Schengen information system

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The Schengen Information System ( SIS ) is an information system for the security authorities of the Schengen countries . It is used for automated people and property searches in the European Union (EU). It consists of non-public databases in which, among other things, unwanted, missing and wanted persons in the Schengen area are stored. In addition, monitored vehicles, banknotes, stolen ID documents and firearms are recorded. Only security authorities in Schengen countries and the two European authorities Europol and Eurojust are authorized to access the more than 46.5 million data records (as of January 1, 2013) . The legal basis is the Schengen Agreement and the associated implementing agreements .

The authorized bodies can request or register information about persons or objects in the SIS . Most of the countries of the Schengen Agreement are part of this system.

structure

The European Agency for the Operational Management of Large-Scale IT Systems in the Area of ​​Freedom, Security and Justice (EU-LISA), based in Tallinn , Estonia , has been the formal sponsor of the Schengen Information System since 2012 .

Technically, the system consists of a national system N.SIS (National Schengen Information System) in each member state and a central office called C.SIS (Central Schengen Information System), which is located in Strasbourg , France . In each member state, a node has been set up under the name SIRENE through which the individual police authorities can access the headquarters. A police force does not have access to data that another police force holds in their national system. An extended information system ( SIS II ) with the ability to also process biometric data went into operation on April 9, 2013. Due to the delays in the development of SIS II , the existing system had meanwhile been adapted ( SISone4all ).

Historical development and participating states

The Treaty of Rome of March 25, 1957 and the Benelux Treaty of February 3, 1958 already provided for freedom of movement for people, goods and services. The Benelux countries abolished border controls earlier than the other countries of the European Community . The abolition of identity checks between France and Germany began on July 13, 1984 with the Saarbrücken Agreement .

Almost a year later, following this example, the 5 countries Germany , France and the Benelux countries Belgium , the Netherlands and Luxembourg signed the Schengen Agreement of 1985 , which was supposed to introduce the abolition of identity checks at the common borders of these countries.

It was not until June 19, 1990 that the aforementioned countries signed the Schengen Implementation Agreement (SDÜ). This regulates the concrete implementation of the aforementioned agreement. Countries wishing to join this convention must first create the technical and legal prerequisites and, for example, ensure the connection to the SIS and the establishment of a corresponding data protection authority. The practical implementation of the individual provisions only followed after they came into force on March 26, 1995. The SIS was put into operation on the same day.

The states of the Schengen Agreement
  • Full user states
  • Non-EU Schengen members ( IS + N + CH + FL )
  • future members ( CY + HR + RO + BG )
  • cooperating EU countries ( GB + IRL )

    • For 21 other countries, the Schengen regulations have become binding either through accession to the agreements or - since May 1, 1999 - through the Schengen acquis of the European Union (in brackets: date of the abolition of border controls): Spain , Portugal , Italy , Greece , Austria (1997), the northern countries Finland , Sweden , Iceland , Norway as well as Denmark (2000), Estonia , the Czech Republic , Hungary , Latvia , Lithuania , Malta , Poland , Slovakia , Slovenia (2007), Switzerland ( 2008/2009) and Liechtenstein (2011). Bulgaria , Croatia , Romania and Cyprus are still waiting for admission to the Schengen area in 2019. New Member States must adopt the Schengen acquis and its further development.

    The Visa Information System (VIS) , which has been in operation since 2011, is based on the SIS infrastructure , in which information on short-term visas is exchanged between the member states, initially for visa applications from North Africa. More extensive cooperation between the states takes place via the Prüm Treaty of 2005, under which participating authorities can directly access data from other states under the incorrect name Schengen III . It was initially concluded outside of the EU treaties and, from 2007, transferred to the legal framework of the EU . However, due to legal concerns, it can so far only be applied in full between the signatory states.

    Currently (as of August 2012) the SIS is used by 26 Schengen countries, Ireland and Great Britain as well as Europol and Eurojust. Of these countries, Iceland, Norway, Switzerland and Liechtenstein are not members of the European Union.

