Military coup in Egypt 2013
| date | 3rd July 2013 |
|---|---|
| place | Tahrir Square and Heliopolis in Cairo as well as Alexandria , Port Said and Suez |
| output | Disempowerment of President Mohammed Morsi |
| consequences | • Repeal of the 2012 constitution • Adli Mansur becomes interim president • Announcement of new elections to parliament and the presidency • Hasim al-Beblawi becomes interim prime minister |
| Parties to the conflict | |
|---|---|
| Commander | |
| losses | |
| June 30th – 5th July: 90 dead, more than 860 injured. July 8: over 50 dead, more than 400 injured. |
|
The 2013 military coup in Egypt is a coup by the Egyptian military under the leadership of the military council chief Abd al-Fattah as-Sisi against the first democratically elected government of Egypt under President Mohammed Morsi . On July 3, 2013, after a 48-hour ultimatum , the military leadership deposed the president, repealed the constitution and took power.
The military intervention came after sustained and increasingly violent protests against the Islamist Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood affiliated Morsi's government and exacerbated the state crisis in Egypt . The military leadership justified the dismissal of Morsi with the argument that it was reacting with a "second revolution" to the will of the people, who were dissatisfied with political and economic grievances. The Egyptian generals also justified the July coup by claiming that the Muslim Brotherhood followed a US and EU agenda while pursuing a policy of terror , such as in Sinai , where jihadists had been fighting the military for more than a year. Western media reported that Morsi was deposed after he had disappointed many Egyptians' hopes for democratization after the fall of Mubarak. Supporters of the ousted President Morsi and human rights groups accused the military of having overthrown the elected president in a coup and of wanting to return to the regime of the long-time ruler Husni Mubarak .
An alliance of the military, the judiciary and the security apparatus worked together in the fall of Morsi. The coup was led by the Coptic Patriarch , Pope Tawadros II , the Imam of the Cairo Azhar University , Grand Sheikh Ahmed Tayeb , representatives of the Tamarod protest movement and, at least initially, the left-liberal leader of the opposition alliance National Salvation Front , Mohammed el-Baradei , and representatives of the Salafist Nur- Party officially supported and welcomed. The military leadership set up a partially civilian, anti-Islamist and unelected transitional government under interim Prime Minister Hasim al-Beblawi , whereupon the state crisis escalated further. All Christian bishops as well as the Copt Pope Tawadros II thanked the military for the overthrow of Morsi and , according to the assessment of the Catholic Commissioner of the German Bishops' Conference in Cairo, officially sanctioned the dead.
background
After the revolution of 2011, neither the Islamist nor the non-Islamist post-revolutionary elites effectively limited the political influence of the military, which was traditionally the actual source of power in Egypt, so that the old system came back with a civil appearance . While around a third of the population sympathized with the Muslim Brotherhood and President Morsi, the military generals relied primarily on the so-called " deep state ", i.e. the former Mubarak supporters who continued to hold positions in administration, justice and the police. These groups, which had lost a lot of power and financial resources since the Egyptian revolution of 2011 , had been pushing for a restoration for some time and were relying on a new head of government who would install a system similar to that under Mubarak through a counter-revolution . Morsi met with great resistance in the institutions. The media, which Morsi did not control, made a front against him. The establishment in the judiciary and bureaucracy did its best to obstruct its policies. In 2012 the Constitutional Court dissolved the Parliament and the Constituent Assembly , where the Muslim Brotherhood had a majority. The constant attempts by the judiciary to dissolve the elected bodies could already be seen as attempts for an upcoming coup. After Mursi then overruled the judiciary by means of a self-empowering decree in November 2012 in order to forestall a legal coup from the Muslim Brotherhood's point of view, the judiciary mobilized against their disempowerment, the media, civil society and the old security apparatus against the "dictatorial powers" ( Markus Bickel / FAZ), which Mursi secured and canceled again at the beginning of December 2012 under pressure from the opposition.
The mass demonstrations on June 30 and the disempowerment of President Morsi were largely based on the work of Mubarak supporters, the Egyptian secret services and the Egyptian army . The members of these circles, viewed as "pillars of power", have held back since the Egyptian revolution of 2011 and waited for the opportunity to return to their positions of power. The removal of President Morsi by the Egyptian military in early July 2013 took place after political pressure through demonstrations and protest actions . However, the decision to overthrow Morsis was made by the military leadership days before the mass protests. In the background, there were ultimately established interest groups such as the business elite who had worked for months towards the political failure of the Muslim Brotherhood. It was doubted that the signature campaign against Mursi could actually have been organized by a network of youth activists alone. There are reports that the initiative was supported by the military and the secret services. The presentation of the organizers of tamarod after should the network alleged to have caused 22 million Egyptians in less than three months to demand the immediate resignation of the president, but the signatures of the action, which had triggered the decisive mass protests were counted by any independent force. Instead, the entrepreneur Naguib Sawiris , who is considered the richest man in Egypt and a member of the Coptic Christians, appeared on his television channel ONTV and stated that he had made the infrastructure of his Muslim Brotherhood-critical party of the Free Egyptians available to Tamarod to organize their action. According to the New York Times , the constitutional judge Tahani al-Gebali , a lawyer from the Mubarak period, had put herself in the service of Tamarod and helped formulate the demands. A year before the coup, the New York Times reported that top judge Gebali had worked with leading generals to block the rise of the Islamists. The Morsi government, which found diminishing support among the population, was unable to withstand the resistance of these interest groups and thus also of the business elite. Observers saw the sudden occurrence of supply shortages in electricity , gasoline and gas during Morsi's last days in office before the coup as an indication that supporters of the old regime were doing everything in their power to turn the people against the president. At the end of June 2013, the mass of people demonstrated against the government not because of impaired human rights such as police torture of arrested opposition members or limited freedom of the press , but because of supply bottlenecks such as power and water failures, food prices and gasoline shortages as well as unemployment . The fact that, since the coup, petrol was suddenly available again at the petrol stations , the power outages ended and the police, who had openly boycotted Morsi for a year during his presidency and thus promoted the rapid rise in street crime , resumed their work, was interpreted as an indication that the military coup was planned well in advance and that the disempowerment served to return the old system. In the same way, the unusually high activity of the domestic secret service in the affected phase, noted by observers, and the news that a day after the coup, several major investors announced that they would invest in Egypt again. Including Naguib Sawiris, who promised his family would “invest in Egypt like never before”.
