Reporters without borders

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Reporters Without Borders
(RSF)
logo
legal form Reconnaissance d'utilité publique en France
founding 1985
founder Robert Ménard , Rémy Loury , Jacques Molénat and Émilien Jubineau
Seat Paris , FranceFranceFrance 
motto For freedom of information
purpose Freedom of the press
Action space worldwide
people Christophe Deloire , General Secretary RSF International
Christian Mihr , Managing Director ROG Germany
Rubina Möhring , President ROG Austria
Thérèse Obrecht Hodler , President ROG Switzerland
Employees 120
Website rsf.org

Reporters Without Borders (ROG; French Reporters sans frontières , RSF ) is an international non-governmental organization and campaigns for press freedom and against censorship around the world . With reference to Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (right to freedom of expression and expression), the organization is involved, among other things, with journalists imprisoned for political reasons .

history

The organization was founded in 1985 in Montpellier by four French journalists. One of them was Robert Ménard , who headed the organization until Jean-François Julliard took over from him in September 2008 as Secretary General. After it became known in May 2013 that Ménard, as a candidate in the local elections in March 2014 in Béziers, southern France, would receive the support of the right-wing extremist Front National party after a meeting with Marine Le Pen , both the international umbrella organization Reporters Without Borders in Paris distanced themselves also, for example, the sections in Germany, Austria and Switzerland publicly from the long-standing head of the organization who left five years earlier.

In early March 2021, Reporters Without Borders filed a complaint against Mohammed bin Salman with the Federal Court of Justice in the context of the murder of Jamal Khashoggi for crimes against humanity .

Organization and financing

Paris «Beijing 2008»

ROG has an international secretariat in Paris , nine European country sections and five country offices in North America and Asia. In addition, ROG works with 130 correspondents on all continents and 14 non-governmental partner organizations.

Anyone who is not a reporter or journalist can also become a member. The name was chosen based on the organization Doctors Without Borders , which is also active worldwide.

The organization has an annual budget of around 4.8 million euros and reports the composition of its income in 2010 as follows:

  • 45.5 percent came from self-generated sources such as auctions, calendar sales and the proceeds from three illustrated books.
  • 17.8 percent of the budget came from companies and foundations.
  • 18 percent came from public institutions, including the European Instrument for Democracy and Human Rights (EIDHR), the French Development Agency and the International Organization of La Francophonie.
  • The prize money received in 2010 for the Roland Berger Prize for Human Dignity amounted to 7 percent of the income.
  • 4.7 percent came from membership fees and donations.

According to research by the newspaper Junge Welt , ROG has been among others in the past. funded by US multibillionaire George Soros and by the National Endowment for Democracy . In 2003, around 10 percent of the annual budget came from the French state and another 15 percent from the EU.

In the past, financiers included the arms industrialist and media tsar of France Serge Dassault , the media group Vivendi and the billionaire François Pinault . It owes the public relations work that ROG does for its political goals to the free services of the well-known New York advertising agency Saatchi & Saatchi , an advertising agency with 134 branches in 84 countries and great political experience, for example during the election campaign of the conservative Margaret Thatcher, which the advertising agency helped in 1979 led to victory with the slogan “Labor Isn't Working”, and in advising George W. Bush, whose administration was advised in 2005 to portray the war on terror as a “struggle for a better world,” whose team carried out all of the reporter's communications campaigns Developed and implemented without limits.

German section

Reporters Without Borders German Section
legal form non-profit registered association
founding 1994
Seat Berlin
Chair Katja Gloger , Michael Rediske, Gemma Pörzgen , Matthias Spielkamp , Martin Kaul
Managing directors Christian Mihr
sales 2,643,641 euros (2018)
Employees 24 (2019)
Members 2192 (2019)
Website www.reporter-ohne-grenzen.de

The German section is an independent registered association based in Berlin. It has been active since 1994 and is mainly financed through donations, which make up almost 40 percent of the association's total income. In addition, membership fees, grants / third-party funds and proceeds from the annual published photo books for freedom of the press contribute to the association's income. In 2013, the German section recorded revenues of around 611,000 euros, which is the highest level of income in the club's history. Since June 2013 Reporters Without Borders e. V. Bearer of the donation seal of the German Central Institute for Social Issues (DZI), which certifies the statutory and effective use of funds by the association.

