Flossenbürg concentration camp

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Coordinates: 49 ° 44 ′ 8 ″  N , 12 ° 21 ′ 21 ″  E

Flossenbürg Concentration Camp (Germany)
Flossenbürg concentration camp
Flossenbürg concentration camp
Flossenbürg concentration camp in Germany
Flossenbürg Memorial (commandant building on the west side)

The Flossenbürg concentration camp (also known as Flossenbürg concentration camp ) was a concentration camp in the German Reich , near the border with what was then the Sudetenland , about halfway between Nuremberg and Prague . It existed from 1938 to April 23, 1945 in the municipality of Flossenbürg near Weiden in the Upper Palatinate Forest . Today there is a memorial on part of the former camp site . Almost 90 subcamps were assigned to the main camp .

construction

Plaque with a plan of the Flossenbürg concentration camp
Plan of the concentration camp, drawn by A. Kryszak, descriptions in the wiki image data
Former head office (2008)
Former headquarters at the entrance to the Flossenbürg Concentration Camp Memorial
Postcard form with censorship stamp, August 1940
Meal carrier, drawing Stefan Kryszak, survivor of Flossenbürg
The camp in 1945
Death Valley with memorials
Watchtower in the Flossenbürg concentration camp
Detention center, Flossenbürg concentration camp
Roll call area in Flossenbürg Concentration Camp, 2008
In the arrest block yard: British soldiers and French women of the Resistance , executed in the concentration camp
Crematorium in Flossenbürg Concentration Camp, 2008
Incineration furnace, crematorium, Flossenbürg concentration camp
Ash hill next to the former crematorium
Crematorium and watchtower in Flossenbürg Concentration Camp, 2008
Bonhoeffer bust in the former concentration camp
Pile of ash as a memorial
Board belonging to the ash heap

From the beginning, the Flossenbürg concentration camp was planned as a concentration camp for the exploitation of forced laborers for the economic interests of the SS . In this first camp of a new, "second generation" of concentration camps, the terror was no longer directed only against the political opponents of the Nazis, but also against social outsiders. Quarries (in addition to Flossenbürg Mauthausen and Natzweiler ) or brickworks with clay pits (such as Neuengamme ) were selected as suitable locations .

This new type of concentration camp took into account the fact that the SS began to pursue their own economic goals at the same time as it was founded. By mid-1937 at the latest, the SS began to look for suitable quarries. Himmler reached an agreement with Hitler and Speer that prisoners could be used to produce building materials for the National Socialist building projects. This is repeatedly referred to as the “ order of the Führer on the occasion of a meeting with the Führer with the Reichsführer SS and architect Speer” . The cheapest workers without rights were to be exploited profitably in the Deutsche Erd- und Steinwerke (DEST), which were founded for this purpose and were subordinate to the Reichsführer SS. In these camps, the regime increased the terror to an absolute and perfected, previously unknown abundance of power, which planned the extermination of people with inhuman forced labor, hunger, arbitrariness and harassment and later organized it in a factory-like manner - and not only in secret, because terror works as intimidation as possible.

As a result, the construction of the concentration camp was not kept secret from the population. From the beginning, public administrations and private companies were involved in the creation of the necessary infrastructure and the construction of the warehouse. The Berlin Kämper & Seeberg AG supplied all the barracks; the emergency lighting was supplied by the Munich Gebr. Schwaiger GmbH , which had also supplied the SS-Totenkopfstandarte “Ostmark” for the Dachau and Mauthausen concentration camps and for the Sturmbann-Verwaltung II / SS3 in Tobelbad near Graz. The company Hans Krapf from the nearby raft applied for the electrical installation. The company Hans Kraus from Weiden applied for plumbing, installation and sanitary work. The delivery of food for the prisoners and the SS-Totenkopfverband also took over the private sector in many cases.

Even the construction of the camp, which was originally planned for 3,000 prisoners and 400 guarding SS men, was characterized by the aforementioned terror regime, inadequate food and accommodation, as well as daily harassment and the murder of individuals by the SS and their accomplices. Before the construction of the camp with an adjacent SS barracks , barbed wire fuses and watchtowers as well as the kitchen and laundry was completed, work in the quarry began. In the spring of 1940 the number of SS guards was around 300, and there were around 90 members of the command staff. In 1945 the number of SS members was around 3,000 men and women.

At the time the concentration camp was built, the government saw a huge demand for building materials from the Reich. Big cities like Berlin, Munich, etc. a. should be transformed into " leader cities ", the infrastructure for the planned war (military production facilities etc.) should be promoted. Himmler and the SS offered to deliver natural stones and bricks quickly and cheaply. For this purpose, DEST leased land on the Wurmstein from the state of Bavaria for ten years in 1938. On July 20, 1938, it was recorded in the advice book of the Flossenbürg municipal council that a lease for the Plattenberg for the construction of a settlement for SS members would be concluded for an indefinite period.

In February 1943, production began in Flossenburg for the fighter Messerschmitt Bf 109 of Messerschmitt GmbH Regensburg in the repurposed Steinmetz halls of DEST with 200 prisoners. The monthly reports from May to July 1943 prepared by DEST for the Flossenbürg plant clearly show that the expansion of aircraft production in Flossenbürg was planned from the outset regardless of the bombing of the Messerschmitt plant in Regensburg in August 1943. At the beginning of 1944 there were already 2000, in October of the same year more than 5200 prisoners working in aircraft production.

If a twelve-hour day applied to the forced labor (in the quarry), the production for Messerschmitt was switched to the three-shift system with eight hours per work shift.

The steadily increasing numbers of admissions between 1938 and 1945 also clearly show a change in the composition. While German-speaking prisoners predominated in 1938 and 1939, the majority of whom were marked with a green triangle as a sign for so-called professional criminals in preventive detention, the ratio changed from 1940 onwards. The number of foreign prisoners rose continuously with the occupation of other neighboring countries. The foreign prisoners were usually given a red triangle as a symbol for political prisoners , whereby the nationality was indicated by a corresponding letter abbreviation in the angle.

