Jasenovac concentration camp

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Jasenovac concentration camp (Europe)
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Jasenovac concentration camp
Jasenovac concentration camp in Croatia

The Jasenovac concentration camp ( Serbo  - Croatian Koncentracioni logor Jasenovac / Концентрациони Логор Јасеновац ; Yiddish יאסענאוואץ; Hebrew יסנובץ) was the largest collection , labor , concentration and extermination camp in the so-called Independent State of Croatia and at the same time one of the largest in Europe in terms of prisoner numbers . It was the only extermination camp in Europe during the Second World War in which murder was planned without German participation. In the warehouse complex of Jasenovac mostly died Serbs and Jews , Roma and political opponents , including Croats and Bosnian Muslims . The information on the number of victims differs greatly due to their partial use for propaganda purposes.

The camp complex, managed by the Ustasha between 1941 and April 1945, was 95 km southeast of Zagreb , near the town of Jasenovac and stretched along the left bank of the Sava from the mouth of the Una to Stara Gradiška . The information that the total area of ​​the complex was up to 240 square kilometers is questionable because it remains unclear what is meant by “complex”. The camp complex consisted of five sub-camps (Jasenovac I – V) and three smaller camps. These included the three children's concentration camps Sisak as the largest, Gornja Rijeka as the smallest, and Jastrebarsko .

On the site of the former camp, the 1959 to 1966 from is Yugoslav architect and sculptor Bogdan Bogdanović built memorial to concentration camp victims .

Another concentration camp on the territory of the Ustasha state was the Sajmište concentration camp on the left bank of the Sava near Zemun , which was operated by the German occupation forces .

history

background

The Balkan campaign with the invasion of the Axis powers led between April 6 and 17, 1941, to the occupation and destruction of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia by German , Italian , Hungarian and Bulgarian troops. Germany originally hoped to be able to force neutral Yugoslavia into an alliance. The Wehrmacht marched into Zagreb on April 10, 1941 , whereupon Colonel Slavko Kvaternik proclaimed the puppet state of the Axis powers on behalf of the fascist Ustasha movement , the so-called Independent State of Croatia (NDH) under Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini's protection , which also included Slavonia , Syrmia and almost all of Dalmatia , Bosnia and Herzegovina and parts of Serbia belonged. The proclamation of the new state was welcomed by the majority of Croatians , but in addition to the approx. 3.3 million Croatians, around 3 million others lived in this structure, with around 1.9 million predominantly Serbs , but also 700,000 Muslims and a number of others ethnic minorities.

Public invitation from May 1941 to Serbs and Jews to leave their homes in Zagreb

The NDH state also introduced racial laws based on National Socialist Germany . After this, hundreds of thousands of Jews , Roma and especially Serbs were persecuted, imprisoned and murdered. In addition, around 40 concentration and internment camps were set up on the territory of the state . The Ustaše set up a totalitarian dictatorship under its leader Ante Pavelić , which was responsible for the genocide of the various ethnic groups and the murder of numerous political opponents. The relationship between the Roman Catholic Church and the Ustaša was ambivalent . Nationalist Catholic clergy from the NDH sympathized, cooperated or took part in the deeds of the Ustaša. Others protested their crimes. The planned genocide , which killed several hundred thousand people, finally reached its climax in the Jasenovac concentration camp.

Emergence

The camps were formally legalized on the basis of the Croatian Legislative Order No. CDXXIX-2101-Z-1941 of November 25, 1941, issued by Ante Pavelić and signed by Justice Minister Mirko Puk . This law "allowed" the forcible arrest and internment of unpopular people in labor camps and thus the establishment of concentration camps. Eugen Dido Kvaternik , who as head of the Ustaška nadzorna služba (UNS), state police and secret service of the NDH, was in charge of all camps, started building the concentration camp at the end of 1941. The founder and organizer of Jasenovac was General Vjekoslav Luburić , who was also the commandant of the camp complex, known as “Maks the butcher”. He had been to the Sachsenhausen concentration camp for training , where he studied the structure of the camp and the gunshot system for the systematic killing of Russian prisoners of war; then he tried to transfer this model to Jasenovac.