The voluntary board consists of Katja Gloger , Michael Rediske (both executive board members), Martin Kaul , Gemma Pörzgen and Matthias Spielkamp . The advisory board of trustees includes: Thomas Bellut , Klaus Brinkbäumer , Wolfgang Büchner , Peter-Matthias Gaede , Giovanni di Lorenzo , Hans-Jürgen Jakobs , Lorenz Maroldt , Georg Mascolo , Bascha Mika , Jan-Eric Peters , Andreas Petzold , Heribert Prantl , Jörg Quoos , Patricia Schlesinger and Karola Wille (as of February 2017). DW director Peter Limbourg left the board of trustees because of a dispute over Deutsche Welle's China course. He followed a request from Reporters Without Borders.

The impetus for the establishment of the German section was the murder of the journalist Egon Scotland in the Croatian war in 1991. The formal establishment took place in the presence of 40 journalists on June 18, 1994 in Berlin. The first board of directors was made up of Rediske, Pörzgen and Andreas Artmann. In the early days, the Berliner Tageszeitung (taz) gave volunteer employees work opportunities in their own editorial offices. In 1995 ROG opened a professional office in Berlin, and the first regional groups had already been set up in various cities. On September 25, 2014, the German Section in the Akademie der Künste in Berlin celebrated the 20th anniversary of its founding with information about the work of the organization. The keynote speech was given by the journalist Thomas Roth .

Photo book photos for freedom of the press

Since 1994, the German section of Reporters Without Borders has published the photo book "Photos for Press Freedom" annually on International Press Freedom Day . The photo volumes document events of the previous year in pictures and essays. In a factual section, the focus is on various countries in which freedom of the press was particularly under observation this year. In addition, series of images by well-known photographers are shown in the photo book. The accompanying essays describe the stories behind the creation of the pictures or reports on the events depicted in the pictures. The photos published in the book are provided by the photographer free of charge. In 2010 the photo book received a kress Award for the best relaunch of the year. In 2014 the photo book was awarded the title “Nominated 2015” by the jury of the German Photo Book Prize. The income from the sale of the photo book makes up around 19 percent of the association's total income.

Media Ownership Monitor

The Media Ownership Monitor - MOM for short - is a project of the German section of Reporters Without Borders, which has been carried out worldwide since 2015 with the support of the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ). In selected countries, this creates a publicly accessible overview of who owns the mass media in the categories TV, radio, print and online and what economic and political interests are behind it. The data is collected and evaluated using a standardized method based on the EU-funded MPM ('Media Pluralism Monitor') of the European University Institute in Florence. The result is an online database in English and in the respective national language, which is primarily intended to promote media literacy among the population. In addition, transparency in this sector can serve to uncover media concentration and the associated dangers for freedom of opinion and freedom of opinion. MOM is published together with local partner organizations and has so far been carried out in Cambodia, Colombia, Albania, Peru, Tunisia, the Philippines, Turkey, Ukraine, Mongolia, Serbia, Morocco, Brazil, Ghana and Mexico.

Austrian section

ROG Austria is a non-profit association based in Vienna , which was founded in 1998 and has around 100 members.

Since 2002, ROG Austria has presented a Press Freedom Award with a focus on recognizing journalists from Eastern and South Eastern Europe. The prize is endowed with 8,000 euros. The Austrian UNESCO Commission has the protection of honor over the awards.

Members of the international jury are:

So far, the winners have been:

Swiss section

The Swiss section was founded in 1990 and is based in Geneva.

