Europol

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European Police Office
EUROPOL

EUROPOL logo
 

The new headquarters in The Hague
English name European Police Office
French name Office européen de police
Dutch name Europese political service
Organization type European Union Agency
status Establishment of European public law with its own legal personality
Seat of the organs The Hague , Netherlands
Chair Catherine De Bolle
founding

July 1, 1999

EUROPOL

Europol or European Police Office is a police authority of the European Union based in The Hague . Its purpose is to coordinate the work of Europe's national police authorities in the area of ​​cross-border organized crime and to promote the exchange of information between the national police authorities. The basic idea of ​​Europol is to bring together bilateral and multilateral agreements such as TREVI ( French Terrorisme, Radicalisme, Extremisme et Violence Internationale ), the Schengen Agreement and the European Drug Unit (EDU). Areas of work include the fight against terrorism , the fight against and prevention of the illegal arms trade , drug trafficking , child pornography and money laundering . Catherine De Bolle ( Belgium ) has been Europol's director since May 2018 . The current legal basis for Europol's work is Regulation (EU) 2016/794 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 May 2016 (Europol Regulation).

Since January 1, 2010, Europol has been an agency of the European Union , such as CEPOL and Eurojust . The official working languages ​​of Europol are the official languages ​​of the European Union . The connection to the national law enforcement authorities is made by liaison officers (so-called "ELOS" - Europol Liaison Officers ). Service and legal supervision is exercised over these liaison officers by the respective Justice and Interior Ministers of the member states of the European Union . The branches of Europol can now be found in every EU member state, currently the Europol National Agency for the Federal Republic of Germany has been set up at the Federal Criminal Police Office . In addition to a few exceptions, Europol can generally investigate if crimes have been committed in at least two EU member states and belong to the EU's catalog of competencies.

organization

The European Union

Organizational structure and management

The management of Europol has a director (Eng. Director ) (see bodies ). Such director are (eng. Directly deputy directors Deputy Director ) associated with that guide the various functionally structured Departments. In accordance with Article 38 of the Council Decision establishing the European Police Office, the Deputy Directors are appointed by the Council by a qualified majority from a list of at least three candidates submitted by the Management Board.

The departments in the departments are headed by Assistant Directors .

  • Europol - Director Catherine De Bolle
    • Governance Department - Deputy Director Oldřich Martinů
      • G1 = Cabinet
        • Corporate Communications (public relations)
      • G2 = corporate services
        • Strategy and External Affairs
      • G5 = Security
    • Capabilities Department - Deputy Director Eugenio Orlandi
      • C1 = ICT
        • ICT Engineering (Information and Communication Technology - Technology)
        • ICT Operations (Information and Communication Technology - Operations)
    • Operations Department - Deputy Director Wil van Gemert
      • O1 = Info Hub
        • Operational Center
      • O2 = SOC
        • Organized Crime
        • Economic Crime
      • O3 = European Center for Combating Cybercrime
        • Operations and Fusion (operation and data fusion )
        • Strategy, Research & Development (strategy, research and development)
      • O4 = Counter Terrorism
        • Counter Terrorism (Counter Terrorism)
        • Financial Intelligence (financial investigations)

Directors

Employee numbers

Development of the number of employees
Employee 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Liaison officers 73 66 64 82 93 103 114 124 121 129 155 144 157 185 205 201 220 243
total 323 386 426 493 536 566 592 605 662 698 777 802 858 912 940 1065 1261 1294

aims

Europol's objectives are set out in Article 3 of the Europol Decision. They essentially consist of "improving the efficiency of the competent authorities of the Member States and their cooperation in preventing and combating terrorism, illicit drug trafficking and other serious forms of international crime".

The resulting tasks and responsibilities are summarized in Articles 4 and 5:

  • Collect, save, process, analyze and exchange information and findings
  • Informing the competent authorities of the Member States of the information concerning them and the links between criminal offenses that have been discovered
  • Support of investigations in the Member States, in particular by sending all relevant information to the national bodies
  • Preparation of analyzes and status reports
  • Maintenance of the necessary information infrastructure
  • Training and research in the fields of prevention, forensic and forensic methods

and analyzes and investigative methods.

