List of concentration camps in the German Reich

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The list of concentration camps of the German Reich contains concentration camps and concentration camp extermination camps during the time of National Socialism . It also lists the killing centers to which concentration camp prisoners were deported for murder.

To distinguish it from the strictly defined Nazi concentration camp system, the extermination camps of "Aktion Reinhardt" as well as youth detention centers, transit camps and other Nazi camps are listed.

prehistory

The prehistory of the concentration camps was what historians call the early concentration camps . You will today u. a. also known as "wild" concentration camps. These were the camps that were set up unsystematically from 1933 after Adolf Hitler came to power in the German Reich , mostly provisionally at existing locations. They had the goal of imprisoning arrested political opponents of the NSDAP and thereby disempowering them, mostly existed for up to three years and were under the direction of the SA , SS , Gestapo , Ministry of the Interior , etc.

The early concentration camps were not under the control of the ICL , as this was only founded later. Some were later accepted into the large camp system of the SS.

The Dachau concentration camp , which operated until the end of the war and was the prototype of the later main camp , is a special case here .

Early concentration camp

Surname Location
(current state) 		Type time Estimated number
of detainees 		Estimated number
of dead
Ahrensbök Germany early concentration camp of SA - went out of the camp Eutin out October 1933 to May 1934 300 0
Alt-Daber Germany early SA concentration camp April 1933 to July 1933
Bad Sulza Germany early concentration camp of the SA / Ministry of the Interior November 1933 to July 1937 800
Benninghausen Germany early SA concentration camp March to September 1933 344 unknown
Börnicke Germany early SA concentration camp May to July 1933 at least 10
Bredow Germany (Poland) early SS concentration camp October 20, 1933 to March 11, 1934 40
Brandenburg on the Havel Germany Early concentration camp, later the T4 killing facility August 1933 to February 1934 1,000-1,200 3 (at least)
Breitenau Germany early concentration camp, later " labor education camp " June 1933 to March 1934
or 1940–1945 		470 or 8,500
Breslau-Dürrgoy Germany (Poland) early concentration camp, "private camp" Edmund Heines April to August 1933 200-400
Colditz Germany early concentration camp of the SA and SS March 21, 1933 to August 18, 1934
from March 31, 1934 satellite camp of Sachsenburg concentration camp 		2311
Columbia house Germany early Gestapo concentration camp December 1934 to December 1936 10,000
Dachau Germany First SS concentration camp , prototype March 1933 to April 1945 200,000 about 41,500
Emsland camp Germany early KZ (more parts store: KZ Börgermoor , KZ Neusustrum , KZ Esterwegen ), from 1936 Strafgefangenenlager June 1933 to 1945 80,000 concentration camp prisoners and prisoners,
100,000–180,000 prisoners of war 		30,000 mostly Soviet prisoners of war
Eutin Germany early SA concentration camp circa July 1933 to May 1934 259 0
Heuberg Germany early concentration camp March to December 1933 3,500-4,000 at least 1
Mockery Germany early SA concentration camp March 1933 to August 1934 5,600 unknown
Kemna Germany early concentration camp June 1933 to January 1934 4,500
Kislau Germany early concentration camp of the Baden Ministry of the Interior April 1933 to April 1939 1
Koenigstein-Halbestadt Germany early concentration camp of SA - went later in the concentration camp Hohnstein on March 10 to May 1933 215 unknown
Cool Germany early concentration camp July to October 1933 200 0
Leschwitz Germany early concentration camp March to August 1933 1,000-1,500 unknown
Lichtenburg Germany Men, then women, concentration camps June 1933 to May 1939
Meisnerhof Germany early concentration camp February 1933 to June 1933
Failure Germany early concentration camp of the SA and SS March to September 1933 148
later 300
Neustadt an der Haardt Germany early concentration camp ("protective custody, labor and internment camp") March to June 1933 against 500 no
Ulm, Upper Kuhberg Germany Early concentration camp November 1933 to July 1935 about 600 0
Oranienburg Germany Collective warehouse March 1933 to July 1934 3,000 16 (at least)
Osthofen Germany "Re-education camp" collective camp March 1933 to July 1934 3,000 no
SA prison in Papestrasse Germany early SA concentration camp March 1933 to December 1933 approx. 2,000 approx. 30
Pearl Mountain Germany early concentration camp of the SA and SS May to June 1933 34 no
Plaue Germany early concentration camp of the SA and SS March 9 to June 10, 1933 600 no
Sachsenburg Germany early SA concentration camp June 1933 to July 1937 2,000 11 (at least)
Sonnenburg Germany (Poland) early concentration camp April 1933 to April 1934 1,000
Senftenberg Germany early concentration camp June 1933 to August 1933 265
Water tower Berlin-Prenzlauer Berg Germany early SA concentration camp March 1933 to June 1933
Vechta Germany Protective detention camp July 10, 1933 to July 1934 100 0
Wittmoor Germany early SA concentration camp March to October 1933

Concentration camps of the IKL and the WVHA

The concentration camps, which were founded by the Inspection of the Concentration Camps (IKL) and mostly lasted until the end of the war, are meant in the narrower sense when the term “concentration camps” is used.

