Attack on Charlie Hebdo

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
After the attack became known, people around the world spontaneously took to the streets, many carried placards with the expression “ Je suis Charlie ” (“I am Charlie”).

The attack on Charlie Hebdo was an Islamist-motivated terrorist attack that was carried out on January 7, 2015 against the editorial staff of the satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo in Paris . Two masked perpetrators, who later professed Al-Qaeda in Yemen , broke into the editorial offices of the magazine, killed eleven people (including a police officer deployed for personal protection), injured several people present and murdered another police officer while they were fleeing. On January 9, they holed up in Dammartin-en-Goële ; Security forces shot the two perpetrators.

On January 8, a policewoman was shot dead by another heavily armed perpetrator in the south of Paris. The next day he attacked the Hyper Cacher supermarket for kosher goods in east Paris, killing four people and taking others hostage . The perpetrator claimed responsibility for the Islamic State by telephone and said his actions were linked to the attack on Charlie Hebdo . He was shot dead by security forces when they stormed the supermarket.

In December 2020, a Paris court sentenced several defendants for aiding and abetting long prison terms. The main accused, Ali Riza Polat, was found guilty of aiding and abetting terrorist crimes and was sentenced to 30 years in prison.

Until the terrorist attacks in Paris in November 2015 , the attack on the editorial team was the one with the highest death toll in France since the attack on the Strasbourg – Paris express train on June 18, 1961, in which 28 people died and 170 were injured.

background

The editorial staff of Charlie Hebdo after the 2011 arson attack

Charlie Hebdo is a weekly satirical magazine; Alongside Le Canard enchaîné, it is considered the most important satirical magazine in France. The magazine is one of the few in the world thatreprintedthe Mohammed cartoons from the Danish Jyllands-Posten in February 2006. The Jyllands-Posten and their cartoonist Kurt Westergaard were themselves the target of attacks in 2010.

Under the title Charia Hebdo , a special issue on the election success of the Islamists in Tunisia was published on November 2, 2011 and named as editor-in-chief "Mohammed", who also featured a caricature with the words "100 lashes if you don't laugh yourself to death!" was pictured. On the same day an arson attack was carried out on the editorial offices. After Charlie Hebdo published more cartoons of Mohammed in September 2012, a man was arrested in La Rochelle who was responsible for the murder of editor- in- chief and publisher Stéphane Charbonnierhad called. At the beginning of March 2013, Charbonnier was advertised as one of ten people "dead or alive for crimes against Islam" in the online magazine Inspire "for wanted". The magazine, which is attributed to the Al-Qaeda branch of Al-Qaida in Yemen , used the slogans “One bullet a day protects against unbelievers” and “Defend the Prophet Mohammed, peace be upon him”.

The cover of Charlie Hebdo on January 7, 2015 the theme of a published the same day Roman Soumission of Michel Houellebecq , the one Islamized describes the France of 2022, in which the Sharia is introduced. In the same issue one of the last caricatures by editor-in-chief Charbonnier appeared, with the headline “No assassinations in France yet” and the drawn reply from an armed Islamist: “Wait and see. You have until the end of January to deliver your holiday greetings. "

Assault on Charlie Hebdo

Rescue workers in front of the Charlie Hebdo office on January 7, 2015

As every Wednesday, the editors of Charlie Hebdo met at 10:00 a.m. for the weekly meeting in the office on Rue Nicolas-Appert ( 11th arrondissement , Lage ) in the center of Paris.

At 11:30 a.m., the brothers Saïd and Chérif Kouachi, masked and heavily armed with Kalashnikovs, first entered the wrong building at number 6, which only housed the archive. After the two assassins noticed their mistake, they entered the editorial building at number 10 and shot the maintenance technician Frédéric Boisseau in the entrance area, who was in the lobby of the building. They then threatened the cartoonist Corinne Rey ("Coco"), who they met on the staircase, and forced her to enter the access code to the editorial rooms on the second floor.

The perpetrators then stormed the office and opened fire there. In the act they shouted slogans like Allahu Akbar and On a vengé le prophète! ("We have avenged the prophet!").

The perpetrators shot ten people in the editorial office: the editor and draftsman Stéphane Charbonnier (“Charb”), the draftsmen Jean Cabut (“Cabu”), Bernard Verlhac (“Tignous”), Philippe Honoré and Georges Wolinski , the economist and co-owner of Bernard Maris magazine ("Oncle Bernard"), the editor Mustapha Ourrad, the cultural organizer Michel Renaud, the psychiatrist and psychoanalyst Elsa Cayat and the bodyguard Franck Brinsolaro. Brinsolaro was as an official of the Service de la protection of the national policy for the safety of Charbresponsible, who has been under personal protection since the arson attack in 2011.

A total of eleven people were injured, some seriously. Among them were the illustrator Laurent Sourisseau (“Riss”), the journalists Philippe Lançon and Fabrice Nicolino and the webmaster Simon Fieschi. Corinne Rey was unharmed. The journalist Laurent Léger was able to hide behind a table from the assassins. The finance director and co-owner Eric Portheault was not spotted in an adjoining room. Columnist Sigolène Vinson was seen by one of the two perpetrators, but spared. Other close colleagues such as the well-known cartoonists Luz , Willem and Catherine Meurisse were not present at the time of the attack. Editor-in-chief Gérard Biard was on a vacation trip to London.

The investigators found 31 cartridge cases with a caliber of 7.62 mm in the building. The raid only lasted about five minutes.

The perpetrators met a police patrol on the street; however, the attackers were able to flee in their car using weapons. When a nearby bicycle patrol tried to intervene on Boulevard Richard-Lenoir ( Lage ), there was another shooting, in the course of which the already wounded police officer Ahmed Merabet was killed by one of the two assassins with a shot in the head at close range has been. At the Place du Colonel Fabien , the assassins drove into a car and injured a pedestrian. Shortly afterwards, they hijacked a second car in the Rue de Meaux ( Lage ), with which they continued their escape. At the Porte de Pantin At first her trail was lost.

Search for the perpetrators and access

On the day of the crime, the Kouachi brothers and their 18-year-old brother-in-law were listed as suspects for a search. In the first getaway car, the investigators found ten Molotov cocktails , a jihad flag , walkie-talkies and a magazine, as well as Saïd Kouachi's identity card. Late in the evening, the 18-year-old, whose name was a suspect on social networks , turned himself up in Charleville-Mézièresthe police and claimed not to have been involved in the attack. After his teachers and classmates testified that he was in class at the time of the crime, he was released on January 9th. All French special forces ( GIGN , RAID , GIPN and BRI ) were involved in the search for the perpetrators .

