State Police
The term state police generally refers to the police force of a state. In German-speaking countries, this term is usually associated with a higher-level police unit.
Germany
In Germany , the federal states are generally responsible for police duties, but there is the Federal Police (partly as a protective police ) and the Federal Criminal Police Office , which investigates criminal offenses and crimes at the federal level .
United States
→ Main article: State Police (United States)
In the United States , the state police force is a state police force . The areas of responsibility are mostly in the traffic monitoring of high-ranking roads and in the support of the local police units. In some states, the state police or "State Police" is also known as the "State Trooper", that is to say as "State Cavalry" or "State Troop". Usually they carry military ranks, whereby various ranks are omitted. Because of its original task of monitoring highways, it is still called Highway Patrol in many states today .
The state police were used on various occasions when the local police force lost its legitimacy and caused a permanent riot. For example, stopped the governor of Missouri , Jay Nixon in 2014, after the death of African-American student Michael Brown by a police officer of the local police of Ferguson the use of local police. The majority were whites. He transferred police power to the Missouri Highway Patrol, which is run by a black man, to act as a de-escalator.
The FBI is responsible for violating federal law and for crimes that cross state borders within the United States, and for certain other offenses various other federal police authorities in the United States are responsible .
Austria
The Austrian State Police Service (StaPo) was the forerunner of the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution and Counter Terrorism until 2002, the domestic secret service of the Federal Ministry of the Interior . The name "Stapo" is still widespread among the general public.
Italy
The Italian Polizia di Stato is one of the two national Italian police organs with general police tasks , alongside the military carabinieri . In contrast to the Carabinieri, who are particularly active in rural areas, the Italian state police work almost exclusively in cities. There are exceptions: B. at the border police or the traffic police.
Netherlands
From 1945 to 1993 the state police ("Staatspolizei" / " Rijkspolitie ") was part of the Dutch police force under the direction of the Ministry of Justice . In addition, there was still the city or community police under the direction of the mayor . The structure of the Dutch police organization has changed since 1993. There are 25 regional police services and a supra-regional police organization (“ Korps landelijke Politiediensten ” (KLPD)). The KLPD is a nationally independent organization with a supporting and coordinating function for the Dutch police with thirteen main activities. In addition, the KLPD has so-called “liaison officers” abroad who are responsible for combating terrorism in cooperation with the Dutch secret service (AIVD) . In the European Union (EU) , new institutions and laws have emerged such as " Europol ", " European Arrest Warrant " and " Eurojust ". In this context, the Dutch police work together with European countries.
Norway
In the history of Norway there was a "Statspolitiet" (state police) twice, under completely different circumstances.
Statspolitiet 1933-1936
The first Statspolitiet, established on the basis of a resolution of the Storting on June 11, 1933, was a mobile riot police, which was directly subordinate to the Ministry of Justice. At that time, the rest of the police were still under municipal responsibility. This state police was dissolved in its former form or transferred to the state police when the new "Politiloven" (= police law) of March 13, 1936 decided to convert to a state police system.
Statspolitiet 1941–1945
The second Statspolitiet was established on June 1, 1941, during the German occupation of Norway by the puppet government ruled by the Norwegian fascist party Nasjonal Samling . The initiative for this came from its later head Karl Marthinsen and it was an armed central state police based on the German model. First and foremost, this police force should deal with "political crimes", refugees, espionage, armed resistance and any other form of resistance against the German occupying power or the Norwegian Nazi authorities. This state police had its headquarters in Oslo and this headquarters were subordinate to six regional subdivisions, with headquarters in Aker near Oslo, Stavanger , Bergen , Trondheim , Tromsø and Kirkenes . The Statspolitiet was directly subordinate to the head of the " sikkerhetspolitiet " in the provisional police ministry set up by Josef Terboven (see Josef Terboven's provisional council of ministers), but it could also receive its orders directly from the German security police . Shortly after its establishment, the Statspolitiet had a strength of around 150 men, which by 1944 had grown to 350 people (including 10 women). Except for four individuals, all members of this police force were members of the Nasjonal Samling .
The Statspolitiet worked completely independently of the normal police. Among other things, it played a central role in the deportation of Jews from Norway.
See also
literature
- Jan-Willem Drissen, “ Politiewerk ”, publisher: Wolters-Noordhoff, Groningen 2002. ISBN 90-01-13241-3
- Hartmut Aden, “ Police Policy in Europe. An interdisciplinary study of police work in Europe using the example of Germany, France and the Netherlands ”. Westdeutscher Verlag, Opladen 1998. ISBN 3-531-13198-2
- Martin HW Möllers / Robert Chr. Van Ooyen (eds.), “ Europeanization and Internationalization of the Police ”. Verlag für Polizeiwissenschaft, February 2006. ISBN 3935979754
Web links
- About the Statspolitiet in Norway 1941-1945 (from "Norsk krigsleksikon", Norwegian )