According to Himmler's orders , only those camps were officially allowed to be designated as concentration camps that were subordinate to the IKL (later to the Main Economic Administration Office, WVHA ).

In addition to the subordination relationship (IKL / WVHA), the structure of the later concentration camps based on the “Dachau model” is characteristic of this type of camp. The concentration camp regulations developed by Theodor Eicke in Dachau applied .

Surname Location
(current state) 		Type time Estimated number
of detainees 		Estimated number
of dead
Arbeitsdorf Fallersleben Germany concentration camp April to October 1942 approx. 1,200
Auschwitz main camp Poland concentration camp May 1940 to January 1945 see Birkenau
Auschwitz-Birkenau Poland Concentration and extermination camps October 1941 to January 1945 400,000 1.1 to 1.5 million
Auschwitz-Monowitz Poland concentration camp Late 1942 to January 1945 see Birkenau
Bergen-Belsen Germany concentration camp April 1943 to April 1945 120,000 70,000
Beech forest Germany concentration camp July 1937 to April 1945 250,000 56,000
Dachau Germany Concentration camp ( prototype ) March 1933 to April 1945 200,000 about 41,500
Flossenbürg Germany concentration camp May 1938 to April 1945 at least 100,000 30,000
Big roses Germany (Poland) concentration camp August 1940 to February 1945 125,000 40,000
Gusen Austria concentration camp May 1940 to April 1945 44,602
Herzogenbusch-Vught Netherlands concentration camp January 1943 to September 1944 749
Down Germany SS special camp, transit camp, 'Germanization camp' July 1940 to March 1945 14,000 at least 302
Riga Imperial Forest Latvia concentration camp March 1943 to September 1944
Kaunas Lithuania concentration camp September 1943 to July 1944 18,500-30,000
Majdanek-Lublin Poland Concentration and extermination camps July 1941 to July 1944 78,000
Mauthausen Austria concentration camp August 1938 to May 1945 195,000 at least 95,000 (with Gusen)
Mittelbau Germany concentration camp August 1943 to April 1945 60,000 at least 20,000
Moringen Germany Women concentration camps June 1933 to March 1938
Natzweiler / Struthof , continuation in Guttenbach / Neckarelz France concentration camp May 1941 to September 1944, then a nominal continuation in the Neckarelz concentration camp until March 1945 52,000 22,000
Neuengamme Germany concentration camp December 1938 to May 1945 106,000 55,000
Niederhagen / Wewelsburg Germany concentration camp September 1941 to spring 1943 3,900 1,285
Plaszow Poland concentration camp December 1942 to January 1945 (at least 150,000) 8,000
Ravensbrück Germany Women concentration camps May 1939 to April 1945 150,000 20,000-30,000
Sachsenhausen Germany concentration camp July 1936 to April 1945 at least 200,000 at least 30,000–40,000 (20,500 known by name + 10,000–13,000 Soviet prisoners of war + other victims)
Stutthof Free City of Gdansk (Poland) concentration camp September 1939 to May 1945 110,000 65,000
Vaivara Estonia concentration camp September 1943 to March (?) 1944 20,000 950
Warsaw Poland concentration camp July 1943 to July 1944 40,000 20,000

Concentration camp under the Gestapo

  • Hohenbruch concentration camp near Hohenbruch (until 1938 Lauknen, since 1946 Gromowo / Гро́мово) in what was then East Prussia was a concentration camp that existed from August 1939 to January 1945 and was subordinate to the Gestapo in Königsberg .

Overview of the concentration camp subcamps and concentration camp external commands

The following lists contain both permanently established satellite camps (camps with prisoner dwellings and SS watchtowers) and temporary external commands. External concentration camp units were mobile concentration camp prisoner units operated by the SS. B. were used in bomb clearance (e.g. concentration camp external command SS construction brigade ).

Extermination camp

Camps that served the industrialized extermination of people are now called extermination camps by historians .

Extermination camp (within the concentration camp system)

The term “extermination camps” includes the concentration camps Auschwitz-Birkenau and Majdanek (Lublin) , which were subordinate to the ICL . In these two concentration camps, the criterion of factory-organized mass murder was in the foreground.