Warehouse with surroundings

Between 1941 and 1945 there were around 40 concentration camps and killing sites on the territory of the NDH state. The smaller ones were quickly disbanded. Instead, a central location was selected with Jasenovac, conveniently located at the confluence of the Sava with the Una , Strug and Lonja rivers to prevent escapes and at the same time suitable for a large warehouse complex near the Belgrade - Zagreb railway line . The main purpose was the extermination of Serbs , Jews and Roma including their relatives and children as well as the extermination of members of the Serbian Orthodox official church . In addition, tanks were repaired in the camp, leather goods for the Ustaša military and ship chains were manufactured. There was also a large brick factory on the camp site. The labor, extermination and concentration camp was designed on the model of the German concentration camp and was soon given the nickname “ Auschwitz of the Balkans” because of its size . Above the main gate it read in Croatian "Everything for the Poglavnik" (with Poglavnik the NDH leader Ante Pavelić was meant) and below it "Labor Service of the Ustaša Defense - Assembly Camp No. III".

Warehouse complex

Site plan of camp III, called Ciglana (brickworks), the main camp of Jasenovac.

The camp complex was subject to various changes until the spring of 1942 and consisted of Jasenovac I (Krapje) , Jasenovac II (Bročice), Jasenovac III (Ciglana), Jasenovac IV (Kožara) and the Stara Gradiška camp, known as Jasenovac V , which, however, had one had its own administration. Mainly women and many Croatian and Bosniak opponents of the regime were imprisoned in Stara Gradiška.

Jasenovac I and II were built at the same time in August 1941 and the first prisoners were taken. At the end of October 1941, heavy rains began on the area of ​​the camp complex, which was still under construction. In mid-November 1941 the level of the Sava rose and after dam breaks, Jasenovac I (Krapje) sank and the entire camp complex was surrounded by water. According to reports from survivors, up to 550 prisoners drowned. In mid-November 1941, admission was suspended and the prisoners were evacuated to the higher Jasenovac III (own name: Sabirni logor Br. III ), called Ciglana ( brickworks ). The prisoners were housed in a large building in a brick factory because there were no barracks. Of the 3,000 to 4,000 prisoners in the two camps, only 1,500 survived this transfer. Jasenovac III was the largest camp in the camp complex.

Forced labor and mass killings

Deportation report from Travnik to Jasenovac and Stara Gradiška (March 1942)

At times the camp also served as a collection camp for prisoners on their way to other extermination camps. At the same time, up to 5,000 people were interned and had to do forced labor .

A technique called Srbosjek (Serbs Schneider) sheaf knife was used by the Ustaše used for killing prisoners in Jasenovac.

Most of the victims brought in by cattle wagons and trucks were taken directly from the railway terminus on the Sava River by ferry to the other bank of the river in Donja Gradina (in today's Bosnia and Herzegovina ) and massacred there . There were no gas chambers for this purpose. The killings were initially carried out with firearms, later mainly with knives, but also with hatchets, hatchets, axes and hammers. A sheaf knife from a German company was also used, which was called Srbosjek (Serb cutter). The upper part of the knife was made of leather, designed as a kind of glove. The lower part consisted of a 12 cm long and slightly curved blade with a sharpened inner concave side. Using these and a few other methods, the concentration camp was turned into a slaughterhouse.

The German military feared that the atrocities would strengthen the resistance movement (General Edmund Glaise von Horstenau in March 1942 in a letter to General Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel ).

Final phase

The end of the Jasenovac extermination camp cannot be precisely dated, but the Ustaša prepared to close it in April 1945 after the Yugoslav partisans repeatedly attacked to liberate the camp. The Red Army had also advanced into Yugoslavia. On the evening of April 21st, the last large group of 700 to 900 women was executed, after which some of the 1,050 men who still survived planned the outbreak for April 22nd. Unarmed, 600 of them opposed the heavily armed Ustasha. 80 camp inmates managed to escape, the remaining 520 were killed during the attempt to escape. 460 prisoners who were too old, weak or ill for the revolt and who remained in Camp III were killed by the Ustaša. In the last days of April all remaining concentration camp prisoners were murdered, documents and records destroyed and the camp blown up. On May 2, the units of the Yugoslav partisan army reached the burned down Jasenovac camp.

Camp personnel and law enforcement

Ustaše camp personnel

The leading positions in the camp were mainly occupied by Ustasche who came from exile, were loyal to Ante Pavelić and formed a tight-knit community with considerable experience of violence. Later, the camp personnel were also recruited from nationalists who had joined the Ustasha and fellow travelers from the ranks of the Ustaša militia, who got used to the violence, killing and the massive consumption of alcohol in the camp.

