Fusion Center

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New Jersey Fusion Center on May 19, 2008

A Fusion Center ( American English ; in British spelling Fusion Center ; composed of fusion , "amalgamation, union, merger," and center , "central office") is an establishment in which various organizations of the intelligence and police community and other agencies to combat one or more threats work together permanently. For this purpose, information from authorities at all levels of government hierarchy and also supranational and non-governmental organizations on terrorist , criminal and other activities and threats is collated and related.

Emergence

designation

The name Fusion Center was introduced in the USA . There is no German generic term for this type of facility. One speaks of "official cooperation" or "file", for example the counter-terrorism file . In the USA, fusion center at the behest of the Department of Homeland Security ( Department of Homeland Security , short DHS) and the Department of Justice ( Department of Justice established shortly DOJ). The establishment is legally decided by 6 USC 124h Department of Homeland Security State, Local, and Regional Fusion Center Initiative . In December 2010, the Washington Post named 3984 organizations that are networked in American fusion centers, around a quarter of which were founded after the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001 . The 2008 staff was estimated at 800,000 in the Fusion Centers area.

In its own presentation, the DOJ Fusion Center describes as follows:

A fusion center is an effective and efficient mechanism to exchange information and intelligence, maximize resources, streamline operations, and improve the ability to fight crime and terrorism by merging data from a variety of sources. In addition, fusion centers are a conduit for implementing portions of the National Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan (NCISP).

“A Fusion Center is an effective and efficient mechanism for sharing intelligence information and analysis, maximizing resources, streamlining workflows, and improving the fight against crime and terrorism by pooling data from a variety of sources. In addition, the Fusion Centers are a means of implementing parts of the NCISP (National Plan for Merging Information) "

Fusion Centers differ in the composition of the participating authorities. Many states have Fusion Centers where state agencies share information with federal agencies. Federal authorities, in turn, maintain Fusion Centers that specialize in specific areas, such as the MTAC , which is incorporated in NCIS , on threats to facilities and personnel of the Navy and Marines. In addition, fusion exist Centers for special areas, such as hazardous materials ( National Hazardous Materials Fusion Center , shortly HAZMATFC) or for agriculture .

reasons

Although the French UCLAT ( Unité de Coordination de la Lutte Anti-Terrorism ), founded in 1984, was an early fusion center, the triggering incident for most of the centers was the terrorist attacks of September 11th. Analyzes show that the changes in the world with new, differently functioning threats after the fall of the Berlin Wall make it necessary to adapt strategies . The former threatened military conflict between the political blocks East and West was an increasingly minor threat. At the same time, national and international terrorism took on new forms that could no longer be brought into line with earlier camp thinking. The need for risk assessments increased and because the domestic and international services in most countries were organized in separate structures, cooperation had to start on this. As required in the famous postulate of Alfred D. Chandler junior for organizations in the economy ( " structure follows strategy " ), the structures had to be adapted to the changed strategy.

aims

The DOJ states in the guidelines ( Fusion Center Guidelines: Law Enforcement Intelligence, Public Safety, and the Private Sector ) as the objectives of Fusion Centers: “... to create a mechanism where police authorities , public safety and private partners with common goals come together and the Enhance ability to ensure home security and prevent criminal activity. A police officer, firefighter or building inspector shouldn't have to search for information. You should address exactly one point, the responsible Fusion Center. "

In addition to these goals, those responsible are now focusing on other threats, new forms of extremism , organized crime (OK), proliferation of weapons for mass destruction , computer crime and cyber war , the struggle for energy resources, failing states , climate change and others. Due to the increasing networking of national and international threats, police forces and intelligence services increasingly had to work in the traditional areas of responsibility of the other organization. Thus, the economic interests of the organizations also promote cooperation.