After the Kouachi brothers received food under gun violence on the morning of the following day at the Relais du Moulin petrol station ( Lage ) near Villers-Cotterêts , the manhunt concentrated on the region around Crépy-en-Valois, northeast of Paris. At 2:30 p.m., a witness reported seeing the attackers there. An area of ​​20 square kilometers with several pieces of forest was then searched unsuccessfully by security forces. In the evening the search area was narrowed down to Corcy and a wooded area near Longpont .

One kilometer from Montagny-Sainte-Félicité , the brothers hijacked another car on January 9th at 8 a.m. They released the driver after a short drive and drove the car back towards Paris. Gunfire and a car chase on Route nationale 2 were reported at 9:20 a.m. The Kouachi brothers holed up in the building of a printing works ( Lage ), which, among other things, produces advertising signs. The building in Dammartin-en-Goële , near Paris-Charles-de-Gaulle Airport, was then surrounded by security forces. In the morning they released the company's manager; Another employee who was hiding on the second floor went unnoticed by them. Attempts by GIGN to reach the two of them on their cell phones were unsuccessful. Chérif Kouachi said in a telephone conversation with BFM TV during his stay at the printing plant that his trip to Yemen was financed by Anwar al-Awlaki and that he had been sent by Al-Qaeda in Yemen .

At 4:57 p.m. Saïd and Chérif Kouachi left the building and fired at the GIGN special forces. In the subsequent exchange of fire, both were killed. Two Kalashnikov assault rifles, a bazooka , smoke candles and a grenade were later found on the body of one of those killed at the scene .

More assassinations

Police murder in Montrouge

On the morning of January 8, 2015, one day after the attack on Charlie Hebdo, the 26-year-old city ​​police officer Clarissa Jean-Philippe - also with a Kalashnikov - was shot in Montrouge in the south of Paris ( Lage ) and a street cleaner was carried out by the same perpetrator seriously injured in a pistol shot. The murder victim was at the scene for the routine recording of a traffic accident. According to witness statements, the attacker was equipped with a bulletproof vest and cartridge belts, and managed to escape; his getaway car was found near the Arcueil RER station .

A connection with the attack on the editorial staff of Charlie Hebdo was established after a phantom picture of the perpetrator had been created with the help of eyewitnesses from Montrouge . Among the suspects identified in the picture was 32-year-old Amedy Coulibaly , known to the police as a member of a group called the Buttes-Chaumont jihadists . The day before, immediately after the attack on Charlie Hebdo,arrested wife of Chérif Kouachi confirmed to investigators that her husband and Coulibaly are well known. Both C. Kouachi and Coulibaly had been investigated for attempting to free the Islamist Smaïn Aït Ali Belkacem from prison and Coulibaly had been sentenced to prison. A witness to the Montrouge shooting identified Coulibaly in a photograph; a few hours later the DNA trace found at the crime scene (on a balaclava ) was assigned to him.

Hostage-taking in a Jewish supermarket

The Jewish supermarket after the hostage-taking

On January 9, 2015 at around 1 p.m. at Porte de Vincennes in the east of Paris , Coulibaly attacked a kosher supermarket ( Lage ) and took several hostages. Coulibaly called for the Kouachi brothers to leave and threatened to kill the hostages during a police operation. Some of them could call their loved ones; The special units received their telephone numbers from these and were able to receive information about the armament of Coulibaly by means of callbacks and to issue rules of conduct in the event of a storm.

In a phone call with BFM TV, Coulibaly said he had “agreed to start these operations” with the Kouachi brothers; he fights for the organization IS (Islamic State). Coulibaly also confessed to his actions and the agreement in a video that appeared afterwards. He also stated that he specifically selected this supermarket “because of the Jews” and killed four people. After an attempted call, the broadcaster RTL was able to overhear how Coulibaly was discussing with some hostages and justifying his actions in retaliation for the intervention in Mali and the fight against IS in the Syrian civil war: if one had not attacked the Muslims abroad, he would be a Born in France, not here now.

Shortly after the exchange of fire began in Dammartin-en-Goële, the Paris supermarket was stormed; Coulibaly was killed while being accessed by BRI and RAID around 5 p.m. He shot around with a Kalashnikov and a Scorpion submachine gun. In the supermarket, there were two Tokarev pistols and explosives about fifteen rods and four detonating devices , as booby trapswere prepared. Three policemen, but no hostages, were injured in the storm. For a short time it was assumed that Coulibaly's partner Hayat Boumeddiene was involved in the supermarket attack; later, evidence emerged that she had flown from Madrid to Istanbul on January 2nd. According to the signal on her cell phone, on the day of the attack, she crossed the border with Syria into an area controlled by IS.

The victims in the supermarket were Yohan Cohen (22, supermarket employee), Yoav Hattab (21, electrician), Philippe Braham (45, IT consultant and teacher) and François-Michel Saada (64, retired manager). All four were Jewish French and were murdered before the police could access them. Cohen and Hattab were shot while trying to steal one of his weapons from the perpetrator. Several people survived for four hours in the store's cold room, where they had been taken by Lassana Bathily, a Muslim employee of the store, to keep them out of the hostage-taker's reach.

Stop in Fontenay-aux-Roses

On the evening of January 7, 2015 , a jogger in Fontenay-aux-Roses , one of the suburbs in the south-west of Paris, was followed, shot and seriously injured by an unknown person. On January 11, it became known that cartridge cases found at the scene of the crime were from one of the Tokarev pistols found in the supermarket that Coulibaly raided two days later. Coulibaly lived in Fontenay.

Perpetrators and backers

The assassins Saïd (left) and Chérif Kouachi (undated passport photos)

Saïd and Chérif Kouachi were the sons of Algerian immigrants, born in France and were French citizens. As full orphans , they lived in a home in Treignac (Limousin region) from 1994 to 2000 . Chérif Kouachi was arrested in January 2005 while trying to travel to Syria to take part in jihad in Iraq against the American occupation . Chérif was sentenced to three years in prison, with a year and a half suspended. He was arrested again in May 2010 on suspicion of being involved in an operation aimed at freeing two of the 1995 terrorist attacks in Franceout of jail. In 2011 Saïd and Chérif traveled to Yemen and received training from al-Qaeda . The German Interior Minister de Maizière confirmed that the alleged perpetrators were not only on the US No Fly List , but were also listed for undercover surveillance on the Schengen list .