Since 2002 Europol has been authorized to participate in joint investigation teams of the Member States and can request individual Member States to start investigations.

financing

Europol is financed by the member states, the contribution is determined on the basis of the gross national product. In 2001 the budget was 35.4 million euros, in 2003 it was 58.8 million euros, in 2008 it was 66.61 million euros. For 2018, 122 million euros were estimated.

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Budget (in million euros) 28 37 53 58 59 63 64 68 65 68 80 85 84 83 84 94 102 119 122

organs

The Administrative Board consists of one representative from each Member State and one representative from the Commission, each member having one vote. It meets at least twice a year; the presidency rules are based on the Council Presidency . As a rule, resolutions require a two-thirds majority. The Management Board decides on Europol's strategy as well as its annual work program, monitors the director's performance and adopts the budget.

The director , who is Europol's legal representative, is responsible for managing the police office itself . He is appointed by the Council of the European Union by qualified majority on the basis of a three-way proposal by the Board of Directors. Its remit includes the performance of the tasks assigned to Europol, day-to-day administration, personnel management and assigned tasks. The financial management is audited by the European Court of Auditors .

In accordance with Article 8 of the Europol Decision, the individual Member States each designate a national body through which contact with Europol takes place. It is an institution of the respective Member State and not an organ of Europol. The national units each send liaison officers to Europol who represent the interests of the Member State in The Hague . In 2008 around 622 people worked for Europol. 124 of them were liaison officers. The liaison officers do not only consist of the respective member states of the European Union. Australia, Canada, Colombia, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Switzerland, the United States and the international police agency Interpol send one or more liaison officers to each Member State.

IT infrastructure

In order to solve the task at hand, Europol was instructed to set up a database for the cases in its area of ​​competence in Article 11 of the reasoning Council decision. This database was set up under the name Europol Information System (EIS). Initially, EIS was accessed via the Information Exchange System (InfoEx), which was replaced in mid-2009 by the Secure Information Exchange Network Application (SIENA). Case-related or strategic analysis work files can be created from the data in EIS , in which the raw data are related to one another. Relevant police authorities of the member states as well as third parties have access to the infrastructure , if necessary via a contact at Europol.

In a report by the Council of Europe from January 2015, the Secure Information Exchange Network Application, (SIENA), the Europol Information System (EIS), the Europol Analysis System (EAS) and the Europol Platform for Experts (EPE) are referred to as "core applications" of Europol .

Results

The results of an intelligence service or a police organization are reports, warnings, analyzes on various areas of activity such as counter-espionage, terrorism, human trafficking, etc. Europol also distributes reports and analyzes on a regular basis.

European Terrorism Situation & Trend Report (TE-SAT)
The fight against terrorism is one of Europol's top priorities. The TE-SAT report is published annually. It contains data on terrorist activities in the European Union as well as analyzes for the police forces of the countries. The analyzes deal with the various terrorist groups, for example separatists or religiously motivated groups, the age structure of the perpetrators or the number of arrests, etc.
Serious and Organized Crime Threat Assessment OCTA / SOCTA
OCTA / SOCTA mainly deals with organized crime and serious crime. The target group are the management levels of the national police forces as well as politicians who are involved in planning and setting goals. The main areas dealing with drug-related crime , counterfeiting , crimes against persons, organized property crime , economic crime , cyber crime , environmental crime and weapons smuggling.
Trend reports (OCSCAN)
OCSCAN are timely reports of criminal practices that have been conspicuously common in the recent past.

Working method

The core of Europol has been from the start and continues to be specialized databases on fields of activity. Founding director Jürgen Storbeck set up the first Analysis Work Files ; these collections are now referred to as Focal Points . The first AWF was created in 1994 on the topic of cross-border rocker crime . Using the so-called Operation Monitor , Europol developed the IT applications, including issues relating to data security and data protection. Each project contains general situation reports, threat analyzes and risk analyzes. The analyzes provide the Member States with investigative approaches.