Participating organizations

Fusion Centers goals range from avoidance to intervention in all threats to public life, including natural disasters , chemical accidents and medical risks. In the Fusion Centers, more and more diverse organizations are connected than is apparent at first glance. Obviously, police authorities and territorial security are involved, demonstrably, for example

In addition to the US police authorities, international organizations are also involved, namely:

In addition, there are also less obvious authorities that are mainly concerned with risks other than terrorist or criminal, such as:

Furthermore, reference is made to private organizations, mostly without being more specific, for example

  • Insurance company or the central processing point for insurance claims.
  • religious groups
  • Neighborhood watches ( English Block Watches )
  • Private security companies
  • Tourism agencies and hotels
  • Banks
  • Water and energy supply companies
  • School authorities and universities
  • Technology companies, such as telephone companies
  • Transport company
  • communal groups

In addition, other Fusion Centers are also involved in individual Fusion Centers. It is not known whether and to what extent information is also passed on secondary, i.e. H. via a fusion center.

Guidelines

According to CNN reporter Heidi Collins, there is no strict oversight of Fusion Centers. However, the DOJ has published guidelines for the operation of Fusion Centers, citing the following eighteen points.

  1. Data sharing plan ( National Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan , NCISP for short ) and fusion process
  2. Mission statement and stated goals
  3. Organizational elements
  4. Cooperation (who with whom, when, how ...)
  5. Letters of intent to work together and a non-disclosure agreement
  6. Database resources
  7. Connection of the databases (interconnectivity)
  8. Civil rights and human rights
  9. Establish security according to specifications
  10. Locations, premises and physical infrastructure
  11. Personnel ( Human Resources ) (recruitment, training, definition, etc.)
  12. Training of the staff in the center
  13. Multidisciplinary attention and training
  14. Security agency products
  15. Company guidelines and regulations
  16. Key figures for measuring and assessing performance
  17. financing
  18. Communication plans

This is a description of the organizational structure and the topics to be considered, not binding regulations. Fusion Centers therefore differ significantly from one another.

Centers in the United States

The American federal government has two Fusion Centers in Washington, DC :

  • the Foreign Terrorist Tracking Task Force in the FBI and
  • the Multiple Threat Alert Center ( MTAC ) in NCIS , which specializes in facilities of the Navy and Marines , in which national and international information intersect.

Six federally funded regional centers ( Regional Information Sharing Systems, RISS ) serve to bring together information in the respective regions, which also include Canadian provinces, British and Australian authorities. RISS centers were established in 1973. RISS operates an intranet , RISS.net, which has been connected to the FBI's Law Enforcement Online (LEO) network since September 2002 . This combination is used for the transmission of sensitive, non-secret data.

abbreviation designation Headquarters Attendees
MAGLOCLEN Middle Atlantic-Great Lakes Organized Crime Law Enforcement Network Newton, Pennsylvania Delaware , Indiana , Maryland , Michigan , New Jersey , New York , Ohio , Pennsylvania , District of Columbia , the provinces of Ontario

and Québec in Canada, and participating organizations in Australia and the UK

MOCIC Mid-States Organized Crime Information Center Springfield, Missouri Illinois , Iowa , Kansas , Minnesota , Missouri , Nebraska , North Dakota , South Dakota , Wisconsin . There are also Canadian members.
NESPIN New England State Police Information Network Franklin (Massachusetts) Connecticut , Maine , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , Rhode Island , and Vermont . There are also Canadian members.
RMIN Rocky Mountain Information Network Phoenix (Arizona) Arizona , Colorado , Idaho , Montana , Nevada , New Mexico , Utah , Wyoming, and Alberta , British Columbia , and Saskatchewan in Canada
ROCIC Regional Organized Crime Information Center Nashville , Tennessee Alabama , Arkansas , Florida , Georgia , Kentucky , Louisiana , Mississippi , North Carolina , Oklahoma , South Carolina , Tennessee , Texas , Virginia , West Virginia , Puerto Rico , US Virgin Islands
WSIN Western States Information Network Sacramento , California Alaska , California , Hawaii , Oregon , Washington (State). There are also Canadian and Australian members as well as Guam .

In 2006, four out of five states were already operating at least one Fusion Center or preparing to introduce it. Only Arkansas, Hawaii, Idaho, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Wyoming had not yet started setting up such centers.