Amedy Coulibaly was born in Juvisy-sur-Orge , a suburb of Paris, in 1982 . His family is from Mali . From 2001 onwards, Coulibaly committed several armed robberies, for which he was sentenced to six years in prison in 2004. He was released early and was sentenced to a year and a half imprisonment again in 2006, this time for drug trafficking. In prison, Coulibaly met Chérif Kouachi and came into contact with Islamism. Like Chérif, Coulibaly came under suspicion of wanting to free the 1995 assassins. Unlike Kouachi, Coulibaly was arrested in 2013. A gun and ammunition had been found in his apartment. He was released again in 2014.

A week after the attack on Charlie Hebdo , one of the leaders of al-Qaeda in Yemen took responsibility and stated in a video message that the attack was planned, financed and carried out on the orders of Aiman ​​az-Zawahiri, but that Coulibaly's actions were " happened by chance next to the attack on Charlie Hebdo ”. A member of the organization had previously told the Associated Press news agencydeclares that the attack was led by them "as revenge for the honor of the prophet" Mohammed. The target was "carefully chosen" and France was chosen "because of its role in the war against Islam and oppressed nations". A senior official said the French would not live in safety "as long as they fought Allah and his Prophet and his believers".

An Islamic State preacher also took responsibility for the crime during Friday prayers in a mosque in the northern Iraqi city of Mosul, claiming that it was the beginning of a major terror campaign with further attacks in Europe and the United States. The perpetrators were described as "heroes" on an IS radio station.

Reactions

Spontaneous solidarity rally on the evening of January 7th at the Place de la République in Paris .

France

Immediately after the attack, Prime Minister Manuel Valls declared the highest level of "alerte attentats" of the Plan Vigipirate security measures catalog . President François Hollande ordered state mourning and a minute's silence as well as half-mast flagging for three days on the day after the attack . He described the murdered journalists and draftsmen as "our heroes" and the attack as a "terrorist attack with extraordinary brutality". Several attacks have already been foiled in the past few weeks, the president said. Other endangered facilities would be more protected.

French leaders from all parties condemned the attack, including the opposition leader and former President Nicolas Sarkozy , the centrist François Bayrou , the chairman of the Parti de Gauche , Jean-Luc Mélenchon , and the chairman of the Front National, Marine Le Pen .

The law enforcement authorities cracked down on acts of alleged glorification of the attack ( apologie du terrorisme ). Among other things, the anti-Semitic comedian Dieudonné M'bala M'bala was arrested for posting on Facebook and later sentenced to a suspended prison sentence of 2 months and a fine of 10,000 euros; a total of more than 50 cases were referred to the judiciary.

The trial of 14 alleged accomplices began on September 1, 2020, three of whom have been accused in absentia. One day later, Charlie Hebdo re-published the Mohammed cartoons in a special edition . The trial itself includes the accused, 94 lawyers, 200 accessory prosecutors and 144 witnesses.

Islamic countries, institutions and organizations

Expressions of solidarity in Istanbul , Turkey, on January 8, 2015

The attack was also condemned in the Muslim world; For example, the Arab League and Al-Azhar University in Cairo, as the authorities of Sunni Islam, declared: "Islam denounces all violence." The Saudi Arabian government described the attack "as a cowardly act of terrorism that offends against true Islam" . Pakistani President Mamnoon Hussain condemned "terrorism in all its forms" in his condolence to Hollande. Afghan President Ashraf Ghani also condemned the attack. In the south of Afghanistan several hundred demonstrated against this declaration and praised the assassins as “true mujahideen".

A spokeswoman for the Iranian Foreign Ministry said the terrorist attacks were unacceptable; It is just as unacceptable to insult religion and religious persons under the guise of freedom of expression. Even President Hassan Rouhani condemned violence and extremism in the name of Islam, as well as the conservative Ayatollah Ahmad Khatami in his Friday prayers. On the occasion of the attack, the Iranian cultural institute Sarcheshmeh announced a second Holocaust caricature competition in early 2015 .

The Sunni Hamas condemned the attack; Differences of opinion and belief cannot justify murder. The general secretary of the Shiite Hezbollah , Hassan Nasrallah , also said that " Takfir terrorists" (i.e. Sunni Islamists) would insult Islam more severely than "those who attacked the Prophet through pictures, films or cartoons". Yusuf al-Qaradawi , the well-known Sunni theologian, was reluctant and responded by saying that it was neither sensible nor wise to attack Mohammed. In contrast, in February 2006, after the publication of the first Mohammed cartoons, he called for a “Day of Wrath”. TheOrganization for Islamic Cooperation (OIC), an association of over 50 countries with predominantly Muslim populations, condoled the families of the victims and condemned the attacks. When the Muhammad cartoons were published in 2006, however, the OIC called for boycotts as a means of combating the alleged “ Islamophobia ”.

German-speaking countries

Je suis Charlie - Demonstration at the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin on January 7, 2015
Je suis Charlie - lettering on the French embassy in Berlin on January 11, 2015

The German Chancellor Angela Merkel said that the act was not only an attack on the lives of French citizens and the internal security of France, but also constituted an "attack on freedom of expression and freedom of the press, a core element of our liberal-democratic culture, through nothing can be justified ”. Federal Interior Minister Thomas de Maizière warned against populism: "Terrorist attacks have nothing to do with Islam". For Germany he ordered mourning flags from January 8 to 10, "as a sign of sympathy and solidarity with the French people".

Observers said that the four Jewish victims were given comparatively little thought in reporting and expressions of solidarity. In Austria, Oskar Deutsch , the President of the Israelitische Kultusgemeinde Wien , wrote an open letter to the Austrian government and criticized the fact that the term "Jewish victims" was not officially mentioned at the memorial rally on Ballhausplatz.

On January 9th, a number of Islamic organizations and religious communities, for example the Central Council of Muslims in Germany , the Islamic Council and DİTİB , published a joint report in which they condemned the attack “strongly” and called for “not to be intimidated or to split up allow". With the act, Islam, "but also any civilizational approach, is dragged into the dirt." On January 16, DİTİB organized vigils for freedom of expression and freedom of the press at over 60 rally locations across Germany.

The Austrian cartoonist Gerhard Haderer saw these events “as a mandate to take a very clear and unequivocal stand against it”, but he was also interested in: “How are the many Muslims who live with us?” One has to have “a democratic political discussion” and “argue intelligently ".

The President of the Swiss Confederation, Simonetta Sommaruga , sharply condemned the attack on behalf of Switzerland: "La Suisse condamne fermement l'attentat commis à Paris et présente ses condoléances à la France."

