Nisko plan

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Jewish forced laborers in a labor camp (1940)
Concentration and extermination camps in the Lublin area (1939)
Map of the General Government (1939)

The Nisko-Plan or Nisko-Lublin-Plan aimed at the creation of a "Jewish reservation" around Nisko and Lublin between the Bug and the San at the end of September and in October 1939, shortly after the conquest of Poland by Nazi Germany Germany, Austria and other occupied territories should accommodate.

Supporters of the plan, which Hitler approved shortly before September 21, 1939 , were leading ranks of the Reich Main Security Office (RSHA), Reinhard Heydrich , Gestapo boss Heinrich Müller and Kripo boss Arthur Nebe , but the main protagonist was the head of the Central Office for Jewish Affairs Emigration to Vienna (for the attached Austria), recently also the central office in Prague (for the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ) and head of the RSHA office (IV B 4 for "Jewish matters , eviction matters "), Adolf Eichmann . The planned deportation of so many people to a relatively small area by these later main perpetrators of the Holocaust already intended the death of many deportees at that time, as some traditional hints indicate.

The plan failed at the end of October 1939 due to resistance from regional military administrators of the Wehrmacht and newly appointed NS district service officers , who had just started to remove the local Jewish population through attacks and pogroms , but is considered a preliminary stage for the “ final solution to the Jewish question ”. For this plan, the establishment of a “transit camp” in Zarzecze near Nisko with deportees from Vienna, Mährisch-Ostrau and Kattowitz was implemented , which was only dissolved again in April 1940.

history

On September 21, 1939, Adolf Hitler ordered the head of the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA) Reinhard Heydrich and the leaders of the task forces from newly conquered Poland to report to him in Berlin. Hitler endorsed a "Jewish reservation" on the eastern border of the German Reich . SS-Sturmbannführer Adolf Eichmann was one of the participants at the conference. He personally took on this task with zeal. On October 9th of the same year, Eichmann had a barrack camp built southwest of Lublin . This should serve as a transit camp. He asked the Vienna Jewish community to draw up a list of 1,000 to 1,200 workers, consisting of carpenters , carpenters and mechanics , and to assign them to stay in Mährisch-Ostrau for 4 weeks . Eichmann promised that Vienna should be made “ free of Jews ” within nine months . Between October 12 and 15, 1939, Eichmann looked for a location for his warehouse between Krakow and Warsaw . He found it in Nisko on the San River .

Between 19 and 20 October, three transport trains with 901 deportees from Mährisch-Ostrau, 912 from Vienna and 875 from Katowice arrived in Nisko. »On October 17th, the Ostrava men of Jewish descent were called to the riding school in Ostrava. They were allowed to take one piece of luggage each weighing around 50 kilograms. From there they were brought to the station in prepared wagons. There, in these wagons, they spent the first night. The next day they were transferred to Nisko am San via Bohumin and Krakow. The commandant of the transport was SS-Sturmbannführer Post. On October 19, 1939 we were grouped according to our occupations. The transport commander was particularly interested in builders and doctors . I, as a builder, also withdrew from the transport. A few minutes later Adolf Eichmann stepped in front of us. He spoke briefly and gave us brief orders on how the camp was to be built. He put weight on the erection of a machine gun tower in the middle of the camp, «reported Izidor Zehngut from Ostrava.

Eichmann cynically described the facility to the Jewish community in Vienna as a “retraining camp” and painted a rosy picture of a new existence for Jews in the East. The reality was different: the workers were singled out from the deportees. They had to build a barrack camp on a sodden meadow near Zarzecze . The others were released with the threat of not coming back. The doctor Eduard Taskier reported on Eichmann's plans: “I met Eichmann for the first time in Ostrava, where in October 1939 he organized transports of Jewish men to Nisko. Already in Ostrava we were told that Adolf Eichmann was the head of the office (IV B 4) for the final solution of the Jewish question in Berlin. Eichmann gave the order to close all Jewish shops and businesses, and the property located there was loaded on his orders and brought to Nisko together with the transports of Jewish people. For the second time I saw Eichmann directly in Nisko, where he had come in a passenger car. That was on October 19, 1939. From what Adolf Eichmann said, I realized that this was not just any relocation camp, but that it would actually be the liquidation of large groups of the population that were found in the area between the rivers San and bug should come. Eichmann himself stated that around 1.5 million people should be concentrated in this room. "