NSA

The National Security Agency is involved in various fusion centers. However, participation is generally not made public. The involvement is evident in the Utah data center in Bluffdale, which has been in operation since late 2013 .

Fusion Centers outside of the United States

Fusion centers are now being set up in almost all developed nations. Fusion centers in Mexico, Australia, Great Britain, Germany, France and other countries can be identified from press releases. The European Union and NATO also operate Fusion Centers. Due to the different legal situation, differences arise in the organization and the resources used. In particular, cooperation between the police authorities is strengthened through the exchange of experience across national borders (see below, Fusion Task Force ).

Germany

Systems with the aim of providing national search support have long ensured that the police authorities of the federal states were able to use a standardized query at the Federal Criminal Police Office. The system regulated by the BKA Act , originally called INPOL , has since been replaced by INPOL-neu . A data merger has to take place here just to identify a possible perpetrator. However, there is still a lack of “irrelevant”, ie non-police databases in the process.

In the aftermath of 9/11 , counter-terrorism activities were started in Germany . In 2004, the Joint Counter-Terrorism Center (GTAZ) was founded in Berlin for this purpose , in which 38 different authorities exchange their information. The GTAZ is an index file in the sense of a Fusion Center. The structures chosen are very different from similar institutions in the US or UK in order to avoid legal problems. For example, no director is appointed and the premises of the police and secret services are strictly separated in order not to violate the requirement of separation between the intelligence services and the police . Germany is heavily involved in the integration of counter-terrorism information in Europe; Approx. 80 percent of the information in the European Union's counter-terrorism databases comes from Germany.

Unlike in the USA, no private companies participate in fusion centers in Germany. The connection between the security forces and industry is maintained by the Alliance for Security in Business (ASW) in Berlin. It is not clear whether information and data collections from industry are also made available to the authorities, except in cases where this is prescribed by law.

In addition to the GTAZ, which focuses entirely on Islamic terrorism , an anti-terrorist database has been made available in various police authorities on the basis of existing databases since 2007 .

The Abwehrzentrum gegen Rechts (GAR) was founded in December 2011 under the impression of crimes committed by the National Socialist Underground (NSU) . In 2012, a “working group” with around 40 federal and state authorities followed, the Joint Extremism and Terrorism Center (GETZ) in Cologne and Meckenheim near Bonn, relatively close to the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution and the Federal Criminal Police Office . In addition to right-wing extremism, the new Fusion Center is also responsible for espionage, left-wing extremism and foreign extremism. As confirmed by the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution, the GAR is merged into the newly founded GETZ, so that only two fusion centers remain.

precursor

The first data coordination in Germany was used as part of the grid search in 1979 to combat terrorism. These efforts still lacked the analysis capabilities of modern databases and the amount of data was manageable. Nevertheless, data from electricity suppliers have already been evaluated here in order to discover possible conspiratorial apartments of RAF terrorists. It is true that German electricity suppliers were state monopoly companies at the time, but the exchange of data between civil authorities and police and intelligence services has already been carried out.

Other authorities also developed the need to integrate information, for example BASIS (Bavarian Alarm and Security Information System) in 1993 or the Federal Office for Civil Protection and Disaster Relief with its joint reporting and situation center . However, the objective here is to be able to act in the event of a disaster. Security aspects of this work were limited to regulatory interventions.

Great Britain

In addition to the NATO Fusion Centers (see below) and the RISS Centers (see above), the British government also operates Fusion Centers. The most important is the Joint Terrorism Analysis Center (JTAC) founded in 2003 and affiliated with MI5 with the task of fighting international terrorism everywhere (“at home and overseas”). JTAC operates independently from the rest of the secret service. Here 16 government agencies cooperate under the direction of the Director General of the Security Service. The activities are monitored by the Cabinet Office .

The Joint Intelligence Operations Center Europe (JIOCEUR ) , known as the " Joint Analysis Center " (JAC), is located on the Air Force Base in Alconbury ( Huntingdonshire ) in the immediate vicinity of the NATO Fusion Center (see below).