    According to the Amsterdam Treaty, Ireland and Great Britain can optionally participate in Schengen cooperation and select the sub-areas that they actually want to apply. Both states use the SIS for the purpose of criminal prosecution, but they do not have access to data under Article 96 of the CISA (searches for third-party aliens that are advertised for refusal of entry or expulsion / deportation when found in the Schengen area).

    Legal Aspects

    Since March 25, 2001, fifteen states have implemented the CISA and have thus abolished routine police checks at their internal borders. The main measure and the backbone of the CISA is an information system to support the police search for people and property, for which the relevant authorities of all signatory states provide information and to which they have shared access: the Schengen Information System ( SIS ). This system differs from previous procedures in terms of police cooperation, both on a legal and technical level:

    • initially through the legal recognition of the personal descriptions of the SIS , in particular also those descriptions which have been entered into the system by the partner countries. This also includes the obligation of the police in each state to apply the police measures possibly prescribed by other states in the personal description, taking into account the individual freedoms and the data protection of personal data.
    • Technology also through the creation ex nihilo of an IT system that has been constantly connected to very different national databases, which must ensure that the national bases are updated in real time.

    The release of personal information with simultaneous delegation of power over the application of the measures to be taken could only take place if there was mutual trust based on the transparency of the procedure. In order to ensure this, these states have committed themselves by signing the convention to ensure the accuracy, timeliness and legality of the integrated data and to use this information only for the purposes specified by the relevant articles of the convention were. These obligations are supplemented by consultation procedures between states, in particular if, for reasons of national law or the opportunity, a measure to be taken cannot be carried out on a state territory. This consultation allows the national authorities to state the reasons of the law or the fact of a registered person and, conversely, to inform a transmitting State of a registered person of the reasons why the measure to be stopped cannot be applied. This procedure applies in particular to the registration of foreign nationals who are classified as undesirable by one country, but are holders of a residence permit that was issued by another country, international arrest warrants or who have still been issued for matters that call state security into question.

    Since it is an IT system with personal data, the concern for the protection of private life that exists in the founding countries is of course implemented in the text of the Convention in this area. The convention requires that the existence of a law on data protection be a priori to the implementation of the convention in the countries. Thus each national government (for France the National Commission of Informatics and Freedom or “ CNIL ”) is entrusted with the control of its national part of SIS . Because the central system, by nature international, could not remain without control. The Convention thus established a joint supervisory body that is independent of the states and is composed of representatives from the national authorities. She is instructed to ensure the strict application of the provisions for the protection of personal data.

    Police cooperation and legal assistance

    In addition to the SIS and the SIRENE bureaus, whose intervention is directly linked to them, the Schengen Agreement has introduced police cooperation and mutual legal assistance, which usefully complement this operational cooperation. Police cooperation includes in particular:

    • support for the purposes of prevention and the investigation of criminal facts (Article 39);
    • the right to cross-border surveillance , which allows surveillance or surveillance to continue in another Schengen country (Article 40);
    • the right to cross-border prosecution, which prevents a suspect from escaping by crossing a (no longer controlled) national border (Article 41);
    • finally, the communication of information relevant to the prosecution or prevention of criminal offenses or threats to public order and security (Article 46).

    Legal assistance provides in particular the possibility of sending some official documents directly by post to people who are on the territory of other countries, as well as sending requests for legal assistance between judicial authorities directly and finally enforcing executor judgments across borders. In addition, the convention matches the registration of an arrest warrant to SIS with a provisional arrest application for extradition, which means that recent crimes can also be punished.

    technical infrastructure

    In the technical area, the signatory countries chose a star-shaped IT architecture. This consists of a central location with the reference database including a uniform national interface ( N.COM ). This combination is called C.SIS . According to the CISA, it is under the responsibility of the French Republic based in Strasbourg. A backup system in St. Johann im Pongau , Austria, keeps a copy of the database. One national location was set up for each participating country ( N.SIS ). The respective N.SIS consists of the national data systems that communicate with the C.SIS . These different databases must always be identical. The totality of C.SIS / N.SIS forms the SIS .