Tawadros II
(Coptic Pope)
Mohammed el-Baradei
(National Salvation Front chief)
.jpg)
Unlike in February 2011, the army did not act as a power holder during the military coup, but presented itself as an authority that ended the old and made the new possible. In his speech on the coup, the chief of staff Sisi was represented by the heads of the Coptic Church, the Islamic Azhar institution , the left-liberal opposition leader Mohammed el-Baradei , the initiators of the Tamarod movement and even the Salafists of the radical Islamist Nur party (Nur party ) to the side.
After the coup against Morsi, a return of the old elites was observed, who initially remained behind the military leadership, but were already striving to restore the old economic conditions. In the interim government set up by the military after the coup , mainly politicians and technocrats were represented who were close to the entrepreneurial camp, so that the interests of the large entrepreneurs had to be safeguarded as the political transition process continued. After the coup, the interim government again included many well-known personalities from the Mubarak era - a minister was already a member of the leadership of the ruling party under Mubarak. Also, most province - governors came as Mubarak out of the police and military apparatus. The new alliance , effectively led by army chief Abd al-Fattah as-Sisi , also included the business elites and a large part of the politicians who had become prominent after the revolution. Sisi herself was quickly proposed and discussed for a presidential run. At the same time, the temporary release of Hosni Mubarak increased the impression that all state institutions were behind him and helped to destroy or cover up evidence of crimes for which he was responsible, while the entire state apparatus was working against Morsi.
prehistory
Actions taken by the judiciary against elected bodies in favor of the Military Council in 2012
After Mubarak was overthrown in the so-called "revolution" of 2011, the Supreme Military Council under Mohammed Hussein Tantawi , in close contact with the ally USA, took power and put down the ongoing protests of the youth movement, but also of Coptic Christians, often with extreme brutality. The Tantawi-led military council slowed the rise of the Muslim Brotherhood through democratic elections with the dissolution of parliament and constitutional amendments that restricted the power of the first freely elected president, Mohammed Morsi. The ongoing attempts by the judiciary to dissolve the elected bodies were seen as attempts for an upcoming coup, the dissolution of parliament by the judiciary on June 14, 2012 as a “silent coup by the military”.
Riots in January 2013
In January 2013, as at the time of the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 against Housni Mubarak, ever larger parts of Egypt came into turmoil. The government blamed a growing number of people for the country's persistently poor economic situation, which resulted in household financial reserves being exhausted, high unemployment and inflation persisting. Dissatisfaction also resulted from the security forces, which had not been reformed since the revolution in Egypt in 2011 , and which aroused unbroken hatred among the population. Groups politically classified as “liberal” took an irreconcilable stance towards the constitution , which was passed through a referendum at the end of 2012 by the groups classified as “Islamists” , which they viewed as an instrument of power for the Muslim Brotherhood and not as a documentation of the broad will of the people and not as minorities and dissenters .
Riots in late June / early July 2013
On June 23, 2013, military chief Sisi declared that the division of the country had reached a level that endangered the foundations of the entire state and announced an intervention by the military: “We will not watch in silence as our fatherland slips into a conflict that is practically is no longer controllable ". Observers regard Sisi's speech, given a week before the events of June 30, as a milestone in the end of Morsi's government by the military, which subsequently openly positioned its troops for the day of the coup.
At the end of June 2013, the protests against Morsi's policies intensified again. One trigger was that on June 17, Morsi appointed new governors for 17 of the 27 Egyptian governorates , seven of which belonged to the Islamist Muslim Brotherhood. In particular, protests were made against the appointment of Adel al-Chajat , a former member of the former terrorist group Gamaa Islamija , as governor of the Luxor tourist region. Critics feared a complete takeover of power by the Muslim Brotherhood and negative consequences for tourism.
A general tension in the situation in Egypt was due to the massive economic problems in Egypt, which resulted in many citizens being unemployed, barely enough money for food, and making everyday life difficult due to supply bottlenecks such as gasoline shortages. Many Egyptians blamed the ruling Morsis party for the rise in unemployment, the crime rate and food prices, as well as the lack of gasoline and the poor electricity supply at the end of June. Morsi's opponents accused him of representing the interests of the Muslim Brotherhood alone. They also criticize the fact that he did not manage to get the economy going again to fight inflation. In addition, the tourism industry, which is important for Egypt, continued to collapse. Morsi attributed the problems to the legacies of the old regime and the attempts to disrupt the opposition and countered the accusations: "For economic growth we need political stability." Since taking office, Morsi had been increasingly criticized for his economic policy and his increasingly authoritarian style of government .