Press Freedom Index

Press Freedom Index 2021
  • Good location
  • Satisfactory location
  • Identifiable problems
  • Difficult situation
  • Very serious situation

    • On International Press Freedom Day , ROG annually publishes the Press Freedom Index , a list of media freedom in 180 countries and territories (as of 2021). It was first published in 2002.

    methodology

    The index is built on the basis of two different criteria. On the one hand, based on a questionnaire with 87 questions, which is answered by the ROG partner organizations, ROG correspondents as well as journalists, researchers, lawyers and human rights activists around the world. The questions asked include media diversity, media law penalties, state monopolies, the existence of regulatory institutions, the degree of independence of state media, self-censorship, freedom of research, financial pressure, obstacles to the free flow of information on the Internet and much more.

    The ROG itself determines information on the number and extent of violent attacks, murders or arrests , the number of kidnapped journalists, the number of censored media and the number of journalists who have fled into exile, but also after indirect pressure on the reporting the media is being researched.

    Both criteria, the answers to the questions and the research results from ROG are each weighted according to certain criteria with points, with zero points representing the best possible result and one hundred points representing the worst result. The higher, i.e. the worse, of the two points obtained in this way for each country is now sorted in ascending order in the ranking list. ROG justifies this approach as follows:

    “The score for assaults can therefore only lower the rank of a country, it cannot improve it. To put it the other way round: A country does not improve in the ranking if it restricts its media through repressive laws and other measures to such an extent that it can largely control the reporting even without the use of force or imprisonment against journalists. "

    ROG points out that the index only measures the level of press freedom, not the quality of journalism in the individual countries. The index also assesses the pressure from non-governmental organizations such as ETA in Spain or threats and violent attacks at demonstrations and rallies against journalists by politically motivated groups such as Pegida , AfD and right-wing extremists in Germany. In addition, according to the ROG, the index is “not a representative survey based on scientific criteria”.

    Results

    The Press Freedom Index has consistently found that journalists enjoy the greatest freedoms in Finland , Denmark , New Zealand , the Netherlands , Norway , Sweden and Switzerland . In China , Eritrea , North Korea , Turkmenistan , and Syria, on the other hand, journalists and their work are most subject to state censorship and direction, and they often pay for their work with imprisonment, enforced disappearance , torture or death.

    Norway is in first place in 2017, which was previously held by Finland without interruption from 2009 to 2016. Switzerland, which had improved significantly by 13 places to 7th place in 2016, retained this place in 2017. Austria lost 4 places in 2016 to 11th place, which it also held in 2017. Germany also lost 4 positions to 16th place in 2016 and took it again in 2017. The USA, which rose 8 places to 41st place in 2016, fell back two places to 43rd place. Africa: Namibia with position 17 (± 0), for Asia: Taiwan with position 51 (± 0) and South America: Costa Rica with position 6 (+10)

    Germany in the Press Freedom Index

    In the study published in October 2006 on the worldwide situation of press freedom by the organization, Germany fell to 23rd place compared to 18th place out of the 166 countries examined in the previous year. Germany's placement was primarily the result of the BND's admission that it had illegally monitored journalists for years. But also editorial and house searches, the now discontinued proceedings for aiding and abetting the betrayal of secrets against two journalists and death threats against a cartoonist of the Tagesspiegel as well as the sometimes still difficult access to data contributed to this at the time. In the following years, Germany was able to improve again and in the 2015 report it was ranked 12th out of the 180 countries examined. In 2016, however, Germany fell four places to 16th place. The cause is the massive increase in threats and violent attacks against journalists on the fringes of numerous demonstrations and rallies by Pegida, AfD and right-wing extremists. In 2015, ROG counted 39 violent attacks against journalists alone.