historical overview

  • May 3, 1938: The first 100 prisoners from the Dachau concentration camp arrived. Reichsführer SS Heinrich Himmler was informed of this event by the inspector of the concentration camp Theodor Eicke . The prisoners worked in three quarries of the Deutsche Erd- und Steinwerke GmbH (DEST) of the SS , from 1941 in four quarries.
  • At the end of 1938, around 1,500 prisoners were detained as so-called "professional criminals " in preventive police detention . The criminal police could quickly get into this custody without a judicial decision on pure suspicion. The camp was also referred to as the Green Camp because of the “ anti-social ” and “criminals” imprisoned .
  • September 27, 1939: 981 inmates marked with red angles came from Block IV of the Dachau concentration camp to Flossenbürg due to temporary closure and stayed until spring 1940. During this time they kept their Dachau numbers.
  • April 1940: 800 mostly political prisoners came from Sachsenhausen concentration camp to Flossenbürg. At the end of 1940 there were over 2,600 prisoners in the camp. Heinrich Himmler visited the Flossenbürg concentration camp, which was then classified in camp category II (for "heavily burdened but still capable of educating and improving prisoners").
  • 1940: A crematorium was commissioned. The company Kori from Berlin , which specializes in waste and garbage incineration plants, was awarded the contract . The corpses had previously been cremated in the city of Selb's crematorium, but the capacity there was no longer sufficient. At the end of 1940 the Flossenbürg crematorium started operations. From the end of 1944 the capacity of the furnace was no longer sufficient, so that the dead were burned outdoors.
  • January 1941: Polish prisoners from Auschwitz concentration camp came to Flossenbürg; by mid-1941 there were 700.
  • February 1941: Beginning of the systematic murder of certain groups of prisoners in secret by the SS. This did not go unnoticed in the camp. Around 2,500 people were killed in the killing operations.
  • Autumn 1941: 2000 Soviet prisoners of war arrived and were housed in three specially fenced barracks. The total number of prisoners was now over 5,000. At the same time, the Gestapo was looking for so-called “useless elements” among the Soviet prisoners in the region . In 1942 the prisoners of war were deported to other concentration camps .
  • 1942: The commandant's office was built in Flossenbürg. That year there were 1,500 Polish prisoners in the camp.
  • February 1942: The first satellite camps of the Flossenbürg concentration camp were established. The first sub-camp was Stulln .
  • 1943: 4,000 prisoners were in Flossenbürg, the majority of whom were foreign prisoners. The largest group were Poles, followed by Soviet prisoners of war and Soviet civilian workers. After the half of the war came French, Belgians and Dutch.
  • In the middle to late 1944, 8,126 Eastern European Jews came to Flossenbürg.
  • 1943: To increase the "war-important production", the Messerschmitt Group cooperated in 1943 with Deutsche Erd- und Steinwerke GmbH (DEST) and the SS , so parts of the production were relocated from Regensburg Messerschmitt GmbH to Flossenbürg. The quarries, in which 530 prisoners still worked, lost their importance. At the beginning of 1945 the production of granite was stopped.
  • In the autumn of 1944 there were 8,000 prisoners in the overcrowded camp. The situation of the prisoners deteriorated dramatically under the last camp commandant, Max Kögel. Flossenbürg became the center of a widely branched camp system with almost 90 satellite camps. More than 5000 prisoners worked for Messerschmitt (camouflage name “Kommando 2004”) in the production of the Messerschmitt Bf 109 warplane
  • End of 1944: Flossenbürg worked in more than 100 satellite camps for war production. Leitmeritz and Hersbruck were the largest satellite camps.
  • April 1945: Shortly before the end of the war, Flossenbürg was evacuated in several death marches .
  • April 23, 1945: The Flossenbürg concentration camp was liberated by the US Army.
  • June / July 1945 to March 1946: The former Flossenbürg concentration camp served as an American prisoner of war camp for SS members.
  • April 1946 to October 1947: UNRRA used the camp barracks for over 2000 so-called Polish Displaced Persons (DP).
  • September 1, 1946: Foundation stone laid for the memorial chapel , inauguration on May 25, 1947
  • May 3, 1945: Construction of the cemetery of honor, inauguration on October 27, 1946
  • From 1948: Germans who had fled and expelled from Bohemia and Silesia used the camp facilities until they found other accommodation. Then the former camp barracks and other camp facilities disappeared.
  • From 1958 residential houses were built on the area of ​​the former prisoner barracks.

Daily routine for inmates

summer
Time activity
04:00 Wake up
05:15 Roll call
06: 00-12: 00 working time
12: 00-13: 00 Lunch (including entry and exit times)
13: 00-18: 30 working time
19:00 Roll call (duration approx. 1 hour)
8:45 pm "Everything in the barracks"
21:00 "Everything in the beds" - "Lights off"
winter
Time activity
05:00 Wake up
Dawn until dark working time

Subcamp

The Flossenbürg concentration camp included almost 90 satellite camps . The two largest external camps by far were as follows:

The largest satellite camp was the Leitmeritz satellite camp near Litoměřice in the Czech Republic , which was built in connection with the construction project for Richard U-relocation and was used for forced labor . A total of around 18,000 prisoners passed through the camp between March 1944 and May 1945, around 4,500 of whom died.

The Hersbruck subcamp was the second largest subcamp of the Flossenbürg concentration camp and existed between May 1944 and April 1945. About 9,500 prisoners passed through the forced labor camp, of whom about 4,000 died.

Prisoners

A total of around 100,000 people were imprisoned in the Flossenbürg concentration camp between 1938 and 1945, but the documentation of the camp inmates had not been kept since mid-April 1945, before the camp was liberated by the 90th Infantry Division of the US Army on April 24, 1945.

Nationalities

According to the scientific investigation status from 2008:

country Prisoners
Poland 31,400
Soviet Union 22,000
Hungary 11,000
Germany 9.097
France 5,070
Czechoslovakia 4.263
Italy 3,033
Yugoslavia 1.952
Belgium 849
Austria 676
Greece 486
Netherlands 411
Lithuania 267
Latvia 166
Spain 143
Romania 98
Luxembourg 33
Bulgaria 25th
Great Britain 24
Turkey 14th
Denmark 13
Norway 12
Albania 11
Switzerland 11
Arabic states 6th
United States 6th
Ireland 3
Portugal 3
Argentina 3
Estonia 2
Andorra 1
Finland 1
Chile 1
Canada 1
China 1
Unknown origin 9,000
total 100,082

Known inmates

Memorial plaque for Wilhelm Canaris in the Flossenbürg concentration camp

Eugenio Pertini (1894–1945) brother of the former Italian President Sandro Pertini, shot on the death march.

