange judged in 1925: "The disrespect and self-confidence with which Hedwig Dohm used her witty pen against the men was too unfamiliar to many women who were still completely 'in the fear of the Lord'."
In The Antifeminists of 1902, Hedwig Dohm uses humorous language to uncover the ideologies of the masterminds and opinion makers of her own time and exposes their contradictions and fear of the female sex as a stupid defense of claims to power.
In The Mothers of 1903, Dohm addresses the mother's love, which, in her opinion, is not a natural instinct, but is trained and - in the absence of other fields of activity for women - is cultivated. So that mothers can continue to pursue their jobs , she suggests that housework and child-rearing should be done by institutions.
Appreciation
- Since 1991, the Association of Women Journalists has awarded the Hedwig Dohm Certificate to women every year for their outstanding journalistic (life) achievement and their commitment to women’s politics.
- Hedwig-Dohm-Strasse in Berlin at the Südkreuz long-distance train station (corner of Hildegard-Knef-Platz) has been named after her since 2007.
- A school in Berlin-Moabit , Stephanplatz , is named after her.
- On June 5, 2013 , a Berlin memorial plaque was unveiled at her former home, Friedrichstrasse 235, in Berlin-Kreuzberg .
- On December 6, 2013, a vocational school was inaugurated in Stuttgart-Nord, with Hedwig Dohm as the namesake.
- Since November 2018, her grave has been dedicated to the city of Berlin as an honorary grave .
Fonts
Sociopolitical writings
-
What the pastors think of women , 1872. online
- Revised What the Pastors Think . Ala, Zurich 1986, ISBN 3-85509-027-0
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Jesuitism in the household . A contribution to the question of women. 1873 ( digitized version and full text in the German text archive ) online
- New edition False Madonnas. Jesuitism in the household from 1893 . Ala, Zurich 1989, ISBN 3-85509-030-0
-
The Scientific Emancipation of Women , 1874. online
- New edition Emancipation. The scientific emancipation of women . The text from 1874 (and other writings by and about Dohm up to 1919.) Ala, Zurich 1977, ISBN 3-85509-008-4 (About the university access. Also in Marlis Gerhardt, ed .: Essays of famous women. Lou Andreas -Salomé ; Hannah Arendt ; Else Lasker-Schüler ; Marieluise Fleißer ; Ulrike Meinhof ; Silvia Bovenschen and others Insel, Frankfurt am Main 1997, ISBN 3-458-33641-9 )
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Women's nature and law. On the question of women. Two treatises on the characteristics and voting rights of women , Berlin 1876 ( digitized and full text in the German text archive ) online
- New edition (reprint): Ala, Zurich 1986, ISBN 3-85509-029-7
- The anti-feminists. A book of defense , 1902. online
- The mothers. A contribution to the question of education , 1903. online
- Education for the right of women to vote . Berlin 1910 (= publications of the Prussian State Association for Women's Suffrage, Vol. 6) ( digitized and full text in the German Text Archive )
- The abuse of death , 1917. online
- Cultural violence against women: Feminist theories by Hedwig Dohm . [ The anti-feminists , the scientific emancipation of women, etc. a. m.] Maricruz López Rangel (Ed.) CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform 2013, ISBN 978-1-4826-8178-9 .
Dohm also authored nearly 100 articles, reviews, and social research and polemics for newspapers and magazines.
Prose texts
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“Become who you are!” How women become . Two novellas, 1894. New edition. 2015
- New edition How women become : Zenodot, Berlin 2007, ISBN 3-86640-178-7
- Sibilla Dalmar. Novel from the end of our century. 1896. New edition. 2019
- Fates of a soul. 1899. New edition. 2019
- Christa Ruland , 1902. New edition. on-line
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Memories (with Hedda Kosch). Ala, Zurich 1980, ISBN 3-85509-013-0
- New edition: Zenodot, 2007, ISBN 3-86640-126-4
- Summer love. Open air novella . Ebersbach, Berlin 2006, ISBN 3-938740-25-6
Stage works
- The soul saver . Comedy 1876. online
- From the Asra tribe . Comedy 1876
- A shot in the black . Comedy 1878
- The knights of the golden calf . Comedy 1879
Edition Hedwig Dohm
Editors Nikola Müller & Isabel Rohner. Transformer, Berlin
- Selected texts. A reading book for the anniversary of the 175th birthday with essays and features, novels and dialogues, aphorisms and letters , 2006, ISBN 3-89626-559-8 .
- Sibilla Dalmar , annotated new edition with contemporary reviews. 2006, ISBN 3-89626-560-1 .
- Fates of a soul , annotated new edition with the contemporary reviews. 2007, ISBN 3-89626-561-X .
- Christa Ruland , annotated new edition with the contemporary reviews. 2008
- Letters from the Krähwinkel , 100 letters published for the first time. 2009
literature
- Heike Brandt: “Human rights have no gender.” The life story of Hedwig Dohm . Beltz & Gelberg, Weinheim 1995, ISBN 978-3-407-80688-8 Youth non-fiction book
- Ute Gerhard , Petra Pommerenke, Ulla Wischermann (eds.): Classics of feminist theory . Ulrike Helmer Verlag, Königstein im Taunus 2008, ISBN 978-3-89741-242-2 p. 119 ff.
- Elisabeth Heimpel : Dohm, Hedwig. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 4, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1959, ISBN 3-428-00185-0 , p. 41 f. ( Digitized version ). See Dohm, Marianne.
- Ludmila Kaloyanova-Slavova: Transitional Creatures . Gabriele Reuter , Hedwig Dohm, Helene Böhlau and Franziska von Reventlow . Series: Women in German Literature 2., Peter Lang, Bern 1998, ISBN 0-8204-3962-2 .