In an "address to the people" on June 26, Morsi admitted errors and called on his ministers and governors to "dismiss all officials responsible for the crises that citizens are suffering". At the same time, he claimed that the planned mass demonstrations were being controlled by corrupt ex-functionaries of Mubarak. Morsi's supporters demonstrated their support for the president through demonstrations.
On June 26, there were violent clashes between supporters and opponents of Morsi in Mansura, in which at least one civilian was killed. According to security forces, the clashes began when opponents of Morsi threw garbage at participants in a rally in support of Morsi.
On June 29, the death of several people in attacks on offices of the Muslim Brotherhood in several cities was reported: On the night of June 28 to 29, an American student with a stab wound in the chest was killed while opposing Morsi in Alexandria Bureau of the Muslim Brotherhood stormed and the man got caught between the fronts. Another person was shot dead in a riot in Alexandria, where several thousand government opponents marched through the port area and a Reuters reporter watched a dozen men throw stones at guards outside an office of the Muslim Brotherhood, who responded. Paving stones and bottles flew, and shots were fired. In Sagasig, a member of the Muslim Brotherhood was killed in an attack on a party office. A fourth person was killed in Port Said where an explosion occurred during a protest. The police initially assumed an accident, but later stated that the detonation was triggered by an explosive device. In Alexandria and al-Dakahliah province, offices of the Freedom and Justice Party , the political arm of the Muslim Brotherhood, were set on fire. Another party office in Beheira was stormed. Sheikh Ahmed al-Tajjib, head of the Azhar Mosque , the highest spiritual institution in the country, warned both sides of the conflict of the impending civil war.
On June 29, at least eight members of the House of Lords announced their resignation in support of the opposition.
On the approaching first anniversary of Morsi's assumption of office, opposition groups called for large-scale demonstrations against his policies and called for new elections. Among other things, the newly founded Tamarud (or: Tamarod ) (Egyptian-Arabic for rebellion) campaign organized demonstrations by the opposition against the government. The Tamarud campaign , which, according to its own unchecked statements, wanted to have over 22 million signatures for the resignation of Morsi and an early presidential election, called for mass protests on June 30, 2013 on the occasion of the first anniversary of Morsi's assumption of office .
First anniversary of Mursi as President (June 30)
On June 30, the first anniversary of Morsi's inauguration as president, more than a million protesters saw the largest demonstration in Egypt since the overthrow of Hosni Mubarak demanding his resignation. According to Western media reports, "millions of Egyptians" took part in the protests. According to this, more than half a million people had gathered on Tahrir Square in Cairo alone .
Army sources claimed that up to 14 million people could have participated in the protests. Activists called the protests the largest political rally in human history and said more than 30 million participants took part.
Tens of thousands of supporters of the Islamist parties gathered in the Cairo suburb of Nasr City to express their solidarity with Morsi.
The opposition, classified as “secular” in the Western media, accused Morsi and the Muslim Brotherhood of betraying the ideals of the 2011 revolution and of striving for a similarly authoritarian state as that of Morsi's predecessor Mubarak. Morsi's supporters, however, pointed out that Morsi was the first democratically elected President of Egypt. Mursi emphasized that he wanted to hold onto his office and again offered to revise the country's constitution, which was put into effect by referendum at the end of 2012 and which the opposition had criticized as Islamist.
"Ultimatum" from Tamarod (July 1st)
On July 1, Tamarod called on Morsi in an "ultimatum" to "surrender power and allow the authorities to organize an early presidential election" by 5 pm on July 2. Should the President not comply with the request, there will be "a campaign of complete civil disobedience".
Military coup
Military ultimatum (July 1-2)
On the evening of June 30, opponents of the government attacked the headquarters of the Muslim Brotherhood with Molotov cocktails and stones, set the building partially on fire and engaged in shootings with the guards. As a result, the government opponents stormed the headquarters of the Muslim Brotherhood, where they set fire and looted. On July 1, 2013, they set fire to the headquarters of the Wasat party in Cairo. According to official figures, 16 people died nationwide and over 780 were injured in the actions from June 30 to the afternoon of July 1. Eight of them were reportedly killed in the clashes and shootings in front of the headquarters of the Muslim Brotherhood in Cairo, and three more in Asyut. In Bani Suwaif, in Kafr al-Sheikh, in Fayum, in Alexandria and in Cairo in front of the presidential palace, one further person died.
The Egyptian military then issued an ultimatum calling on the country's political leadership to "resolve the conflict within 48 hours and meet the demands of the people". This was interpreted by the media in such a way that the military announced that it would, if necessary, present its own roadmap for the future of Egypt and de facto remove Morsi from office. The ultimatum was supposed to expire on July 3rd at 5 p.m.
US President Barack Obama called on Morsi in a phone call to approach the demonstrators. He emphasized that the "USA [...] do not [support] a party or political direction in Egypt, but rather democracy". He stressed his "deep concern about violence at the demonstrations", especially sexual assault on women, and warned that "democracy is not limited to elections".
On the night of July 1 to July 2, Foreign Minister Mohamed Kamel Amr submitted his resignation, according to a report by the state news agency Mena . Morsi said he would not respond to the military's demand "to find a solution to the conflict between the ruling Islamists and the opposition within 48 hours."