Fusion Center of International Organizations

Fusion Centers of NATO

NATO Intelligence Fusion Center (NIFC)

Coat of arms of the NATO Intelligence Fusion Center

In Molesworth ( Cambridgeshire , Great Britain ), near Milton Keynes , NATO has been operating the NATO Intelligence Fusion Center (NIFC) since 2006 at the suggestion of General James L. Jones . This center was originally planned by the Allied Command Transformation as a NATO coordination center for the war on terror . The signatory states ratified the facility on October 5, and the establishment began on October 18. Operations began in 2007. According to its own information, the NIFC is financed by the USA and employs over 200 specialists from 26 of the 28 NATO countries and one non-NATO country. The center is assigned to the area of ​​responsibility of the Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE), which in turn reports to the Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR).

Little is known about the participants or information providers at the NIFC. Not even all NATO members provide general information. Albania did not join the center until 2010. But also non-NATO members, i.e. "close allies" such as:

The following bodies are also named:

The functionality is also not discussed publicly and little is known. The activities are divided into the areas of command, data analysis, an operational and a support department. Presumably they work in 4 shifts. The NIFC provides strategic information on operational sites ( all-source strategic and tactical theater intelligence ≈ ASAS ), compiled from various sources, in response to requests ( Request for information ≈ RI ) from US or NATO command posts. In addition, incomplete information is pointed out and recommendations are given to improve information processing. The NIFC also supports the electronic battlefield of cyber defense and attack with planning data and technical expertise, also known under the acronym C 4 ISTAR (composed of C 4 = command, control, communications, computers and ISTAR = intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition , and reconnaissance ).

In 2007 it was proposed to transform the NIFC into a joint NATO / EU fusion center.

NATO Civil-Military Fusion Center (NATO CFC)

In 2008, the NATO Allied Command Transformation set up a trial facility in Norfolk (Virginia) that compiled open source intelligence and made it freely available. Under the name Civil-Military Fusion Center (CFC) around 10 people put together weekly and monthly news overviews on specific topics such as Afghanistan, Horn of Africa, Iraq, etc. and send the information to the e-mails of registered users.

Fusion Task Force

Interpol's Fusion Task Force (FTF) was established in September 2002 as a result of the increasing internationalization of terrorism. Here, 270 FTF officers in 160 countries not only examine terrorist attacks, but also the organizational structures, training, financing, methods and motives of terrorist organizations . The FTF names the main objectives:

  • Identification of terrorist organizations and their members
  • Buying, collecting and sharing data and information
  • Support in analyzing the data
  • Enhancing the ability of member states to deal with the threat of terrorism and organized crime.

For this purpose, the activities are organized in six regional projects:

  • ProjeKt Al Qabdah (Middle East and North Africa);
  • Project Amazon (Central and South America);
  • Baobab project (East, West and South Africa);
  • Kalkan Project (Central and South Asia);
  • Project Nexus (Europe);
  • Project Pacific (Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands);

Since 2003, Interpol has been offering the member states the Interpol Global Communication System 24/7 secure communication paths (I24 / 7≈ Interpol 24 hours, 7 days) through which the connected police authorities can access the Interpol databases at any time. Interpol has databases of criminals and suspects' names, wanted people, fingerprints, photographs, DNA profiles, stolen vehicles, stolen and lost travel documents, and weapons used in crimes. Member states are also encouraged to share information on relevant events, such as suspicious financial transactions, arms smuggling, money laundering, forged travel documents and the seizure of radioactive, chemical and biological materials.

In addition to collecting and providing data from the member states, Interpol is also a direct participant in Fusion Centers, such as the Commonwealth Fusion Center in Massachusetts. It is not known to what extent additional information will also flow to Interpol via these channels. As Interpol's statutes do not contain any data protection clauses, there is no supervision of the data exchanged.

