Charlie Hebdo

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Charlie Hebdo
logo
description Satirical magazine
language French
First edition 1970
Frequency of publication Weekly on Wednesdays
Sold edition 60,000 copies
Editor-in-chief Gerard Biard
editor Laurent Sourisseau
Web link charliehebdo.fr
ISSN (print) 1240-0068

Charlie Hebdo [ ʃaʁli ɛbˈdo ] is a French satirical magazine . It was first published from 1970 to 1981 and has been published again in Paris since 1992 with a regular weekly print run of around 60,000 copies . The name "Charlie" comes from the cartoon character Charlie Brown of the " Peanuts " and refers to the origins of the magazine in the field of comic magazines and President Charles de Gaulle , "Hebdo" is the French abbreviation for hebdomadaire (German: Weekly magazine, weekly paper).

Charlie Hebdo is assigned to the politically left spectrum in accordance with its self- image. An initially radical left-wing orientation was abandoned and many issues were centered on politics. The sharp secularism and anti-clericalism that characterize the profile were retained. The magazine has been sued countless times - mostly unsuccessfully - by right-wing extremist politicians, journalists and religious organizations.

In a terrorist attack on the editorial office of Charlie Hebdo on January 7, 2015 , twelve people, including five prominent cartoonists from the editorial team of the magazine, including the editor, and thus a large part of the editorial team, were murdered.

story

Beginnings

Former seat of Charlie Hebdo on Rue Turbigo in Paris

Charlie Hebdo's predecessor , the weekly L'hebdo Hara-Kiri , emerged in 1969 from the anarchist magazine Hara-Kiri , which has been published monthly since 1960 and was temporarily banned; one of the founders was François Cavanna . In 1986 the monthly magazine Hara-Kiri was discontinued due to a lack of readers. After the weekly edition L'hebdo Hara-Kiri , which appeared parallel to Hara-Kiri , was banned in 1970 , the original employees of Hara-Kiri founded the weekly magazine Charlie Hebdo , the name of which is derived from the monthly magazine Charlie mensuel was ajar.

Due to a lack of funding, the weekly edition was discontinued in 1981 after the number 580 appeared.

revival

In 1992 the editorial team of Charlie Hebdo was revived by a few former employees and the satirical magazine soon became the second most important in France after Le Canard enchaîné . The left-wing satirical magazine initially showed a critical and radical profile, the circulation sometimes reaching up to 90,000 copies. In 1995 a "petition to ban the Front National " was initiated , which a total of 150,000 people signed. In the same year, the right-wing, Catholic anti- abortion opponents of the commandos anti-IVG (“Commands against voluntary abortion”) were targeted by the former editor-in-chief Philippe Val. He announced that he would set up anti-god commands. He was beaten following a television program he made this comment.

In the late 1990s, a dispute over the direction of the magazine ensued, which escalated in 1999. The reason for this was the rapprochement between part of the editorial team led by Philippe Val and the French Greens and their then top candidate for the 1999 European elections , Daniel Cohn-Bendit , and Val's positive attitude towards the Kosovo war . As a result, two distinguished editors left the magazine, the circulation fell from 70,000 to less than 60,000 copies. A relaunch carried out by Val in the spring finally reduced the text portion in favor of the drawings and continued the path towards the political center.

The gendarmerie monitors the editorial building of Charlie Hebdo following the publication of the Mohammed cartoons (2006)

In 2006, Charlie Hebdo was one of the few magazines that reprinted the Mohammed cartoons from the Danish Jyllands-Posten , supplemented by its own cartoons about Muslims. The editorial building was then guarded by the gendarmerie . The French Muslim umbrella organization Conseil français du culte musulman (CFCM) filed a lawsuit against Charlie Hebdo . In 2007, the competent Paris court acquitted the magazine of the allegation of insult.

On March 1, 2006, Charlie Hebdo published the Manifesto of the 12 , in which twelve intellectuals, predominantly from the Islamic culture, spoke out against Islamism as a new, global, totalitarian threat. In addition to Ayaan Hirsi Ali , Salman Rushdie and nine other people, the signatories also included the then director of editorial and publishing house Philippe Val.

In 2008, the draftsman and columnist Maurice Albert Sinet ("Siné") was fired. He had polemicized against Jean Sarkozy and indirectly also his fiancée Jessica Sebaoun , whereby Charlie Hebdo et al. a. faced allegations of anti-Semitism through LICRA . Sinet then refused the public apology requested by Philippe Val. Charlie Hebdo later awarded him 90,000 euros in compensation for his dismissal. He also won the anti-Semitism trial against LICRA.