An example could be the trip of a person in charge of arms in a criminal organization. This can lead to the suspicion that a weapons depot is being maintained in the destination country.

The core of every project is to bring together different areas of crime associated with a group. Money laundering is almost always important in this context , which is why Europol employs financial investigators in particular.

An AWF or Focal Point can only be operated for three years and will then be deleted for data protection reasons.

history

The former EUROPOL headquarters in The Hague
New EUROPOL headquarters in The Hague

First impulses

The first impetus for the creation of a European police office came in the 1970s, the main reason for this being the criticisms of Interpol and its main use by European members, which led to the establishment of the TREVI group by the interior / justice ministers of the EC countries . This was the beginning of the "cooperation within the framework of internal security and thus also for police cooperation". The cooperation did not take place within the European Communities , but only between the individual governments.

New impulses

The planned abolition of internal border controls while the Schengen Agreement is being drawn up is seen as a decisive impetus for resuming efforts. However, the question arises as to whether this is not a political argument rather than a fact. The lawyer Kühne states that there were hardly any effective border controls in Germany even before Schengen.

It is therefore astonishing that Germany in 1991 brought the proposal to the European Council to set up a European Central Criminal Police Office. In 1991 the Maastricht Treaty laid down the creation of a European police office, but it was not fully operational until 1999. The European Drug Unit (EDU) was set up in 1994 to make use of the period until the Europol Convention was drawn up and ratified . This was supposed to combat drug crime and the money laundering associated with it, in 1995 the areas of crime were expanded.

Origin of the Europol Convention and the first years

There was agreement among the member states that the only possible legal basis for Europol was a treaty ( convention ) that is binding under international law . In July 1994 Germany presented a draft agreement that served as the basis for negotiations. About a year later the convention was signed by the EU member states. The insistence of all Member States on the recognition of the European Court of Justice as the ultimate authority for the interpretation of the Europol Convention, and the UK's refusal to accept it, resulted in almost a year in the drafting process. Because "a solution to this problem was [...] an indispensable prerequisite for most member states as well as for the European Parliament in order to be able to ratify the convention". Great Britain was granted an opting out clause in 1996. This enabled the ratification of the Convention, which was concluded in 1998. On July 1, 1999, Europol was able to fully commence its activities. The first acting director of Europol was the German lawyer Jürgen Storbeck . In 2001, a cooperation agreement and a joint initiative against counterfeit money were signed with Interpol . A cooperation agreement was concluded with the United States of America in 2001, which provides for strategic and technical cooperation. In 2002, an agreement followed at operational level that allowed the exchange of personal data. In 2005, the former BKA department head Max-Peter Ratzel became the new director of Europol, who was replaced by Rob Wainwright in April 2009 .

Europol decision

After changes to the Europol Convention were only possible through additional protocols that had to be ratified by the member states , the Council of the European Union adopted a resolution on April 6, 2009, creating a new legal basis for Europol, which became Europol on January 1, 2010 -Convention has replaced. The decision was taken in the area of police and judicial cooperation in criminal matters (so-called third pillar ). The pillar structure was dissolved with the Treaty of Lisbon , but there are transitional provisions that only lose their validity five years after this treaty came into force. Within the framework of the Lisbon Treaty, Europol's tasks were also laid down in primary law , namely in Art. 88 TFEU .

Among other things, the decision made Europol an agency of the European Union, financed from the budget of the European Union and better integrated into the structures of the Union.

Europol in relation to Interpol

The similarities between Interpol and Europol can be seen in the organization and in the statutes. Even if there is no competition between the two organizations, Europol represents an increased, if regionally more limited form of Interpol. In order to strengthen the networking between Europol, Interpol and OLAF (European Anti-Fraud Office), there are exchange programs for employees between the authorities , because “ Productive cooperation of this nature requires familiarity and trust. ”(German:“ Productive cooperation of this kind requires familiarity and trust ”), as it is called in a Europol report.