Europe

The European Union does not officially have its own intelligence service . There is no legal basis for the unofficial authority INTCEN and, in addition, the European Parliament does not have the usual supervisory rights. A large number of different coordination mechanisms and channels have been established to coordinate activities, including the de facto fusion center INTCEN ( Intelligence Center ) until the end of 2015 under the leadership of Ilkka Salmi , a Council Working Group on Counter-Terrorism (COTER), which Council Working Group on Terrorism (RAG TE), the European Satellite Center in Torrejon (EUSC) or the Counter Terrorism Coordinator (CTC, since 2007 Gilles de Kerchove ).

The publication of intelligence information by former NSA employee Edward Snowden also revealed that American intelligence services had wiretapped EU diplomats. As a result, EU Commissioners are calling for an EU intelligence service to be set up. According to the Daily Telegraph, the establishment of one has since been initiated. Accordingly, this secret service should be under the control of the EU High Representative for Foreign and Security Policy . INTCEN was allegedly intended for this role. In March 2014, the head of INTCEN denied the implementation of these plans. According to his information, INTCEN only works with information that is voluntarily given by national secret services or with open source intelligence. The responsibility for electronic counterintelligence cannot be assigned either. The European Center for Combating Cybercrime (EC3) (see below) can be excluded according to the statements of the then head Troels Oerting , and for INTCEN the head Ilkka Salmi denies this.

In addition to these EU institutions, there is also cooperation within the framework of Europol , Eurojust , Police Working Group , Middle European Conference or the Berner Club . With the exception of Europol (see below), an informal level is maintained and no data is merged.

After the attack on Charlie Hebdo on January 7, 2015, the MEP of the CDU, Manfred Weber , suggested creating a "common threat file " that should be "maintained by all security authorities in the EU". According to the Neue Osnabrücker Zeitung , neither an authority has been named nor a basis for such a data fusion has been created.

Europol

Europol collects data from participating countries in the Europol Information System (EIS) and also uses open source intelligence . This necessarily requires a merger process, which, according to Europol (Goal 2), should be further strengthened. The Europol Analysis System (EAS) was introduced for this purpose . Europol cooperates with private companies, for example within the framework of the EC3. It is not known whether and which data will be exchanged in this context and whether this data will also be included in the merger process. In addition, there are data exchange agreements between Europol and non-European countries. For example, Europol supplies personal data to the United States.

Criticism of Fusion Centers

According to Monahan and Palmer, participants in fusion centers and other information are concealed. In a search for press articles between November 2002 and December 2008, the researchers were able to identify only 49 individual articles about Fusion Centers, in which, according to their statements, only superficial information can be found. According to the researchers, the criticism of the Fusion Centers focuses on three areas:

  • the inefficiency taking into account the funds used - The 2010 budget was approximately $ 45 billion. In 2012, a Senate Commission of Inquiry accused Homeland Security of wastefulness and possible violations of civil rights. Despite the investigation, it was not possible to give a precise answer to the funds expended and the report vaguely names “283 million to 1.4 billion federal funds between 2003 and 2011” (state funds were not taken into account).
  • the dangers of a "mission creep" in which the original goals are slowly replaced by new goals and
  • the violation of human and civil rights

The critics include not only civil rights organizations such as the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), but also senators such as Tom Coburn (Oklahoma).

In addition to these points of criticism, certain overlaps have become known that could lead to problems in Germany, for example the use of military drones to combat drug-related crime. This kind of intermingling is definitely a problem and was discussed in Germany as early as 2007 in connection with the "Federal Monitoring Center", the concentration of wiretapping activities for the protection of the constitution, the Federal Police and the Federal Criminal Police Office in the Federal Administration Office in Cologne.

