François Hollande

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François Hollande (2015)
Signature of François Hollande
François Hollande (2012)

François Gérard Georges Nicolas Hollande [ fʁɑ̃s'wa ɔl'ɑ̃d ] (born  August 12, 1954 in Rouen , Seine-Maritime ) is a French politician of the Socialist Party (PS) and was President of the French Republic from 2012 to 2017 . From 1997 to 2008 Hollande was chairman of the PS.

Life

Origin and education

Protestant ancestors of the later Catholic Hollande family immigrated from the Habsburg Netherlands 400 years ago . His father Georges Gustave Hollande (1923-2020), an ear, nose and throat doctor, was an opponent of the Resistance around General Charles de Gaulle and was active after 1945 on the right-wing political edge. Hollande's mother Nicole Frédérique Marguerite Tribert (1927–2009) was a social worker.

Hollande attended the Lycée Pasteur in Neuilly-sur-Seine . Although initially retired, he did his military service voluntarily and then studied law at the University of Paris II . He also holds degrees from three French elite universities , the Institut d'études politiques de Paris (SciencesPo), the École des hautes études commerciales (HEC) and the École nationale d'administration (ENA). During his time at HEC, he was a committee in support of François Mitterrand (1916–1996) during the 1974 French presidential election . In 1980, after graduating from ENA, he began his professional career at the Court of Auditors .

Hollande with his former partner Ségolène Royal (2007)

At the end of the 1970s at the ENA, Hollande met his future partner and party colleague Ségolène Royal while doing a study project on problematic municipal areas . The two lived in a relationship for almost 30 years.

Party entry and entry into parliament

In 1979 Hollande joined the Socialist Party and, through the advocacy of Jacques Attali, became an advisor to François Mitterrand on economic issues. After Mitterrand won the presidential election in 1981 , he followed this as an advisor to the Élysée Palace . In the same year he ran unsuccessfully against Jacques Chirac for a parliamentary mandate in the central French department of Corrèze .

In 1983, Hollande became office manager of the press secretary of the Mauroy cabinet (the government of Pierre Mauroy ). In the same year he was elected to the local council of Ussel in the Corrèze department; his candidacy for mayor failed.

In 1988, after Mitterrand was re-elected as President in the 1988 election, Hollande ran, this time successfully, for a parliamentary mandate in the Corrèze department , changing the constituency compared to his candidacy in 1981. In the same year he became professor of economics for the third year students at SciencesPo; He practiced this teaching activity until 1991. In 1989 he moved from Ussel to the local council of Tulle , where he became the mayor's deputy.

In 1993 Hollande lost his parliamentary seat and until 1997 took over the chairmanship of a political club ( Club Témoin ) under the direction of Jacques Delors . At the same time he worked as a lawyer.

Return to parliament and rise to the leadership figure of the socialists

Within the party, Hollande supported the movement around Pierre Mauroy and Lionel Jospin in the early 1990s , but at the same time was in close contact with Delors. In 1994 he became party secretary for economic issues in the PS and, in the run-up to the French presidential election in 1995, he was the press spokesman for Lionel Jospin for his election campaign. He assumed the same function after the election for the PS.

In 1997, when the Gauche plurielle won the parliamentary elections, Hollande was re-elected MP for Corrèze; he was able to defend his mandate in 2002 and 2007. In the same year he became, as the successor to the Prime Minister appointed Jospin, party chairman (French Premier Secrétaire ) of the PS. In June 1999 Hollande also became a member of the European Parliament ; However, he resigned this mandate in December 1999. In the same year he was elected Vice-President of the Socialist International . In 2001 he became mayor of Tulle.

After the debacle of Lionel Jospin in the 2002 presidential election , the subsequent defeat of the PS in the parliamentary elections and Jospin's withdrawal from politics, Hollande took over the leadership role within the PS. He led the party to victory in the 2004 regional and cantonal elections, in which the left-wing parties, led by the PS, won 20 out of 22 regions in European France and Guadeloupe , and appointed the president of 51 of the 100 general councils of the departments . The PS also clearly won the European elections in June 2004 with 29 percent of the vote .