In the last 48 hours of the elected government before the coup, however, the Muslim Brotherhood leadership made extensive offers of negotiation to the opposition. On the afternoon of July 2, the President's spokesman Ehab Fahmy and the government spokesman Alaa al-Hadidi resigned from their offices. Morsi then met for a crisis discussion with the army chief and defense minister Abd al-Fattah as-Sisi and the head of government Hischam Kandil . The military's declaration to respond to the demonstrators' demands had not been discussed with Morsi. He preferred to proceed on the "already planned path to national reconciliation".
On July 2, the Egyptian Court of Appeals reinstated Attorney General Abdel Meguid Mahmud . Mursi had his release in November 2012 and installed one of his followers, Talaat Abdullah, in his place.
Expiry of the military ultimatum (July 3rd)
After Morsi, at his last meeting with military chief Sisi, replied that the president should not oppose the military ultimatum and the "demands of the gigantic masses on the street" and voluntarily resigned that this would only happen through his corpse, Sisi initiated the final phase of the military coup. The police leadership openly stated that they would not protect the offices of the Muslim Brotherhood.
The Egyptian military increased its control over the national key institutions and put officials in the news studio of the state television in order to prepare the almost certain removal of the president at the end of the Ulitmatum in the afternoon.
On July 3, the military took power in Egypt, suspended the constitution and surrounded the presidential palace with army tanks. Army chief Sisi read a statement on television, in the presence and with the consent of the Muslim top cleric and Grand Imam of the Azhar Mosque, the Pope of the Egyptian Coptic Church and the opposition leader Mohammed el-Baradei, with whom he had discussed in a meeting before the end of the military elite.
Before 5 p.m.
On the night of July 2-3, Morsi gave a televised speech. In the midnight televised address, Morsi strictly refused to resign because he had come into office through democratic elections. As President of Egypt, elected by the people in free and equal elections, he represented all Egyptians. Mursi stressed that he would not resign even if it cost him his life. He asked the military to return to normal duty. Morsi accused loyalists of the ousted autocratic President Husni Mubarak of exploiting the wave of protests to overthrow the government and to slow down democracy. At the same time, Mursi admitted his own mistakes and announced that they would be corrected. He also offered a coalition government of "national unity".
Thousands of Islamists then gathered in front of Cairo University to protest against the ultimatum issued by the military. There were "serious clashes between supporters of Morsi and security forces". On the night of July 3, clashes left at least 22 dead, according to official figures, most of them in a single incident near Cairo University in which 16 people were killed.
In the afternoon, the opposition leader Mohamed el-Baradei met with representatives of the army leadership. Morsi's supporters had always declared that the first democratically elected President of Egypt had inherited a difficult legacy and that he should at least be granted the full term of office in order to be able to tackle the country's numerous problems. The opposition rated Morsi's television appearance as a “call for civil war”. Morsi continues to refuse to comply with the “will of the people” and to resign, said an opposition spokesman after the speech. The high command of the armed forces announced early in the morning of July 3 that the soldiers were ready to die for the Egyptian people. On the Facebook page of the military it was also stated: "We swear to God that we will even sacrifice our blood to protect the Egyptian people from terrorists, radicals and madmen".
A few hours before the 48-hour ultimatum expired, the radical Islamic group Gamaa Islamija , which supports Morsi, called on its supporters to be non-violent. Morsi's spokesman announced that the president was determined to “die in the fight for democracy if necessary”. The army has also announced that it will fight to the extreme. The Muslim Brotherhood spokesman, Gehad al-Haddad, reiterated the Islamists' opposition to the disempowerment of the president and said on Twitter: “The only plan people have in the face of a coup attempt is to stand in front of the tanks. Just like we did with the January 25th [2011] revolution ”.
The Tamarod campaign held a press conference on July 3 in response to President Morsi's July 2 address in which he emphasized the importance of legitimacy and his determination not to leave his post. The spokesman for the Tamarod campaign, Mahmoud Badr, demanded at the press conference that all Egyptians must fearlessly demonstrate on the "revolutionary" streets and squares, for example at the Presidential Palace, Al-Quba Palace, Abdin Palace, Tahrir Square and on Palace of the Republican Guard. Badr claimed that the United States would support "a terrorist organization and an illegitimate regime" and stated that al-Jamāʿa al-islāmiyya leader Assem Abdel-Maged and American ambassador Anne Patterson were the "main supporting figures for President Morsi". Badr stressed that nothing could suppress the will of the Egyptian people: “We will not allow the Americans to humiliate us for continuing to send us financial aid; we don't want them. ”Badr continued,“ This is a national coup against a dictatorial president. ”He called on the military to intervene to prevent further bloodshed. Tamarod media coordinator Mai Wahba told media that they would march to the Republican Guard Palace at 4 p.m. to demand Morsi's arrest.
Around an hour before the ultimatum expired, the military leadership confirmed a meeting with representatives of the political parties and various religious communities.
Immediately before the ultimatum expired, it was reported that the Egyptian army was apparently preparing a possible takeover of the state television broadcaster. Soldiers took up positions in the office building on the banks of the Nile and monitored the news production.
The Egyptian President Mohammed Morsi again refused to resign immediately before the ultimatum expired. The presidential office, however, confirms Morsi's willingness to form a coalition government in order to facilitate overcoming the state crisis.
After 17 o'clock
After the ultimatum set by the military expired on July 3, 2013 at 5 p.m. ( CEST ), military units sealed off the barracks into which Morsi had withdrawn with barriers and barbed wire.