Web links

  • Report of the Permanent Subcommittee On Investigations of October 3, 2012

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Gudrun Persson: Fusion Centers - Lessons Learned. (PDF; 765 KB) A study of coordination functions for intelligence and security services. In: Digitala Vetenskapliga Arkivet. Center for Asymmetric Threat Studies, 2013, accessed May 19, 2019 (UK English).
  2. ↑ a b c d e f Fusion Centers and Intelligence Sharing. In: Webpage of the Department of Justice. Retrieved December 1, 2011 .
  3. ↑ a b Dana Priest and William M. Arkin ; Monitoring America , The Washington Post December 20, 2010; Retrieved December 1, 2011.
  4. ^ Mike German and Jay Stanley (2008) ACLU Fusion Center Update, July ; Online (PDF; 340 kB); Retrieved December 1, 2011.
  5. ↑ Webpage ( memento of January 29, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) of the NCIS Association, accessed on November 27, 2011.
  6. ↑ Webpage ( Memento of January 11, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) of the National Hazardous Materials Fusion Center.
  7. ↑ a b Webpage of the Oklahoma Information Fusion Center (OIFC).
  8. ^ Alfred D. Chandler (1962) Strategy and Structure , MIT Press Cambridge, MA.
  9. ↑ Leon Furth ; Looking for the Next Tsunami ; The New York Times, January 7, 2005, accessed December 2, 2011.
  10. ^ A b Blake Harris Fusion Centers May Strengthen Emergency Management (August 19, 2008), accessed November 30, 2011.
  11. ↑ a b Webpage ( memento of October 21, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 311 kB) of the Centers for Disease-Control (CDC) with guidelines for the exchange of information, accessed on December 1, 2011.
  12. ↑ a b c d e f g Considerations for Fusion Center and Emergency Operations Center Coordination. (PDF; 4.9 MB) Accessed December 1, 2011 (English, example of a declaration of intent in the appendix).
  13. ↑ a b c d e Fusion Center Success Stories. In: Homeland Security webpage. Retrieved December 1, 2011 .
  14. ↑ a b c d e f g h Colorado's Fusion Center Recognized at National Fusion Center Conference. In: Webpage of the Homeland Security Department. February 24, 2010, accessed December 1, 2011 .
  15. ↑ a b c d e f Webpage  ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) (PDF; 178 kB) of the Customs and Border Protection Agency, accessed on December 1, 2011 @1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.cbp.gov
  16. ↑ a b National Gang Threat Assessment 2011. (pdf) Retrieved June 5, 2018 (English).
  17. ↑ a b c d e Information sheet from the Commonwealth Fusion Center, Massachusetts
  18. ^ Testimony of Director Robert Riegle, State and Local Program Office, Office of Intelligence and Analysis, before the Committee on Homeland Security, Subcommittee on Intelligence, Information Sharing, and Terrorism Risk Assessment, "The Future of Fusion Centers: Potential Promise and Dangers" . In: Homeland Security webpage. Retrieved December 1, 2011 .
  19. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Community Liaison Program (CLP). Archived from the original on January 24, 2011 ; Retrieved December 1, 2011 (participant from a list from the Arizona Counter Terrorism Information Center).
  20. ↑ a b c d e f g h Torin Monahan, Neal A. Palmer (2009): The Emerging Politics of DHS Fusion Centers ; Sage Publications; online (PDF; 238 kB).
  21. ↑ a b Transcript of the broadcast from September 30, 2009; Retrieved December 2, 2011.
  22. ↑ a b c d e f David S. MacGregor (2010) FUSION 2.0: The next Generation of Fusion in California: Aligning State and Regional Fusion Centers , Thesis of the Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California.
  23. ^ Regional Information Sharing Systems (RISS) Program. A Proven Resource for Law Enforcement. In: RISS webpage. Archived from the original on March 4, 2011 ; accessed on December 1, 2011 .
  24. ↑ a b c Network and Systems (PDF; 1 MB); Federation of American Scientists; Retrieved December 3, 2011.
  25. ↑ a b Webpage ( Memento from May 22, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 259 kB) of the Federation of American Scientists, information date March 8, 2006; Retrieved December 1, 2011.