Name / designation Location (current country) Type Installation Closure / Liberation Estimated number of dead
Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp , (also called Auschwitz II) Poland Concentration, prisoner of war and extermination camps October 1941 January 1945 1.1 to 1.5 million
Majdanek concentration camp (Lublin) Poland Concentration and extermination camps July 1941 July 1944 78,000

Extermination camp (not within the concentration camp system)

The above-mentioned concentration camp extermination camps Auschwitz and Majdanek had cremation ovens for the corpses. In contrast, those extermination sites that had not been built in the concentration camp system did not have the basis of the existing crematoria.

During these extermination campaigns, which did not take place in the concentration camp system, the corpses were first buried in pits, later these mass graves were reopened and the decayed corpses were then cremated (e.g. special campaign 1005 ).

Another difference was that there were no selections on the ramp, but instead all prisoners deported there were murdered. The places were pure death factories.

Extermination camp

Surname Location
(current country) 		Type time Estimated number
of detainees 		Estimated number
of dead
Kulmhof extermination camp Poland Extermination camp December 1941 to April 1943
April 1944 to January 1945 		at least 160,000
Maly Trostinez extermination camp Belarus Extermination camp May 1942 to July 1944 40,000-60,000

Action Reinhardt extermination camp

More people were murdered in the "Aktion Reinhardt" camps than in Auschwitz.

Surname Location
(current country) 		Type time Estimated number
of detainees 		Estimated number
of dead
Belzec extermination camp Poland Extermination camp
(Aktion Reinhardt) 		March to December 1942 434,508 Jews
1,000–1,500 Poles
Sobibor extermination camp Poland Extermination camp
(Aktion Reinhardt) 		May 1942 to October 1943 250,000
Treblinka extermination camp Poland Extermination camp
(Aktion Reinhardt) 		July 1942 to November 1943 at least 713,000 
up to 1.1 million.

Special case: killing centers

The killing centers to which concentration camp prisoners were deported and murdered there are a special case.

Action T4 (murder of disabled people), 1940 to 1941

→ Main article: Action T4

The murders of the sick took place in the killing centers under National Socialism . Between 1940 and 1941 the Nazi regime murdered more than 70,000 people with mental and physical disabilities. After protests in the population, "Aktion T4" was discontinued, but with "Aktion Brandt" it was continued on a decentralized basis.

Institution place 1940 1941 People killed
A. Grafeneck Castle 9,839 - 9,839
B. Brandenburg 9,772 - 9,772
Be Bernburg - 8,601 8,601
C. Hartheim Castle 9,670 8,599 18,269
D. Sonnenstein Castle 5,943 7,777 13,720
E. Hadamar - 10,072 10,072
total 35,224 35,049 70.273

A document from the Berlin Euthanasia Center that has survived gave these exact figures. The NS camouflage language referred to the six Nazi killing centers as “establishments”. From 1940 to September 1, 1941, a total of 70,273 people were killed by gas, (camouflage language: "disinfected").

From 1940 to 1941 Herbert Lange was in charge of the Lange Sonderkommando , which murdered at least 6,219 Polish and German patients in other killing centers by means of gas vans, then referred to as the 'evacuation of sanatoriums'. Subsequently, from December 1941, he was appointed commander of the Kulmhof extermination camp .

Similar to Herbert Lange, more than 100 people who were involved in the euthanasia murders were taken on as "specialist staff" for later extermination camps.

Action 14f13 (murder of “unfit for work” concentration camp inmates), 1941 to 1944

After the murder of disabled people had been stopped for the time being, “inmate euthanasia” was carried out. Between 1941 and 1944, SS doctors examined the work performance of concentration camp prisoners . The SS could now classify prisoners as "disabled" as soon as they were sick, old or even disliked. The prisoners were simulated that they would come to a sanatorium to recover by means of “invalid transports”. However, they were deported to killing centers (Bernburg, Sonnenstein, Hartheim). About 20,000 prisoners were killed.

Aktion Brandt (decentralized murder of inmates of sanatoriums and nursing homes), 1943 to 1945

In order to free up beds in sanatoriums and nursing homes for soldiers wounded in the war, their patients were relocated from around 1943, but were also murdered on a decentralized basis on a large scale. Karl Brandt , General Commissioner for Sanitary and Health Care, had a leading role in this action . The most well-known reception and killing centers in this context were included

The number of victims is uncertain due to the lack of files; it is assumed that at least 30,000 were killed.