Other countries and organizations

Protesters in Prague , Czech Republic
Expressions of solidarity in front of the French Embassy in Moscow , Russia

The incident was condemned worldwide. The Security Council of the United Nations took a minute of silence.

American President Barack Obama declared: "France is America's oldest ally and it stands shoulder to shoulder with the United States in the fight against terrorists who threaten our common security in the world".

The chairman of the Danish Association of Journalists called the attack a "barbaric act of terror" and saw parallels between the attack in Paris and a number of attempted attacks in Denmark in connection with the Muhammad cartoons. An editor of the Jyllands-Posten was “shocked and shaken”, but “not really surprised in view of what has happened in Europe over the past ten years”.

The writer Salman Rushdie , who himself targeted a fatwa in 1989said in a press release on the day of the attack: “Religion, a medieval form of irrationality, when combined with modern weapons, becomes a real threat to our freedoms. Such religious totalitarianism has caused a fatal mutation in the heart of Islam and we are seeing the tragic consequences today in Paris. I stand behind Charlie Hebdo, as we must all do to defend the art of satire, which has always been a force for freedom and against tyranny, dishonesty and stupidity. 'Respect for religion' has become an encoded phrase meaning 'fear of religion'. Religions, like all other ideas, deserve criticism, satire, and, yes, our fearless disrespect. "

Social media

A short time after the attacks (as well as ten months later after the attacks in November 2015 in Paris ), various anti-Semitic and anti-American conspiracy myths were circulating on internet blogs .

Solidarity rallies and funeral march

In numerous French and other European cities, people took part in solidarity rallies in the evening and on the day after the Charlie Hebdo attack ; in Paris alone , 35,000 people gathered on the Place de la République . Solidarity rallies were also held outside of France, including in Brussels, Amsterdam, Vienna, Berlin, London, Rome, Milan, Madrid and Lisbon.

Most of the participants did without flags, banners and loud slogans; many displayed candles and posters that read Je suis Charlie (“I am Charlie”). This saying was previously published by members of the editorial board on the Charlie Hebdo website. The design comes from the Parisian journalist Joachim Roncin. The slogans "Je suis Ahmed" and "Je suis Juif", which were later modified from this, refer to the killed police officer Ahmed Merabet, who was a Muslim of Algerian descent, and the four Jewish victims in the kosher supermarket. Also on Saturday 10 January, around 700,000 people in France gathered for various solidarity rallies.

Participants in the funeral march in Paris on January 11, 2015

Around 1.5 million people took part in the central commemorative rally, the so-called Republican March, on Sunday, January 11th in Paris, and at least 3.7 million demonstrators across the country. The French government and representatives of all parties except the Front National were present in Paris . Over 50 high-ranking politicians, including 44 heads of state and government, from abroad also took part in the funeral march. They gathered on Boulevard Voltaire and symbolically walked a short distance because the security situation did not allow them to take part directly in the march. Chancellor Angela Merkel and Malian President Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta , among others, marched next to French President Hollande, next to them EU Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker , EU Council President Donald Tusk , Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu , the Jordanian ruling couple Rania and Abdullah , the Palestinian President Mahmud Abbas , the Spanish Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy and the Italian Prime Minister Matteo Renzi . In addition, the President of the European Parliament Martin Schulz , several ministers from Germany, the President of the National Council Doris Bures from Austria , and Foreign and Integration Minister Sebastian Kurz were also presentas well as the Interior Minister Johanna Mikl-Leitner . Federal President Simonetta Sommaruga represented the Swiss Federal Council. The Turkish Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu , the Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán and the Foreign Minister of the United Arab Emirates, Abdullah bin Zayid Al Nahyan , also took part. The Moroccan Foreign Minister Salaheddine Mezouar stayed away from the march because of “blasphemous caricatures”. Due to the threat of terrorism, US representatives were absent from the memorial march in Paris, which led to criticism. A few days later, Foreign Secretary John Kerry laid flowers at the attack sites as a show of solidarity.

In addition to French flags, various other national flags were also carried, such as Algeria or Israel. The demonstrators carried signs with “Je suis Charlie”, “Je suis Ahmed” or “Je suis Juif”. Pens were also a popular symbol, sometimes as oversized plastic. Joel Mergui, chairman of the umbrella organization Consistoire central israélite de France for Jews in France, and Dalil Boubakeur , chairman of the Paris mosque , demonstratively shook hands. Reporters Without Borders condemned the invitation and participation of representatives from countries such as Egypt, Russia, Algeria, Turkey and the United Arab Emirates, where freedom of the press is severely disregarded.

aftermath

Memorial plaque for the victims of the attack on 10 rue Nicolas-Apprert in Paris

Charlie Hebdo

The title page of the first edition made by the draftsman Luz after the attack on January 7, 2015 at a newspaper stand in Paris.

The surviving editors of the magazine announced a new edition entitled Le Journal des Survivants ("The Journal of Survivors") with eight pages and a print run of three million copies in 16 languages. So far the magazine had a circulation of 60,000 copies. They said that the pen would always be superior to barbarism.

Work on this issue began two days after the attack on the office building on the premises of the Liberation newspaper, under the direction of editor-in-chief Gérard Biard. On January 12, the Liberation website had a pre-release cover page. On January 13th, the new edition, which also contained contributions by the killed cartoonists and journalists, was presented to the public at a press conference in Paris. That of the draftsman LuzThe designed cover shows the caricature of a crying Mohammed who is holding a sign saying “Je suis Charlie” in his hands. The headline is “Tout est pardonné” (“Everything is taken”). Apart from the cover picture, Mohammed was no longer a topic in the magazine. The caricatures in the first issue after the attack dealt among other things. a. with Islamists and the assassins without naming their names. Jokes were also made about politicians and Jesus on the cross.

When the new edition was published in France on January 14th, the first delivery of a million copies was sold out within a very short time. The print run was then increased to five million. In Germany the issue appeared on January 17th; in German-speaking Switzerland the day before. In order to be able to meet the demand abroad, the print run was increased to seven million.

The Dutch co-founder and Charlie Hebdo draftsman Bernard "Willem" Holtrop was critical of the many expressions of solidarity with the magazine; in his opinion, many of the new "friends" have never seen a copy of Charlie Hebdo . He criticized above all the instrumentalisation of the attack on the left-wing magazine by right-wing forces.

In some Islamic countries protests, some of which were violent, broke out over the drawing of Muhammad. In the Nigerien city of Zinder , the Franco-Nigerien cultural center CCFN de Zinder and in the capital Niamey at least seven churches were set on fire. At least ten people died in the riots and around 50 others were injured.