At 5:40 p.m., Morsi's office announced on the online social network Facebook that Morsi had offered a government of national unity as a way out of the state crisis: "The presidency is considering the formation of a coalition government of consensus to oversee the next parliamentary election" . This government could prepare early parliamentary elections and draft constitutional amendments.
President Morsi's security advisor, Essam al-Haddad, announced by 5:45 p.m. at the latest that a military coup had started. He expects the army and police to break up the pro-Morsi demonstrations by force.
A travel ban was imposed on Morsi and leading members of the Muslim Brotherhood, as was officially confirmed around an hour after the ultimatum had expired. At this point Morsi is rumored to be in the barracks of the Republican Guard.
Shortly before 7 p.m., international reporters from Cairo reported that tanks were allegedly on their way to the two large pro-Mursi rallies in Nasr City and near the University of Cairo. Less than half an hour later, there were massive troops in the Nasr City, Heliopolis and near the university. Political observers feared a destabilization of the country due to the removal of a democratically legitimized president by the military in Egypt.
In the evening, the state newspaper Al-Ahram reported that the military had notified President Morsi of his completion at 6 p.m. local time (5 p.m. GMT ). The military installed a transitional government after the impeachment .
Shortly after 9 p.m. it was announced that military chief Sisi had started a TV speech announced for 9:30 p.m. and announced that the constitution had been suspended. According to media reports, Morsi was no longer in office, and there was now a transitional government under the control of the military and chaired by the President of the Constitutional Court.
TV speech Sisis
Defense minister and military chief Abd al-Fattah as-Sisi announced measures that had already been taken in a live televised address around 9 p.m. and announced a so-called further "timetable":
Sisi's communications in the TV speech revealed the following measures that had already been taken to overthrow the government:
- The military has "temporarily" suspended the Egyptian constitution .
- The military has deposed President Mohammed Morsi.
- The military has appointed the President of the Supreme Constitutional Court , Adli Mansur , as interim president of the country, who is to take over the office of state president during the transition phase and who can issue constitutional declarations until a new state president has been elected.
- The military, together with politicians and other public figures, has decided on another “road map”.
Sisi's announcements in the TV speech for the further " road map " included:
- The formation of a “strong and capable” national interim government with “extensive powers” and a cabinet of technocrats .
- The formation of a committee made up of people of various competencies and different spectrum to review the proposed changes to the constitution that was suspended by the coup.
- At the end of the transition process there should be new elections:
- Organizing early presidential elections
- and parliamentary elections after a short transition period, for which the Supreme Constitutional Court is to enact the draft law and which it is to initiate.
Furthermore, Sisi announced the formation of a high committee for national reconciliation, which should include personalities who enjoy credibility and acceptance of "all national forces" and who represent all affiliations. The youth should be involved in the decisions; a code of ethics for the media should ensure media freedom, monitor the rules of professionalism, credibility and neutrality and promote the highest interests of the home country. He stressed that the army had repeatedly tried since November 2012 to mediate between the president and the opposition and urged the demonstrators to remain peaceful.
Literally, Sisi said in the declaration: "The military cannot hold still in the crisis", "the army does not want to remain in power."
TV statements of other coup proponents
During the televised announcement of Sisi's disempowerment of Morsi, the opposition leader el-Baradei as well as the Coptic Patriarch Tawadros II and the imam of Cairo's Azhar University, the Grand Sheikh Ahmed Tayeb, and representatives of the Tamarod protest movement sat visibly next to him on the stage. You had also been involved in a crisis meeting of the military leadership that preceded Sisi's TV speech as heads of the opposition and high church dignitaries. The opposition leader Mohammed el-Baradei and religious leaders such as Tawadros II and Ahmed Tayeb were involved in the military's decision. They also took a position in front of the television cameras and supported the decision of the military.
Nobel Peace Prize laureate El-Baradei said in front of the cameras that the timetable announced by Army Chief Sisi guaranteed the basic demands of the Egyptian people for new presidential elections: “We will reform the constitution.” The revolution of January 25, 2011 was revived with the events of July 3 been.
The Coptic chief Tawadros II stated that the timetable had been drawn up by loyal people who had thus pursued the interests of the country without their own interests in the foreground. The timetable guarantees the safety of all Egyptians and with the participation of all sides. The black color of the Egyptian flag stands for the Egyptian people, the white color for the purity of the youth, the red color for the blood that has already flowed by the police in protecting the Egyptians and the eagle in the center of the flag symbolizes the armed forces that the Guarantee security.
Even Mahmoud Badr , spokesman and co-founder of the opposition alliance known as the media tamarod group, which had called for mass demonstrations against Mursi on the weekend before the coup, stepped to the microphone and welcomed the intervention of the military.
Morsi's arrest and whereabouts (July 3 to early November)
Brotherhood spokesman Gehad El-Haddad announced on Twitter that Mursi and his key associates were being held in the Republican Presidential Guard Club. The army leadership confirmed the arrest of the disempowered President Morsi.
The place where Morsi was held after he was ousted by the military was subsequently kept secret. The transitional government refused to be released and said the disempowered president would be held in a "safe place". The Mursis family later stated that on July 22nd they wanted to bring Army Chief Sisi to justice for kidnapping . "Legal measures at local and international level" would be taken against "the leader of the bloody military coup and his group of putschists". On July 22nd, the EU foreign ministers also called for the release of Morsi, which they counted as one of the most important tasks alongside an end to the politically motivated arrests and the release of all other political prisoners.