In the debate about the European Constitution , Hollande clearly sided with the supporters and thus publicly opposed the party's second man, Laurent Fabius . At Hollande's initiative, an internal party referendum was held on this issue, in which his line found a majority. He then restructured the party leadership, with Fabius remaining in his functions, but replacing many other opponents of the European Constitution in the party secretariat by supporters such as Martine Aubry , Dominique Strauss-Kahn or Jack Lang . Quite a few of them had previously belonged to the Jospin governments. Hollande's position was weakened in 2005 by the rejection of the European Constitution in a national referendum, in which many PS sympathizers voted “No”.

Renunciation of presidential candidacy in 2007

In the run-up to the 2007 presidential election , Hollande's partner Ségolène Royal successfully applied for a candidacy as a PS presidential candidate, while Hollande refused to apply. Hollandes jokingly titled Monsieur Royal from this time , although the couple had drifted apart both privately and politically in 2007. Royal made a name for herself in her election campaign against her own party, which ran counter to Hollande's goal of uniting the party. Immediately after the presidential election lost by Royal, the couple announced their separation (Hollande is said to have been in a relationship with his subsequent partner for a long time at this point).

In March 2008, Hollande ran again as mayor of Tulle, but immediately resigned from office and from his local council mandate despite an election victory in order to become President of the General Council of Corrèze (Background: Members of the National Assembly may hold a maximum of one electoral office at local and regional level ). In November 2008, after eleven years at the head of the party, he no longer ran as Premier Secrétaire of the PS (he was replaced by Martine Aubry ).

Candidacy and successful presidential election in 2012

On March 31, 2011, immediately after his re-election as President of the General Council of Corrèze , Hollande announced his application for nomination as a candidate for the PS for the 2012 presidential election in France . He was one of the favorites for the nomination in the polls from the start; this was first decided by the party in the form of an open area code (primaires citoyennes) . In May 2011, Dominique Strauss-Kahn declined to apply after publicizing rape allegations; from this point on, Hollande was definitely the favorite. In the first ballot of the primaries in October 2011, he was at the top of the applicants with 39 percent of the votes and had to face a runoff against Martine Aubry (30 percent). He won this with around 57 percent of the vote and was thus a candidate for the PS in the 2012 presidential elections. During the election campaign, Hollande described himself as an enemy of the financial markets:

"Mon véritable adversaire, il n'a pas de nom, pas de visage, pas de parti, il ne présentera jamais sa candidature, il ne sera jamais élu et pourtant il gouverne. Cet adversaire, c'est le monde de la finance. »

“My real opponent has no name, no face, no party, he will never stand for election, he will never be elected and yet he rules. This opponent, that is the world of finance. "

- Hollande, January 21, 2012

Hollande described his presidential candidacy as an application for an office that he intended to hold as a "normal" president. This sentence was aimed at the polarizing and erratic personality of incumbent and rival candidate Nicolas Sarkozy . In the polls following this statement, most of the French wanted a "normal" president. The talk of the "normal president" became a central theme for his election campaign.

Inauguration on May 15, 2012 by his predecessor Sarkozy

In surveys, Hollande was consistently ahead of Sarkozy from his nomination to the runoff election on May 6, 2012, both for a runoff election and a majority for the first ballot. At times he achieved poll ratings of over 60 percent for the second ballot. Under the slogan "Le Changement, c'est maintenant", in addition to the motive of the "normal president" in the election campaign, he primarily focused on a stronger redistribution policy (including a drastic increase in the top tax rate to 75 percent for incomes over one million euros) and more social justice . He also called for a renegotiation of the European Fiscal Pact and its addition to a “growth pact”, which was hotly debated in Germany.

Hollande won the first ballot on April 22, 2012 with 28.6 percent of the vote. It was the best result of a socialist candidate in a first ballot since the success of François Mitterrand in 1988. Before the second ballot, Hollande surprisingly received calls for elections from the left-wing candidates Jean-Luc Mélenchon and Eva Joly and, surprisingly, the personal support of the centrist François Bayrou . Hollande won the second ballot on May 6, 2012 with 51.6 percent of the vote. He is the second socialist president of the Fifth Republic after François Mitterrand, who ruled from 1981 to 1995.