Europol as "European FBI"

When it comes to the further development of the European Police Office, the call for a “European FBI ” is repeated . The term ultimately goes back to an idea by former Federal Chancellor Helmut Kohl , who cited both the German Federal Criminal Police Office and the US Federal Bureau of Investigation as role models as early as 1991 .

Unlike the FBI, Europol generally has no executive powers of its own in terms of applying coercive measures . However, since 2002 Europol has had its own investigative powers and may investigate itself in the case of a cross-border dimension . As a result of the growing exchange of information, calls for its own executive powers are getting louder: Europol does not yet have any powers of its own, but based on the legal act adopted by the Council of the European Union on November 28, 2002, it can jointly exercise and coordinate limited executive powers over cross-border operational measures of the member states ( Art. 88 para. 2 B TFEU).

“However, the operational powers of the Agency are developing, albeit slowly, with the Council Act of 28 November 2002 allowing Europol to participate in Joint Investigation Teams. Europol is also allowed to ask Member States to initiate criminal investigations. "

With the Lisbon Treaty, Europol has been assigned new areas of responsibility and networking with Eurojust and the national investigative authorities has been strengthened. Furthermore, since 2000, Europol has been allowed to enter into cooperation with other police offices around the world. The advocates of the vision of a “European FBI” want to make the European Police Office more capable of acting across national borders. The main argument for the necessity of such a development is seen in the fact that after the abolition of the internal borders as a result of the Schengen Agreement, criminals in Europe could operate largely unhindered, while the law enforcement authorities would still have to stop at the borders.

This is countered not only by the very changeable history of the US federal agency, but also by the diverging state law situation.

Against this background, the problems that arise in the context of European integration can only be tackled in exceptional cases directly by looking at the American legal system, since the initial constellation is often too different in principle. From a legal point of view, the use of the term “European FBI” can ultimately only be discouraged.

An analysis by the American federal authority is nevertheless interesting for the prospects for the further development of Europol. Especially under Director J. Edgar Hoover , who headed the FBI from 1924 until his death in 1972, there were a number of misconduct, some of which degenerated into excessive surveillance of politicians and other public figures. The dangers of a largely uncontrolled and therefore very powerful federal agency that has been acting largely uncontrolled for decades can be illustrated very clearly by the American Federal Police.

For the situation in the European Union, one can deduce from this that the proponents of a strong European police authority must also establish effective and transparent control mechanisms in order to credibly present the authority not only as a guarantor of security but also as a guardian of the principles of freedom to be able to.

New focus

In the area of ​​the fight against terrorism, Europol will presumably acquire significant importance, on the one hand this is stated as a goal, on the other hand Europol is partly an official continuation of the informal TREVI group.

Organized crime

Europol publishes an annual report on organized crime activities within the EU as part of the OCTA (Organized Crime Threat Assessment). ROCTA also exists for threats from Russia.

terrorism

In response to the increasing demand for responses from European police authorities to the perceived threat of terrorism, Europol wrote the Te-Sat Report in 2008 on the “Terrorist Situation” in Europe. This was received “benevolently” both in the European law enforcement authorities and in the individual member states. The First Response Network (FRN) has existed since 2007, an EU program mainly created by Europol to respond to possible terrorist attacks. The implementation of the drafted scenarios can be requested from an affected state. So far it has remained inactive and is therefore used as a training program.

In the terrorism report for 2010 published by Europol in 2011, only three of the 249 attacks that took place in Europe are classified as Islamistically motivated.

In order to support the Atlas network , a cooperation platform for special police forces in Europe, a support office was set up at Europol in October 2018 to improve the cooperation between Europol and the associations represented in the Altas network and to support the network.

Interventions in the internet structure

As part of the COSPOL's Internet Related Child Abuse Material Project (CIRCAMP) initiative, EUROPOL is involved in the implementation of filter infrastructures for the Internet in Europe and provides the member states with technologies for blocking Internet content by Internet service providers. A filter developed by Europol is "The Child Sexual Abuse Anti-Distribution Filter (CSAADF)"

At the same time, EUROPOL is developing communication tools and databases for strategic and tactical police work, including the Secure Information Exchange Network Application (SIENA), with which the authorities of the member states and third parties can communicate securely with one another in a uniform system.