On February 1, the editors announced on their website that the publication of the satirical magazine would be suspended for a few weeks because the employees were tired and exhausted.

After the attacks, security measures in France were stepped up; the military was still present at the most important Paris sights for months after the attacks.

Three soldiers of the Armée de terre patrol the forecourt of the Sacré-Cœur de Montmartre (March 2015).

Honors

The three officers killed, Clarissa Jean-Philippe, Franck Brinsolaro and Ahmed Merabet, were posthumously awarded the Order of the Legion of Honor , France's highest honor. The Malian refugee Lassana Bathily, who hid several people from the assassin in the supermarket refrigerator, was subsequently hailed as a hero. 300,000 people spoke out on the Internet in favor of granting him the French citizenship, which he had previously sought. A few days later it was granted to him on an expedited basis.

The four Jewish deaths from the supermarket were transferred to Israel and buried in the Har HaMenuchot cemetery in the Givat Shaul district of Jerusalem . The Israeli government had offered this to the families of the dead even though they were not Israeli citizens. In addition to President Reuven Rivlin , Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and opposition leader Jitzchak Herzog , Environment Minister Ségolène Royal, representing France, took part in the mourning ceremony .

Trial and condemnation of the helpers

In September 2020, the trial of the perpetrators' helpers began in Paris. It was originally scheduled to run until mid-November, but the convictions were not issued until December 16, 2020. The main accused in the trial, Ali Riza Polat, was found guilty of aiding and abetting terrorist crimes and was sentenced to 30 years in prison. The presiding judge Régis de Jorna saw it as proven that Polat had helped the assassin Coulibaly decisively in a concrete and detailed manner and had sufficient knowledge of his intentions. Polat himself had always denied knowing about the attack plans. 13 other defendants were sentenced to four years in prison and life imprisonment.

Others

On the occasion of the 150th anniversary of the founding of the Third Republic, the French President Emmanuel Macron emphasized the value of secularism (“freedom to believe or not to believe”) in a speech at the Panthéon in 2020, referring to this process . It is important to defend the freedom to ridicule and caricature. Charlie Hebdo republished the Mohammed cartoons at the start of the trial. In Turkey, Egypt, Iran and Pakistan, however, thousands of people demonstrated. 40 percent of Muslims surveyed by the IFOP polling institute in France said they were above their religious beliefsrepresent the values ​​of the republic such as freedom of expression and conscience. For Muslims under the age of 25, it was as much as 74 percent.

Philippe Lancon , who survived the attack seriously injured, published the book Le lambeau (“The Shred ”) in 2018 .

On October 16, 2020 , an 18-year-old Islamist beheaded the history teacher Samuel Paty , who had shown Mohammed cartoons in a school class as part of a discussion on freedom of expression .

Islamists have carried out numerous attacks in France; over 250 people died. Many people in France are almost constantly aware of the threat of terrorism .