In 2010 the newspaper won a legal battle against the ultra-conservative, Catholic organization “General Alliance against Racism and for the Respect of French and Christian Identities” (Agrif). She had sued because in an article on the Pope's visit to France in 2008, the Jesus word “Let the children come to me” had been placed in a pedophile context. The Catholic Church has already brought a total of 14 trials against the magazine, which it lost all.

Arson attack in 2011

Remains after the 2011 arson attack

On November 2, 2011, an arson attack was carried out on the editorial offices of the magazine on Boulevard Davout in Paris, which had only been newly occupied in April 2011 . According to media reports, the attack was linked to the publication of a cartoon of Muhammad on the front page of the current issue. In addition, the website of the satirical magazine was hacked . Instead of the front page of the then new edition, there was a picture of the mosque in the Saudi Arabian pilgrimage site of Mecca during the Hajj for a few hoursto see, with the message written in Turkish and English: “Under the guise of freedom of the press you attack the great prophet of Islam with your hateful caricatures. Let the curse of God hit you. We will be your curse in the virtual world. There is no god but Allah and Mohammed is his prophet. ”A Turkish group of hackers called“ Akıncılar ”(Storm Rider of the Ottoman Empire) sent a letter of responsibility to the French weekly newspaper Nouvel Observateur , but said they had nothing to do with the arson attack to have.

The editor-in-chief Stéphane Charbonnier , who appears under his stage name Charb , also spoke of threatening e-mails that the editors had received before the publication date. Due to the success of the Islamists ( Ennahda ) in the first free elections in Tunisia (October 23, 2011), a special issue was announced: In allusion to the Sharia , it was called Charia Hebdo , and Mohammed was jokingly chosen as guest editor-in-chief and by the illustrator Luz was shown as a caricature on the front page with the words: “ 100 coups de fouet, si vous n'êtes pas morts de rire!”(“ 100 lashes if you don't laugh yourself to death! ”). The editor-in-chief emphasized that no one could have read the Sharia special issue before the arson attack, as it did not go on sale until hours later, but the front page was already visible on the Internet beforehand. Charbonnier asked for financial support in a video in front of the rubble after the attack. Journalistically, Charlie Hebdo responded with a caricature by the draftsman Luz, with the title of the following issue, depicting a Muslim with Takke and a cartoonist from the magazine with a Charlie Hebdo T-shirt kissing with tongue under the headline “ L'amour plus fort que la haine ”(“ Love is stronger than hate ”) showed.

Nobody was injured in the attack, but the damage caused by fire and extinguishing work was considerable: offices on two floors, all equipment, the layout and the computer system were completely destroyed, and the website went offline. The newspaper Liberation showed its solidarity, made its premises available to the editorial staff of Charlie Hebdo and dedicated a special edition to the magazine. The hacker group "Akincilar" then threatened Liberation with further cyber attacks . The Belgian internet provider Host Bluevision no longer wanted to put the website online because of the death threats. Also the Facebook pagethe magazine was taken offline after numerous threats from radical Islamic circles on the grounds that Charlie Hebdo was not a person. Charlie Hebdo's editorial team worked under the Liberation umbrella for about two months and then moved to a building on rue Serpollet in Paris.

The French public responded with a great wave of solidarity. Press associations, the CFCM , the umbrella organization for French Muslims, and politicians condemned the attack. Commenting on the attacks, CFCM President Mohammed Moussaoui said: "If it is a criminal attack, we condemn it decisively," and stated that the fact of caricaturing the Prophet was an insult to Muslims. For him, however, the Charlie Hebdo caricatures have no meaning comparable to the 2006 caricatures. In a communiqué on the same day, Prime Minister François Fillon condemned “the attack on freedom of expression ”.

Mohammed cartoons 2012 and 2013

On September 19, 2012, Charlie Hebdo released new Mohammed cartoons. The cartoons appeared at a time when the mood in Muslim countries was heated. Excerpts from the Islamophobic film Innocence of Muslims circulating on the Internet had triggered angry and bloody protests in the Islamic countries of Libya, Tunisia, Sudan and Yemen, as well as in France, accompanied by an armed attack on the US consulate in Benghazi (Libya) on September 11, 2012. At least 15 people were killed in the protests and the attack, including the US Ambassador to Libya, J. Christopher Stevens , and three other embassy staff.