Child abuse education

In the Stop Child Abuse project , Europol is asking the population to identify everyday objects from child pornographic film and photo material on a website. Europol hopes this will provide information on victims, crime scenes and perpetrators.

Targeting

Europol supports ENFAST , an EU network of target investigators, with expertise and infrastructure. Among other things, Europol hosts the EU Most Wanted website ( #Weblinks ) for ENFAST , which supports the public search for urgently wanted refugees.

Data protection supervision

Europol processes a significant amount of sensitive personal data. It is therefore important that Europol takes into account the rights of the individual concerned when processing or using this data. To safeguard these rights, Regulation (EU) 2016/794 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 May 2016 (Europol Regulation) provides that the European Data Protection Supervisor - the EU's independent data protection authority - has been lawful since May 1, 2017 the processing of personal data by Europol. The European Data Protection Supervisor is thus performing the task that has been the responsibility of the Europol Joint Supervisory Body (JSB) since Europol was founded in 1999.

criticism

This article or the following section is not adequately provided with supporting documents ( e.g. individual evidence ). Information without sufficient evidence could be removed soon. Please help Wikipedia by researching the information and including good evidence.

Europol was criticized by civil rights activists and data protectionists for keeping a suspect file and keeping a work file for analysis purposes , because these reverse the principle of the presumption of innocence .

See also

literature

  • Hartmut Aden: Police Policy in Europe. An interdisciplinary study on police work in Europe using the example of Germany, France and the Netherlands. West German Publishing House, Wiesbaden 1998.
  • Heiner Busch: Borderless Police? New borders and police cooperation in Europe. Westphalian steam boat, Münster 1995.
  • Willy Bruggeman: Internal security through police cooperation in Europe from the perspective of Europol. In: Peter-Christian Müller-Graff (Ed.): European cooperation in the areas of justice and home affairs. The third pillar of the European Union. Nomos Verlag-Gesellschaft, Baden-Baden 1996, pp. 133–142.
  • Hans-Heiner Kühne: The fight against international crime and drug addiction as a common interest of the Union states. In: Müller-Graff, Peter-Christian (Ed.): European cooperation in the areas of justice and home affairs. The third pillar of the European Union. Nomos Verlag-Gesellschaft, Baden-Baden 1996, pp. 85–99.
  • Peter-Christian Müller-Graff (Ed.): European cooperation in the areas of justice and home affairs. The third pillar of the European Union. Nomos Verlag-Gesellschaft, Baden-Baden 1996.
  • Rainer Oberleitner: Schengen and Europol. Fighting crime in a Europe of internal security. Manz, Vienna 1998
  • Stefanie Mayer: Data protection and Europol. Dissertation University, Regensburg 2001.
  • Andreas Maurer: Europol. In: Werner Weidenfeld, Wolfgang Wessels (ed.): Europe from A to Z. Pocket book of European integration. Europa Union, Bonn 2002, pp. 206-208.
  • Jan Ulrich Ellermann: Europol and FBI - Problems and Perspectives . Nomos Verlag-Gesellschaft, Baden-Baden 2005, ISBN 3-8329-1525-7 .
  • Martin Engel: Authority, control and development of Europol . Studies on international and European law, Vol. 32, Hamburg 2006, ISBN 3-8300-2567-X .
  • Christian Wandl: Europol. Supporting the criminal police in the fight against serious international crime . ProLibris, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-902460-70-7 .
  • Frederick Sixtus: Europol and Interpol: Harbingers of a World Police? . In: Jonas Grutzpalk u. a. (Ed.): Contributions to a comparative sociology of the police . Universitätsverlag, Potsdam 2009, online version , pp. 148–162.