- Katrin Komm: Das Kaiserreich in Zeitromanen by Hedwig Dohm and Elizabeth von Arnim . Series: Women in German Literature 8. Peter Lang, Bern 2003, ISBN 3-03910-139-0 .
- Nikola Müller: Hedwig Dohm (1831-1919). An annotated bibliography . Trafo, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-89626-238-6 .
- Dohm, Hedwig. In: Lexicon of German-Jewish Authors . Volume 5: Carmo – Donat. Edited by the Bibliographia Judaica archive. Saur, Munich 1997, ISBN 3-598-22685-3 , pp. 457-467.
- Gaby Pailer: Hedwig Dohm. (= Meteors , Volume 7) Edited by Alexander Košenina, Nikola Roßbach and Franziska Schößler. Wehrhahn, Hannover 2011, ISBN 978-3-86525-237-1
- Gaby Pailer: Write who you are. The design of female “authorship” in Hedwig Dohm's narrative work . Centaurus, Pfaffenweiler 1994
- Isabel Rohner: Traces into the now. Hedwig Dohm - a biography . Ulrike Helmer Verlag, Sulzbach im Taunus 2010, ISBN 3-89741-299-3
- Isabel Rohner: In litteris veritas. Hedwig Dohm and the problem of the fictional biography . Series Hochschulschriften, 13.Trafo, Berlin 2008, ISBN 3-89626-715-9
- Sandra L. Singer: Free soul, free women? A study of selected fictional works by Hedwig Dohm, Isolde Kurz, and Helene Böhlau . Lang, Frankfurt am Main 1995, ISBN 0-8204-2557-5
- Julian Tietz: Educational motifs in Hedwig Dohm's novel "Christa Ruland" (1902) . In: Dirk Hempel (ed.): Studies on critical women's literature between the Empire and the Weimar Republic . Frankfurt am Main 2010, (digitized version) , (PDF file; 976 kB)
- Cornelia Pechota Vuilleumier: “O father, let's move!”. Literary father-daughters around 1900. Gabriele Reuter , Hedwig Dohm, Lou Andreas-Salomé . Series: Haskala 30. Olms, Hildesheim 2005, ISBN 3-487-12873-X
Web links
- Literature by and about Hedwig Dohm in the catalog of the German National Library
- The edition Hedwig Dohm
- Works by Hedwig Dohm in the Gutenberg-DE project
About Hedwig Dohm
- Hedwig Dohm. In: FemBio. Women's biography research (with references and citations).
- Collection of current reports on Hedwig Dohm In: hedwigdohm.blogspot.com
- Annotated link collection of the university library of the FU Berlin ( Memento from October 11, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) (Ulrich Goerdten)
- Hedwig Dohm exhibition at the Fernuniversität Hagen , June 20, 2012, in it: Discussion a . a. with Alice Schwarzer and Marlies Hesse . In: YouTube , 9:23 min.
- Heinz-Jürgen Voß: Review by Hedwig Dohm: "The Antifeminists". In: schwule-seite.de , June 3, 2008
- Reingard Jäkl: The most radical of all women. In: Gigi . Magazine for Sexual Emancipation, September 2007
- Maren Gottschalk : June 1st, 1919 - Anniversary of the death of Hedwig Dohm WDR ZeitZeichen (podcast).
Individual evidence
- ↑ Hedwig Dohm's father was born Echanan Cohen Schlesinger and was a Jewish religion from Frankfurt am Main . It was not until 1817 that he changed his name in Berlin. From: Heike Brandt: Human rights have no gender - The life story of Hedwig Dohm . Beltz & Gelberg, Weinheim and Basel 1995, ISBN 978-3-407-80688-8 , p. 7.
- ↑ Hedwig Dohm's mother came from a poor family and was born out of wedlock in Berlin in 1809. The only thing known about the grandfather is that he was said to have been of French nationality. From: Heike Brandt, ibid.
- ↑ Eckart Roloff : A strong voice for women. Hedwig Dohm. In: Michael Haller, Walter Hömberg (eds.): “I won't let my mouth shut down!” Journalists as pioneers of freedom of the press and democracy . Reclam Verlag, Ditzingen 2020, pp. 114–117, ISBN 978-3-15-011277-9
- ↑ Graves of honor for well-known and deserving personalities. August 23, 2018, accessed March 26, 2019 .
- ^ Inauguration of the honorary grave for Hedwig Dohm - Journalistinnenbund. Retrieved March 26, 2019 .
- ↑ Helene Lange : Memoirs. At work in the Gutenberg-DE Herbig project, Berlin 1925.
- ↑ Hedwig Dohm: The anti-feminists in the Gutenberg-DE project
- ↑ Hedwig Dohm: The mothers in the Gutenberg-DE project
- ↑ Reingard Jäkl: The most radical of all women . In: Gigi . Magazine for Sexual Emancipation, September 2007.
- ↑ Inauguration ceremony of the vocational school center - award for sustainability . In: hedwig-dohm-schule.de , 2013, accessed on February 15, 2018.
- ↑ Brandt in the translator database of the VdÜ , 2019
personal data | |
---|---|
SURNAME | Dohm, Hedwig |
ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Dohm, Marianne Adelaide Hedwig (full name); Schlesinger, Hedwig (maiden name) |
BRIEF DESCRIPTION | German writer and women's rights activist |
DATE OF BIRTH | September 20, 1831 |
PLACE OF BIRTH | Berlin , Kingdom of Prussia |
DATE OF DEATH | June 1, 1919 |
Place of death | Berlin , German Empire |