Camp commanders and staff

  • SS-Sturmbannführer Jakob Weiseborn (camp commandant May 1938 to January 1939)
  • SS-Obersturmbannführer Karl Künstler (camp commandant January 1939 to August 1942)
  • Protective custody camp leader SS-Hauptsturmführer Karl Fritzsch (deputy camp commandant August to October 1942)
  • SS-Sturmbannführer Egon Zill (camp commandant October 1942 to April 1943) - An arrest warrant was issued against Zill in 1952. He was arrested in Hamburg in April 1953. In 1955 the Munich District Court II issued the verdict: life imprisonment for "inciting murder in Dachau concentration camp".
  • SS-Obersturmbannführer Max Koegel (camp commandant May 1943 to April 1945) - He was arrested in June 1946. He committed suicide while in prison in Schwabach .
  • SS-Unterscharführer in the Waffen-SS , dentist Christian Franz Weck , (February 1941 to January 1944). Five and a half years in prison for an accessory to murder.
  • Protective custody camp leader Hans Aumeier (August 1938 to February 1942)
  • SS-Sturmbannführer Franz Berger (November 1944 to 1945), deputy camp commandant, commandant of a guard battalion and leader of a prisoner evacuation transport
  • Konrad Blomberg, senior criminal secretary, head of the political department and leader of an evacuation column
  • Hauptsturmführer Ludwig Buddensieg
  • Karl Buttner, prisoner, block elder from Block 19 and kitchen chaplain
  • SS-Hauptscharführer Johann Geisberger, Blockführer and Rapportführer
  • SS Rottenführer Michael Gelhardt, guard, dog handler, block leader and participation in a firing squad
  • Karl Frederick Alois Gieselmann, prisoner, block elder of Block 19
  • August Ginschel, inmate, Block 1 and guards on an evacuation march
  • SS-Oberscharführer Karl Graeber, guard in Flossenbürg and during an evacuation march
  • SS Oberscharführer Gerhard Haubold, detention center
  • Josef Hauser, prisoner, Kapo at Messerschmitt
  • Peter Herz, Waffen-SS, guard in Flossenbürg and during an evacuation march
  • Georg Hoinisch, inmate and Kapo at Messerschmitt, room duty in Block 4 and guard on an evacuation march
  • Alois Jakubith, prisoner and quarry chaplain, on guard during an evacuation march
  • SS-Sturmscharführer Karl Keiling, guard in Flossenbürg and during an evacuation march
  • Hans Johann Lipinski, prisoner, Kapo
  • SS, command leader Eduard Losch
  • Karl Mathoi, prisoner, camp elder
  • Gustav Matzke, prisoner, block elder and Kapo at Messerschmitt
  • Raymond Maurer, inmate, Kapo, room service in Block 5
  • SS-Unterscharfuhrer Christian Mohr, command leader and detention supervisor
  • SS-Oberscharführer Erich Mußfeldt , roll call, guard during an evacuation march
  • Willi Olschewski, prisoner and Kapo in road construction and quarry
  • SS-Obersturmführer Hermann Pachen, in command of an evacuation column
  • SS-Oberscharführer Otto Pawliczek, Blockführer Block 2 and 8, command leader and participation in a firing squad
  • SS-Sturmmann Erich Penz, guard and dog handler, guard during an evacuation march
  • SS Rottenführer Josef Pinter, guard and dog handler, guard during an evacuation march
  • Theodor Retzlaff, prisoner and Kapo at the Messerschmitt Transport Command
  • SS-Unterscharfuhrer Walter Reupsch, pharmacy
  • SS-Hauptscharführer Kurt Erich, clerk, labor officer, commando leader, participation in an execution squad, recruit trainer
  • Hauptsturmführer Ludwig Schwarz, Wehrmacht, command leader from Hersbruck and leader of an evacuation march
  • SS-Obersturmführer Alois Schubert, head of the quarry and Messerschmitt work details
  • SS-Untersturmführer Bruno Skierka, SS company commander and leader of an evacuation column
  • SS-Obersturmführer Hermann Sommerfeld, leader of an evacuation march
  • Georg Weilbach, prisoner and quarry chaplain, second camp elder and chaplain in the Mülsen and Holleischen subcamps
  • Erhard Wolf, SS guard and command leader, block leader, leader of the detention center and the execution squad
  • SS Rottenführer Joseph Wurst, guard in the Leitmeritz satellite camp and on an evacuation march
  • SS-Hauptscharführer Cornelius Schwanner , guard, recruit trainer and commando leader in the subcamps Johanngeorgenstadt and Obertraubling
  • Walter Paul Adolf Neye, prisoner in Flossenbürg, block elder in the Ganacker and Landau satellite camps
  • SS-Oberscharführer Wilhelm Brusch, commander of the Wolkenburg subcamp after August 20, 1944 and leader of an evacuation march
  • Christian Eisbusch, prisoner, Kapo and Revierkapo in the Ganacker satellite camp after February 20, 1945
  • SS-Oberscharführer August Fahrnbauer, labor leader and deputy camp leader in Plattling
  • SS Rottenführer Bruno Brandauer, security guard
  • SS-Obersturmführer Ludwig Baumgartner , from March 1944 protective custody camp leader in Flossenbürg
  • SS-Obersturmführer Wilhelm Bayer, from 1944 SS court officer in Flossenbürg
  • SS-Obersturmführer Otto Blaschke, camp doctor
  • SS-Hauptscharführer Lorenz (Christian) Carstensen, member of the camp crew
  • SS maid (concentration camp guard) Florentine (Flora) Cichon, member of the camp crew
  • SS-Hauptsturmführer Oskar Dienstbach , SS doctor
  • Heinrich Diestelkamp, ​​prisoner functionary
  • SS-Obersturmführer Eduard Drees
  • SS maid (SS news helper) Gisela Drews, from March 1944 teletype in the news office of the commandant's office in Auschwitz concentration camp a. Flossenbürg concentration camp
  • SS Maid (concentration camp guard) Margot Drexler , member of the camp team
  • SS-Unterscharführer Gottfried (Ludwig) Dzugan, member of the camp team
  • SS-Obersturmführer Max (Otto) Ehser, guard
  • SS-Unterscharführer Werner Eichler, member of the camp team
  • SS-Unterscharführer Johann Filep, member of the camp team
  • SS-Unterscharführer Alois (Wendelin) Frey, member of the camp crew
  • SS-Hauptscharführer Jakob Fries, member of the camp crew
  • SS Rottenführer Hermann Grell, member of the camp team
  • SS-Hauptscharführer Heinrich Groffmann, member of the camp crew
  • SS-Obersturmführer Georg Güßregen, member of the camp crew
  • SS-Hauptsturmführer August Harbaum , member of the camp crew
  • SS-Oberscharführer Gerhard Haubold, member of the camp crew
  • SS-Sturmmann Paul Herklotz, member of the camp crew
  • SS rifleman Stefan Horvath, member of the camp team
  • SS-Unterscharführer August Klehr, member of the camp team
  • SS-Unterscharführer Wilhelm Kowol
  • SS man Ferdinand Kruckenberger, security guard
  • SS-Obersturmführer Georg (Franz) Meyer, concentration camp doctor
  • SS-Obersturmführer Paul (Heinrich Theodor) Müller , member of the camp crew
  • SS-Obersturmführer Wilhelm (Willy) Jäger, concentration camp doctor
  • SS-Hauptsturmführer Richard Hans Trommer
  • SS-Hauptsturmführer Karl Gustav Boehmichen, camp doctor
  • SS-Obersturmführer Arnold Büscher
  • SS-Unterscharführer Gerhard Lachmann, member of the camp team

Evacuation from the Flossenbürg concentration camp

At the beginning of 1945 there were probably between 25,000 and 30,000 prisoners in the camp. On April 25, 1945 there were 14,802 prisoners in the camp. Many of them were evacuation transports from the Groß-Rosen concentration camp in February 1945. 7,000 prisoners who survived the death marches were liberated by the US army in the Cham, Pfrombach / Moosburg and Auerbach areas. The last group was liberated on May 2, 1945 by the Americans at the Chiemsee.

When the Americans approached the concentration camp, the SS supposedly wanted to hand the concentration over to the Swedish Red Cross. Because of this, around 400 voluntary Reich German prisoners were appointed by the camp management as "camp police", which were supposed to keep order until then. Camp commandant Max Koegel had the people dressed in Italian uniforms and declared them SS men on April 14 or 15, 1945. They were housed in SS barracks and given rifles. Then they were told what to do when the Allies came.