    The national nodes partly differ in the processor architecture and operating system used. The German SIS adapter is based on a “ PA-RISC system under HP-UX”, “which is no longer being developed. The majority of EU countries rely on Red Hat Linux . "

    SIS data (Version I)

    The SIS will be incorporated into the respective national laws of the participating countries. The database entries contain the following information:

    It was agreed to save the persons who fall under the following criteria with their personal description in the SIS :

    • wanted for arrest and subsequent deportation (Article 95 of the CISA )
    • Citizens of a non-Schengen state who are to be refused entry (Article 96 of the CISA)
    • Minors, patients who have disappeared or are at risk or mentally disturbed patients with the aim of ensuring their protection (Article 97 of the CISA)
    • wanted as a defendant or a witness in a court case or appearing to announce the judgment is necessary (Article 98 of the Convention)
    • that need to be monitored or controlled because there are presumed reasons that these persons could commit future crimes (Article 99 of the CISA).

    The following information is specifically stored for the description of the person:

    • Name and first name, where possible aliases are entered separately
    • possible objective and constant physical peculiarities
    • first letter of the middle name
    • Date of birth and place of birth
    • gender
    • nationality
    • whether the person concerned is armed
    • whether the person concerned is violent
    • Reason for the entry
    • action to be taken

    Objects are also stored (Article 100 of the Convention), specifically those that are lost, stolen or used in criminal offenses

    • weapons
    • issued personal documents
    • virginal identity documents
    • Motor vehicles
    • Banknotes.

    By providing this information, each member state enables its partners to insure the security part that it delegates to them on its own account and on the basis of its own information.

    In view of the fact that a system only gains value through its use, France opted for a data storage system that is largely automated using large national files to store its data in SIS . This automation allows a reduction in human intervention, which creates a risk of lost time and errors.

    The countries are obliged to apply the measures specified in SIS , even if the measures were recorded by another participating country. The cooperation between the countries takes place via so-called national SIRENE offices (Supplementary Information Request at the National Entry, French Supplément d'Information Requis pour l'Entrée NationalE).

    In the extended version of the SIS system ( SIS II ), further information can be recorded.

    Number of data records in the SIS

    When it was first put into operation, the SIS contained 2,926,345 data records. Of these, over two million (2,092,463) records were entered by Germany. France had 766,534 entries, while the Netherlands, due to their size, only contributed 23,380 entries. The remaining 43,968 records were entered by other SIS countries .

    • Data records are created to search for wanted objects and are referred to as "alert".
    • Every search success / hit is called a "hit".

    As of January 1, 2013, a total of 46,518,578 data records (“ valid records (not expired) ”) were stored. Of these, lost or stolen documents (" ID s") with 38,901,431 entries and stolen vehicles (" VE s") with 5,071,806 entries made up around 94.52% of the stored data records.

    date Number of SIS states
    + GB and IRL
    without Europol and Eurojust         		Data records (total)
    in millions     		Records by category
    (newly entered "alerts")