Reign

Hollande had no government experience when he was elected. He appointed Jean-Marc Ayrault , who was also inexperienced in big politics, as prime minister, who formed a cabinet . In the French parliamentary elections in June 2012 , the Parti Socialiste also received an absolute majority in the National Assembly . There was therefore no cohabitation . Hollande made his first inaugural visit in Berlin to Chancellor Merkel ( Merkel II cabinet ). His first hundred days as president were clouded by arguments over same-sex marriage .

After taking office, Hollande ordered the Court of Auditors ( Cour des comptes ) to overturn the treasury. In 2012 alone, according to the Court of Auditors (July 2, 2012), there would be a shortfall of six to ten billion euros in the budget if the government had complied with its international savings commitments. In 2013 (according to the 2012 forecast), 33 billion euros in planned government spending would have had to be cut in order to maintain the upper deficit limit of 3.0 percent of gross domestic product .

Although he had promised during the election campaign to stop the controversial Roma deportations of his predecessor , Roma housing estates across the country were cleared in August 2012 and hundreds of people living there were deported to Romania and Bulgaria .

The increase in the top tax rate to 75 percent, which Hollande had promised in the presidential election campaign, was lifted as unconstitutional by the French Constitutional Council in December 2012 , which was generally viewed as a serious political defeat for the president. The government announced its intention to reintroduce the draft law in a revised version.

In 2012, the budget deficit criteria of the European Fiscal Compact of a maximum of 3.0 percent of GDP were clearly missed by 4.8 percent. The total debt level at the end of 2012 was 1.834 trillion euros, which corresponds to 90.2 percent of GDP.

Hollande ended the French involvement in the war in Afghanistan in 2012/2013 .

In January 2013, Hollande ordered the military intervention Opération Serval in Mali at the request of the local government and with the approval of the United Nations. In the spring of 2013, he introduced same-sex marriage against bitter and sometimes violent protests by conservative Catholic circles.

Hollande during the UN Climate Change Conference 2016

The number of unemployed in March 2013 was 3.225 million, a high in French history at the time. The unemployment rate in February 2013 was 10.8 percent. The Center for European Politics (CEP) calculated a “sustainability gap” for 2012 of 3.5% of GDP. This gap had to be closed in the medium term in order for the debt to remain sustainable. Contrary to Hollande's efforts, the number of unemployed rose to 3.303 million by the end of 2013.

In September 2013, Hollande advocated a military strike against the Syrian ruler Bashar al-Assad during the civil war in Syria .

After the attack on Charlie Hebdo on January 7, 2015 , Hollande ordered state mourning for the following day and described the murdered journalists and cartoonists as "our heroes". He condemned the attack itself as a "terrorist attack with extraordinary brutality". Following the November 13th 2015 Paris attacks , at the November 27th memorial service, he promised to do everything possible to “destroy the army of fanatics” and declared that France would stay as it is.

Hollande's popularity was low in 2016. According to an internal PS survey in August 2016, Hollande would have lost a vote against Arnaud Montebourg for the presidential candidate.

During his presidency, Hollande was ex officio as co-prince one of two incumbent heads of state of the neighboring miniature state Andorra .

Renunciation of presidential candidacy 2017

On December 1, 2016, Hollande announced in a televised address that he would not run for the presidential election. A previously published book by two reporters who specialize in affairs contributed to this decision. Since the beginning of the fifth republic in France, no president has ruled out another candidacy after his first term. Hollande was thus considered Lame Duck in the last months of his tenure .

Private life

After his almost 30-year partnership with Ségolène Royal , with whom he has four children, he was in a relationship with the journalist Valérie Trierweiler since the mid-2000s ; Royal finally announced their split from Hollande in the summer of 2007. From 2010 to 2014 Hollande lived with Valérie Trierweiler. Trierweiler subsequently published a disclosure book about her relationship with Hollande.

Hollande was said to have had an affair with actress Julie Gayet since 2013 . In March 2013, Gayet sued bloggers reporting the affair for invasion of privacy. The reluctance to publish ended in January 2014 when Closer magazine published pictures of a paparazzo on the subject. At the instigation of Gayet, Closer took the pictures from the photo series from the website; the magazine could still be sold. At the annual press conference on January 14, 2014, Hollande reaffirmed "private matters are treated privately in the respectful familiarity of everyone", on January 25, 2014 he announced the separation from Valérie Trierweiler. After Hollande's tenure ended, Julie Gayet appeared publicly as his partner.