    Ranking of the year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011/12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
    Points (placement) 4.00 (18.) 5.50 (23.) 5.75 (20.) 4.50 (20.) 3.50 (18.) 4.25 (17.) −3.00 (16.) 10.24 (17.) 10.23 (14.) 11.47 (12.) 14.8 (16.) 14.97 (16.) 14.39 (15.) 14.60 (13.) 12.16 (11.)

    Commitment to persecuted journalists

    Worldwide

    According to the ROG, 63 journalists and five media workers were murdered during and / or because of their work in 2005. 807 journalists were arrested that year, and on January 1, 2006, 126 journalists and 70 Internet dissidents were behind bars, according to ROG reports. The organization has also registered 1307 attacks or threats against journalists and 1006 cases of censorship. According to the ROG, the journalist who has been in prison the longest is the Libyan Abdullah Ali al-Sanussi al-Darrat, who has been imprisoned since 1973.

    According to a balance sheet published by the aid organization Reporters Without Borders on December 31, 2006, 2006 was one of the most dangerous years for journalists since the survey began : 81 media representatives were killed in the course of their jobs in 21 countries. In addition, 56 reporters were kidnapped, primarily in Iraq and Gaza . In addition, 32 media representatives (drivers, translators and technicians) were killed in their supporting work. As expected, Iraq was the most dangerous country for journalists for the fourth time in a row with 64 victims, followed by Mexico with nine and the Philippines with six deaths.

    In its 2007 annual report, the organization reported that in 2007, 86 journalists around the world were killed while practicing their profession. Most of the media (47) died in Iraq. In addition, according to information from the ROG, 877 journalists were arrested and more than 1,500 were attacked by police and security forces. According to the 2012 annual report from ROG, 88 journalists and 47 bloggers worldwide died this year while researching in crisis areas. In the previous year, the number of journalists killed was a third lower. The countries Syria, Pakistan and Somalia had the largest share.

    In 2015, ROG called for a UN special envoy for the protection of journalists. It should urge the member states to comply with their obligations under international law and serve as an "early warning point" for acute dangers.

    In January 2021, the European Court of Human Rights accepted a complaint from Reporters Without Borders against the Federal Intelligence Service . The complainants accuse the German foreign secret service BND of having monitored correspondence between RSF employees in Germany and journalists and activists abroad. In doing so, the BND violated the protection of privacy and freedom of expression, as enshrined in the European Convention on Human Rights.

    China

    In a report, the association criticizes the massive Internet bans and the selective accessibility of information via the Internet in China . Particularly affected are information offers from the companies Yahoo , Microsoft , Ebay and Google , whose management adapts to the state censorship for economic interests; but also people like Hu Jia who advocate freedom of information in their own country.

    Human rights award

    On Human Rights Day , ROG has been honoring critical reporters with a human rights award since 1992 . In 2002 it went to Grigori Pasko , in 2004 to the Moroccan cartoonist and journalist Ali Lmrabet , to Michèle Montas from Haiti and the African daily Daily News . In 2005 the award went to Massoud Hamid from Syria, Zhào Yán from China, Tolo TV , an independent television station in Afghanistan and the National Union of Somali Journalists. In 2006, the journalist Win Tin from Myanmar , the Russian newspaper Novaja Gazeta , the Congolese journalists' organization Journaliste en danger (JED) and the cyber dissident Guillermo Fariñas from Cuba were honored for their commitment to freedom of expression and freedom of the press. In 2008 the winners were Ricardo González Alfonso from Cuba and the two bloggers Zarganar and Nay Phone Latt from Myanmar. For several years now, ROG has also presented its own weblog award at The BOBs . At the last award ceremony on December 7, 2011 in Paris, the Syrian cartoonist Ali Fersat and the weekly newspaper Weekly Eleven News from Myanmar were honored.