The commanders of the Jasenovac I and II, which existed from August to November 1941, were Ante Marić and Ivan Ranko .

From the end of June to October 1942, the commandant of Jasenovac III was the former priest Miroslav Filipović (called "Brother Devil"), who had previously been excluded from the Franciscan Order because of his involvement in the Banja Luka massacre . He was hanged in Zagreb in 1946. In the summer of 1943 the priest Ivica Brkljačić became camp commandant. In addition, several Catholic pastors and clergy were active in responsible and executive functions in Jasenovac, including Ivica Matković, as well as Matijević, Zvonko Brekalo , Čelina and Lipovac.

The temporary camp commandant Dinko Šakić was extradited from Argentina to Croatia in 1998 at the age of 76 . He was found guilty in 1999 by the Zagreb District Court of War Crimes Against Civilians as charged under Article 120, Paragraph 1 of the Croatian Criminal Code and sentenced to 20 years in prison.

The camp management unsuccessfully combated the lack of discipline and signs of disintegration of the camp staff, because the behavior of the camp Ustasche, who were used to corruption and arbitrariness, hardly changed. A large number of cases were investigated against the camp staff for embezzlement, robbery and rape and a significant number were executed for theft and stolen goods. Dozens of men from the camp Ustaša were imprisoned by the camp management in the prison camp for various offenses, so that a particularly brutal group of prisoners developed from it.

In addition to the organizational structure of the Ustaša camp personnel, a second camp hierarchy arose, as in the German concentration camps, with " prisoner functionaries ", which made the large number of concentration camp prisoners more controllable and manageable. These included a group around Bruno Diamantstein (1906–1942; Jasenovac III) and Herman Spiller (Jasenovac V), Wiener, Mihić, Feldbauer, Begović, Pero Kolak and others, some of whom lived separately in the camp.

Casualty numbers

Corpses of prisoners killed by the Ustaše in Jasenovac

The number of victims in Jasenovac has always been the subject of manipulation attempts, followed by heated political debates and conflicts. In socialist Yugoslavia, the number of victims from Jasenovac was given as up to 700,000 deaths, although the Yugoslav government was only able to identify just under 600,000 war victims in all of Yugoslavia in 1964 . Authors such as the Serbian émigré Bogoljub Kočović (a statistician) or the Croatian ex-partisan and economist Vladimir Žerjavić independently calculated a number of victims of up to 85,000 using demographic methods. The Serbian writer and politician Miodrag Bulatović drove the number of victims to over a million, while Franjo Tuđman spoke of 30,000 to 40,000 victims. A Croatian-Serbian historians' dialogue has been held since 1998, which also dealt with the dispute over the death toll in Jasenovac. At the Belgrade Dialogue in 2002, both sides agreed that the number of those killed should be around 60,000 to 80,000, which corresponds to the data calculated by Žerjavić and Kočović years earlier. The standard work by Benz / Distel published in 2009 indicates the number of victims as 80,000 to 90,000.

Various institutes and historians, including the Simon Wiesenthal Center in Jerusalem, the Holocaust Encyclopedia of the state-run United States Holocaust Memorial Museum and Slavko Goldstein estimate the number of victims in Jasenovac to be between 77,000 and 99,000. The Austrian historian Grünstelder writes of 100,000 victims.

In 1998, the “Bosniak Institute” founded by Adil Zulfikarpašić in Zurich published the names of a total of 59,188 victims of the Jasenovac camp complex (including Stara Gradiška), including 33,944 Serbs, 9,044 Jews, 6,546 Croats and 1,471 Roma. The remainder was made up of people of different ethnic or religious backgrounds as well as victims whose nationality could not be clearly identified. Since the 1964 survey that led to this publication was incomplete, these figures should be considered too low. Researchers at the Belgrade Museum of Genocide Victims have counted 80,000 to 90,000 people who died in Jasenovac.

The Austrian historian Hans Safrian quotes higher figures:

“The exact number of victims in Jasenovac cannot be determined due to a lack of written sources, so that only estimates are possible. In a report that was sent to Glaise-Horstenau in early 1944, the statements of a former camp inmate were given, according to which 300,000 to 400,000 people had been murdered by the Ustasha in Jasenovac by the end of 1943. "

In the Donja Gradina memorial, the number of 700,000 victims is still shown, while in the Jasenovac memorial, around 80,000 victims are assumed. Dragan Cvetković, historian and researcher at the Belgrade Museum of Genocide Victims, states that the nationality of 83,294 victims could be clarified. Overall, he estimates the number of victims at 120,000 to 130,000.