In an interview with Claude Lanzmann , Benjamin Murmelstein , who was deported to the Zarzecze camp with other functionaries from Vienna, Prague and Mährisch Ostrau, stated in an interview with Claude Lanzmann that the deputy chairman of the Israelitische Kultusgemeinde Vienna and later “ Jewish elder ” in the Theresienstadt ghetto To have heard Adolf Eichmann responsible on October 19, 1939, in which Eichmann said the half-sentence "... because otherwise ..." (Eichmann smiled) "... it means to die." Murmelstein, together with a previous meeting with Jewish forced laborers at the railway in Krakow ("They looked at you with dead eyes! ... They said everything to each other."), Got the impression that Eichmann and those responsible in Poland did not claim that Forced labor, but already aimed at annihilation. Murmelstein headed the first chapter of his memories of Theresienstadt in Italian, which dealt with the Nisko plan, “Altrimenti tocca morire” (Otherwise it just means to die); Eichmann could not prove the speech in the Eichmann trial because it was believed that it had been given in Nisko, not in Zarzecze, whereupon Eichmann denied a speech in Nisko. Lanzmann published excerpts from the interview in his 2013 documentary The Last of the Unjust .

Further transports with a total of 2072 Jews from Katowice and Vienna follow on October 27. The last attempt to deport more Jews to Nisko failed because the Wehrmacht claimed all means of transport for themselves. In April 1940 the camp was closed and the remaining 501 Jews were sent back to Austria, Ostrava or Kattowitz. Reichsführer SS Heinrich Himmler stopped the experiment and gave the reason for technical difficulties. The resettlement of ethnic Germans from the occupied territories, which also fell within his area of ​​responsibility, had priority for him and used the available transport capacities.

The failure of the project had no negative effects on the career of Eichmann, who became the central organizer of the planned extermination of Jews in the Holocaust .

literature

  • Christopher Browning : Unleashing the "Final Solution". National Socialist Jewish Policy 1939–1942. Propylaea, Berlin 2003, ISBN 3-549-07187-6 .
  • Jonny Moser: Zarzecze at Nisko . In: Der Ort des Terrors , Volume 9, 2009, pp. 588-596.
  • Jonny Moser: Nisko. The first deportations of Jews. Edited by Joseph W. Moser and James R. Moser. Edition Steinbauer, Vienna 2012, ISBN 978-3-902494-52-8 .
  • Wolf H. Wagner: escaped from hell. Stations of a life. A biography of the painter and graphic artist Leo Haas . Henschel Verlag, Berlin 1987, ISBN 3-362-00147-5 , pp. 57-61.
  • Doron Rabinovici : Instances of Powerlessness. Vienna 1938–1945. The way to the Judenrat. Jüdischer Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2000, ISBN 3-633-54162-4 , pp. 194-211.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Seev Goshen: Eichmann and the Nisko Action in October 1939. A case study on Nazi Jewish policy in the last stage before the final solution . In: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte . 29, 1981, pp. 74-96.
  2. ↑ Christopher Browning: Unleashing the Final Solution. Munich 2003, p. 65ff.
  3. ↑ Christopher Browning: Unleashing the Final Solution. Munich 2003, p. 69.
  4. ↑ a b Wolf H. Wagner: Escaped from hell. Stations of a life. A biography of the painter and graphic artist Leo Haas. Henschel, Berlin, 1987, ISBN 3-362-00147-5 , p. 57.
  5. ↑ Christopher Browning: Unleashing the Final Solution. Munich 2003, p. 70.
  6. ↑ Lanzmann's eleven-hour interview with Murmelstein about his function in Vienna and Theresienstadt from 1938 to 1945 at the Steven Spielberg Film and Video Archive of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (RG-60.5009, Tape 3158 - 3190), cf. Tape 3167 to beginning of tape 3168.
  7. ↑ Seev Goshen: Eichmann and the Nisko Action in October 1939. A case study on Nazi Jewish policy in the last stage before the final solution . In: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte . 29, 1981, pp. 74-96.
  8. ↑ Christopher Browning: Unleashing the Final Solution. Munich 2003, p. 73f.
  9. ↑ Brigitte Bailer: DÖW, Mitteilungen May 2012, last publication Jonny Mosers published posthumously. pdf, p. 11.