Jamal Khashoggi

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Jamal Khashoggi (2018)

Jamal Ahmad Khashoggi ( English transcription ; German transcription: Dschamal Ahmad Chaschuqdschi ; Arabic جمال أحمد خاشقجي Jamāl Ahmad Chāschuqdschī , DMG Ǧamāl Aḥmad Ḫāšuqǧī , born October 13, 1958 in Medina ; † October 2, 2018 in Istanbul ) was a Saudi Arabian journalist . He was the director of the Saudi Arabian daily Al-Watan and media advisor to the Saudi Arabian Prince Turki ibn Faisal . Khashoggi was a critic of the Saudi Arabian Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman , who de facto rules the kingdom. From summer 2017 he lived in the USA and was a. Columnist of the Washington Post, in his texts he openly criticized the Saudi Arabian government. As of October 2, 2018, he was considered missing after entering the Saudi Arabian consulate in Istanbul and not leaving again. More than two weeks later, the Saudi Arabian government admitted the killing of Khashoggi that day. His body has not been found to this day.

Origin and education

Jamal Khashoggi's ancestors immigrated to the Hejaz in the 16th century when it was part of the Ottoman Empire . His family name is the Arabic version of the Turkish word for spoonbill (in modern Turkish spelling Kaşıkçı ). In the Turkish media it is therefore written as Cemal Kaşıkçı . He was a nephew of the arms dealer Adnan Khashoggi .

Khashoggi's family belongs to the Saudi Arabian establishment and has always had good connections with the Saud royal family . One of his relatives was the personal physician of the state's founder, Ibn Saud . Khashoggi joined in his hometown of Medina , the general education and studied at Indiana State University in the US Business Administration . He graduated in 1982 with a Bachelor of Business Administration .

Journalistic career

Khashoggi initially worked from 1983 to 1984 as a regional manager for the Tihama bookstore chain . From 1985 to 1987 he worked as a foreign correspondent for the daily newspapers Saudi Gazette and Okaz . From 1987 to 1990 he wrote for various Saudi Arabian daily and weekly newspapers, including Asharq al-Awsat , Al-Majalla and Al-Muslimun . In 1991 he became editor-in-chief of the daily Al-Madina and stayed there until 1999.

In his role as editor-in-chief, Khashoggi worked as a foreign correspondent in Afghanistan , Algeria , Kuwait and Sudan, among others . In 1987 he interviewed Osama bin Laden in Afghanistan while he was fighting against Soviet troops there . Khashoggi had followed bin Laden's development into a radical Islamist for years. He later met him again in Tora Bora and in 1995 in Sudan. Khashoggi once urged bin Laden to renounce violence. During this time he became a confidante of Prince Turki ibn Faisal , who was then head of the Saudi Arabian secret service. According to his friend Joseph Duggan, Khashoggi was “in no way independent” in his media work and his role in the Saudi secret service was an open secret.

From 1999 to 2003, Khashoggi was deputy editor-in-chief of Arab News , Saudi Arabia's premier English language newspaper. A year after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 , an article by Khashoggi was published in English calling the attacks "an attack on tolerance, coexistence and Islam itself".

US President Obama (left) with Jamal Khashoggi (right next to him), Cairo , 2009

In 2003 he took over the management of the rather progressive Saudi newspaper Al-Watan , which was withdrawn from him after only 52 days because he had criticized Saudi Arabian religious scholars and the teachings of the medieval theologian Ibn Taimīya , who was an authority in Wahhabism is looked at. The Saudi Arabian government also banned him from practicing his profession. His professional ban was lifted through his contacts with Turki ibn Faisal, whom he assisted in an advisory capacity during his tenure as Ambassador to the USA. In April 2007 he was reassigned to lead Al-Watan . He resigned from this post in May 2010, allegedly under pressure after the newspaper published an article by the Saudi Arabian poet Ibrahim al-Almaee criticizing ultra-conservative religious currents.