    criticism

    • The killing of 16 employees of the Yugoslav television station RTS in a NATO air raid on the station in April 1999 was not criticized in any of the organization's annual reports.
    • In 2003, the organization's methodological approach was criticized in the journalism journal Message : only three experts per country were commissioned to fill out the questionnaire, which was the only instrument for creating the index. The independence of these experts would not always be unequivocal.
    • In 2003, Reporters Without Borders was withdrawn from the UN Human Rights Commission for one year. The United Nations Economic and Social Council joined an initiative by Cuba because ROG had vehemently criticized the assumption of the presidency of the UN Human Rights Commission by Libya, which was then authoritarian . Several western countries distanced themselves from the controversial vote.
    • Volker Bräutigam accuses ROG of selective reporting of discrimination against journalists. The selection of countries would be based on the US State Department's blacklist , but avoid any reporting of activities directed against journalists in countries allied with the US or the US itself.
    • The Cuban government often reacted to critical reports by ROG by defaming the organization and its founder: in 2006, for example, in the international edition of Granma , the official organ of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Cuba , it had the thesis disseminated (after the ROG-affiliated agency Saatchi & Saatchi had started to advise the US government of GWBush Jr. in their "war on terror"), RSF was "practically created" to "attack Cuba". The non-government journalists on the island, on whom RSF claims, are "directed by the CIA ", Robert Ménard has connections to the " fascist CIA creation" of an international freedom fund proposed by George W. Bush and is part of a " mercenary - Armed Force ”that has spent almost 50 years with the sole aim of“ annexing Cuba ”.
    • The non-renewal of terrestrial broadcasting license of the private television station RCTV by the Venezuelan telecommunications regulator Conatel in 2007 responded to Reporters Without Borders in its mission report ( "Mission Report") on 5 June 2007 with defamation of the measure as "closure of the radio station," although the possibility of continued to broadcast the program via cable, satellite and the Internet was not affected. ROG also claimed that the Venezuelan Telecommunications Authority's decision was outside of any legal framework, even though it was legally legitimized by the country's constitution and telecommunications law. In an analysis of the ROG report on the television station teleSUR under the title “ La consolidación de una mentira mediática a través de 39 embustes ” (German: “The anchoring of a media lie through 39 swindles”), the report was accused of 39 points of untrue reporting. Overall, the report was described as one-sided and without the minimum of journalistic ethics.
      The human rights organization Human Rights Watch had criticized the non-renewal of the broadcasting license as politically motivated and as a setback for freedom of expression . Amnesty International made similar statements. After the terrestrial broadcasting license for RCTV had not been extended by the Venezuelan telecommunications authority CONATEL, the private broadcaster temporarily stopped broadcasting a regular program. When the license expired, RCTV also had to hand over the technical equipment to the new public broadcaster Teves , which, according to RCTV boss Granier, severely hampered an immediate switch to cable . After RCTV resumed broadcasting via cable and satellite after about seven weeks, Reporters Without Borders no longer spoke of a “closure”, but continued to demand the withdrawal of the license withdrawal for the terrestrial frequencies.

    Awards

    Jürgen Linden (left) and Annette Gerlach present the Charles Medal on their behalf to Jean-François Julliard

    See also

    literature

    • ROG report . since April 2002 (published quarterly; previously 43 issues under the name Rundbrief from 1994 to 2001)
    • Photos for freedom of the press . taz-Verlag, since 2003 (published annually; previously under the name 100 photos for freedom of the press from 1994–2002)

    Web links

    Commons : Reporters Without Borders  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