  26. ↑ Mike Maharrey, Can Utah Shut Down the NSA Data Fusion Center By Turning Off the Water? , in OCCUPY.com on February 13, 2014.
  27. ↑ a b Ginger Thompson and Mark Mazzetti ; Drones Fight Mexican Drug Trade ; The New York Times March 15, 2011; Retrieved December 2, 2011.
  28. ↑ ACC Fusion Center uncovers Organized Crime figures. In: Australian Crime Commission (ACC) webpage. July 16, 2011, archived from the original on June 5, 2012 ; accessed on December 2, 2011 .
  29. ↑ CHDA degree Exchange Best Practices in Europe ( Memento of 7 March 2014 Internet Archive ), Monterey, California; May 2012.
  30. ↑ a b c Counter-terrorism center opened despite boycotts in some countries, Die Welt November 15, 2012.
  31. ↑ a b Dorothee Dienstbühl (2013) Limited effectiveness? - After the BVerfG judgment on the Anti-Terrorism Files Act ( memento of April 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) ; Publicus-Boorberg.
  32. ↑ a b Eric Töpfer; Fusion centers and joint databases in Germany: Function creep and the elusive accountability of sharing counterterrorism intelligence ; Session Summary of the 6th Biannual Surveillance and Society Conference ; Barcelona, ​​April 24-26, 2014.
  33. ^ Webpage ( memento of January 30, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) of the Working Group for the Security of the Economy; Retrieved December 3, 2011
  34. ↑ a b Wolf Schmidt dispute over the third super agency ; in the Berlin daily newspaper on November 14, 2012.
  35. ^ Deutsche Welle New Defense Center Against Terrorism ; Retrieved November 17, 2012.
  36. ↑ Joint Extremism and Terrorism Defense Center (GETZ). In: verfassungsschutz.de. Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution, accessed on April 11, 2014 .
  37. ↑ a b Press release from the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution on the launch of the Joint Extremism and Terrorism Defense Center to combat right-wing extremism / terrorism, left-wing extremism / terrorism, foreign extremism / terrorism and espionage / proliferation (GETZ). (PDF; 529 kB) Accessed November 17, 2012 .
  38. ↑ The position of the RAF has improved . In: Der Spiegel . No.  37 , 1986, pp. 38–61 ( online - September 8, 1986 , former BKA boss Horst Herold on terrorists and computer searches).
  39. ↑ BASIS ( Memento from February 1, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 60 kB) EDP ​​in disaster control - Contribution to the Bavarian disaster control conference March 5 and 6 in Landshut ; Civil Protection Project Group, Munich, February 25, 2008.
  40. ↑ a b c Webpage ( memento of September 18, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) of the Security Service (MI5), accessed on December 3, 2011.
  41. ↑ Bryan Mitchel , NATO Intelligence Fusion Center opens in England ; Stars and Stripes October 17, 2006; Retrieved December 2, 2011.
  42. ↑ a b c d e Official website of the page no longer available , search in web archives: Nato Intelligence Fusion Center, NIFC  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed January 23, 2014.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / web.ifc.bices.org@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / web.ifc.bices.org  
  43. ↑ Bryan Mitchel; NATO Intelligence Fusion Center opens in England , Stars and Stripes, October 17, 2006, p. 1;
    Laurence Mixon; Requirements and Challenges Facing the NATO Intelligence Fusion Center . The Air War College, Air University, Maxwell AFB, 2007; New NATO Intelligence Center Opens in Britain, Defense News, October 16, 2006.
  44. ^ Balkans Business Week (October 13, 2010) Albania Gov approves joining NATO's Intelligence Fusion Center ; accessed on January 23, 2014.
  45. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Friedrich W. Korkisch (2010) NATO Gets Better Intelligence - New Challenges Require New Answers to Satisfy Intelligence Needs for Headquarters and Deployed / Employed Forces ; Institute for Foreign and Security Policy; Vienna. Online .