It was not until November 13 that details of Morsi's whereabouts since his overthrow by the military became known when his lawyer Mohammed al-Damati, who was able to visit Morsi in Alexandria prison on November 12, read a letter from Morsi on television. In the letter, Morsi reported that he was kidnapped by the military. Before he was deposed by the military, he was "forcibly abducted" and against his will "from July 2nd to July 5th in a house of the Republican Guard," an elite military unit that guards the presidential palace and other government buildings, and then together with his advisers "again forcibly transferred to a naval base of the armed forces for four full months", where he was held until the beginning of his trial in November. While in custody, Morsi only met the EU foreign policy chief Catherine Ashton, an EU delegation and four public prosecutors. His lawyer announced legal action against the coup.
On November 14, it was officially announced that President Morsi, who had been detained in an undisclosed location from the July 3 coup until the start of his trial on November 4, was being transferred to solitary confinement in the high-security Borg al-Arab prison near Alexandria, in which he was initially housed in the prison's sick bay after the start of the trial.
Other events
After it became known that Morsi had been deposed and a transitional government presided over by the President of the Constitutional Court and under the control of the military, cheers broke out in Tahrir Square, where hundreds of thousands celebrated. Pro-Morsi demonstrations in Cairo, on the other hand, were cordoned off with dozens of tanks.
Shortly after Morsi was ousted, three Islamist television channels were shut down. The station Misr25 of the Muslim Brotherhood, the Islamist station Al-Hafes and the Salafist station Al-Nas are said to have been affected . After Morsi's disempowerment was announced, clashes between security forces and Morsi's supporters broke out in several cities. According to official information, at least four Morsi supporters were killed in the city of Marsa Matruh, which is a stronghold of the Islamists. Another Morsi supporter died in Alexandria, where supporters and opponents of Mursi fought violent street battles. Clashes have also been reported in the provinces of Asyut and Gharbija.
Victim
According to the independent website Wiki Thawra , the fall of Morsi by the military on July 3, 2013 resulted in 16 deaths.
Reactions to the coup
National
- After his dismissal by the army, the disempowered President Mohammed Morsi, whose whereabouts were not disclosed, called in a first reaction on July 3 via Twitter on his followers to peacefully oppose the coup, which he called a “coup d'état” all free people in Egypt would have to oppose. He called for a return to the Constitution and warned against bloodshed. In a video message, Morsi later said: "I am the elected President of Egypt."
- The Salafist Party of Light agreed to the announcements made by the military, known as the “timetable”, on the grounds that they wanted to avoid further bloodshed.
- Mohammed el-Baradei, who at the time was being traded as a future interim premier, justified the military coup against the BBC , stating that the alternative would have been a civil war. Egypt has now lost two and a half years to its democratic development. El-Baradei also justified the arrest of leading Muslim Brotherhoods and the shutdown of a number of Islamist television channels. The opposition alliance , the National Salvation Front , stated that it would ensure that the Muslim Brotherhood would continue to participate in the political transition until a new parliament and president are elected. El-Baradei announced: "We totally refuse to exclude parties, especially Islamic groups". Although the powers of the transitional state president Adli Mansur, who also retained his office as President of the Constitutional Court, which he took up at the beginning of the same week, went beyond the executive and legislative powers that Morsi had secured in a decree of authorization that was later revoked in November, el-Baradei denied on July 5th again that the overthrow of Morsi by the military was a military coup.
- The spokeswoman for the Freedom and Justice Party (FJP), Amena Ibrahim Mustafa, complained that the decision of the military deprived millions of Egyptians of their “participation in democracy and in the political transition process”. The takeover of power would lead Egypt “back to dictatorship”. She accused el-Baradei of having supported the coup as an "ally" of the military. After the appointment of Mansur as interim head of state by military chief Sisi, el-Baradei had welcomed the "road map" announced by the military, which provided for the repeal of the constitution, dictatorial powers for Mansur and new elections in an unspecified period of time. Members of his alliance must have been privy to the military's plans at least a week beforehand. Mustafa accused el-Baradei of having given up his position as a defender of democratic rights. The seven channels that were shut down by the security forces and operated by Islamist television companies, including the Muslim Brotherhood channel ( Misr 25) , continued to not broadcast again on July 5. The publication of the FJP party newspaper "Freedom and Justice" has been banned since July 4th, although military chief Sisi had promised in his approximately ten-minute speech on July 3rd to guarantee freedom of the media and expression.
- Monsignor Joachim Schroedel , since 1995, on behalf of the Foreign Secretariat of the German Bishops' Conference, pastor for around 10,000 to 15,000 German-speaking Catholics in Egypt, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan and Ethiopia, named Morsi on July 4, 2013 in the online magazine The European as a "successor" Mubaraks and welcomed his fall. “The Egyptians” had “once again proven that they are a people of clear decisions” and “religion should remain a private matter”. The Egyptian people, Schroedel continues, "is and will remain a majority of a liberal people" and "above all a people of clear justice and decision-making". The overthrow of "the first" freely elected "President" Morsi "after 7,000 years of ruling regime" is not a "coup d'état" because the military "has not simply" taken over "but wants to" organize elections, not rule " . The fall of Morsi prevented the “Arab Spring” from turning into an “Arab winter” through the election of Morsi. Mursi were to blame for "continuous lies - or promises not fulfilled - and his lack of leadership". Since February 2011, millions of tourists who are afraid of "ending up in a» New Iran «have stayed away.