Others

  • In the media, Hollande is often referred to by the nickname Flanby . This term is used to describe a jelly. Arnaud Montebourg is considered to be the originator of the nickname .
  • Between April 2012 and July 2016, Hollande met 60 times with the Le Monde editors Gérard Davet and Fabrice Lhomme for talks in which he outlined his political positions, which were published in mid-October 2016 in the book Un président ne devrait pas dire ça .. . ( A president should something not say ) appeared. In it, he took the view, among other things, that his party must be " liquidated ".

Electoral mandates

Works

  • La Gauche bouge , éd. Jean-Claude Lattès, 1985
  • L'heure des Choix (German: The hour of decisions ) 1991 - in collaboration with Pierre Moscovici
  • L'Idée socialiste aujourd'hui , Omnibus, 2001
  • Devoirs de vérité , interviews with Edwy Plenel, Stock, 2007
  • Droit d'inventaires , interviews with Pierre Favier, Le Seuil, 2009
  • Le rêve français , Éditions Privat, 2011
  • Un destin pour la France , Fayard, 2012
  • Changer de destin , Robert Laffont, 2012
  • Les Leçons du pouvoir , Stock, 2018

literature

  • François Bachy: François Hollande: un destin tranquille. Plon, Paris 2001, ISBN 2-259-19284-X .
  • François Bachy: L'énigme Hollande. Plon, Paris 2005, ISBN 2-259-20173-3 .
  • Serge Raffy: François Hollande: itinéraire secret. Fayard, Paris 2011, ISBN 978-2-213-63520-0 .
  • Laurent Binet: Rien ne se passe comme prévu . Grasset, Paris 2012. Le Livre de Poche, 2013, ISBN 978-2253174783 .

Awards (excerpt)