The memorial museum has published a not yet complete list of the victims of Jasenovac, with the status of research up to April 18, 2010. It contains biographical data of the individual victims and information about the circumstances of their death. This list includes 83,145 persons known by name, including 47,627 Serbs, 16,173 Roma, 13,116 Jews and 4,255 Croats, who perished in Jasenovac between the establishment of the camp in 1941 and the liberation in 1945. These form part of the 597,323 officially registered war victims of Yugoslavia who are listed in the "Poimeničnog popisa žrtava Drugog svjetskog rata u Jugoslaviji" (German: list of names of the victims of the Second World War in Yugoslavia ).

memorial

“Stone Flower”, memorial for the victims of the concentration camp

After the remains of the camp had almost completely fallen into disrepair by 1959, the site was redesigned into a memorial site from 1959 to 1966 by the Yugoslav architect and sculptor Bogdan Bogdanović. The memorial consists of a central monument, the stone flower and the surrounding former camp area. The locations of the former barracks were indicated by earth craters. The way to the memorial is covered with the former railway sleepers of the camp's own transport route.

reception

The Ustaša song Jasenovac i Gradiška Stara, to je kuća Maksovih mesara (German: Jasenovac and Gradiška Stara, that is the house of Maks Metzger ) was sung at concerts by the controversially discussed nationalist Croatian rock band Thompson . This is interpreted as a positive reference to the murders in the Jasenovac and Stara Gradiška concentration camps and as a tribute to the former commandant of Jasenovac Vjekoslav Luburić . The song ends with greetings to Ustaše leader Ante Pavelić .

literature

  • Karlheinz Deschner : With God and the fascists. The Vatican in league with Mussolini, Franco, Hitler and Pavelić . Günther, Stuttgart 1965. (New edition: Ahriman-Verlag, Freiburg 2012, ISBN 978-3-89484-610-7 ).
  • Vladimir Dedijer : Jasenovac - the Yugoslav Auschwitz and the Vatican. 1st edition. 1988. (6th expanded edition, Freiburg 2011, ISBN 978-3-922774-06-8 ).
  • Nataša Mataušić: Jasenovac 1941–1945. Logor smrti i radni logor. Spomen-područje Jasenovac, Jasenovac 2003, ISBN 953-99169-0-9 .
  • Narcisa Lengel-Krizman: Genocid nad Romima. Jasenovac 1942. Spomen-područje Jasenovac, Jasenovac 2003, ISBN 953-99169-1-7 .
  • Holm Sundhaussen: The Jasenovac concentration camp (1941–1945): Construction and deconstruction of a war crime and world war myth. In: Wolfram Wette , Gerd R. Ueberschär (Ed.): War crimes in the 20th century. Primus, Darmstadt 2001, ISBN 3-89678-417-X , pp. 370-381.
  • Holm Sundhaussen: Jasenovac 1941–1945. In: Gerd R. Ueberschär (Ed.): Places of horror. Crimes in World War II. Primus, Darmstadt 2003, ISBN 3-89678-232-0 , pp. 49-59.