    		Access point
    Article 95 Article 96 Article 97 Article 98 Article 99 Article 100
    June 1995 5 2.9 ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? 30,000
    March 1996 5 3.9 ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? 48,700
    1997 10 5.6 ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???
    1998 10 8.8 ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???
    1999 10 ??? 10,491 764.851 27,436 35,806 17,365 ??? ???
    2000 15 + 2 9.5 10,914 750.347 28,362 35,297 17,335 ??? ???
    December 31, 2001 15 + 2 10.5 11,628 709.763 29,132 30,763 21,874 ??? ???
    2003 15 + 2 ??? 14,023 780.992 32,211 34,413 16,016 ??? 125,000
    2004 15 + 2 ??? 14,902 785.631 34,400 32,696 15,882 ??? ???
    01/01/2005 15 + 2 13.1 15,012 714.078 36,235 35,317 18,031 ??? ???
    01/01/2006 15 + 2 15.0 15,460 751.954 39,011 45.189 31,013 ??? ???
    01/01/2007 24 + 2 17.6 16,047 752,338 42,500 50,616 33,275 ??? ???
    01/01/2008 25 + 2 22.9 19,119 696.419 47.501 64,684 31,577 ??? ???
    01/01/2009 25 + 2 27.9 24,560 746.994 48,559 72,958 34,247 ??? ???
    01/01/2010 25 + 2 31.6 28,666 736,868 52,319 78,869 32,824 ??? ???
    01/01/2011 26 + 2 35.6 31,535 716.797 50,773 82,676 36,478 ??? ???
    01/01/2012 26 + 2 42.0 34,754 692.226 53,526 85,971 37,878 ??? ???
    01/01/2013 26 + 2 46.5 35,919 659.347 57,302 94.292 38,942 ??? ???
    Remarks:
    1. Official Council documents on SIS database statistics can be found in the Public Register of the Council of the European Union

    With the introduction of SIS II on April 9, 2013, the legal basis also changed. Articles 24, 26, 32, 34, 36 of the SIS II Declaration relate to persons, all searches are subject to Art. 38 SIS II Declaration. Lost, stolen and invalid documents make up by far the largest share of searches. While people only affect 1.7% of the entries in SIS II, they trigger over 50% of all hits.

    date Number of SIS II countries
    + GB, IRL, CRO
    without Europol and Eurojust         		Records
    (total)     		Records by category
    ("alerts")

    		Access point
    Art 26 Art 32 Art 36 Art 34 Art 24 Art 38
    December 31, 2013 25 + 4 50.279.389 34,263 60,820 41.097 102.517 623.203 49,417,489 ???

    The number of SIS II countries changed because Croatia initially cannot access the SIS II system and is therefore listed together with the UK and Ireland as in the process of union. In addition, Iceland, Norway, Switzerland and Liechtenstein are now affiliated with the system without membership.

    Political record

    The system is accessible to a larger number of institutions, for example the judicial authorities, Europol and the security services. Individuals' data can be read on a portable device across Europe by the various police and customs services, for example during passport control. Some member states would like to benefit from these technical changes in order to develop more extensive national search systems that can be linked, for example, with other national information systems. However, the majority of the Member States want this system to be developed further at European level alone, under the leadership of Europol. As is often the case with the development of European projects, a decision must be made here that weighs up the advantages of a nationally different and, for some countries, faster development on the one hand and the advantages of a joint and closely coordinated, but slower European cooperation.

    After more than ten years of existence of the system, which will be available to end users from March 26, 1995, this legal and technical challenge has apparently proven its worth. The SIS is now the system of a powerful police cooperation, realized by its ease of use and extremely short update time. At first it was mainly data on undesired foreigners that were entered, but now there has been an increase in person registrations for extradition, arrest and an increase in object registrations.

    Technical and political development

    SIS II and SISone4all

    Change from search to research system

    An extended version of the SIS ( SIS II ) was developed under the responsibility of the European Commission ; it can also process biometric data. This expands the search system into a research system, so that information from a suspicious person (the occurrence of an "alert") can be linked to information from other people or objects. This makes it possible, for example, to connect a parent who would be denied entry to the Schengen area with a missing child. Family members could also be linked to one another. The previous search system only had the option of displaying anomalies ("Alert hit / no hit database").

    The improvement of the SIS also complements access to data from all services that deal with public and internal security ( area of ​​freedom, security and justice ). For the majority, this access does not depend on the system itself, but on the administration of the access in the participating countries (SIRENE offices).

    Interim solution SISone4all

    Since it was not possible to start up SIS II due to technical but also political problems at the originally planned time in 2007/2008, an extended version of SIS I - the so-called SISone4all , later SIS 1+ - was implemented in parallel to the work on SIS II developed and put into operation in September 2007. This transitional solution now enables the new EU member states (with the exception of Cyprus, which, like the United Kingdom and Ireland, is waiting for the SIS II to go into operation ) as well as Switzerland to participate in the Schengen search network and made this a basic requirement for the abolition in December 2007 of border controls between the participating states.