The SS-Standartenführer Kurt Becher informed the Flossenbürg concentration camp on April 17, 1945 that, according to Himmler's orders , the prisoners should immediately set off on the march to Dachau. When he found the camp in a “very representative condition”, he asked Himmler whether the camp should not be handed over to the Allies. On April 19, 1945 he received the following answer from Heinrich Himmler: “The handover is out of the question. The camp is to be evacuated immediately. No prisoner may fall alive into the hands of the enemy. The prisoners behaved horribly towards the civilian population in Buchenwald. Drawn by Heinrich Himmler, Reichsführer SS. "

On April 19, around 9 p.m., Koegel gave the order to bring all prisoners except the sick to Dachau. The SS officers Bruno Skierka, Hermann Pachen, Albert Roller and Schenk were given command of four marching columns. A marching column consisted of 2,000 to 4,000 prisoners. Special prisoners and prisoners of honor were brought to Dachau on April 4, April 8, April 15 and April 19, 1945. Only one column of 2,654 prisoners reached the Dachau concentration camp on April 28, 1945. This was made up of previously separated groups who met again on the march. 1,526 mostly sick prisoners were left behind in Flossenbürg. Koegel accompanied a column between Cham and Straubing. It is believed that an order to shoot was given prior to the evacuation. Prisoners who could no longer walk should be killed. It is known that during the march it was ordered "to shoot in the heart and not in the head". The death marches were guarded and led by SS soldiers or kapos ; 1000 prisoners were guarded by 40 men. The exact course of the evacuation from Flossenbürg is not clearly comprehensible, since the main trains split up and reunited with other marching groups during the march.

Evacuation from the Flossenbürg concentration camp

  • April 8, 1945: The special prisoners of the RSHA are transported to Dachau ( Schuschnigg , Schacht , Halder , Thomas v. Bonin )
  • April 9, 1945: Transport of other special prisoners to Dachau ( J. Müller , Liebig, v. Schlabrendorff )
  • April 14, 1945: Special prisoners are evacuated
  • April 15, 1945: Special prisoners are evacuated
  • April 16, 1945: about 2000 prisoners by train to Etzenricht (Route E)
  • April 17, 1945: about 2000 prisoners via Schwarzenfeld , Taxöldern, Regensburg , Straubing (Route A)
  • April 17, 1945: Jewish prisoners were transported by train to Schwarzenfeld (air raid) - walk via Kemnath, Fuhrn, Neunburg vorm Wald, Asbach, Fronberg, Schwandorf (Route F): Under the command of SS-Sturmbannführer Franz Berger, at 8 Around 1,800 Jewish prisoners are loaded into 40 freight cars. They were told that this was the last march to death. The train was attacked by American low-flying aircraft at Floß station . The SS jumped off the train and took cover while the prisoners had to stay on the train. Some prisoners were killed by the attack on the train, and some managed to escape. The locomotive was shot. The next day, a new locomotive continued across Weiden to a side stretch near Nabburg, where the train stopped. Around five in the morning, the train was attacked by American airmen again, causing the locomotive to catch fire. On April 19, 1945 at seven o'clock the train reached Schwarzenfeld , where it was attacked again by American planes. 200 SS soldiers took cover and made sure that the prisoners did not leave the train. Some prisoners tried to escape during this air raid, most of them were killed by SS guards or died in the air raid. The SS guards prevented the inmates from being cared for by the civilian population. The wounded prisoners or those who were too weak to march were shot by the SS. 140 dead remained at the train station in Schwarzenfeld. On the evening of April 19, they left Schwarzenfeld, divided into ten columns, which marched off at ten-minute intervals. Some had taken the Schwarzenfeld, Kemnath , Fuhrn route, others the Schwarzenfeld, Asbach, Taxöldern route. Most of the columns met again in Neunburg vorm Wald .
  • April 18, 1945: about 2000 prisoners via Neustadt, Oberwildenau, Schwarzenfeld , Neunburg vorm Wald , Neukirchen-Balbini , Wetterfeld (Route B): A column went from Neunburg vorm Wald to Neukirchen-Balbini, which was in Neukirchen on April 21, 1945 -Balbini freed.
  • April 19, 1945: about 300 prisoners (celebrities, blocks 1 and 2, prisoner functionaries) by train to Nabburg - walk via Klardorf, Kuntau (Route G): They stopped in Nabburg and marched south on foot via Diendorf, Stulln , Schwarzenfeld, Schwandorf, Klardorf. In Klardorf, the column broke up after the guards withdrew.
  • April 19, 1945: around 750 prisoners (sick people who were able to march, generals, senior officers, the Blaupunkte W. Girnus and H. Golessa), liberated at Heiligenkreuz in Upper Bavaria. Because of the largely destroyed railway line, the train stopped in Schwandorf. When a plane appeared, some inmates tried to escape. 41 prisoners were killed and 111 escaped. Two groups of 417 and 389 prisoners had to march south. After 13 days the march ended with the liberation at Heiligenkreuz.

Evacuation by marching columns - April 20, 1945

  • April 20, 1945: about 4,000 prisoners via Pleystein , Moosbach , Pullenried , Winklarn , Rötz , Stamsried , Roding , Wetterfeld (some of the prisoners liberated), Straubing and Ergoldsbach (Route C): A column went from Neunburg vorm Wald to Stamsried when they were liberated by the 3rd US Army on April 23 on their way to Pösing .
  • April 20, 1945: about 4,000 prisoners
  • April 20, 1945: about 4000 prisoners (Blocks 9, 10, 11, 12) via Pleystein, Winklarn, Rötz, Roding, Regensburg, Abensberg, Allershausen, Munich, Dachau (Route C) under the command of SS guards.
  • April 20, 1945: Fourth and last evacuation column, around 2600 prisoners (including the Blaupunkte Hein Meyn and Werner Staake) via Waldthurn, Pleystein, Moosbach, Tröbes, Pirkhof, Winklarn, Rötz, Stamsried, Roding, Wetterfeld.

End of camp

In 1945 prisoners from Poland, the Soviet Union, Hungary and France formed the largest national groups. In Flossenbürg, however, the internal "prisoner self-administration" remained mostly in the hands of the "Grünwinkel" . The post-war classification of the concentration camps at the Reich level, which for example classifies Dachau , Buchenwald and Sachsenhausen as “political” camps, but describes Flossenbürg as a camp of “criminals” and “ anti-socials ”, probably stems primarily from the facts described.

About 100,000 prisoners were in total in the camp. At least 30,000 of them died. Despite the constant expansion of the camp, the number of inmates always exceeded the capacity by far. The conditions in the camp were unimaginably harsh. The hard work in the quarries and inadequate care for the prisoners as well as the cruelty of the guards cost many prisoners their lives. After 1943, the Flossenbürg concentration camp was expanded into an extensive network with 94 satellite camps (see list of the Flossenbürg satellite camps ) in Bavaria , Saxony (mainly in Dresden ) and Bohemia . From 1943, the concentration camp prisoners were exploited for production in armaments factories such as the Universelle-Werke JC Müller & Co. and for the production of Messerschmitt planes. In April 1944 the "most catastrophic phase of medical activity, medical failure and medical killing practice" began for the prisoners. The doctor Heinrich Schmitz carried out numerous unnecessary operations which, according to the records of a prisoner doctor , about 250 prisoners died.