Web links

Commons : Jasenovac concentration camp  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Stevan K. Pavlowitch: Hitler's New Disorder: The Second World War in Yugoslavia . Columbia University Press, New York 2008. , p. 34.
  2. ^ Ljiljana Radonić : War for the memory of the Jasenovac concentration camp: Croatian politics of the past between revisionism and European standards . In: Heinz Fassmann, Wolfgang Müller-Funk, Heidemarie Uhl (Eds.): Cultures of the difference transformation processes in Central Europe after 1989 . V&R unipress, Göttingen 2009, p. 179 .
  3. ↑ Mario Kevo: Počeci jasenovačkog logora i pojmovna (terminološka) problem atlantic sústava jasenovačkih logora. S. 587, cpi.hr ( Memento of the original dated August 4, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cpi.hr
  4. ^ Camps in the Independent State of Croatia . Jasenovac Memorial Area. Retrieved November 10, 2013.
  5. ↑ Barry M. Lituchy: Jasenovac and the Holocaust in Yugoslavia: analyzes and survivor testimonies . Jasenovac Research Institute, 2006, ISBN 0-9753432-0-3 , p. 68.
  6. ^ Horst Seferens: Soviet prisoners of war in Sachsenhausen concentration camp 1941-1945 . In: Memorial circular 104 p. 38.
  7. ↑ Wolfgang Benz , Barbara Distel (ed.): The place of terror . History of the National Socialist Concentration Camps. Volume 9: Labor education camps, ghettos, youth protection camps, police detention camps, special camps, gypsy camps, forced labor camps. CH Beck, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-406-57238-8 , p. 327.
  8. ↑ Sve za poglavnika. Radna služba Ustaške obrane - Sabirni logor Br. III , see picture on Jasenovac32.jpg
  9. ↑ a b c Tomislav Dulić: Utopias of nation: Local mass killing in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1941–42 (=  Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 218 ). Uppsala 2005, Jasenovac – Stara Gradiška, p. 255 ff .
  10. ↑ Alexander Korb: In the Shadow of the World War: Mass violence of the Ustaša against Serbs, Jews and Roma in Croatia 1941–1945 . Hamburger Edition, Hamburg 2013, ISBN 978-3-86854-259-2 , The Death of Prisoners: Function or Dysfunction ?, p. 395 .
  11. ↑ German Historical Museum: cooking knife
  12. ↑ a b Eberhard Rondholz : Two kinds of memories: Jasenovac - The Croatian Auschwitz. on: Deutschlandfunk . August 28, 2009.
  13. ↑ David M. Kennedy, Margaret E. Wagner, Linda Barrett Osborne, Susan Reyburn: The Library of Congress World War II Companion. Simon and Schuster, 2007, p. 640, 646–647, 683: " At Jasenovac, a series of camps in Croatia, the ultranationalist, right-wing Ustasha murdered Serbs, Jews, Gypsies, Muslims, and political opponents not by gassing, but with hand tools or the infamous graviso or srbosjek (literally, "Serb cutter") - a long, curved knife attached to a partial glove and designed for rapid, easy killing. "
  14. ↑ Ladislaus Hory, Martin Broszat: The Croatian Ustascha State, 1941–1945. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart 1964.
  15. ↑ Dave Hunt: The Woman and the Beast History, Present, and Future of the Roman Church. Harvest House Publishers, 1994, pp. 289-301.
  16. ↑ Egon Berger: 44 mjeseca u Jasenovcu. Grafički Zavod Hrvatske, Zagreb 1966.
  17. ↑ Nikola Nikolic: Taborišče smrti - Jasenovac. Translated by Jože Zupančić Založba “Borec” Ljubljana 1969, pp. 72–73.
  18. ↑ David M. Kennedy, Margaret E. Wagner, Linda Barrett Osborne, Susan Reyburn: The Library of Congress World War II Companion. Simon and Schuster, 2007, pp. 640, 646f, 683.
  19. ^ A b Wolfgang Benz , Barbara Distel : The Place of Terror - History of the National Socialist Concentration Camps. Volume 9: Labor education camps, ghettos, youth protection camps, police detention camps, special camps, gypsy camps, forced labor camps. Verlag CH Beck , Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-406-57238-8 , p. 329.
  20. ↑ Alexander Korb : In the Shadow of the World War: Mass violence of the Ustaša against Serbs, Jews and Roma in Croatia 1941–1945 . Hamburger Edition, Hamburg 2013, ISBN 978-3-86854-259-2 , community of violence: Das kroatische Lagerpersonal, p. 376 ff .
  21. ↑ Eugen Drewermann : Jesus of Nazareth: Liberation for Peace . Walter, 1996, p. 694 .