    SIS II: timetable and costs

    SIS II was originally scheduled to go into operation in 2007, then in 2010. Finally, April 9, 2013 was set. The costs developed in a similar way to the commissioning, which rose from the originally planned 15 million euros to the currently expected 167.78 million euros. The reasons given for the delays and the explosion in costs are changed requirements in the course of the procurement (e.g. due to the accession of other countries), poorly formulated contracts and poor coordination between individual users. In October 2010 the European Parliament blocked the budget for SIS II of 30 million euros in the 2011 budget until a realistic and verifiable schedule for the further development and completion of the project is presented. The EU Commission then drew up a project plan, the first part of which was implemented with test runs in 2011. In a milestone test in 2012, the national system of Finland failed, so that the data migration to the new system could not start as planned. The Council of the European Union decided on April 9, 2013 as the start date, although essential requirements were not met and, in particular, it cannot be ensured that breaking news is actually available in the entire system within the specified period of four minutes. There were also over 10,000 errors due to inconsistent hash values ​​when importing the data from SIS, and there is no emergency plan in the event of system failure. To transfer the data from the existing SIS 1+ to the SIS II, a migration tool was developed which enables the synchronization and conversion of the data between the old C.SIS and the new Central SIS II . The Central SIS II is similar to the C. SIS from a central reference database and a uniform interface (NI-SIS) to the national systems. The changeover took place without any noticeable problems.

    The European Court of Auditors submitted a special report on SIS II in mid-2014 and came to the conclusion that two factors were responsible for the cost overrun: On the one hand, the requirements had been changed several times during the long project period. For example, a maximum database of 15 million data records was assumed in the planning, but this number was later increased to 75 million, and now the requirement is assumed to be 100 million data records. The second factor was problems in the states involved. A three-year transition phase, known as an “amnesty”, had to be introduced until all states could comply with the new, increased data protection regulations.

    Centralization: European Agency for Large IT Systems

    After years of efforts, the EU voted in September 2011 for the establishment of a central "agency for large IT systems" ( English Agency for large-scale IT systems ). The agency, called Eu-LISA , is based in Tallinn , the capital of Estonia, and started operations on December 1, 2012. The agency started managing the Visa Information System (VIS) and the EURODAC fingerprint database . The SIS switched to Eu-LISA in April 2013 after the switch to SIS II.

    In July 2014 heise reported online about new proposals from the EU Commission. These provide for the data management of "the planned entry / exit system (EES) and the registration program (RTP)" by Eu-LISA. The recording of flight passenger data in a central EU database is also being planned. The member states are, however, against the administration of flight passenger data by Eu-LISA. In the course of the NSA affair , support for the European administration network sTESTA was transferred from Orange Business Services and Hewlett-Packard to T-Systems . The Schengen member states exchange data from SIS II, VIS and EURODAC via the network.

    Criticism and abuse

    This article or the following section is not adequately provided with supporting documents ( e.g. individual evidence ). Information without sufficient evidence could be removed soon. Please help Wikipedia by researching the information and including good evidence.

    Civil rights activists see this concentration of information from governments as a threat to privacy. The SIS was the target of numerous protests, particularly from July 18 to July 28, 2002, when 2000 activists of the No Border Network protested in Strasbourg , where the C.SIS (Information System Headquarters) is located. Many fear that the second version of SIS will include photographs, fingerprints, and DNA prints that may become available to government agencies and organizations for which this information was not intended at the time of collection. However, DNA profiles are not provided.

    There was a “Schengen data theft affair” when a Belgian official stole data from an SIS computer and sold it to organized crime . In the case of Europe-wide networked systems such as the SIS , the Bonn data protection expert Werner Schmidt sees the biggest problem with the "internal perpetrators".