On April 8, 1945, the SS began removing traces of their crimes in the concentration camp. However, on the morning of April 9, 1945, on the express orders of Hitler, Bonhoeffer, Canaris, Gehre, Oster and Strünck were executed by Rabenau on April 14 or 15. On April 19, 1945, the camp commandant Max Koegel ordered a death march to the Dachau concentration camp . About 1,600 prisoners were left behind because they were unable to march. On April 23, 1945, the 90th and 97th Infantry Divisions of the 3rd US Army reached the community and took it without a fight. They reached the camp around 10:50 a.m. Many of the prisoners who stayed behind died in the weeks that followed from the aftermath of the camp detention. After the war ended , over 5,000 bodies were recovered along the routes of the death marches.

Memorial "Valley of Death" (summer 2008)

After 1945 the camp housed prisoners of war and later refugees and displaced persons.

War crimes trials

The main Flossenbürg trial was a war crimes trial carried out by the United States Army in the American occupation zone at the military court in Dachau in 1946/47 . 52 people were charged in this trial. The trial ended with 40 convictions. Officially, the case was named United States of America vs. Friedrich Becker et al. - Case labeled 000-50-46 . The Flossenbürg main trial was followed by 18 secondary trials with 42 defendants, which also took place as part of the Dachau trials . There were 24 prison terms, eight of which were life sentences, and seven were acquitted. Eleven death sentences were pronounced. Six death sentences were carried out.

Inmate associations

Former prisoners, their families and descendants have founded associations, such as the Amicale Nationale des Prisonniers Politiques et Ayants-Droits du Camp de Flossenbürg or the Association des déportés et familles des disparus du camp de concentration de Flossenbürg et Kommando .

memorial

The Flossenbürg Concentration Camp Memorial is supported by the Bavarian Memorials Foundation .

Headquarters

Today's SS headquarters was planned in 1940 as a new construction of the prisoner surveillance building, which represented the entrance to the area fenced off with barbed wire. The existing, first prisoner surveillance building was located at the point where the entrance to the fenced area was above the entire time. The foundations of the building next to the entrance posts are still indicated today. The cellar and a supply tunnel to the laundry, among other things, still exist. The new building was necessary because the camp, consisting of two rows of barracks, was to be and was extended by a third row in the direction of today's headquarters building. The original purpose was to expand the capacity to 9,000 prisoners. For this purpose, the SS architect Bernhard Kuiper designed a drawing of an administration and entrance building. However, the project was ultimately rejected by the SS Main Office for Administration and Economics (later SS Economic and Administrative Main Office ), as such investments were only made for permanent locations. The third row of barracks that had already been built was later used for the lower SS ranks, the officers lived in their own settlement and the fence remained in place. Instead of the old prisoner surveillance building that had already been demolished, a gate was built and the new prisoner surveillance building was used as a commandant's office from now on. This can still be seen today at two entrances at the top of the building, to which the fence should connect to allow entry from each side of the fence. Before it was used as a museum, the building was used for social housing by the municipality of Flossenbürg.

  • Entrance today and in the past

  • View through the entrance area to the roll call square in April 2019

  • View in May 1945 with the original post

Entrance Post

As described in the previous section, the current entrance posts stand on the foundation walls of the former prisoner surveillance building. The posts are replicas from the period between 2014 and 2019. The original posts were moved near the crematorium in the south after the end of the Second World War. A plaque was attached to each of the original posts. The one on the left bore the slogan “ Arbeit macht frei ”, which was abused in many concentration camps , while the right panel bore the euphemistic inscription “ Schutzhaftlager ”.

Reuse

In 1958 a housing estate was built on parts of the site. The prisoners' quarters were previously located here. The characteristic arrangement of the buildings can still be seen in the settlement today. The terrain is a slope, which was untypical for a concentration camp. On the photo you can see the first row of houses to the left of the headquarters building. Other parts of the camp were temporarily used commercially after the war, for example as warehouses.

In June 2006 the former buildings of the concentration camp that were still preserved were declared architectural monuments ( individual monuments ) and the entire former concentration camp site was declared a ground monument.

Stone crosses in the honorary cemetery of the Flossenbürg Concentration Camp Memorial

Quarry

The quarry, in which the concentration camp inmates had to do forced labor, is still used for granite extraction. It was last leased in 2004 by the Free State of Bavaria to Granitwerke Baumann. The current lease will run until 2025. Due to public criticism, the lease will not be extended after the end of the term and the quarry will then be integrated into the Flossenbürg Concentration Camp Memorial Template: future / in 5 years(as of January 2018).

Cemetery of honor

Site of the Flossenbürg Concentration Camp Memorial (2014)

Between 1957 and 1960 a cemetery of honor was laid out for the victims of the concentration camp. The corpses of prisoners who were murdered on the death marches and buried in cemeteries along the march routes were reburied here. 5576 people are buried in the cemetery of honor. Since 1958, several hundred dead of the so-called " death train from Buchenwald ", who perished in April 1945 in Nammering train station in Lower Bavaria, have been among them .

In 1995, the 50th year of the liberation, the condition of the memorial as a pure cemetery was criticized by the survivors through prisoner associations and then by the press and society. With the exception of the crematorium, almost all traces of the camp had been removed, and the former concentration camp site presented itself as a housing estate, industrial area and cemetery of honor. In the course of this criticism, several donations were made. The last donation in 1997 consisted of large parts of the roll call area including laundry and kitchen by the Alcatel company , which enabled the redesign of the memorial to begin. On the last day before the turn of the millennium, today's director of the memorial, Jörg Skriebeleit, began his work with building a museum. In 2000 the last industrial hall on roll call square was demolished.

Private houses on the concentration camp site (summer 2008)
KZ premium coupon (proof of documentation)

The cultural scientist Jörg Skriebeleit has been running the memorial since December 1999. He fundamentally redesigned the memorial. From 2004 to 2007 the building of the former laundry was restored in extensive construction work and a permanent exhibition with the title Flossenbürg Concentration Camp 1938–1945 was set up. On two floors, topics such as the chronological development of the concentration camp, the individual fates of the inmates and groups of inmates are dealt with. The heating center and prisoner bath were left as a historical ensemble. The opening took place on July 22, 2007. 62 years after the liberation, the Flossenbürg Concentration Camp now has a permanent exhibition for the first time, which comprehensively documents the entire history of the Flossenbürg Concentration Camp with all its satellite camps. Exhibited are u. a. Works by the artists Erich Mercker and Leo Götz , which show excerpts from the operation of the concentration camp in 1941/1942 or idealized workers, but disguise the situation by omitting the concentration camp prisoners working there .

The memorial received the Bavarian Museum Prize in 2011 .