International
Although the military had ousted the elected president, in the case of Egypt most governments avoided the use of the usual term "military coup". Der Spiegel summarized the reaction of Western politicians with the words: “Confused Western politicians criticized the means, but praised the ends; shied away from the word coup and preferred to speak of a military intervention, undertaken to prevent worse. "
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African Union - In response to the coup, Egypt was expelled from the African Union (AU) on July 5, 2013 . In doing so, the African Union expressed its disapproval of the actions of the Egyptian armed forces. In an official statement, Admore Kambudzi, the Council Secretary of the AU Security Council in Addis Ababa , stated that the military’s actions would be an “illegal takeover of power” which does not comply with the Egyptian constitution. The AU commission chairman Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma stressed, however, that the African Union would reopen Egypt if there was a democratically elected government. Furthermore, the revolution in Egypt in 2011 differed from the current situation in that a dictator who had ruled for years was overthrown in the form of Hosni Mubarak . Mohammed Edrees , the Egyptian representative of the African Union, had tried to avert the exclusion before the decision was made, emphasizing the important role Egypt played in the decolonization of Africa and pointing out that Egypt was one of the founding members of the African Union. -
Germany - In a first reaction on the evening of July 3, 2013, Federal Foreign Minister Guido Westerwelle expressed his concern with regard to the current situation and called on all political actors to focus on de-escalation and "courageously" to continue the path towards democracy. Egypt needs a "real national dialogue in which all different political attitudes and forces participate". In a more detailed statement on July 4, he said it was "a grave event that the Egyptian armed forces suspended the constitutional order and removed the president of his powers" and a "serious setback for democracy in Egypt". He called on "all those responsible in Egypt to act prudently now, to approach one another and to look together for ways out of the serious state crisis". Germany is "still ready to support the establishment of a new democratic state order in Egypt". -
Denmark - "In terms of constitutional law, it is a military coup that we can of course never welcome, because it did not follow a democratic script, but something had to be done in Egypt," commented Danish Foreign Minister Villy Søvndal. -
Iran - The Iranian Foreign Ministry warned against foreign interference. -
Jordan - The Jordanian royal family declared that they would respect the wishes of the Egyptian people. -
Qatar - The country's foreign ministry reported reluctantly that Qatar supports the will of the Egyptian people and sees Egypt as a leader in the Arab and Islamic world. During the rule of the Muslim Brotherhood, the emirate supported the country with eight billion dollars and, unlike many states in the Gulf region, is considered a supporter of the Muslim Brotherhood and its related organizations in other countries. -
Kuwait - The country pledged $ 4 billion in financial support to the new Egyptian government. -
Russia - The Chairman of the Foreign Affairs Committee of the Duma Alexei Pukhov said: “The Arab Spring did not result in democracy, but in chaos. The events in Egypt showed that there is no quick and peaceful transition from authoritarian regimes to democratic politics. This means that democracy is not a panacea and does not work in countries that do not belong to the western world. " -
Saudi Arabia - King Abdullah ibn Abd al-Aziz congratulated the military. He praised the "wisdom and mediation" of the military and added that the country was saved at the crucial moment. This reaction is mainly explained by the fact that the rejection of the monarchical principle in Islam by the Muslim Brotherhood also calls into question the legitimation of Arab rulers. Moreover, the principle of the Muslim Brotherhood to get into government positions through democratic elections is rejected as dangerous competition by the rulers of most states in the Gulf region. -
Somalia - The Islamist militant movement al-Shabaab announced on Twitter : “It is time to take off your rose-colored glasses and see the world as it is. Change comes only by the bullet (Engl. Bullet ), not by the choice of ball (Engl. Ballot ). [The Muslim Brotherhood] should perhaps learn a little from history and those who were 'democratically elected' in Algeria before them, or from Hamas. When will the Muslim Brotherhood (MB) wake up from deep sleep and realize the futility of their efforts to make institutional changes. After a year of hurdles, the MB horse is finally on its way to the slaughterhouse and will probably not see the light again. " -
Syria - Syrian President Bashar al-Assad called the coup "the end of political Islam." -
Turkey - Turkish Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu called the July 4th upheaval "worrying" and "unacceptable" and called for the immediate release of "the country's elected leaders". The then Prime Minister Erdoğan made Israel jointly responsible for the overthrow of Mohammed Morsi. -
Tunisia - President Moncef Marzouki condemned the overthrow of Morsi and spoke of an "attempt to reinstall the old regime". His party described the overthrow of Morsi as a "blow to democracy". -
United Arab Emirates - The ruler Sheikh Khalifa congratulated Mansur and wished him "success in his historic mission". -
United Kingdom - British Foreign Secretary William Hague commented on what went on: “The UK does not support military intervention as a way of resolving conflicts in a democratic system. The situation is really dangerous and we urge all sides to show restraint and avoid violence ”. -
United States - After an American student was stabbed to death during the protests in Alexandria, the United States withdrew all staff from its embassy in Cairo on June 29, 2013. In a press release in Tanzania on July 1, 2013, Barack Obama stated that the security of the American embassies and consulates in Egypt was his top priority. He also insists that Morsi and his supporters as well as opposition groups treat each other peacefully. After the coup of July 3 Obama in connection with the fall of Mursi did not mention the term "coup" ( coup ). In a written statement dated July 3, he expressed "deep concern" about the action of the military and called on the military to return all authority to a democratically elected civilian government as soon as possible. US government officials seemed to take Obama's statement as a sign to Egypt and other US allies that the US government accepted the military coup.