    On March 6, 2013, the Swiss Federal Police Office (Fedpol) was informed of a hacker attack on Danish SIS computer systems. This was reported by the SRF (Swiss Radio and Television) on December 24, 2013, stating that “it is not an internal data leak, but that the attack on the SIS was carried out from outside.” Fedpol still does not know whether the stolen data had been copied and redistributed.

    After the terrorist attacks in Paris in November 2015 and those in Brussels in March 2016, it became apparent that authorities during security checks at airports only check about one out of a hundred people who passed the checks on intra-European flights using the SIS database. For travelers who came from outside the EU, it was 10 to 20 out of 100. It was therefore incumbent on the security authorities of the EU states how they control them, whereby the EU has issued guidelines according to which its own citizens are only subjected to a minimal check should. Furthermore, the Belgian authorities simply failed to enter blocking notices in the SIS database in a timely manner, so that the persons concerned could move freely around Europe.

    On May 28, 2018, the online magazine EU Observer reported that the UK had illegally copied large amounts of personal information from the SIS, to which it had limited access. According to an internal EU document, they even shared this data with service providers from third countries such as the USA.
    In July 2019, Julian King , EU Commissioner for the Security Union , confirmed a report that there are massive problems with the handling of the SIS in individual member states. "Practical steps" have been taken to counteract this and "confidential talks" are being held with these EU countries.

    literature

    • Evelien Renate Brouwer: Digital Borders and Real Rights. Effective remedies for third-country nationals in the Schengen Information System . M. Nijhoff, Boston 2008, ISBN 90-474-3278-9 , pp. 566 .
    • Monica den Boer et al .: Cooperation between police and judicial administrations in Europe: the situation after Maastricht - Schengen and SIS . Ed .: Kay Hailbronner (=  Wissenschaft & Praxis . Volume 33 ). Kriminalistik Verlag, Heidelberg 1996, ISBN 978-3-7832-0796-5 , p. 150 .