Khashoggi joined the Muslim Brotherhood in the 1970s . This radical Islamic organization combats the Wahhabism ruling in Saudi Arabia, although both ideologies have the same goal of an Islamic theocracy . According to Bradley, Khashoggi never had much sense for western pluralistic democracy. In the book "Spring of the Arabs - Time of the Muslim Brotherhood" published in 2013, he expressed his reservations about the persecution of the Muslim Brotherhood and their sympathizers by the rulers in Saudi Arabia, which at the same time included the regime change in Egypt and the new Egyptian President Abd al-Fattah al-Sisi supported.

Khashoggi has often appeared as a political commentator on MBC , BBC , Al Jazeera and Dubai TV . After changing the throne in 2015, he was appointed director of the Bahrain- based channel Al-Arab TV , which was designed to compete with the Qatari TV channel Al Jazeera and belonged to the Saudi prince Alwalid ibn Talal . This post was one of a "propagandist in the service of an authoritarian regime" (Weltwoche) Al-Arab TV was closed after the first day of broadcast.

Khashoggi was - as "unofficial spokesman" of the same until 2015 - not a radical opponent of the Saudi royal family and for himself he rejected the designation " dissident ". After Salman became king in January 2015 and gradually transferred more powers to his son Mohammed bin Salman , Khashoggi was initially optimistic and welcomed the economic and social reforms initiated by the Crown Prince. However, he was critical of the lack of participation and freedom of the press. Friends in the United States warned him, citing new arrests and executions of human rights activists and scholars in Saudi Arabia, that he too could one day be the target of these persecutions.

Exile in the United States

Two days after the presidential election in the United States in 2016, Khashoggi, who at the time was still living in Saudi Arabia, cautiously criticized the elected President Donald Trump as a guest in a US panel discussion . According to Khashoggi's account, a short time later he received a call from the media advisor to Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman , in which he was forbidden to make similar statements or to contact foreign journalists. After he got the feeling in the following months that his room for maneuver in Saudi Arabia was becoming increasingly narrow, Khashoggi went into exile in the United States of America in the summer of 2017.

Khashoggi (far left) at a public discussion on Mohammed bin Salman's Saudi Arabia: A Deeper Look on March 21, 2018 in Washington, DC

Bradley writes that Khashoggi "reinvented himself as a critic" in the US In an interview with the BBC on November 13, 2017, Khashoggi stated that he was satisfied with his life in the United States. He was materially secured. He is concerned with the future of his children and grandchildren. What worries me most is one-man rule . Saudi Arabia needs reforms, but one-man rule is bad and historically has always gone wrong, regardless of whether you are talking about Saudi Arabia, Germany or Iraq. In the same interview, he criticized the arrests, including those of Prince Waleed bin Ibrahim Al Ibrahim , as part of Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman's anti-corruption campaign . Prince Waleed has always been a loyal supporter of the Crown Prince.

In other articles for the Washington Post , Khashoggi repeatedly expressed himself critical of the situation in Saudi Arabia and of the Crown Prince. In a comment on November 5, 2017, he compared the political style of the Crown Prince, who acts with “complete intolerance” against even slightly dissenting opinions, with that of Russia's President Vladimir Putin . In another post he publicly called on the Crown Prince to end the "cruel" war in Yemen . If this war continues in this form, the Saudi intervention will soon be equated with the actions of Syria's President Bashar al-Assad and the Russian and Iranian armed forces in the civil war in Syria . He was similarly critical of the diplomatic incident between Canada and Saudi Arabia in August 2018. However, according to Weltwoche, the criticism of the Saudi Arabian government would have been in strong contradiction between the Muslim Brotherhood and the Wahhabis and would not have changed anything in Khashoggi's political goal of a theocracy.

A few days before his death in October 2018, Jamal Khashoggi took part as a guest speaker at an international conference in London on the subject of Palestine . In this context he gave an interview to the BBC in which he was critical of the Israeli settlement construction . He said the lack of international pressure makes it easy for the Israeli government to get away with illegal settlement. He declared the Oslo peace process to have failed. Khashoggi was seen as a critic of Saudi Arabia's rapprochement with Israel at the expense of the Palestinians.