Concentration camp-like camps, the problem of demarcation

Other concentration camp-like camps comprise in principle almost all prison camps in the German Reich during the Hitler dictatorship. These include, for example, labor education camps , prisoner of war camps or forced labor camps . These camps are difficult to classify due to the ethnic (“racial”) hierarchy of the prisoners of the National Socialists. What they have in common is that the prisoner status is usually not based on a court judgment (see protective custody, Gestapo, RAD). Western Allied prisoners of war, as members of the "Nordic race", were treated much better in Wehrmacht prisoner camps than soldiers of the Red Army . It could also play a role that initially higher numbers of German prisoners were suspected in the hands of the Western Allies, whose status as prisoners of war should not be endangered. The Soviet soldiers, on the other hand, were imprisoned in alleged prison camps under conditions that were no different from a concentration camp. Even when the Auschwitz II concentration camp was founded, the issue was the accommodation of Red Army soldiers. Towards the end of the war, the labor education camps subordinate to the Gestapo only differed in name from a subcamp camp. The judgments passed there as punishment by the police courts did not arise from a regular jurisdiction. The names and responsibilities of the camps concerned often changed here.

Some of the other Nazi detention centers that were not extermination camps are listed below. However, the number of those who were murdered or fatally due to the prison conditions could have been enormous. According to an American Holocaust study from 2013, the total number of Nazi camps was over 40,000.

Transit camp

Transit camps were collective camps in which prisoners were locked, who were mostly to be deported to the extermination camps on the basis of race . The term collective camp also used for this is linguistically just a translation of the term concentration camp.

Surname Location
(current country) 		Type time Estimated number
of detainees 		Estimated number
of dead
Fort Breendonk Belgium Transit camps, some of them long-term prisoners September 1940 to August 1944 3,500-4,000 300?
Mechelen Belgium Collection and transit camps July 1942 to September 1944 25,300 1,221
Drancy France Collection and transit camps
Five wells (Pafemillen) Luxembourg “Jewish old people's home”, then a transit camp July 1941 to April 1943 300 over 20
Nováky Slovakia Collection and transit camps
Risiera di San Sabba Italy Collection and transit camps, StaLag, police camps October 1943 to April 1945 20,000-25,000 3,000-5,000
Sereď concentration camp Slovakia Collection and transit camps
Theresienstadt (also known as Theresienstadt concentration camp) Czech Republic Gestapo prison
assembly and transit camp		 June 1940 to May 1945
November 1941 to May 1945 		32,000
140,000 		2,500
35,000
Westerbork Netherlands Collection and transit camps October 1939 to April 1945 102,000
Innsbruck-Reichenau Austria Transit camp August 1941 to 1945 8,500 130
Pruszków Poland Transit camp August 1944 to January 1945 650,000 ?

Other camps

Surname Location
(current country) 		Type time Estimated number
of detainees 		Estimated number
of dead
"Jewish reservation" in Nisko , planned under the direction of Adolf Eichmann as a transit camp for a huge "Jewish reservation" Poland SS camp October 1939 to April 14, 1940 5,000 ? (Return transport of 501 prisoners)
Protective custody camp Welzheim Germany Gestapo camp 1935 to April 1945 at least 2,000 (7)
Forced camp Berlin-Marzahn Germany May 1936 to 1937

Juvenile detention centers

Surname Location
(current country) 		Type time Estimated number
of detainees 		Estimated number
of dead
Moringen Germany Youth concentration camp for boys 1940 to April 1945 1,400 at least 89
Uckermark Germany Youth concentration camps for girls and young women June 1942 to April 1945 unknown unknown
Litzmannstadt (Łódź) Poland Youth concentration camp for Polish and Czech children and adolescents December 1942 to January 1945 unknown 500?

Other Nazi camps

Surname Location
(current country) 		Type time Estimated number
of detainees 		Estimated number
of dead
Fort Goeben France "SS special camp" October 1943 to August 1944 1,500–1,800 resistance fighters and others at least 36
Bolzano Italy "Police transit camp" July 1944 to April 1945 15,000 "political", Jews and others at least 20
Chaidari Greece "Concentration and transit camp" October 1943 to 1944 20,000 resistance fighters and Jews at least 1,800
Lemberg-Janowska Ukraine Forced labor camp; Mass murder site September 1941 to November 1943 100,000–200,000, mostly Jews
Lackenbach Austria “Police transit camp”, forced labor November 1940 to 1945 Roma, Jews
Hodonín Czech Republic Gypsy camp ( Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ) July 1940 to 1945 Roma
Lety Czech Republic Gypsy camp ( Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ) December 1939 to 1945 Roma
Gurs France Internment camp ( Vichy - France) 1939-1944 Various
Le Vernet France Internment camp ( Vichy - France) 1939-1944 Various
Jasenovac Croatia Labor, extermination and concentration camp complex, including three children's camp ( Ustasha -Croatia) Late 1941 to 1945 a total of approx. 1,000,000, of which a maximum of 3,000–5,000 at the same time at least 80,000 and up to several 100,000 Serbs, Jews, Muslims, Roma and Orthodox-Catholics (Croats)
New Bremm Saarbrücken, Germany Labor camp; "Extended Police Prison" (Gestapo) 1940-1945 20,000 several 100
Pavlos Melas Greece Police detention center of the SD 1941-1944 Hostages ( Jews, communists )
Schirmeck-Vorbruck security camp France "Security camp" or "education camp" for Alsatians and Lorraine people August 1940 to 1944 15,000-25,000 at least 76,
estimates up to 500
Skrochowitz Internment Camp Czech Republic Internment camp ( Reichsgau Sudetenland ) September 1939 to? Poles, Jews