    Web links

    Information from the Council of the European Union

    Information from the European Commission on SIS I and II

    Criticism of the Schengen information system

    Individual evidence

    1. ↑ a b c Schengen information system database statistics 01/01/2013. (PDF; 67 kB) 7389/13 SIS-TECH 36 COMIX 156th General Secretariat of the Council, March 13, 2013, accessed on April 8, 2013 (English).
    2. ↑ List of the operators of N.SIS and SIRENE in the member states (as of August 22, 2014) in the Official Journal of the European Union: List of N.SIS II offices and national SIRENE offices
    3. ↑ Article 92 of the Convention Implementing the Schengen Agreement , dated June 14, 1985, in the version dated September 22, 2000. In the Official Journal of the European Union (PDF) , page 42
    4. ↑ Schengen Information System (SIS II) goes into operation. IP / 13/309. In: EUROPA.eu. European Commission, April 9, 2013, accessed April 10, 2013 .
    5. ^ Claus D. Grupp: The Schengen Information System. (PDF; 39 kB) (No longer available online.) In: EUROPA heute. “Aktion europa” (Federal Government, European Commission, European Parliament) 10117 Berlin, June 2012, formerly in the original ; accessed on August 31, 2012 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / omnia-verlag.de  
    6. ↑ a b Schengen Agreement. History and development of the Schengen Agreement. Federal Foreign Office, May 29, 2012, accessed on August 30, 2012 .
    7. ^ Albrecht Meier: Croatia. Zagreb wants to join the Schengen area in 2015. In: Der Tagesspiegel. June 16, 2012, accessed January 8, 2013 .
    8. ↑ Schengen accession. EU warns Romania and Bulgaria. In: Zeit Online . February 8, 2012, accessed January 8, 2013 .
    9. ↑ Matthias Monroy: Bulgaria in, Romania out? In: Telepolis. September 5, 2012, accessed January 8, 2013 .
    10. ^ The Schengen Information System (SIS). (No longer available online.) BKA, 2012, archived from the original on December 14, 2012 ; accessed on August 31, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bka.de
    11. ↑ Schengen Information System (SIS) - Member States. (PDF; 43 kB) (No longer available online.) SIRENE-Germany, June 14, 2010, archived from the original on March 4, 2016 ; Retrieved September 6, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bka.de
    12. ↑ Schengen Information System ( SIS II ). Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council. The development of the Schengen II information system. (No longer available online.) In: europa.eu. November 3, 2006, archived from the original on November 2, 2012 ; Retrieved September 4, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / europa.eu
    13. ↑ a b Proposal for a Council Regulation on migration from the Schengen Information System (SIS 1+) to the second generation Schengen Information System (SIS II) (recast). (PDF; 368 kB) 9485/12 SIRIS 31 SCHENGEN 31 COMIX 284th European Commission, May 3, 2012, accessed on October 11, 2012 (English).
    14. ↑ a b Detlef Borchers, Andreas Wilkens: Tallinn becomes the headquarters of the European agency for large IT systems. In: heise online. June 10, 2011, accessed September 4, 2012 .
    15. ^ Monica den Boer et al .: Cooperation between the police and judicial administrations in Europe. The situation after Maastricht - Schengen and SIS. Kriminalistik Verlag, 1996, ISBN 978-3-7832-0796-5
    16. ↑ a b c d Evelien Renate Brouwer: Digital Borders and Real Rights. Effective remedies for third-country nationals in the Schengen Information System. M. Nijhoff, 2008, ISBN 90-474-3278-9
    17. ^ SIS Database Statistics. (PDF; 70 kB) 8621/05 SIS-TECH 38 SIRIS 38 COMIX 285th EU Presidency, June 2, 2005, accessed on October 11, 2012 (English).
    18. ↑ SIS Database Statistics dd. 01/01/2006. (PDF; 72 kB) 5239/06 SIS-TECH 4 SIRIS 7 COMIX 30. Council of the European Union Secretariat, January 12, 2006, accessed on October 11, 2012 (English).
    19. ↑ SIS Database Statistics dd. 01/01/2007. (PDF; 79 kB) 6178/07 SIS-TECH 29 SIRIS 34 COMIX 158th Council of the European Union Secretariat, February 13, 2007, accessed on October 11, 2012 (English).
    20. ↑ SIS Database Statistics dd. 01/01/2008. (PDF; 77 kB) 5441/08 SIS-TECH 8 SIRIS 7 COMIX 38th Council of the European Union Secretariat, January 30, 2008, accessed on October 11, 2012 (English).
    21. ↑ SIS Database Statistics dd. 01/01/2009. (PDF; 79 kB) 5764/09 SIS-TECH 10 SIRIS 15 COMIX 75th Council of the European Union Secretariat, January 28, 2009, accessed on October 11, 2012 (English).
    22. ^ Provision of SIS and SIRENE statistics to the Council. (PDF; 190 kB) 9938/11 SIRIS 40 COMIX 309th EU Presidency, May 10, 2011, accessed on October 11, 2012 (English).
    23. ↑ Schengen information system database statistics 01/01/2012. (PDF; 68 kB) 8281/12 SIS-TECH 32 COMIX 201. Council of the European Union - French delegation, March 28, 2012, accessed on October 11, 2012 (English).