Web links

Commons : François Hollande  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c François Hollande , Internationales Biographisches Archiv 47/2011 from November 22, 2011, supplemented by news from MA-Journal up to week 17/2012, in the Munzinger archive ( beginning of article freely available)
  2. ↑ Ségolène Royal , Internationales Biographisches Archiv 43/2006 of October 28, 2006, supplemented by news from MA-Journal up to week 42/2011, in the Munzinger archive ( beginning of article freely available)
  3. ↑ PDF
  4. ^ FAZ : Ségolène Royal separates from socialist boss Hollande June 17, 2007
  5. ↑ Hollande candidat, les socialistes s'affichent rassemblés , lemonde.fr, October 16, 2011
  6. ↑ Le Pen: “faites barrage à la finance” qui “a cette fois un nom”, Macron. In: ladepeche.fr . May 1, 2017, accessed on July 28, 2018 (French).
  7. ↑ a b rp-online.de (Rheinische Post) May 7, 2012: The stony path of Monsieur Hollande
  8. ^ AFP: François Hollande, l'homme d'appareil qui se rêve en “président normal”. L'express.fr, October 9, 2010, accessed December 6, 2011 (French).
  9. ↑ See also the list of surveys in the French-language Wikipedia
  10. ↑ Hollande for 75 percent top tax rate. faz.net, February 28, 2012, accessed May 9, 2012 .
  11. ↑ Sascha Lehnartz: Sarkozy only second, Le Pen is the surprise. Welt online, April 22, 2012, accessed on April 24, 2012 .
  12. ↑ Pierre Jaxel-Truer: La journée où François Bayrou a décidé de faire "le choix de Francois Hollande". Le Monde.fr, May 3, 2012, accessed May 4, 2012 (French).
  13. ↑ Michaela Wiegel : Avoiding conflict and humorous. faz.net, August 12, 2014, accessed August 12, 2014
  14. ↑ a b Michaela Wiegel: The Unfinished. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, May 13, 2017, p. 2
  15. ↑ FAZ.net December 2, 2016: Much promised, little kept
  16. ↑ spiegel.de July 2, 2012: Court of Auditors demands billions in savings from Hollande
  17. ↑ spiegel.de July 2, 2012: Billion hole endangers Hollande's election promise
  18. ↑ zeit.de July 5, 2012: On the way to the Mediterranean: French President François Hollande opposes Germany - and is looking for new allies in Italy and Spain.
  19. ^ France: Constitutional Council overturns tax on the wealthy Die Presse, December 29, 2012
  20. ↑ heute.de: Hollande undeterred in the crisis ( memento from April 12, 2013 in the web archive archive.today ) from March 29, 2013.
  21. ↑ loi no 2013-404 ouvrant le mariage aux couples de personnes de même sexe du 17 may 2013 ( online ), known as loi mariage pour tous . See also fr: Mariage homosexuel en France , fr: opposition au mariage homosexuel en France , fr: pacte civil de solidarité
  22. ↑ focus.de: 3.2 million French people without a job - the number of unemployed in France at an all-time high on April 25, 2013
  23. ↑ Country analysis France 2013 ( Memento from January 11, 2014 in the Internet Archive ), page II (PDF, 21 pages)
  24. ↑ President Hollande fails with unemployment target. Spiegel Online , January 27, 2014, accessed July 26, 2018 .
  25. ↑ Part of Hollande's keynote address on the occasion of the opening of the 21st Ambassadors' Conference on August 27 in the Élysée Palace in Paris , focus.de September 3, 2013
  26. ↑ Terror in Paris: Tens of thousands mourn victims. Süddeutsche Zeitung online, January 7, 2015, accessed January 8, 2015 .
  27. ^ François Hollande: Allocution à la suite de l'attentat au siège de Charlie Hebdo. (Videostream) Office of the President of the French Republic , accessed on January 8, 2015 (French).
  28. ↑ Francois Hollande at the funeral service in Paris: "We will do everything we can to destroy the army of fanatics". tagesspiegel.de, November 27, 2015, accessed on July 26, 2018 .
  29. ↑ Primaire à gauche: un sondage secret donne Montebourg champion du second tour Le Figaro, 25 August 2016
  30. ↑ lefigaro.fr , September 8, 2016: Selon Arnaud Montebourg, François Hollande est en situation «d'empêchement»
  31. ↑ Gérard Davet and Fabrice Lhomme: Un président ne devrait pas dire ça ... (paperback edition 2017, ISBN 2757866982 )
  32. ↑ Michaela Wiegel and Eckart Lohse / FAZ.net October 31, 2017: [1]
  33. ↑ FAZ.net . François Mitterrand, Jacques Chirac and Charles de Gaulle served two terms in the Elysée Palace, Valéry Giscard d'Estaing and Nicolas Sarkozy were not re-elected after their first five years and Georges Pompidou died in 1974 in office.
  34. ↑ FAZ.net December 2, 2016 / Klaus-Dieter Frankenberger : The Failed
  35. ↑ Alleged Love Affair: The President and the Actress. Spiegel Online, January 10, 2014, accessed January 10, 2014 .
  36. ↑ Closer (magazine) January 10, 2014: Affaire Hollande / Gayet: François Hollands et Valérie Trierweiler face aux numerus de rupture
  37. ↑ Le Monde: Hollands et Gayet: "Closer" va retirer les information de son site
  38. ↑ Deuxième partie de la conference de presse du président de la République. Elysee Palace, January 14, 2014, accessed January 19, 2014 .
  39. ↑ spiegel.de January 14, 2014: President in need of explanation: Hollande admits relationship problems
  40. ^ Dutch advertisement "la fin de sa vie commune" avec Trierweiler. Le Journal du Dimanche , January 25, 2014, accessed January 25, 2014 .
  41. ↑ Closer.fr Flanby ": Arnaud Montebourg à l'origine du surnom de Francois Hollande Il répond August 29, 2014
  42. ↑ Deutsche Welle: Comment: France is done with "Flanby"
  43. ↑ Hollande is talking about head and neck. Handelsblatt October 13, 2016
  44. ↑ Note on the website of the French Embassy in Germany , accessed on November 26, 2012
  45. ↑ Decree of the President of Ukraine No. 250/2017 of August 23, 2017 ; accessed on September 3, 2017 (Ukrainian)
personal data
SURNAME Hollande, François
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Hollande, François Gérard Georges Nicolas (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION French politician, member of the National Assembly, MEP
DATE OF BIRTH August 12, 1954
PLACE OF BIRTH Rouen