See also

literature

Web links

Commons : attack on Charlie Hebdo  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files
Commons : Je suis Charlie  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Gérald Roux: Charlie Hebdo, l'attentat le plus meurtrier depuis plus de 50 ans en France. In: France info. January 7, 2014, accessed January 7, 2014 (French).
  2. ↑ Jane Weston: Charlie Hebdo and Joyful Resistance . In: John Parkin, John Phillips (Eds.): Laughter and Power . Peter Lang, Bern 2006, ISBN 978-3-03910-504-5 , p. 209 (Google Books).
  3. ↑ a b Vanessa Steinmetz: Attacks on newspaper editors: "Who brings me this head?" , Spiegel Online from January 8, 2015, accessed on January 8, 2015.
  4. ↑ Mohammed cartoons: Man arrested for threatening death against “Hebdo” boss , Spiegel Online, September 22, 2012, accessed on January 8, 2015.
  5. ↑ Dashiell Bennett: Look Who's on Al Qaeda's Most-Wanted List , thewire.com, March 1, 2013, accessed January 8, 2015.
  6. ^ Anne Christine Heckmann: Debates about the new Houellebecq novel - Racism or successful satire? (No longer available online.) In: Tagesschau.de . January 7, 2015, archived from the original on January 7, 2015 ; accessed on January 8, 2015 .
  7. ↑ Fabian Reinbold: Terrorist attack on satirical magazine: Why "Charlie Hebdo"? In: Spiegel Online . January 7, 2015, accessed January 8, 2015 .
  8. ↑ Deutschlandfunk-Dokument - The last caricature of the boss of "Charlie Hebdo". In: deutschlandfunk.de. January 7, 2015, accessed January 15, 2015 .
  9. ^ L 'Obs: "Charlie Hebdo". Le dernier dessin de Charb: “Toujours pas d'attentats”. In: tempsreel.nouvelobs.com. January 7, 2015, accessed January 15, 2015 (French).
  10. ^ A b Course of events in Paris - A mass murder carried out quickly and in cold blood. In: welt.de. Retrieved January 9, 2015 .
  11. ↑ Paris satirical magazine "Charlie Hebdo": Twelve dead in an attack on newspaper editors. In: Spiegel Online . Retrieved January 7, 2015 .
  12. ↑ a b c d e f g The finale after the end. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung. Weekend edition from 10./11. January 2015, p. 2.
  13. ↑ Dessinatrice à Charlie Hebdo, l'Annemassienne "Coco" témoigne ( Memento of January 12, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) (French)
  14. ↑ a b Survivor describes the attack: "It was barbaric". In: sz.de. January 9, 2015, accessed January 12, 2015 .
  15. ↑ Attack on "Charlie Hebdo": France chases the assassins. In: Spiegel Online . Retrieved January 7, 2015 .
  16. ↑ Satirical newspaper attacked in Paris. In: tagesschau.de. Retrieved January 7, 2015 .
  17. ↑ Lena Bopp and Michaela Wiegel: Terrorist attack in Paris - at least twelve dead. In: FAZ.net . January 7, 2015, accessed January 7, 2015 .
  18. ↑ Charlie Hebdo attack in the live ticker: Government calls out the highest terror warning level. In: Focus Online . January 7, 2015, accessed January 7, 2015 .
  19. ↑ Police information - four cartoonists killed by the satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo . In: n24.de. January 7, 2015, accessed January 7, 2015 .
  20. ^ A b Attaque au siège de "Charlie Hebdo". In: lemonde.fr. January 7, 2015, accessed January 7, 2015 .
  21. ^ Charlie Hebdo: Cabu, Charb, Wolinski, Maris et les autres, tués dans l'attaque. In: leparisien.fr. January 7, 2015, accessed January 8, 2015 .
  22. ^ Sascha Lehnartz: The course of events in Paris - a mass murder carried out quickly and in cold blood. In: www.welt.de. January 8, 2015, accessed January 8, 2015 .
  23. ^ Par Luc Le Vaillant: En direct - "Charlie Hebdo": "La France touchée dans son cœur", pour Valls. In: liberation.fr. January 7, 2015, accessed January 7, 2015 .
  24. ^ Laurent Carpentier: Charlie Hebdo: du côté des blessés, entre trauma et soulagement. In: lemonde.fr. January 9, 2015, accessed January 13, 2015 .
  25. ↑ Je Suis Charlie: Charlie Hebdo survivors speak out as new film documents the attack , independent.co.uk of September 18, 2015.
  26. ↑ FAS January 18, 2015 (p. 41): Come quickly, everyone is dead
  27. ^ Nicole Hensley: Charlie Hebdo freelancer survived bloodbath because she was a woman. In: nydailynews.com. January 9, 2015, accessed January 13, 2015 .
  28. ↑ Gérard Biard: We had to show that Charlie Hebdo 'is not dead , dw.com from June 28, 2015.
  29. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k De l'attaque contre "Charlie" aux assauts de vendredi, le récit du procureur de Paris , Liberation of January 10, 2015 (French).
  30. ↑ a b c Comment s'est déroulée l'attaque contre "Charlie Hebdo". In: Le Monde . January 8, 2015, accessed on January 9, 2015 (French, description of the incident after a press conference by the Paris Public Prosecutor's Office on the evening of January 7, 2015).
  31. ↑ "Ich bin Ahmed": Mourning for dead Muslim police officers , kurier.at from January 9, 2015, accessed on January 10, 2015.
  32. ↑ a b c Live ticker on the attack on "Charlie Hebdo" - The events of January 8, 2015. In: n-tv.de . January 8, 2015, accessed January 9, 2015 .
  33. ↑ Mourad, le beau-frère de Chérif Kouachi, a été relâché , AFP report on lepoint.fr , January 10, 2015 (French)
  34. ↑ Charlie Hebdo Gunmen Brothers Caught On Cctv Robbing Petrol Station With Rocket Launcher. In: celebnew. January 12, 2015, accessed January 18, 2015 .
  35. ↑ Search for "Charlie Hebdo" assassins: Access is underway. In: Spiegel Online . January 9, 2015, accessed January 9, 2015 .
  36. ↑ Chérif Kouachi se revendique d'Al-Qaïda, Coulibaly du groupe Etat islamique , AFP message on lesoir.be of January 9, 2015, accessed on January 9, 2015 (French).
  37. ↑ Sarah-Lou Cohen: BFMTV a été en contact avec Chérif Kouachi et Amedy Coulibaly: récit et extraits sonores , video with recordings on the BFM TV website , January 9, 2015 (French).
  38. ↑ a b c d Patricia Tourancheau: Les assauts de Dammartin et porte de Vincennes, une action de police inédite , Liberation of January 11, 2015, accessed on January 14, 2015 (French).
  39. ↑ a b c d Live ticker for the stop on "Charlie Hebdo". In: n-tv.de . January 9, 2015, accessed January 9, 2015 .
  40. ↑ Michaela Wiegel : Funeral service in Paris - “Merci la Police!” In: faz.net. January 13, 2015, accessed February 8, 2015 .
  41. ↑ Peter Allen: Police officer shot dead is named as '27-year-old rookie '. In: dailymail.co.uk. January 9, 2015, accessed January 9, 2015 .
  42. ^ Communiqué of the French Ministry of the Interior
  43. ↑ The connection between the three blood crimes in Paris , stern.de from January 9, 2015, accessed on January 11, 2015.
  44. ↑ Hostage-taking in Paris: Little attention for the Jewish victims. In: Spiegel Online . January 10, 2015, accessed January 11, 2015 .
  45. ↑ Another hostage drama near Paris: Terrorist Coulibaly demands free withdrawal for the Kouachi brothers - otherwise he wants to kill hostages. In: express.de. January 9, 2015, accessed January 9, 2015 .