See also

literature

  • Working group of the former Flossenbürg e. V. (Ed.): Forced Labor . Pahl-Rugenstein, Bonn 2001, ISBN 3-89144-296-3 .
  • Working group of the former Flossenbürg e. V. (Ed.): Against forgetting . Pahl-Rugenstein, Bonn 2001, ISBN 3-89144-329-3 .
  • Working group of the former Flossenbürg e. V. (Ed.): Art and concentration camp. Artist in the Flossenbürg concentration camp and its satellite camps . Pahl-Rugenstein, Bonn 2002, ISBN 3-89144-332-3 .
  • Wolfgang Benz , Barbara Distel (ed.): The place of terror . History of the National Socialist Concentration Camps. Volume 4: Flossenbürg, Mauthausen, Ravensbrück. CH Beck, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-406-52964-X .
  • Wolfgang Benz, Barbara Distel (Ed.): Flossenbürg. The Flossenbürg concentration camp and its satellite camps . CH Beck, Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-406-56229-7 .
  • Hans Brenner: The work in the satellite camps of the Flossenbürg concentration camp. In: Ulrich Herbert , Karin Orth, Hans Brenner (eds.): The National Socialist Concentration Camps . Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2002, ISBN 3-596-15516-9 , pp. 682-706.
  • Pascal Cziborra: Flossenbürg concentration camp. Women's memorial book . Lorbeer Verlag, Bielefeld 2007, ISBN 978-3-938969-03-8 .
  • Pascal Cziborra: Women in the concentration camp. Possibilities and limits of historical research using the example of the Flossenbürg concentration camp and its satellite camps . Lorbeer Verlag, Bielefeld 2010, ISBN 978-3-938969-10-6 .
  • Flossenbürg History Forum: The Flossenbürg Concentration Camp Memorial - From the (almost) forgotten concentration camp to an “international place of learning” . Self-published, Flossenbürg 2014, ISBN 978-3-00-046588-8 (brochure, 20 pages).
  • Peter Heigl: Tour of the Flossenbürg concentration camp . Glade, Viechtach 1994, ISBN 3-929517-00-0 .
  • Flossenbürg Concentration Camp Memorial, Bavarian Memorials Foundation (ed.): Flossenbürg Concentration Camp 1938–1945 . Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen 2008, ISBN 978-3-8353-0435-2 (catalog for the permanent exhibition).
  • Rudolf J. Schlaffer : Right Atonement? The Flossenbürg concentration camp. Possibilities and limits of national and international criminal prosecution of Nazi crimes (= series studies on contemporary history , volume 21). Kovač, Hamburg 2001, ISBN 3-8300-0192-4 .
  • Toni Siegert: The Flossenbürg concentration camp. A camp for so-called anti-social people and criminals . In: Martin Broszat , Elke Fröhlich (Ed.): Bavaria in the Nazi era . Volume 2; Oldenbourg, Munich / Vienna 1979, ISBN 3-486-49371-X , pp. 429-492.
  • Toni Siegert: remind 30,000 dead! The history of the Flossenbürg concentration camp and its 100 satellite camps from 1938 to 1945 . Verlag der Taubald'schen Buchhandlung, Weiden 1984, ISBN 3-924783-00-4 .
  • Jörg Skriebeleit : Flossenbürg memorial site. Actors, caesuras, images of history . Published by the Flossenbürg Concentration Camp Memorial, Bavarian Memorials Foundation. Wallstein, Göttingen 2009, ISBN 978-3-8353-0540-3 .
  • Isabella von Treskow (ed.): The concentration camp Flossenbürg: history and literature. Materials and suggestions for history and French lessons. Röhrig Universitätsverlag, St. Ingbert 2019, ISBN 978-3-86110-733-0 .
  • Hildegard Vieregg et al. (Ed.): Encounters with Flossenbürg. Contributions, documents, interviews, survivor testimonies . Spintler-Verlag, Weiden 1998, ISBN 3-9806324-0-7 .