  22. ^ Association Romano Centro: Roma: the unknown people: fate and culture . Böhlau, 1994, p. 101 .
  23. ^ Journal of History, Volume 44, Issues 7-11 . Rütten & Loening, 1996, p. 603 .
  24. ^ Ernst Klee : Persil notes and false passports . Fischer Taschenbuch-Verlag, 1991, p. 30 .
  25. ↑ Vladimir Dedijer: Jasenovac - the Yugoslav Auschwitz and the Vatican . Ahriman, 1988, p. 161 .
  26. ↑ Karlheinz Deschner: With God and the Fascists . Hans E. Günther, Stuttgart 1965, p. 246 .
  27. ↑ Alexander Korb: In the Shadow of the World War: Mass violence of the Ustaša against Serbs, Jews and Roma in Croatia 1941–1945 . Hamburger Edition, Hamburg 2013, ISBN 978-3-86854-259-2 , community of violence: Das kroatische Lagerpersonal, p. 378 f .
  28. ↑ DIAMANTSTEIN, Bruno. Židovski biografski leksikon, accessed on April 11, 2020 (Croatian).
  29. ↑ Vladimir Zerjavic: Yugoslavia-manipulations with the number of Second World War victims. Hrvatski Informativni Centar, Zagreb 1993, ISBN 0-919817-32-7 . (Abstract)
  30. ↑ Radomir Bulatović: Koncentracioni logor Jasenovac s posebnom osvrtom na Donju Gradinu: istorijsko-sociološka i antropološka studija. Sarajevo 1990, p. 413 and passim
  31. ↑ Holm Sundhaussen: Review of Josip Jurčévić: The origin of the Jasenovac myth. Problems with research work on the victims of World War II on the territory of Croatia. Eastern Europe Institute at the Free University of Berlin , 2007; Retrieved May 20, 2012.
  32. ↑ Ivan Brčić: Croatian-Serbian Historians' Dialogue: A Step towards Coming to terms with the Past? (PDF; 50 kB) Eastern Europe Institute at the Free University of Berlin, 2003.
  33. ^ Tanja Mall: Holocaust Research in Southeastern Europe: Juggling with numbers of victims. ORF Wissen, January 16, 2007.
  34. ^ Marija Vulesica: Croatia. In: Wolfgang Benz , Barbara Distel: The Place of Terror - History of the National Socialist Concentration Camps. Volume 9, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-406-57238-8 , p. 327.
  35. ^ Jasenovac, which was nicknamed 'the Auschwitz of the Balkans' and in which at reads 85,000 civilians were murdered.
  36. ↑ It is presently estimated that the Ustaša regime murdered between 77,000 and 99,000 people in Jasenovac between 1941 and 1945.
  37. ↑ "The historian Slavko Goldstein in Zagreb considers 85,000 dead to be realistic - 30,000 of them Serbs, 15,000 Jews, 20,000 Roma, and 20,000 Croatian oppositionists."
  38. ^ Anna Maria Grünstelder: Work commitment for the reorganization of Europe. Civil and forced laborers from Yugoslavia in the "Ostmark" 1938 / 41–1945 . Vienna 2010, p. 73.
  39. ↑ Holm Sundhaussen: Review of Josip Jurčévić: The origin of the Jasenovac myth. Problems with research work on the victims of World War II on the territory of Croatia. Eastern European Institute at the Free University of Berlin, 2007
  40. ↑ Politika, Belgrade January 29, 2007, quoted from Stevan K. Pavlowitch: Hitler's new disorder: the Second World War in Yugoslavia. Columbia University Press, 2008, p. 34, note 6. ( limited preview in Google Book search)
  41. ↑ Hans Safrian, Univ.-Doz. for contemporary history at the Institute for Contemporary History at the University of Vienna
  42. ↑ Hans Safrian in a footnote in the book The Eichmann men. Europa Verlag, Hamburg 1993, ISBN 3-203-51115-0 .
  43. ↑ Donja Gradina. uni-regensburg.de
  44. ^ Dragan Cvetković: Holocaust in Yugoslavia - an Attempt at Quantification. Methodology, questions, problems, results…. In: Jovan Mirković (ed.), Izraelsko-srpska naučna razmena u proučavanju holokausta. Zbornik radova sa naučnog skupa , Jerusalim - Jad Vašem, 15-20. jun 2006. (= Israeli-Serbian Academic Excange in Holocaust Research: = collection of papers from the academic conference , Jerusalem - Yad Vashem 15-20 June 2006), Belgrad 2008, pp. 357-369.
  45. ↑ JUSP Jasenovac - List of Individual Victims of Jasenovac Concentration Camp. Retrieved June 25, 2015 .
  46. ↑ Efraim Zuroff: Ustasa rock n 'roll . In: The Jerusalem Post. June 25, 2007.
  47. ^ Nazis Rock on in Croatia. The Center for Peace in the Balkans, June 23, 2007.
  48. ↑ a b Eberhard Rondholz: local explorations, two kinds of memory, Jasenovac - The Croatian Auschwitz . (PDF; p. 2) Deutschlandfunk


Coordinates: 45 ° 16 ′ 49 ″  N , 16 ° 55 ′ 42 ″  E