    Individual evidence

    1. ^ Henri Nannen Prize 2009: A pain in the ass in the service of democracy . Stern.de, May 3, 2009; accessed on January 1, 2014
    2. ↑ From Reporters Without Borders to Marine Le Pen , Euronews
    3. ^ Geoffroy Clavel: Robert Ménard soutenu par le FN pour les municipales à Béziers . In: Le Huffington Post, May 30, 2013, accessed January 1, 2014 (French)
    4. ↑ "Reporters Without Borders" distances itself from right-wing extremist ex-boss . DerStandard.at, June 6, 2013; accessed on January 1, 2014
    5. ^ Lettre d'ex de RSF à Robert Ménard . Open letter from several ROG officials to Robert Ménard. In: Liberation , June 4, 2013; accessed on January 1, 2014 (French)
    6. ^ On our own behalf: Robert Ménard and Front National. ROG Germany, June 6, 2013, archived from the original on February 28, 2014 ; accessed on February 27, 2017 .
    7. ↑ Rubina Möhring: Freedom of expression hurts . DerStandard.at, June 11, 2013; accessed on January 1, 2014
    8. ^ On our own behalf: ROG Switzerland on Robert Ménard . ( Memento of January 2, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Press release on the ROG Switzerland website of June 14, 2013; accessed on January 1, 2014
    9. ↑ Reporters Without Borders files charges against Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman. In: DER SPIEGEL. Retrieved March 2, 2021 .
    10. ↑ Annual Accounts 2010. Reporters Without Borders, July 21, 2011, archived from the original on July 24, 2011 ; accessed on February 27, 2017 (English).
    11. ↑ a b c d Elke Gross and Ekkehard Sieker: Mission Disinformation. In: Junge Welt. August 1, 2007, accessed June 24, 2011 .
    12. ↑ a b Jörg Becker : Neither NGO nor critical
    13. ↑ a b José Manzaneda: Reporteros sin fronteras… morales. In: Red Voltaire. Retrieved May 28, 2007, June 24, 2011 (Spanish).
    14. ↑ Annual report 2013 . (PDF) ROG Germany, p. 48; Retrieved October 29, 2014
    15. ↑ Reporters Without Borders, German Section e. V. DZI database; Retrieved October 29, 2014
    16. ↑ Board of Directors. ROG Germany website, accessed on February 27, 2017
    17. ^ Board of Trustees. ROG Germany website, accessed on February 27, 2017
    18. ↑ DW boss leaves ROG . DeutschlandRadio, December 4, 2014
    19. ↑ Chronicle . ROG website; Retrieved September 29, 2014
    20. ↑ Press release 20 years of ROG . ROG website; accessed on May 21, 2014
    21. ↑ Winner of the Kress Awards 2010 ( Memento from October 30, 2014 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on October 30, 2014
    22. ↑ Nominated German Photo Book Prize 2015 ( Memento from November 14, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF), accessed on October 30, 2014
    23. ↑ 2013 Annual Report (PDF), p. 48, accessed on October 30, 2014
    24. ↑ Media Ownership Monitor. Retrieved May 11, 2017 .
    25. ↑ key data . ROG Austria website, accessed February 27, 2017
    26. ↑ Background and previous award winners. Archived from the original on February 18, 2015 ; accessed on February 27, 2017 .
    27. ^ "Press Freedom Award" to Olga Bobrova and Michail Beketow in Standard , December 10, 2010
    28. ^ Press Freedom Award 2012. ROG Austria, archived from the original on August 31, 2014 ; accessed on February 27, 2017 .
    29. ↑ Background and previous award winners. ( Memento of February 18, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) ROG Austria website; accessed on January 1, 2014
    30. ↑ Methodological notes on the creation of the 2016 ranking. (PDF) Reporters Without Borders; accessed April 22, 2016
    31. ↑ Reporters Without Borders Germany: Ranking list of press freedom 2019 - methodological notes on creation. (PDF) In: Reporters Without Borders. Reporters Without Borders, accessed December 24, 2019 .
    32. ↑ Ranking list of press freedom 2017 (PDF 101 kB), accessed December 8, 2017