Web links

Commons : Flossenbürg Concentration Camp  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Flossenbürg Concentration Camp Memorial, Bavarian Memorials Foundation (ed.): Flossenbürg Concentration Camp 1938–1945; Permanent exhibition catalog . Wallstein Verlag , 2008, ISBN 978-3-8353-0435-2 , pp. 33 (316 pp.).
  2. ↑ a b c Foundation of the Flossenbürg concentration camp (1938). Flossenbürg Concentration Camp Memorial, accessed on November 16, 2019 .
  3. ↑ The SA complained in June 1937 that the SS intended to take over a granite quarry in the area of ​​the municipality of Oberkirchen near St. Wendel . See SA Reich treasurer to the staff leader of the OSAF, June 21, 1937; Answer from the NSDAP Reich Treasurer of December 1937, BArchB, NS 23-507.
    Quoted from Hermann Kaienburg: The economy of the SS . Metropol Verlag , Berlin 2003, ISBN 3-936411-04-2 , pp. 606 , footnote 14 .
  4. ↑ a b Note from Head of Staff Saupert from June 15, 1938, BArchB, NS I-547. The SS administration referred to this agreement in numerous letters with similar formulations, e.g. B. Main Department Administration and Economics (HA VuW) to the RMEL from May 23, 1940, BArchB NS 3-185; HA VuW to the Reich trustee for the public service , July 29, 1941, BArchB, NS 3-1343. It is not known who initiated the agreement. It was probably created in the course of 1937.
    Quoted from Hermann Kaienburg: Die Wirtschaft der SS . Metropol Verlag , Berlin 2003, ISBN 3-936411-04-2 , pp. 606 , footnote 13 .
  5. ↑ BArch NS 4-FL
  6. ↑ Flossenbürg Concentration Camp Memorial, Bavarian Memorials Foundation (ed.): Flossenbürg Concentration Camp 1938–1945; Permanent exhibition catalog . Wallstein Verlag , 2008, ISBN 978-3-8353-0435-2 , pp. 52 (316 pp.).
  7. ↑ Flossenbürg Concentration Camp Memorial, Bavarian Memorials Foundation (ed.): Flossenbürg Concentration Camp 1938–1945; Permanent exhibition catalog . Wallstein Verlag , 2008, ISBN 978-3-8353-0435-2 , pp. 37 (316 pp.).
  8. ↑ Flossenbürg Concentration Camp Memorial, Bavarian Memorials Foundation (ed.): Flossenbürg Concentration Camp 1938–1945; Permanent exhibition catalog . Wallstein Verlag , 2008, ISBN 978-3-8353-0435-2 , pp. 36 (316 pp.).
  9. ^ The SS in Flossenbürg (1938–1945). Flossenbürg Concentration Camp Memorial, accessed on November 16, 2019 .
  10. ↑ a b Flossenbürg Concentration Camp Memorial, Bavarian Memorials Foundation (publisher): Flossenbürg Concentration Camp 1938–1945; Permanent exhibition catalog . Wallstein Verlag , 2008, ISBN 978-3-8353-0435-2 , pp. 38 (316 pp.).
  11. ^ History, page 5. Flossenbürg Concentration Camp Memorial, accessed on August 1, 2019 .
  12. ^ Sylvia Seifert, Hans-Simon Pelanda, Bernhard Füßl: forced labor . Ed .: Working group of the former Flossenbürg concentration camp eV Pahl-Rugenstein, Cologne 2001, ISBN 3-89144-296-3 , p. 12-19 .
  13. ↑ The armor. Working group of the former Flossenbürg e. V., accessed on August 1, 2019 .
  14. ↑ Change notification from Tuesday, May 3rd, 1938 in KL Dachau, available at memorial-archives.international
  15. ↑ Transport list from September 27, 1939 and March 2, 1940, available at memorial-archives.international
  16. ↑ Construction and expansion of the camp (1938–1940). Flossenbürg Concentration Camp Memorial, accessed on November 16, 2019 .
  17. ↑ Flossenbürg Concentration Camp Memorial, Bavarian Memorials Foundation (ed.): Flossenbürg Concentration Camp 1938–1945; Permanent exhibition catalog . Wallstein Verlag , 2008, ISBN 978-3-8353-0435-2 , pp. 122 (316 pp.).
  18. ^ Executions and mass murder (1941–1945). Flossenbürg Concentration Camp Memorial, accessed on November 16, 2019 .
  19. ^ Report of the Secret State Police, Regensburg State Police Office to the Munich State Police Office of January 17, 1942
    B. No. 144/42 II go.
    Subject: Soviet Russian prisoners of war
    Reference: There, Schr. V 9.1.42 g No. 9074/41
  20. ↑ List of the satellite camps, available at memorial-archives.international
  21. ^ Hermann Kaienburg: The economy of the SS . Metropol Verlag , Berlin 2003, ISBN 3-936411-04-2 , pp. 618 .
  22. ↑ a b c Economic factor and armament location (1943). Flossenbürg Concentration Camp Memorial, accessed on November 16, 2019 .
  23. ^ The Flossenbürg concentration camp in the last year of the war (1944). Flossenbürg Concentration Camp Memorial, accessed on November 16, 2019 .
  24. ↑ Flossenbürg Concentration Camp Memorial, Bavarian Memorials Foundation (ed.): Flossenbürg Concentration Camp 1938–1945; Permanent exhibition catalog . Wallstein Verlag , 2008, ISBN 978-3-8353-0435-2 , pp. 169, 175 (316 pp.).
  25. ↑ Death marches. Chaos. Liberation. (Spring 1945). Flossenbürg Concentration Camp Memorial, accessed on November 16, 2019 .
  26. ↑ a b Jörg Skriebeleit : Flossenbürg main camp . In: Wolfgang Benz, Barbara Distel (Eds.): Flossenbürg. The Flossenbürg concentration camp and its satellite camps . CH Beck, Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-406-56229-7 , p. 53 f.
  27. ↑ a b c timeline after 1945 . Meeting room history on the website of the University of Passau , accessed on June 6, 2018 (PDF).
  28. ↑ Flossenbürg Concentration Camp Memorial, Bavarian Memorials Foundation (ed.): What remains, aftermath of the Flossenbürg concentration camp; Permanent exhibition catalog . Wallstein Verlag , 2011, ISBN 978-3-8353-0754-4 , pp. 54 (222 pp.).
  29. ↑ Flossenbürg Concentration Camp Memorial, Bavarian Memorials Foundation (ed.): What remains, aftermath of the Flossenbürg concentration camp; Permanent exhibition catalog . Wallstein Verlag , 2011, ISBN 978-3-8353-0754-4 , pp. 64 (222 pp.).
  30. ↑ Flossenbürg Concentration Camp Memorial
  31. ^ Peter Heigl: Flossenbürg Concentration Camp. In the past and present . Mittelbayerische Druck-und-Verlags-Gesellschaft, Regensburg 1994, ISBN 3-921114-29-2 , p. 81.
  32. ^ Peter Heigl: Flossenbürg Concentration Camp. In the past and present . Mittelbayerische Druck-und-Verlags-Gesellschaft, Regensburg 1994, ISBN 3-921114-29-2 , pp. 12-14.
  33. ↑ Flossenbürg Concentration Camp Memorial, Bavarian Memorials Foundation (ed.): What remains, aftermath of the Flossenbürg concentration camp; Permanent exhibition catalog . Wallstein Verlag , 2011, ISBN 978-3-8353-0754-4 , pp. 103-105 (222 pp.).
  34. ↑ Flossenbürg Concentration Camp Memorial, Bavarian Memorials Foundation (ed.): Flossenbürg Concentration Camp 1938–1945; Permanent exhibition catalog . Wallstein Verlag , 2008, ISBN 978-3-8353-0435-2 , pp. 75 (316 pp.).
  35. ^ Litoměřice . In: Wolfgang Benz , Barbara Distel (eds.): The place of terror . Volume 4: Flossenbürg, Mauthausen, Ravensbrück . CH Beck, Munich 2006, ISBN 978-3-406-52964-1 , pp. 175-184.
  36. ^ Happurg and Hersbruck . In: Wolfgang Benz, Barbara Distel (eds.): The place of terror . Volume 4: Flossenbürg, Mauthausen, Ravensbrück . CH Beck, Munich 2006, ISBN 978-3-406-52964-1 , here p. 136.
  37. ↑ a b victim database, available at memorial-archives.international
  38. ↑ a b c Flossenbürg Concentration Camp Memorial, Bavarian Memorial Foundation (publisher): Flossenbürg Concentration Camp 1938–1945; Permanent exhibition catalog . Wallstein Verlag , 2008, ISBN 978-3-8353-0435-2 , pp. 238-239 (316 pp.).