The magazine defended the publication of the cartoons the day before, citing freedom of speech and press . The editor-in-chief Stéphane Charbonnier said they were no more provocative than usual, and emphasized that in a democracy also satiremust be possible through religions. The radio station France Inter quoted Charbonnier as saying: “We publish cartoons about everyone and everything every week. But when it comes to the prophet, it is called a provocation. First one must not draw Mohammed, then no longer a radical Muslim, and each time it will say: This is a provocation for a Muslim. Is freedom of the press a provocation? I don't call on devout Muslims to read Charlie Hebdo any more than I go to a mosque to hear a discourse that contradicts my beliefs. We obey the laws of the republic and the rule of law. ”The drawings would only shock those who want to be shocked.

The police took measures to protect the editorial offices. Because of feared terrorist riots by Islamist radicals, the French government decided to close around 20 French facilities (consulates, cultural centers, international schools and some embassies). The French government criticized Charlie Hebdo for the timing of the publication of the cartoons. The majority of the opposition, however, demanded not to be intimidated by threats and to make them subject to blackmail. For example, For example, the former French Prime Minister François Fillon , one should not give in in this area.

In Germany, representatives of the CSU, including Johannes Singhammer and Horst Seehofer , also called for the tightening of Section 166 of the Criminal Code (abuse of denominations, religious societies and ideological associations); the demand was supported by Bamberg's Archbishop Ludwig Schick , but rejected by Muslim associations, the Protestant Church and Chancellor Angela Merkel .

On January 2, 2013, Charlie Hebdo published a comic book biography of Mohammed (La Vie De Mahomet) . The Iranian government protested, calling the publication a “religious insult” in advance or “part of a Zionist Islamophobia campaign” after it was published . At the beginning of March 2013 Charbonnier was advertised as one of ten people "dead or alive for crimes against Islam" in the magazine Inspire, which is attributed to the Al Qaeda branch of AQAP , under the slogans "One bullet a day protects against unbelievers" and "Defends the Prophet Mohammed, peace be upon him".

2015 attack

Hours after the attack

On January 7, 2015, during the weekly editorial conference, an Islamist-motivated terrorist attack was carried out on the employees of Charlie Hebdo , in which two masked men broke into the editorial offices on Rue Nicolas-Appert, in the center of Paris, and shot twelve people with assault rifles including the editor and draftsman Stéphane Charbonnier ("Charb"), the draftsmen Jean Cabut ("Cabu"), Bernard Verlhac ("Tignous"), Philippe Honoré and Georges Wolinski , the journalist and co-owner of the paper Bernard Maris(“Oncle Bernard”), as the only woman the Jewish columnist Elsa Cayat , the editor Mustapha Ourrad and two police officers. At least 20 other people were injured, some seriously. During the act, the perpetrators shouted slogans such as Allahu akbar (“God is greatest”) and On a vengé le prophète! ("We have avenged the prophet"). The two perpetrators were identified as the brothers Chérif and Saïd Kouachi during their three-day escape . On January 9, 2015, they finally holed up in Dammartin-en-Goële, northeast of Paris, in a print shop.

In connection with the attack, petty criminal and jihadist Amedy Coulibaly , known to the police, shot and killed a policewoman on January 8 and seriously injured a street cleaner. The next day he deliberately attacked a Jewish supermarket in the east of Paris " because of the Jews " and took several hostages there, four of whom he shot while the hostage-taking. He demanded free retreat for the Kouachi brothers. Coulibaly confirmed to a television station that he had "agreed to the start of these operations" with the Kouachi brothers and that he was fighting for the Islamic State (IS). In the coordinated storming of the two scenes by the police in the early evening, all three assassins were killed.

All over the world, people spontaneously took to the streets, many carried placards with the expression of solidarity Je suis Charlie ("I am Charlie")

After the attack, there were spontaneous solidarity rallies in numerous French and other European cities that evening and on the following days. In Paris alone, around 35,000 people demonstrated on the evening of January 7; many showed candles or pens and posters that said Je suis Charlie (“I am Charlie”). This saying was previously posted by members of the editorial team on the Charlie Hebdo websitepublished in several languages. Also on January 9th, people gathered for solidarity rallies; this time around 700,000 across France. On January 11, at least 3.7 million people took part in funeral marches in the country, around 1.2 to 1.6 million of them in the central funeral march in Paris. The French government and around 50 heads of state and government were also present.

The title page of the first edition made by the draftsman Luz after the attack on January 7, 2015 at a newspaper stand in Paris.