  46. ↑ Terror in France: IS video from Coulibaly online. In: sueddeutsche.de . January 11, 2015, accessed January 12, 2015 .
  47. ↑ Interview with Amedy Coulibaly in German translation ( Coulibalys conversation verbatim: The said the captors of Paris on the phone. In: Focus Online . January 9, 2015, accessed on 12 January 2015 . )
  48. ↑ Jean-Alphonse Richard: Document RTL - Quand Coulibaly essaye de se justifier devant ses otages à l'épicerie casher , rtl.fr of January 10, 2015, accessed on January 10, 2015 (French).
  49. ↑ Prize d'otage Porte de Vincennes: “bâtons d'explosifs”, “détonateurs”… l'épicerie cacher était “piégée” on the TF1 website , accessed on January 11, 2015 (French).
  50. ↑ spiegel.de January 12, 2015: Alleged terror complication in Paris: Turkish foreign minister confirms escape to Syria
  51. ↑ All four supermarket victims were Jews. In: 20min.ch. January 11, 2015, accessed January 13, 2015 .
  52. ^ Yoav Hattab, un Tunisien mort dans la fusillade terroriste à Porte-de-Vincennes. In: Kapitalis . January 9, 2015, accessed January 9, 2015 .
  53. ↑ Terrorist attacks in Paris: These are the four dead supermarket hostages. In: Focus Online . January 11, 2015, accessed January 15, 2015 .
  54. ^ Par Laurent Joffrin: François-Michel Saada, 64 ans. (No longer available online.) In: liberation.fr. January 12, 2015, archived from the original on January 14, 2015 ; Retrieved January 15, 2015 (French).
  55. ↑ Identity clarified: four supermarket victims in Paris were Jews. In: Spiegel Online . January 11, 2015, accessed January 15, 2015 .
  56. ↑ Christine Longin: France: The heroes of Paris. In: rp-online.de. January 13, 2015, accessed January 15, 2015 .
  57. ↑ Carolin Gasteiger: Savior from the cooling chamber . In: sueddeutsche.de. January 11, 2015, accessed January 11, 2015.
  58. ^ Braden Goyette: Lassana Bathily, Muslim Employee At Kosher Market, Saved Several People During Paris Hostage Situation. In: huffingtonpost.com. January 10, 2015, accessed January 12, 2015 .
  59. ↑ Emeline cazi: Ce que l'on sait de l'agression d'un joggeur à Fontenay-aux-Roses. In: Le Monde . January 11, 2015, accessed January 13, 2015 (French).
  60. ↑ La vie du joggueur blessé à Fontenay-aux-Roses n'est plus en danger. In: lemonde.fr . January 14, 2015, accessed January 15, 2015 (French).
  61. ↑ Holger Dambeck, Georg Diez, Björn Hengst, Julia Amalia Heyer, Mathieu von Rohr, Simone Salden, Samiha Shafy, Holger Stark, Petra Truckendanner and Antje Windmann: " Those were good children" . In: Der Spiegel . No. 4 , 2015, p. 76–84 ( online - January 17, 2015 , see p. 78).
  62. ↑ Andrew Higgins, Maia de la Baume: Two Brothers Suspected in Killings Were Known to French Intelligence Services , New York Times, January 8, 2015, accessed January 8, 2015
  63. ^ Jytte Klausen: France on Fire. The Charlie Hebdo Attack and the Future of al Qaeda , Foreign Affairs, January 7, 2015, accessed January 9, 2015
  64. ↑ Suspects Chérif and Saïd Kouachi: Little crooks from the province. In: Spiegel Online . 2015, accessed January 9, 2015 .
  65. ↑ a b Kouachi brothers have been on the US terrorist list for years. In: RP online. January 9, 2015, accessed January 9, 2015 .
  66. ↑ Assassin in Paris: Two brothers under suspicion. In: Spiegel Online . January 8, 2015, accessed January 8, 2015 .
  67. ↑ (afp / Reuters / dpa): Terror in France: President Hollande calls for vigilance. In: nzz.ch. January 9, 2015, accessed January 12, 2015 .
  68. ↑ Assassination attempt: la mère et les soeurs de Coulibaly "condamnent ces actes odieux". In: leparisien.fr. January 11, 2015, accessed January 15, 2015 (French).
  69. ↑ IS oath of loyalty: video of confessional from supermarket hostage takers surfaced. In: Spiegel Online. January 11, 2015, accessed January 15, 2015 .
  70. ↑ Paris hostage-taker Coulibaly shook hands with Sarkozy. In: focus online. January 10, 2015, accessed January 13, 2015 .
  71. ↑ Who are the perpetrators? (No longer available online.) In: tagesschau.de. January 10, 2015, archived from the original on January 10, 2015 ; accessed on January 13, 2015 .
  72. ↑ Al-Qaeda in Yemen confesses to the attack on "Charlie Hebdo". In: dw.de. January 13, 2015, accessed January 15, 2015 .
  73. ↑ Michaela Wiegel : The hunt for the backers. In: FAZ.net . January 14, 2015, accessed January 15, 2015 .
  74. ^ Alfred Hackensberger: The perfidious masterpiece of the Al-Qaida chief ideologist. In: welt.de . January 14, 2015, accessed January 15, 2015 .
  75. ↑ Sarah el Deeb: Al-Qaida member in Yemen says group directed Paris attack on the Associated Press website, January 9, 2015.
  76. ↑ AQAP Official Speaks on Charlie Hebdo Attacks, Threatens France , siteintelgroup.com, January 9, 2015 (English).
  77. ^ Assassination à Charlie Hebdo: Vigipirate élevé au niveau maximum. In: Le Parisien . January 7, 2015, accessed January 8, 2015 (French).
  78. ↑ Terror in Paris: Tens of thousands mourn victims. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung online. January 7, 2015, accessed January 8, 2015 .
  79. ^ François Hollande : Allocution à la suite de l'attentat au siège de Charlie Hebdo. (Video stream) (No longer available online.) Presidential Office of the French President , archived from the original on January 9, 2015 ; Retrieved January 8, 2015 (French).
  80. ↑ a b "Charlie Hebdo" - Worldwide dismay at the attack. In: Deutschlandfunk . January 7, 2015, accessed January 7, 2015 .
  81. ^ "Je me sens Charlie Coulibaly": Dieudonné condamné pour apologie du terrorisme. In: sudouest.fr . June 21, 2016, accessed November 27, 2018 .
  82. ↑ 50 procédures judiciaires pour “apologie du terrorisme”, 200 incidents dans les écoles ( Memento of December 22, 2015 in the Internet Archive ), TF1 , January 14, 2015
  83. ↑ tagesschau.de: "Charlie Hebdo" publishes Mohammed cartoons again. Retrieved September 2, 2020 .
  84. ↑ Tanja Kuchenbecker: Five and a half years after the attack on "Charlie Hebdo": Terror in court. In: Der Spiegel. Retrieved September 2, 2020 .
  85. ↑ President's Letter of Condolence to the French President , website of the Pakistani Ministry of Foreign Affairs, January 8, 2015.
  86. ↑ President Ghani Strongly condemns the terrorist attack in Paris ( Memento of 9 January 2015, Internet Archive of the Afghan Embassy in London on January 8, 2015 (English)) website.
  87. ↑ Afghanistan: manifestation à la gloire des tueurs de Charlie Hebdo on rtl.fr from June 10, 2015 (French).
  88. ↑ Foreign Policy: Reactions - US President personally expressed his condolences , kleinezeitung.at, January 8, 2015, accessed on January 8, 2015.
  89. ^ In Paris Attack, Clash on Whether to Limit Press Freedom , New York Times website, January 8, 2015, accessed January 9, 2015.
  90. ↑ Terrorism condemned everywhere, either in the Lebanon and Iraq or Europe and the US , website of the Iranian President of January 9, 2015 (English).