Web links

Commons : Europol  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Documents in German:

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Regulation (EU) 2016/794 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 May 2016 on the European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation (Europol) and for the replacement and repeal of decisions 2009/371 / JHA , 2009/934 / JI, 2009/935 / JI, 2009/936 / JI and 2009/968 / JI of the Council , accessed August 14, 2018
  2. ↑ a b Europol. In: Federal Criminal Police Office . Federal Criminal Police Office, accessed on April 14, 2018 .
  3. ↑ a b c organizational structure of Europol; accessed on March 7, 2014.
  4. ^ Draft (PDF) of a Council act appointing a Deputy Director of Europol of 14 January 2014.
  5. ↑ Draft legal act (PDF) of the Council of the European Union, file number 17832/13 ENFOPOL 417 RESTREINT UE .
  6. ^ Statistics & Data. In: Europol. Europol, accessed May 28, 2019 (UK English).
  7. ↑ a b c Decision of the Council of 6 April 2009 on the establishment of the European Police Office (Europol) , accessed on 7 July 2010 on the website of the European Union.
  8. ^ Andreas Maurer: Europol . In: Weidenfeld, Werner; Wessels, Wolfgang (ed.): Europe from A to Z: Pocket book of European integration . 12th edition. Nomos, 2010, ISBN 3-8329-5640-9 , pp. 207 .
  9. ↑ erwaertiges-amt.de
  10. ↑ Article 35 Budget: Convention based on Article K.3 of the Treaty on European Union on the establishment of a European Police Office (Europol Convention) , accessed on April 24, 2018.
  11. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Annual Report 2008 . European Police Office, 2008, ISBN 978-92-95018-75-4 , ISSN 1681-1550 , 4.2 Budget, p.   42 (British English, 96 pp., Europa.eu [PDF; 839 kB ; accessed on May 18, 2018] See table for other years): 'The budget for 2008 was € 66.61 million.'
  12. ↑ a b c d Statement of revenue and expenditure of the European Police Office for the financial year 2018. (PDF; 666 kB) In: Official Journal of the European Union. 22 March 2018, p. 2 , accessed 10 June 2018 (UK English).
  13. ↑ a b c Income and expenditure plan of the European Police Office for the financial year 2010 , accessed on June 10, 2018
  14. ↑ a b c Income and expenditure plan of the European Police Office for the financial year 2013 , accessed on June 10, 2018
  15. ↑ a b Income and expenditure plan of the European Police Office for the financial year 2015 , accessed on June 10, 2018
  16. ↑ a b Romana Christina Litzka: Police Cooperation in the European Union - Effects of Europol on Police Work in Austria , Diploma thesis for obtaining the academic degree of Magistra der Philosophie (Mag. Phil.) At the University of Vienna; Vienna, May 2010.
  17. ↑ Annual Report 2008 . European Police Office, 2008, ISBN 978-92-95018-75-4 , ISSN 1681-1550 , 4.3.1 Personnel, p.   42 (British English, 96 pp., Europa.eu [PDF; 839 kB ; accessed on May 18, 2018]).
  18. ↑ Annual Report 2008 . European Police Office, 2008, ISBN 978-92-95018-75-4 , ISSN 1681-1550 , 4.3 Human resources, p.   45 , Personnel at Europol by nationality and category, December 2008 (British English, 96 pp., Europa.eu [PDF; 839 kB ; accessed on May 18, 2018]): 'Productive cooperation of this nature requires familiarity and trust.'
  19. ↑ Europol Work Program 2015. (PDF) Document 5250/15 of the Council of Europe of January 16, 2015. In: Statewatch . Retrieved March 17, 2018 .
  20. ↑ a b European Terrorism Situation and Trend Report 2012 (PDF)
  21. ↑ a b c Serious and Organized Crime Threat Assessment 2013 (PDF) OCTA / SOCTA