Saudi officials tried several times to persuade Khashoggi to return to Saudi Arabia with attractive offers. He didn't believe the promises made and stayed in the United States. In the months before his disappearance, he was often in Istanbul and is said to have been an Erdoğan supporter most recently . In the regional conflicts in the Middle East, Turkey and Saudi Arabia are on different sides: Saudi Arabia operates jointly with the United States, Israel and Egypt, while Erdoğan is allied with Russia and Qatar.

assassination

On October 2, 2018, Khashoggi went to the Saudi Arabian consulate in Istanbul because he wanted to collect documents for his marriage. He has been missing since then. The media reported on October 7, 2018 that the Turkish police assume that Khashoggi was murdered or kidnapped in the Saudi Arabian consulate . Ibrahim Kalın , advisor to Turkish President Erdoğan, later said the Turkish government assumed that Khashoggi was no longer in the consulate. Street cameras recorded how cars with darkened windows left the consulate's residence, 200 meters away . 15 men were flown in from Saudi Arabia to carry out his kidnapping or murder. The pro-government Turkish daily Sabah published a list with the names and photos of 15 Saudis. According to The New York Times , some of the alleged perpetrators come from the immediate environment of the Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman . Among them was Salah Muhammed al-Tubaigy, a forensic pathologist trained in Glasgow and Australia. In an earlier interview, Tubaigy had presented a forensic mini-laboratory that he had designed, with which one could determine the cause of death in seven minutes by means of an autopsy. According to The New York Times, four of the people involved in the Kashoggis killing received State Department- approved paramilitary training in the United States in 2017 .

On October 11, 2018, Turkish officials said they had audio and video recordings showing that Khashoggi was murdered in the Saudi Arabian consulate in Istanbul. The sound recordings said how Khashoggi was "interrogated, tortured and then killed". The journalist was dismembered alive. How the Turkish authorities obtained video and sound recordings from a foreign consular post initially remained unclear. The Turkish government-affiliated newspaper Sabah reported that Khashoggi had worn an Apple Watch at the consulate , which had recorded data that could then have reached the cloud via the iPhone of his fiancée waiting outside . Other media considered this to be very unlikely because it required a Bluetooth connection, which is technically impossible over this distance. The Turkish cellular networks are also incompatible with Apple Watch versions that establish a direct network connection.

On October 12, 2018, a delegation from Saudi Arabia arrived in Turkey to investigate the case. In addition to the consulate, the residence of the Saudi consul was also the focus of investigations by the Turkish police.

On October 20, 2018, at 1:00 am local time, "in the middle of the night between the two weekend days in Saudi Arabia," the Saudi state media reported that Khashoggi had been killed in the Istanbul consulate. At the same time, the arrest of 18 suspicious people and the dismissal of the deputy head of the secret service and other people close to the Crown Prince were announced.

On November 16, 2018, the Washington Post reported that, according to the intelligence of the American intelligence agency, the CIA, Khalid bin Salman , the Saudi ambassador to the United States and a brother of the Crown Prince, had called Khashoggi to visit the consulate in Istanbul and assured him that that he was safe there. According to witness statements to the CIA, the initiative came from Crown Prince Mohammed.

To this day, the whereabouts of Khashoggi's body is unclear. The Turkish police spent a long time looking for body parts in nearby forests. According to Yasin Aktay, an advisor to the Turkish President, the dead person is said to have been "first dismembered and then dissolved in acid". The Washington Post quoted a Turkish source in October 2018 that "biological evidence" was found in the garden of the consulate. In spring 2019, the Arab news broadcaster Al Jazeera , which cited its own research, reported that the journalist's body had been burned in a stove in the garden.