  46. ↑ Klaus Naumann, John Shalikashvili, The Lord Inge, Jacques Lanxade, Henk van den Breemen (2007) Towards a Grand Strategy for an Uncertain World . Renewing Transatlantic Partnership. Lunteren: Noaber Foundation, p. 142.
  47. ^ A b NATO Civil-Military Fusion Center. Archived from the original on April 23, 2012 ; accessed on July 25, 2014 (English).
  48. ^ A b c "Best Practices" in Combating Terrorism. (PDF) INTERPOL, accessed on January 25, 2014 (documents on the United Nations website).
  49. ↑ Bernd Rossbach (2013). INTERPOL's Strategy for Combating Transnational Terrorism , SIAK - Journal - Journal for Police Science and Police Practice (2), 14–23, doi : 10.7396 / 2013_2_B .
  50. ↑ a b c Fusion Task Force. Archived from the original on October 7, 2011 ; Retrieved January 25, 2014 (English, website of the Fusion Task Force at Interpol).
  51. ↑ Huseyin Durmaz, Bilal Sevinc, Ahmed Sait Yayla and Siddik Ekici (2007) Understanding and Responding to Terrorism; NATO Security through Science Series, E: Human and Societal Dynamics - Vol. 19 IOS Press, Amsterdam; ISBN 978-1-58603-740-6 ; Page 4.
  52. ↑ Mai'a K. Davis Cross: EU Intelligence Sharing & The Joint Situation Center: A Glass Half-Full ( Memento from February 1, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) euce.org, pdf, accessed on September 6, 2012.
  53. ↑ Report ( Memento of the original from September 2, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. the Cross-border Research Association (CBRA - BMT, Ave d ́Echallens 74, CH-1004 Lausanne); accessed on March 4, 2014.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.focusproject.eu
  54. ↑ a b c Thomas Pankratz, The fight against international terrorism as one of the central challenges for the European Union ; “The fight against international terrorism as one of the central challenges for the European Union” ( Memento of the original from September 23, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.david.juden.at
  55. ^ Claus Hecking and Stefan Schultz; Spying 'Out of Control': EU Official Questions Trade Negotiations ; Der Spiegel Online International; 30th of June 2013.
  56. ↑ a b c d Bruno Waterfield; Brussels demands 'EU intelligence service' to spy on US ; The Telegraph November 4, 2013; Online .
  57. ↑ a b c Kristof Clerix, Ilkka Salmi, the EU's spymaster , Mondiaal Nieuws of March 14, 2014; accessed on July 14, 2015.
  58. ↑ a b Monika Ermert, head of the EU Cybercops, takes stock of the success , Heise, February 10, 2014.
  59. ↑ a b EU is looking for ways against terrorism in the Neue Osnabrücker Zeitung from January 19, 2015.
  60. ↑ a b Europol Work Program 2014 ( Memento of March 12, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) on the Europol website.
  61. ↑ Small question from the MPs Andrej Hunko, Wolfgang Gehrcke, Jan van Aken, Annette Groth, Ulla Jelpke, Dr. Alexander S. Neu, Frank Tempel, Halina Wawzyniak, Jörn Wunderlich and the DIE LINKE parliamentary group in the 18th German Bundestag on February 6, 2015, upgrading of IT analysis capabilities at the EU police agency Europol ; Retrieved July 10, 2015.
  62. ^ Günther K. Weisse, Fighting Cyber ​​Crime by EUROPOL - Consequences for the German Economy ; on security alarms ; accessed on March 5, 2014.
  63. ↑ Budget-in-Brief Fiscal Year 2010. (PDF; 2.2 MB) Retrieved on December 2, 2011 (English, short budget of the Department of Homeland Security for 2010).
  64. ↑ a b c d Michael Isikoff Homeland Security 'fusion' centers spy on citizens, produce 'shoddy' work, report says , NBC-News of October 2, 2012.
  65. ↑ Robert O'Harrow Jr, DHS 'fusion centers' portrayed as pools of ineptitude, civil liberties intrusions ; The Washington Post, October 2, 2012 Online .
  66. ↑ Webpage ( Memento of the original dated December 2, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. "We are Change", Fusion Center Documents Label OKC Bombing Investigators as Terrorists ; Retrieved December 2, 2011  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.wearechange.org
  67. ↑ Heise Federal Government: Federal eavesdropping center is a pure IT measure , from December 22, 2007, 5:18 pm; Retrieved December 4, 2011.

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