  91. ↑ Iran condamne le terrorisme que ce soit "au PO, en Europe et aux Etats-Unis" (Rohani) , AFP report on the website of L'Orient-Le Jour from January 9, 2015 (French).
  92. ^ Christiane Peitz: Iranian Cultural Institute launches competition for Holocaust caricatures. In: tagesspiegel.de . February 25, 2015, accessed March 1, 2015 .
  93. ↑ Le Hamas condamne l'attaque contre l'hebdomadaire Charlie Hebdo , Belga report on rtbf.be of January 10, 2015 (French).
  94. ↑ Laila Bassam, Oliver Holmes: Hezbollah chief says terrorists damage Islam more than cartoons , Reuters of January 9, 2015 (English).
  95. ↑ a b Rainer Hermann: How Islamic Theologians React to Mohammed cartoons , FAZ.net, January 21, 2015
  96. ↑ "Charlie Hebdo" killer forgot ID - still on the run. In: Münchner Abendzeitung. January 8, 2015, accessed January 8, 2015 .
  97. ↑ Inland protocol of the federal government: Nationwide mourning flags of the federal authorities from January 8 to 10, 2015 ( memo from January 9, 2015 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on January 8, 2015
  98. ↑ Little attention to the Jewish victims , Spiegel Online , published January 10, 2015, accessed January 11, 2014.
  99. ↑ Oskar Deutsch: Everyone is Charlie, nobody is a Jew! ( Memento of January 12, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Retrieved January 12, 2015.
  100. ↑ Joint report of Islamic religious communities condemns the attack on "Charlie Hebdo" in Paris in the strongest possible terms and calls for people not to be intimidated. (PDF) January 9, 2015, accessed January 10, 2015 .
  101. ↑ ZMD strongly condemns the terrorist attack on "Charlie Hebdo" in Paris. January 7, 2015, accessed January 7, 2015 .
  102. ↑ DİTİB organizes Friday vigils for freedom of the press and freedom of expression. January 16, 2015, accessed January 18, 2015 .
  103. ↑ Interview with Harald Fidler Harald Fidler: Gerhard Haderer: "Let us not restrict the freedom of the word". In: derstandard.at . January 8, 2015, accessed January 12, 2015 .
  104. ↑ Sommaruga condemns the attack. In: NZZ.ch from January 7, 2015.
  105. ↑ Mourning in Paris: Where Was Obama? , Spiegel Online , January 12, 2015, accessed January 9, 2016.
  106. ↑ Reinhard Wolff: "Charlie" assassination and "Jyllands-Posten": "Shocked, but not surprised". In: taz.de . January 8, 2015, accessed January 8, 2015 .
  107. ^ In the English original: "Religion, a mediaeval form of unreason, when combined with modern weaponry becomes a real threat to our freedoms. This religious totalitarianism has caused a deadly mutation in the heart of Islam and we see the tragic consequences in Paris today. I stand with Charlie Hebdo, as we all must, to defend the art of satire, which has always been a force for liberty and against tyranny, dishonesty and stupidity. 'Respect for religion' has become a code phrase meaning 'fear of religion.' Religions, like all other ideas, deserve criticism, satire, and, yes, our fearless disrespect. ”Published in a press release on the day of the attack: Salman Rushdie condemns attack on Charlie Hebdo .
  108. ↑ Samuel Salzborn: "Antisemitic conspiracy thinking in right-wing extremism." In: ders. (Ed.): Antisemitism since 9/11. Events, debates, controversies. Nomos, Baden-Baden 2019, p. 156.
  109. ↑ Je suis Charlie. (PDF) (No longer available online.) In: Charlie Hebdo . January 7, 2015, archived from the original on January 7, 2015 ; Retrieved January 7, 2015 (various).
  110. ^ Tobias Dorfer: Charlie Hebdo: Solidarity symbol by Joachim Roncin. In: sueddeutsche.de . January 8, 2015, accessed January 15, 2015 .
  111. ^ Christian Schubert: "Je suis Ahmed". In: FAZ.net . January 9, 2015, accessed January 15, 2015 .
  112. ↑ Oliver Tolmein: And what about the Jews? In: FAZ.net . January 13, 2015, accessed January 15, 2015 .
  113. ↑ No invitation to the funeral march: Le Pen is not "Charlie". In: n-tv.de. January 12, 2015, accessed January 15, 2015 .
  114. ^ A b Thilo Maluch: Hypocritical defenders of the freedom of the press. In: welt.de . January 12, 2015, accessed January 15, 2015 .
  115. ↑ AFP / dpa: Millions of French march against terror. In: FAZ.net . January 11, 2015, accessed January 15, 2015 .
  116. ^ White House, "We should have sent someone with a higher profile," CNN
  117. ↑ Barbara Wesel: John Kerry apologizes in Paris. In: Deutsche Welle . January 16, 2015, accessed January 18, 2015 .
  118. ^ Funeral march in Paris: Christians, Jews, Muslims - united against terror. In: Spiegel Online . January 11, 2015, accessed January 15, 2015 .
  119. ^ First edition after posting: "Charlie Hebdo" appears with the title Mohammed. In: Spiegel Online . January 13, 2015, accessed January 15, 2015 .
  120. ↑ CharlieHebdo.France (archived), 8 January 2015 ( Memento of 10 January 2015 in the Internet Archive )
  121. ↑ Charlie Hebdo: Next issue will be one million copies. In: rp-online.de. January 9, 2015, accessed January 15, 2015 .
  122. ↑ sreu./AFP: Marked by grief. In: FAZ.net . January 13, 2015, accessed January 15, 2015 .
  123. ^ Par Eric Loret: Mahomet en une du "Charlie Hebdo" de mercredi. In: liberation.fr. January 12, 2015, accessed January 15, 2015 .
  124. ^ Charlie Hebdo jokes about Merkel and Islamists bild.de, January 14, 2015
  125. ↑ The onslaught of “Charlie Hebdo” magazines continues. In: kurier.at. January 15, 2015, accessed January 15, 2015 .
  126. ↑ Sold out after a few minutes ( memento from January 18, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) tagesschau.de, January 17, 2015
  127. ↑ a b Criticism by “Charlie Hebdo” artist Willem Holtrop: “We throw up on our new friends” Focus.de , January 12, 2015.
  128. ↑ Burning churches, dead, injured. In: fr-online.de. January 17, 2015, accessed January 18, 2015 .
  129. ^ Another dead in protests in Niger. (No longer available online.) In: tagesschau.de. January 17, 2015, archived from the original on January 18, 2015 ; Retrieved January 18, 2015 .
  130. ↑ dpa: Satirical magazine "Charlie Hebdo" is taking a break. In: FAZ.net . February 1, 2015, accessed February 1, 2015 .
  131. ^ Moving memorial service for killed police officers in Paris Focus, January 13, 2015
  132. ↑ The "Hero of Paris" becomes French. In: FAZ January 15, 2015, accessed on January 17, 2015 .
  133. ↑ Ulrich Schmid: "We are all Jews". In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung. January 12, 2015, accessed January 18, 2015 .
  134. ↑ faz.net: Did the terrorists win?
  135. ↑ a b faz.net: Four arrests after a teacher was beheaded
  136. ↑ 30 years imprisonment for the main defendant . In: tagesschau.de, December 16, 2020 (accessed December 17, 2020).
  137. ↑ Michael Hanfeld (FAZ): Être Charlie (comment)
  138. ↑ Michaela Wiegel (faz.net): Uneasiness with freedom of expression
  139. ↑ Gallimard, ISBN 978-2072689079