International reactions

US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo during a meeting with King Salman ibn Abd al-Aziz in Riyadh on October 16, 2018

US President Donald Trump said that he “didn't like it even a little bit” and announced a commission of inquiry, but concluded that US arms deliveries would be halted Saudi Arabia from. He posted Foreign Secretary Mike Pompeo to Riyadh on October 16, 2018; after his return, US Treasury Secretary Mnuchin canceled his participation in the upcoming Future Investment Initiative (“Davos in the desert”). The German government has called for Saudi Arabia to be cleared up. According to the Foreign Office , the Federal Foreign Minister Heiko Maas also addressed the issue in the embassy of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in Berlin . The consequences are "currently not planned". Even the French president Emmanuel Macron , and the French Foreign Ministry demanded an explanation from Saudi Arabia.

Turkey, the US and the UK increased pressure on Saudi Arabia. In connection with the Khashoggi case, the Lebanese writer Elias Khoury recalled the fate of the Saudi opposition activist Nasser as-Said , who was kidnapped in Beirut in 1979 . Various media pointed out that in the previous two years three Saudi Arabian princes living in Europe who had criticized the Saudi regime were missing and were presumably kidnapped to Saudi Arabia. In a joint statement on October 21, 2018 , the Foreign Ministers of Great Britain, Germany and France, Jeremy Hunt , Heiko Maas and Jean-Yves Le Drian , called on Saudi Arabia to provide “credible facts” about the journalist's death. The truth must come to light in a “comprehensive, transparent and credible form”. US President Trump warned against terminating trade agreements with Saudi Arabia as a result of the event. This would hit the United States more than Saudi Arabia.

In connection with the murder of Jamal Khashoggi, the US announced on November 15, 2018 that it would impose sanctions on 17 Saudi citizens. These included the Saudi consul general in Istanbul, Mohammed al-Otaibi, and members of a commando, as well as Saud bin Abdullah al-Kahtani, a former close confidante of Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman .

On November 19, 2018, Germany imposed entry bans on 18 Saudi citizens and stopped all arms deliveries to Saudi Arabia for two months.

In December 2018, the Istanbul Prosecutor General issued arrest warrants against two high-ranking Saudi officials and requested their extradition. On December 13, 2018, the US Senate announced its assessment that the Saudi Crown Prince was responsible for the murder.

Speaking to journalist Bob Woodward, President Trump boasted of protecting Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman after the Khashoggi murder and, referring to arms supply treaties between the United States and Saudi Arabia, said: “Bob, you have US $ 400 billion in a short space of time Dollars spent. "

Announcements from the Saudi Arabian side

After previous denials, the General Prosecutor's Office in Saudi Arabia confirmed on October 20, 2018 that Jamal Khashoggi was killed in the Kingdom's consulate in Istanbul, Turkey on October 2, 2018 and that 18 people had been arrested in this connection. The deputy chief of the Saudi intelligence service al-Muchabarat al-'Amma , Major General Ahmad Hassan Mohammad Asiri , and the advisor to the Center for Studies and Media Affairs at the Saudi royal court, Saud al-Kahtani, have been sacked. Both men are high-ranking advisers to the Crown Prince. According to the Saudi account, Khashoggi is said to have been killed by a "stranglehold" during a dispute at the consulate as part of a "fist fight".

On the morning of October 22, 2018, Saudi Arabian authorities spoke for the first time that Khashoggi had been murdered. The Saudi Arabian Foreign Minister Adel al-Jubeir called the killing of Khashoggi a "huge mistake" in an interview with Fox News , but denied that Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman was involved. He stated that the killing was the result of an unauthorized "rogue operation" in which people exceeded their competence without the leadership's knowledge. Al-Jubeir promised a "thorough and complete" investigation and announced that those responsible would be held accountable. Citing the results of the investigation by the Turkish authorities, which had provided the relevant information, the Attorney General of Saudi Arabia described the killing of the journalist on October 25 as a deliberately planned act and thus finally moved away from the earlier language, according to which it was an unintended accident should have off.

Investigations and criminal proceedings

In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman headed a commission to investigate the Khashoggi murder. On November 15, 2018, the Saudi attorney general called for the death penalty for five perpetrators who were charged with drugging, killing and cutting up Khashoggi in the consulate.