  22. ↑ Example of an OCSCAN report, illegal migrants from the Horn of Africa kidnapped in Sinai for ransom ; OSCAN from March 14, 2014.
  23. ↑ Unless otherwise stated, the working method chapter is based on: c't: The role of IT in the fight against crime , June 13, 2014
  24. ^ Rainer Oberleitner, Schengen and Europol. Fighting crime in a Europe of internal security . Manz, Vienna 1998, p. 99
  25. ↑ Hans-Heiner Kühne: The fight against international crime and drug addiction as a common interest of the Union states , in: Müller-Graff, Peter-Christian (Ed.): European cooperation in the areas of justice and home affairs , pp. 90-91.
  26. ^ Rainer Oberleitner, Schengen and Europol. Fighting crime in a Europe of internal security . Manz, Vienna 1998, pp. 106-107.
  27. ↑ europol.europa.eu ( Memento from December 22, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
  28. ↑ europol.europa.eu ( Memento from December 22, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
  29. ↑ europol.europa.eu ( Memento from December 22, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
  30. ↑ europol.europa.eu ( Memento from December 22, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
  31. ↑ europol.europa.eu ( Memento from December 22, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
  32. ↑ See Articles 63 and 64 of the Europol Council Decision of 6 April 2009 on the establishment of the European Police Office.
  33. ↑ See Articles 9 and 10 of the Protocol (No. 36) on the Transitional Provisions Consolidated Version of the Treaties
  34. ↑ Annual Report 2008 . European Police Office, 2008, ISBN 978-92-95018-75-4 , ISSN 1681-1550 , 2.8 General achievements, p.   28 (British English, 96 pp., Europa.eu [PDF; 839 kB ; accessed on May 18, 2018]): 'Productive cooperation of this nature requires familiarity and trust.'
  35. ↑ a b Darren Neville: Police Cooperation . June 2015 ( online ).
  36. ^ Matthias Monroy: Europol in the third generation . Telepolis , December 29, 2009.
  37. ↑ Documentation: FBI - the dark power " Phoenix , WDR 2007, accessed on September 30, 2017 on YouTube.
  38. ↑ See in detail Ellermann, Europol and FBI , Baden-Baden 2005.
  39. ↑ Annual Report 2008 . European Police Office, 2008, ISBN 978-92-95018-75-4 , ISSN 1681-1550 , 2.7.2 Organized Crime Threat Assessment, p.   26th f . (British English, 96 pp., europa.eu [PDF; 839 kB ; accessed on May 18, 2018]).
  40. ↑ Annual Report 2008 . European Police Office, 2008, ISBN 978-92-95018-75-4 , ISSN 1681-1550 , 2.7.3 Russian Organized Crime Threat Assessment, p.   27 (British English, 96 pp., Europa.eu [PDF; 839 kB ; accessed on May 18, 2018]).
  41. ↑ Annual Report 2008 . European Police Office, 2008, ISBN 978-92-95018-75-4 , ISSN 1681-1550 , 2.5 Terrorism, p.   23 (British English, 96 pp., Europa.eu [PDF; 839 kB ; accessed on May 18, 2018]).
  42. ↑ europol.europa.eu (PDF; 7.3 MB)
  43. ↑ europol.europa.eu
  44. ↑ epochtimes.de
  45. ↑ tagesanzeiger.newsnetz.ch
  46. ↑ krone.at
  47. ↑ Annual Report 2008 . European Police Office, 2008, ISBN 978-92-95018-75-4 , ISSN 1681-1550 , 2.3.3 Child abuse (including child sexual abuse on the internet), pp.   19th f . (British English, 96 pp., europa.eu [PDF; 839 kB ; accessed on May 18, 2018]).
  48. ↑ europol.europa.eu ( Memento of November 3, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
  49. ↑ Europol shows clues from child abuse images to track offenders. BBC , June 1, 2017, accessed June 3, 2017 .
  50. ^ EU Most Wanted - Partners & Agreements - Europol. In: europol.europa.eu. Retrieved May 3, 2020 .
  51. ↑ ENFAST - Europe's most wanted. In: eumostwanted.eu. Retrieved May 3, 2020 .

Coordinates: 52 ° 5 ′ 33 ″  N , 4 ° 16 ′ 52 ″  E