    33. ↑ Festerling provokes criminal complaint from Sächsische Zeitung online , accessed April 22, 2016
    34. ↑ Journalists attacked at AfD demo Zeit online , accessed April 22, 2016
    35. ↑ Ranking list of press freedom - global developments at a glance, accessed April 22, 2016
    36. ↑ Ranking list of press freedom 2016 - close-up of Germany (PDF) Reporters Without Borders, PDF, accessed April 22, 2016
    37. ↑ Journalists attacked at AfD demonstration Reporters Without Borders, accessed April 22, 2016
    38. ^ Die Zeit : Media: Black Year for Journalists ( Memento of April 11, 2008 in the Internet Archive ), December 31, 2006
    39. ↑ Basler Zeitung: ROG balance sheet 2007: 86 journalists killed, 887 arrests , January 2, 2008
    40. ^ Annual balance sheet by Reporters Without Borders, Died for Free Opinion , Süddeutsche Zeitung, December 19, 2012
    41. ↑ Reporters Without Borders - 110 journalists were murdered in 2015. In: Deutschlandfunk.de . Retrieved January 13, 2021 .
    42. ↑ Serafin Dinges: Mass surveillance of the BND must go to the European Court of Human Rights. In: Netzpolitik.org . January 11, 2021, accessed January 12, 2021 .
    43. ↑ ROG Prize for Freedom of the Press 2011: Syrian cartoonist and Burmese weekly newspaper are awarded. In: press releases. December 7, 2011. From Reporter-ohne-Grenzen.de, accessed on November 12, 2019.
    44. ^ Hessel, Alexander & Michael Haller (2003). “On your marks. World Press Freedom Index from Reporters Without Borders: Morally Legitimate, But Technically Impeccable ”. In: Message, International Trade Journal for Journalism 01, pp. 50–55.
    45. ↑ netzeitung.de: UN excludes Reporters Without Borders from meetings ( Memento of August 10, 2003 in the Internet Archive ), July 24, 2003
    46. ↑ Volker Bräutigam: Reporter without limits of shame. May 4, 2006, archived from the original on January 2, 2014 ; accessed on March 31, 2020 .
    47. ^ Jean-Guy Allard: RSF, Montaner and Posada on the side of Pedro Roig. Granma International, September 25, 2006, archived from the original on February 17, 2007 ; accessed on February 27, 2017 (English).
    48. ^ Venezuela: Closure of Radio Caracas Televisión paves way for media hegemony. (PDF; 154 kB) In: Reporters Without Borders. June 5, 2007, accessed February 27, 2017 .
    49. ↑ teleSUR: La consolidación de una mentira mediática a través de 39 embustes
    50. ↑ Venezuela: TV Shutdown Harms Free Expression , Human Rights Watch, May 21, 2007
    51. ↑ Venezuela: freedom of expression in danger. Amnesty International , May 10, 2007, archived from the original on July 25, 2014 ; accessed on February 27, 2017 (English).
    52. ↑ Government- critical TV station in Venezuela switched off , Deutsche Welle from May 28, 2007
    53. ↑ RCTV sin señal y sin antenas , BBC Mundo of May 26, 2007
    54. ↑ TSJ cede los equipos de RCTV a Conatel ( Memento of August 9, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) , noticias24.com of May 25, 2007
    55. ↑ Marcel Granier: "Los equipos confiscados a RCTV han sufrido serios deterioros". Globovisión, June 13, 2007, archived from the original on June 15, 2007 ; accessed on February 27, 2017 .
    56. ↑ Government Could make RCTV unavailable by cable on 1 August , Reporters Without Borders July 27, 2007
    57. ↑ sueddeutsche.de: The Internet as a medium of surveillance ( Memento from March 28, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) March 26, 2009
    58. ↑ La Princesa de Asturias preside la entrega de los Premios Internacionales de Periodismo. Website of the Club Internacional de Prensa from December 19, 2012, accessed on January 1, 2014 (Spanish)
    59. ^ Freedom of Speech Award for Reporters Without Borders. Freedom of Speech Award website from June 4, 2013, accessed on January 1, 2014
    60. ↑ https://www.reporter-ohne-grenzen.de/pressemitteilungen/meldung/rog-erhaelt-leipziger-gutenberg-preis/