Almost four months after the murder, the UN Special Rapporteur Agnès Callamard began investigations in Turkey. By February 3, 2019, she collected information about the circumstances of the murder to forward it to the UN Human Rights Council in Geneva. Their UN investigation report was published on June 19, 2019. The report gives details of what happened and rates the killing of Khashoggi as an extrajudicial execution . Furthermore, investigations against bin Salman are called for. Callamard saw in her report to the UN Human Rights Council "credible evidence" that the Crown Prince was personally behind the murder and tried to cover up the traces. Callamard literally: “It is a state murder. It is not an operation by individual criminals. ”In November 2019, Callamard accused German Chancellor Angela Merkel and French President Emmanuel Macron of“ complicity ”with Saudi Arabia. Not enough international efforts have been made to solve the murder.

In Saudi Arabia, a trial of eleven defendants was conducted largely behind closed doors. The whereabouts of Saud al-Kahtani, who the UN investigators see as the main suspect, has been unknown since his release (as of October 2019). Five people were sentenced to death in December 2019. Three other defendants received 24 years' imprisonment. The remaining defendants were acquitted. On the other hand, Crown Prince Mohammed Bin Salman exonerated two high-ranking officials from the allegations. The judgments were not yet final in December 2019. About a year and a half after the murder of Jamal Khashoggi, his sons declared that they "forgive" the murderers. In doing so, they made it possible to avert their execution.

In September 2020, a Saudi court overturned the death penalty for the five main defendants and converted them to 20-year prison sentences. Three other people were also sentenced to several years in prison. Their names were kept secret.

In early March 2021, Reporters Without Borders filed a complaint against bin Salman with the Federal Court of Justice for crimes against humanity .

On December 7, 2021, the French border police announced the arrest of a man who is said to have been a member of the murder squad. He was released the next day after a check because there had been a mix-up.

In the USA

In October 2020, Khashoggi's fiancée and the human rights organization Democracy for the Arab World Now (Dawn) founded by Khashoggi filed a claim for damages against Crown Prince Mohammed Bin Salman and 28 other suspects.

The US intelligence coordinator Avril Haines published a report on February 26, 2021. The report's authors believe that the Saudi Crown Prince bin Salman authorized an operation aimed at capturing and killing Khashoggi in Turkey.

The US Secretary of State Tony Blinken announced the enactment of a "Khashoggi ban". This enables visa restrictions for people who try to intimidate journalists or civil rights activists. Blinken also emphasized that the USA would continue to "invest in relations with Saudi Arabia".

reception

With The Dissident by Bryan Fogel , a feature-length documentary was devoted to the events and backgrounds of the Khashoggi's assassination.

Private life

Khashoggi lived in Jeddah until his exile and had two sons and two daughters with his first wife Rawia al-Tunisi. After divorcing twice, he was third to a Saudi Arabian who divorced him after his decision to go into permanent exile. Since summer 2018 he was engaged to the Turkish journalist and Middle East expert Hatice Cengiz .

Quote

In a posthumously published text, Jamal Khashoggi wrote about the Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman:

“Absolute power is a mistake, no matter how much a country is in danger and needs to be saved. We Arabs have had bad experiences with apparently sincere, patriotic leaders who turned into dictators far too quickly. Our sufferings, hardships, defeats and civil wars largely stem from such leaders. "

- Jamal Khashoggi

Web links

Commons : Jamal Khashoggi  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

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personal data
SURNAME Khashoggi, Jamal
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Chaschuqji, Jamal Ahmad
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Saudi Arabian journalist
BIRTH DATE October 13, 1958
PLACE OF BIRTH Medina
DATE OF DEATH October 2, 2018
PLACE OF DEATH Istanbul

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Quote

In a posthumously published text, Jamal Khashoggi wrote about the Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman:

“Absolute power is a mistake, no matter how much a country is in danger and needs to be saved. We Arabs have had bad experiences with apparently sincere, patriotic leaders who turned into dictators far too quickly. Our sufferings, hardships, defeats and civil wars largely stem from such leaders. "

- Jamal Khashoggi