The magazine's surviving editors announced a regular January 14, 2015 issue entitled Le Journal des Survivants , stating that the pen would always be superior to barbarism. Work began two days after the attack on the office building in the rooms of the left-liberal daily Liberation under the direction of editor-in-chief Gérard Biard. On January 13, the issue, which also contained contributions by the killed cartoonists and journalists, was presented to the public. The next day it went on sale with a planned circulation of three million copies; the first edition of one million was sold out within a very short time. As a result, the circulation was initially increased to five, later seven million copies and also offered on the website as an app. This makes it the most historically printed edition of a magazine in France. Usually around 30,000 issues are sold with a print run of 60,000. This time Charlie Hebdo appearedalso in 16 languages ​​and several hundred thousand copies (usually just under 4000) were sold in 25 countries. The cover picture shows the caricature of a crying Mohammed who, under the heading Tout est pardonné (“Everything is forgiven”), holds a sign with the words Je suis Charlie in his hands.

On January 19, it was announced that the illustrator Laurent Sourisseau ("Riss"), who survived the attack injured, will take over the management of the magazine together with editor-in-chief Gérard Biard. On February 1, the editors announced on their website that the publication of the satirical magazine would be suspended for a few weeks because the employees were tired and exhausted. From February 25th, the publication was back to normal. The circulation of the first two regular editions was 2.5 and 1.5 million copies respectively.

In the first two months after the attack, Charlie Hebdo made a profit of more than 20 million euros through sales of time sheets alone, and many donations were also received. While the income from donations should only benefit the survivors of those killed, the handling of the sales income is still being discussed. The money is to be used, among other things, to set up a foundation on the subject of freedom of expression . In addition, eleven editors are said to have proposed a participation model at an editorial conference that allows all employees to become equal partners. So far, 40% of the magazine belongs to the parents of the killed editor Charb and the injured draftsmanRiss and 20% to the manager Eric Portheault.

In April 2015, the artist Luz said that he would no longer draw Mohammed cartoons. He was tired of them as with Nicolas Sarkozy . Riss also told the star : "We drew Mohammed to defend the principle that you can draw what you want," but now it's others' turn. He himself would no longer draw Mohammed today.

German edition 2016 to 2017

On December 1, 2016, the first German edition was published with a circulation of 200,000 copies, most of which consisted of translated articles from the French edition. Like the French, the German edition was published weekly. On November 29, 2017, the German edition was discontinued due to insufficient readership.

Further development and condemnation of the alleged helpers

On September 2, 2020, at the start of the trial of alleged accomplices in the Charlie Hebdo attack , Charlie Hebdo republished the Mohammed cartoons in a special edition . On September 25, an attack broke out in front of Charlie Hebdo's office building in Paris, in which four people were injured with a butcher's knife, including two seriously. The alleged perpetrator then confessed that the motivation for the attack was the republication of the cartoons. The French Interior Minister Gérald Darmanin classified the attack as a terrorist act after Al-Qaeda announced a reaction to the reprint of the cartoons. On October 16, inConflans-Sainte-Honorine beheaded a history teacher who showed the magazine's cartoons after they were reprinted in September. The teacher wanted to sensitize his class to freedom of expression and freedom of the press. The perpetrator was shot dead by the police after he fled. As a result, nine people were arrested who are believed to be related to the murder. Emmanuel Macron called this act a "clearly Islamist motivated terrorist attack".

In December 2020, a Paris court sentenced several defendants for aiding and abetting long prison terms. The main accused, Ali Riza Polat, was found guilty of aiding and abetting terrorist crimes and was sentenced to 30 years in prison. 13 other defendants were sentenced to terms ranging from four years in prison to life imprisonment. Three defendants were wanted with international arrest warrants at the time of the verdict - they were sentenced in absentia.

reception

The satirical magazine has been criticized from various sides, especially by religious representatives , from the very beginning . In particular in connection with published Mohammed caricatures and the attacks, there was not only a clear preponderance of expressions of solidarity but also some sharp criticism and protests in some Muslim countries. On the occasion of allegations of alleged Islamophobia in the satirical magazine, the liberal Paris evening newspaper Le Monde evaluated all the titles of the past decade in spring 2015 and thus proved that Charlie Hebdo was far more satirical about political figures or Catholics than about Muslims or Islamists. Charlie Hebdo is "not obsessed with Islam".

The co-founder Henri Roussel (pseudonym "Delfeil de Ton") said after the attack in 2015 that the editor-in-chief Stéphane Charbonnier ("Charb") who was killed had "driven the team to death". He wondered "what made him think he had to get the team to overdo it?" He had previously accused "Charb" of turning the magazine "into a Zionist and Islamophobic organ." The President of the controversial Islamic Central Council of Switzerland , Nicolas Blancho , accused the magazine of continuing to “pour fuel on the fire” with the first issue after the attacks and to engage in “spiritual arson”, which was “as dangerous as extremism”. The Turkish Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlufelt the Muhammad caricature on the front page of the first issue after the attacks as a "serious provocation" and classified it as an "insult to the prophet". On the occasion of a visit to the Philippines, Pope Francis said that one should not make fun of the faith of others.