    24. ↑ Schengen states pass on data slowly . In: Die Welt , July 26, 1995
    25. ↑ a b c d e Thomas Mathiesen: The globalization of surveillance. (No longer available online.) In: Telepolis. June 20, 2000, archived from the original on July 28, 2013 ; Retrieved September 5, 2012 .
    26. ↑ 5th Schengen Activity Report 2000-2001. Fifth Annual Report On The Activities Of The Joint Supervisory Authority. (PDF; 241 kB) (No longer available online.) Schengen Joint Supervisory Authority, January 2002, formerly in the original ; Retrieved September 6, 2012 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link /schengen.consilium.europa.eu  
    27. ↑ LISA eu: SIS II - 2013 Statistics ( Memento of the original from August 10, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / ec.europa.eu archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , P. 14
    28. ↑ SIS II - 2013 Statistics . ( Memento of the original from August 10, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. LISA eu @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / ec.europa.eu
    29. ↑ SIS II - 2013 Statistics . ( Memento of the original from August 10, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. LISA eu, p. 6 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / ec.europa.eu
    30. ↑ SISone4all. (No longer available online.) Serviço de Estrangeiros e Fronteiras (Portugal), archived from the original on January 21, 2013 ; Retrieved September 4, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.sisone4all.sef.pt
    31. ↑ Schengen / Dublin. (No longer available online.) Federal Department of Justice and Police (FDJP), May 30, 2011, archived from the original on July 27, 2012 ; Retrieved September 2, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ejpd.admin.ch
    32. ↑ Schengen Information System: Federal Council determines the next steps. Federal Department of Justice and Police (FDJP), May 16, 2007, accessed on September 2, 2012 .
    33. ^ Search database SIS II is estimated to be more expensive than before . heise.de, May 17, 2013
    34. ^ Marion Trimborn: Police database SIS II. Embarrassing laughing number. In: SPIEGEL online. June 4, 2010, accessed September 4, 2012 .
    35. ↑ Detlef Borchers: EU Parliament turns the money off SIS II. In: heise online. October 21, 2010, accessed September 4, 2012 .
    36. ↑ Schengen information system SIS II is delayed again . Heise.de, December 13, 2012
    37. ^ Council of the European Union: Minutes of the meeting of 7./8. March 2013 (PDF; 138 kB)
    38. ↑ SIS II starts on April 9th ​​despite the remaining shortcomings . Heise.de, March 18, 2013
    39. ↑ Schengen information system successfully updated . heise.de, April 10, 2013
    40. ↑ Findings from the development of the second generation Schengen Information System (SIS II) by the European Commission. (PDF) European Court of Auditors, 2104
    41. ↑ Cost explosion in the Schengen information system . heise.de, June 24, 2014
    42. ↑ EU agency for large scale IT systems. (PDF; 79 kB) Council of The European Union, September 12, 2011, accessed on September 4, 2012 .
    43. ↑ Christian Kirsch: EU founds authority for its large IT systems. In: heise online. September 12, 2011, accessed September 4, 2012 .
    44. ↑ EU agency for large scale IT systems. (No longer available online.) European Commission Home Affairs, August 31, 2012, archived from the original on September 10, 2012 ; Retrieved September 4, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / ec.europa.eu
    45. ↑ New Agency to manage IT systems in the area of ​​freedom, security and justice. (PDF; 4.2 MB) (No longer available online.) European Commission Home Affairs, January 2011, archived from the original on December 24, 2012 ; Retrieved September 4, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / ec.europa.eu
    46. ↑ sTESTA stands for "Secured Trans European Services for Telematics between Administrations" (German: "Trans-European Telematics Services for Authorities")
    47. ^ Christiane Schulzki-Haddouti, Andreas Wilkens: EU agency for police systems is expanding. In: heise online. July 3, 2014, accessed July 22, 2014 .
    48. ↑ Data protection HP and Orange lose contract for EU intranet from authorities and police - Telekom takes over. netzpolitik.org , July 3, 2014.
    49. ^ The Schengen Information System (SIS). (No longer available online.) BKA, 2012, archived from the original on December 14, 2012 ; accessed on August 31, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bka.de
    50. ^ Matthew Holehouse: "Paris attacks: Lax EU watchlist lets jihadists travel freely from Syria to Europe" Telegraph of November 15, 2015
    51. ↑ Matthew Holehouse: Brussels attacks: Belgium rebuked for chaotic passport control three weeks ago . In: The Telegraph , March 23, 2016 (English).
    52. ↑ UK unlawfully copying data from EU police system
    53. ↑ heise.de July 29, 2019