See also

literature

In addition to detailed monographs on individual camps, there are various multi-volume book series on the history of the concentration camps, which provide an overview of the history of individual camps based on abstracts. This includes:

  • Wolfgang Benz , Barbara Distel (ed.): The place of terror. History of the National Socialist Concentration Camps. CH Beck, Munich 2005 f., ISBN 978-3-406-52960-3 (9 volumes).
  • Wolfgang Benz, Barbara Distel (ed.): History of the concentration camps 1933–1945. Metropol Verlag, Berlin 2001–2005. The aim of this series of books is to create an overall history of the National Socialist concentration camps. The first volumes deal with the early camps up to the beginning of World War II .
  • Wolfgang Benz, Barbara Distel (eds.): Dachauer Hefte. Verlag Dachauer Hefte, Dachau 1985–2006. A new volume has been published every year since 1985. Each volume has a specific focus on which different authors contribute articles. As a rule, these are scientific or monographic contributions, but also memory reports, unpublished manuscripts and translations from works in other languages.

Web links

Commons : National Socialist Concentration Camps  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Footnotes

  1. ↑ a b Figures for the Dachau memorial
  2. ↑ Wolfgang Benz and Barbara Distel (eds.): The Place of Terror: History of the National Socialist Concentration Camps . B. 2. CH Beck oHG, Munich 2005, ISBN 3-406-52960-7 , p. 127 .
  3. ↑ a b c Neustadt Memorial
  4. ↑ Figures from the Documentation Center Oberer Kuhberg, Ulm: The prisoners. Retrieved September 21, 2018 .
  5. ^ The Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp was founded on August 28, 1943 under the name Dora labor camp as a satellite camp of the Buchenwald concentration camp and became an independent concentration camp on October 28, 1944; see. Jens-Christian Wagner (ed.): Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp 1943–1945. Göttingen, 2007, pp. 45, 53 f.
  6. ↑ a b Kopka B .: Warsaw Concentration Camp . 1st edition. Instytut Pamięci Narodowej , Warszawa 2007, ISBN 978-83-60464-46-5 , p. 120 .
  7. ↑ Thomas Sandkühler : The perpetrators of the Holocaust. In: Karl Heinrich Pohl : Wehrmacht and extermination policy. Göttingen 1999, p. 47.
  8. ↑ Robin O'Neil: A Reassessment: Resettlement Transports to Belzec, March-December 1942. on: jewishgen.org/
  9. ↑ P. Burchard: Pamiątki i zabytki kultury żydowskiej w Polsce . 1st edition. "Reprint" Piotr Piotrowski, Warszawa 1990, p. 174 .
  10. ^ Frank Golczewski in Wolfgang Benz: Dimension of the genocide. Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, 1996, ISBN 3-423-04690-2 , p. 468.
    Estimation of the number of victims in the Treblinka trial at least 700,000, According to Rachel Auerbach: 1,074,000, this is considered probable by Golczewski.
  11. ↑ Ernst Klee (Ed.): Documents on "Euthanasia" . Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 1985, ISBN 3-596-24327-0 , pp. 232 f .
  12. ↑ More than 40,000 Nazi forced camps in Europe . Zeit Online , March 2, 2013.
  13. ↑ Änder High Garden: The National Socialist Jewish policy in Luxembourg. on behalf of the Memorial de la Déportation in Luxemburg-Hollerich. 2nd, change Edition. Luxembourg 2004, p. 52 ff.
  14. ↑ Marek Getter: straty ludzkie i materialne w Powstaniu Warszawskim . In: Biuletyn IPN . No. 43-44 , 2004, ISSN  1641-9561 , pp. 69 .
  15. ↑ Dulag 121