  39. ↑ Number books of the Flossenbürg concentration camp, available at memorial-archives.international
  40. ↑ Neus Català, fighter against fascism in Spain and France, dies at 103rd Washington Post, April 26, 2019, accessed on April 27, 2019 .
  41. ^ Viktor Yushchenko at the opening of the Flossenbürg Museum, Ukrainian
  42. ^ Kerstin Freudiger: The legal processing of Nazi crimes . Mohr Siebeck, 2002, ISBN 3-16-147687-5 , p. 256 ff . ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  43. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Flossenbürg Concentration Camp , Peter Heigl, 1994, ISBN 3-921114-29-2 , p. 118
  44. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Concentration Camp Flossenbürg , Peter Heigl, 1994, ISBN 3-921114-29-2 , p. 119
  45. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Flossenbürg Concentration Camp , Peter Heigl, 1994, ISBN 3-921114-29-2 , p. 120.
  46. ↑ a b c d e f Flossenbürg Concentration Camp , Peter Heigl, 1994, ISBN 3-921114-29-2 , p. 121
  47. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah Personal Flossenbürg Weblink. Retrieved June 25, 2016.
  48. ^ The American occupation of Germany , Klaus-Dietmar Henke, 1996, ISBN 3-486-56175-8 , p. 897.
  49. ↑ NARA Entry Number A1 2238 (ARC Identifier 581096) ( online )
    strength report from February 26, 1945 with reference to February 25, 1945
  50. ↑ The death marches 1944/45: The last chapter of the National Socialist mass murder , Daniel Blatman p. 898.
  51. ↑ Toni Siegert: Warning 30,000 dead !; The history of the Flossenbürg concentration camp and its 100 satellite camps from 1938 to 1945 . 7th edition. G. Taubaldsche Buchhandlung , Weiden 2003, ISBN 3-924783-00-4 , p. 66 , top right (first edition: 1984).
  52. ↑ Flossenbürg Concentration Camp , Peter Heigl, 1994, ISBN 3-921114-29-2 , pp. 24-25.
  53. ↑ Flossenbürg Concentration Camp , Peter Heigl, 1994, ISBN 3-921114-29-2 , pp. 27–28.
  54. ↑ a b Toni Siegert: Warning 30,000 dead !; The history of the Flossenbürg concentration camp and its 100 satellite camps from 1938 to 1945 . 7th edition. G. Taubaldsche Buchhandlung , Weiden 2003, ISBN 3-924783-00-4 , p. 63 , third paragraph (first edition: 1984).
  55. ^ The American occupation of Germany , Klaus-Dietmar Henke, 1996, ISBN 3-486-56175-8 , p. 897.
  56. ↑ Flossenbürg Concentration Camp , Peter Heigl, 1994, ISBN 3-921114-29-2 , p. 28.
  57. ↑ Flossenbürg Concentration Camp , Peter Heigl, 1994, ISBN 3-921114-29-2 , p. 37.
  58. ↑ Flossenbürg Concentration Camp , Peter Heigl, 1994, ISBN 3-921114-29-2 , pp. 40–43.
  59. ↑ Radio message 116 B of April 14, 1945
  60. ↑ Flossenbürg Concentration Camp , Peter Heigl, 1994, ISBN 3-921114-29-2 , pp. 31–33.
  61. ↑ Flossenbürg Concentration Camp , Peter Heigl, 1994, ISBN 3-921114-29-2 , pp. 33–34.
  62. ↑ Flossenbürg Concentration Camp , Peter Heigl, 1994, ISBN 3-921114-29-2 , p. 34.
  63. ↑ Flossenbürg Concentration Camp , Peter Heigl, 1994, ISBN 3-921114-29-2 , p. 34.
  64. ↑ Flossenbürg Concentration Camp , Peter Heigl, 1994, ISBN 3-921114-29-2 , pp. 27–41.
  65. ↑ Against forgetting , ed. v. d. Working group of the former Flossenbürg concentration camp, p. 10.
  66. ^ Toni Siegert: Flossenbürg , p. 472.
  67. ↑ Flossenbürg Concentration Camp Memorial, Bavarian Memorials Foundation (ed.): Flossenbürg Concentration Camp 1938–1945; Permanent exhibition catalog . Wallstein Verlag , 2008, ISBN 978-3-8353-0435-2 , pp. 226, 227 (316 pp.).
  68. ↑ Flossenbürg Concentration Camp Memorial, Bavarian Memorials Foundation (ed.): What remains, aftermath of the Flossenbürg concentration camp; Permanent exhibition catalog . Wallstein Verlag , 2011, ISBN 978-3-8353-0754-4 , pp. 60, 62 , each top left (222 p.).
  69. ↑ Cf. Robert Sigel: In the interest of justice. The Dachau war crimes trials 1945–48. Frankfurt am Main 1992, p. 107 f.
    Flossenbürg Main Trial: Review and Recommendations of the Deputy Judge Advocate for War Crimes: United States of America v. Friedrich Becker et al. - Case 000-50-46, May 21, 1947.
  70. ^ Bernhard Neumann: Celebration of the 72nd anniversary of the liberation in the concentration camp memorial. Oberpfälzischer Kurier, Druck- und Verlagshaus GmbH, April 20, 2017, accessed on August 4, 2019 .
  71. ^ Association website , accessed January 12, 2018
  72. ↑ Flossenbürg Concentration Camp Memorial, Bavarian Memorials Foundation (ed.): Flossenbürg Concentration Camp 1938–1945; Permanent exhibition catalog . Wallstein Verlag , 2008, ISBN 978-3-8353-0435-2 , pp. 57 (316 pp.).
  73. ↑ Flossenbürg Concentration Camp Memorial, Bavarian Memorials Foundation (ed.): Flossenbürg Concentration Camp 1938–1945; Permanent exhibition catalog . Wallstein Verlag , 2008, ISBN 978-3-8353-0435-2 , pp. 56 (316 pp.).
  74. ↑ Flossenbürg Concentration Camp Memorial, Bavarian Memorials Foundation (ed.): Flossenbürg Concentration Camp 1938–1945; Permanent exhibition catalog . Wallstein Verlag , 2008, ISBN 978-3-8353-0435-2 , pp. 50, 51 (316 pp.).
  75. ↑ Flossenbürg Concentration Camp Memorial, Bavarian Memorials Foundation (ed.): What remains, aftermath of the Flossenbürg concentration camp; Permanent exhibition catalog . Wallstein Verlag , 2011, ISBN 978-3-8353-0754-4 , pp. 125 (222 pp.).
  76. ↑ Flossenbürg Concentration Camp Memorial, Bavarian Memorials Foundation (ed.): What remains, aftermath of the Flossenbürg concentration camp; Permanent exhibition catalog . Wallstein Verlag , 2011, ISBN 978-3-8353-0754-4 , pp. 49 , 2 pictures in the middle (222 pages).
  77. ↑ Ground monument D-3-6240-0004 with the corresponding architectural monuments available in the Bavarian Monument Atlas ( direct link )
  78. ↑ Former Flossenbürg concentration camp under monument protection . In: Altbayerische Heimatpost . Vol. 58, No. 29, Trostberg 2006, p. 19.
  79. ↑ Former Flossenbürg concentration camp under monument protection: “Good compromise” . In: Onetz.de , Der neue Tag - Oberpfälzischer Kurier, Druck- und Verlagshaus GmbH, June 27, 2006, accessed on June 6, 2018.
  80. ↑ Andreas Glas: The quarry in the former Flossenbürg concentration camp is to become a memorial . In: Süddeutsche Zeitung , January 24, 2018, accessed on June 6, 2018.
  81. ↑ Grave numbers, available at memorial-archives.international
  82. ↑ a b c Eva von Steinburg: Flossenbürg - The concentration camp that should be forgotten. In: haGalil.com. May 16, 2016, accessed August 4, 2019 .
  83. ↑ Flossenbürg Concentration Camp Memorial, Bavarian Memorials Foundation (ed.): What remains, aftermath of the Flossenbürg concentration camp; Permanent exhibition catalog . Wallstein Verlag , 2011, ISBN 978-3-8353-0754-4 , pp. 166 (222 pp.).
  84. ^ Foreword to the exhibition on the website of the Flossenbürg Concentration Camp Memorial, accessed on April 28, 2015.
  85. ↑ Bavarian Museum Prize | Flossenbürg Memorial. Bavarian State Office for Monument Preservation, 2011, accessed on August 1, 2019 .
  86. ↑ Cf. Cornelia Siebeck: Review of: Skriebeleit, Jörg: Memories Flossenbürg. Actors, caesuras, images of history. Göttingen 2009 . In: H-Soz-u-Kult , March 5, 2010.