Bernd Matthies commented for the Tagesspiegel, The attack in January 2015 would "very probably not have happened if Charbonnier had decided in good time to focus his satirical attacks more on the French government, Marine Le Pen or other powerful key figures in politics". The attack is not excused, but "it does not relieve satirists from the duty to think about the goals of their work". In a reply, Gideon Boess sharply criticized this as a relativization and thus an excuse for the crime: “Those who are not brave enough to defend freedom of the press against those who violently oppose it do not have to justify themselves. [...] But if others are more courageous, oppose the enemies of freedom and pay a terrible price for it, then as a coward one should at least have the decency

In a comment in the taz , Deniz Yücel vehemently opposed the appropriation of the decidedly left-liberal newspaper and the murdered by right-wing Islamophobes as well as the renewed criticism of Charlie Hebdo , which had been regularly presented in previous years , for offending religious feelings, to " provoke ”and thus ultimately to be complicit. He also criticized the attitude that “the murders in Paris had nothing to do with Islam”, since “Islam” did not exist. He recalled that Charlie Hebdo had always mocked all sides.

The Islam critic Hamed Abdel-Samad sees the caricatures by Charlie Hebdo as a gift for Muslims. They are a chance "to deal with sacred texts and symbols in a more relaxed manner" and "to learn that only weak thoughts need a high wall of intimidation to protect them". The caricatures are "a kind of shock therapy" in order to recognize that the problem is not the reputation of Islam in the West, "but what happens in its name".

The PEN American Center awarded the magazine a prize for freedom of expression in May 2015 and in September 2015 the magazine received the M100 Media Award for the right to freedom of expression at the international media conference M100 Sanssouci Colloquium in Potsdam .

As a sideline, the attack on the Charlie Hebdo editorial team in 2015 is woven into the plot of the novel Oberkampf , which was published in August 2020, by writer Hilmar Klute .

literature

Web links

Commons : Charlie Hebdo  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

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  2. ^ After the attack: "Charlie Hebdo" has a circulation of one million. In: Spiegel Online. January 8, 2015, accessed January 9, 2014 .
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  57. ↑ Drawn by grief , FAZ, January 13, 2015.
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  73. ↑ Teacher killed near Paris: security authorities arrest nine people . In: FAZ.NET . ISSN  0174-4909 ( faz.net [accessed October 17, 2020]).
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  75. ↑ 30 years imprisonment for the main defendant . In: tagesschau.de, December 16, 2020 (accessed December 17, 2020).
  76. ↑ Deaths again during protests in Niger ( memento from January 18, 2015 in the Internet Archive ), tagesschau.de, January 17, 2015.
  77. ↑ Text published in the magazine Nouvel Obs , quoted by Telegraph and Spiegel, here quoted from Focus: Serious allegations: “Charlie Hebdo” co-founder: editor-in-chief drove team to death , FOCUS Online, January 15, 2015.
  78. ↑ Discord among Muslims , NZZ, April 18, 2010.
  79. ↑ Julian Rohrer: Criticism of the new edition: Swiss Islamic Council: "Charlie Hebdo" is vulgar, provocative and an arsonist. In: Focus Online . January 14, 2015, accessed January 15, 2015 .
  80. ↑ "Charlie Hebdo" - Davutoglu criticizes the cartoon of Mohammed on the front page , FAZ, January 15, 2015.
  81. ↑ Pope Francis: “One must not make fun of the faith of others” , süddeutsche.de, January 16, 2015, accessed on January 17, 2015.
  82. ↑ Bernd Matthies: What “Charlie Hebdo” could have done wrong. In: tagesspiegel.de . January 17, 2015, accessed February 3, 2015 .
  83. ↑ Gideon Böss: You were Charlie, now you are yourself again , Böss in Berlin on welt.de, January 17, 2015.
  84. ↑ Lots of false friends , taz.de, January 8, 2015.
  85. ↑ Muslims, dare to laugh at Mohammed! , Die Welt, February 2, 2015.
  86. ↑ Secularism is not a French specialty , jungle-world.com, May 13, 2015.
  87. ↑ Spiegel Online from September 18, 2015, Controversial satire: "Charlie Hebdo" editor-in-chief defends caricature of a drowned boy