International press
In Europe, as in the Middle East, the newspapers differed in their assessment of the events in Egypt. While some observers feared a civil war or too great a power for the military, others saw the people as the victor and Morsi's fall as a continuation of the 2011 revolution.
- The daily al-Sabah ( Tunisia ) considered two developments to be realistic: First, the “Algeria scenario”, based on the events of 1991, when the result of the Algerian parliamentary election was annulled and 250,000 people died. Second, the “Gaza scenario”, in which the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood could be tempted to react in a similar way to Hamas after its electoral success was withdrawn in 2006, when it established its own proto-state in Gaza and the autonomous Palestinian territories fell apart. Egypt, too, could sooner or later split into a Coptic state and an Islamist-Salafist state. "Egypt is on the way of Afghanistan, Pakistan or Somalia - with a weak central state that only exists formally and revolutionary emirates of the rebels." It is becoming increasingly clear that it is the politicians who came to power after the Arab Spring , lack of experience, efficiency and humility.
- The el-Watan ( Algeria ) wrote: “There is nothing to suggest that Morsi's followers will be silent. And there is nothing to suggest that a new democratic process is about to begin. The army has controlled Egypt for more or less sixty years now. ”The fall of the Arab dictatorships did not lead to the long overdue debate about the role of armies in the political life of the countries. "It is imperative that this role be corrected in order to prevent coups from becoming a popular habit and so that political judgment returns to the civilly and democratically elected institutions."
- The daily newspaper L'Orient-Le Jour ( Lebanon ) wrote: “One can only hope that the army does not remain long in the role of arbitrator it has imposed on itself - otherwise Egypt is like Syria: between dictatorship and theocracy, where is democracy supposed to find its niche there? ”It had become clear that the Muslim Brotherhood could not offer a permanent replacement for the classic dictatorships. “Appealing to God does not make them angels, but dictatorships that are even duller and more ineffective than before.” The Daily Star (Lebanon) commented under the title “An epic failure” that the Muslim Brotherhood had waited decades for the chance to enter the country rule, but when they finally got it, their dogmatism and ignorance of other opinions would have only rounded off their overall disappointing performance. Their fall was only a matter of time, as they still ruled in "pre-Arab spring mode", but the "wall of fear" that had paralyzed the Arabs for so long, has collapsed since the 2011 events in Tunisia . The collapse of the Egyptian experiment is a warning to the leaders of Islamic movements in the region that Islam is not automatically a successful political format. The hope of the Syrian President, Bashar al-Assad , that the events in Egypt will discredit the Syrian opposition, is only a pious wish.
- The Syrian state newspaper al-Thawra commented that Morsi's fall was expected. "Morsi presented himself as the new pharaoh and forgot that the Egyptian people never allow themselves to be humiliated and oppressed by one person". "Morsi's blind obedience to the White House and his close friendship with the President of the Zionist entity" also led to the overthrow. In addition, when relations with Damascus as the center of Arabism were broken off, the Morsi drew the anger of the people: "The Egyptians have deservedly fought for freedom and dignity back."
- In Iran , allied with Syria's regime, the newspapers were preparing for a long-term overthrow of the Muslim Brotherhood. The Iranian Hamshahri criticized the intervention of the military in political processes. She saw Egypt in a crisis in which the Muslim Brotherhood is being oppressed by the military and, above all, their supporters are being arrested. The politically right-wing Keyhan described a military coup. While in the past she often cited the United States and Israel as responsible for political upheaval in the Middle East, she is reluctant to make such accusations in relation to the Egyptian military coup. Instead, she saw the maintenance of the Camp David agreement with Israel and the lack of support for Syria as the causes of Morsi's failure. ISNA, the big news agency of the "Students of Iran" and one of the most important in Iran. emphasized the role of the military, who had carried out a military coup, with the Muslim Brotherhood demonstrating until Morsi's return. The reform-minded Etemad newspaper saw Morsi's “unsteady” and “insecure” leadership style as responsible for his failure, quoting Bashar al-Assad as saying that this overthrow will transform political Islam and anyone who will abuse religion for political ends being overthrown. The Tehran Times cited the reasons for Morsi's fall because of his constant struggle with the military, broken promises regarding the new constitution and the poor economic situation in Egypt. In addition, Salafists and other radicals, as well as pressure from Western governments, weakened Egypt's first post-revolutionary government. But despite all his shortcomings, Morsi would have had the opportunity to solve the crisis and prevent the military coup. This would also have included the formation of a new government including opposition politicians such as Mohammed El Baradei and Amr Moussa. However, “at this critical moment, the Egyptians are faced with the difficult task of finding a strong leader capable of realizing the goals of the revolution. If this does not succeed, Egypt threatens dark days of military dictatorship. "
- The Akhbar al-Khaleej ( Bahrain ) hailed the event with the comment: “The Arab giant Egypt has awakened!” It is the same people who overthrew Mubarak, who have now taken to the streets again to overthrow Morsi. Because of the incompetence of President Morsi, Egypt had reached a point where there was no other way out than the popular uprising. Then the military correctly assumed its historical responsibility: “In every country - and especially in Arab countries - the army is the true protector of the state and society. The army is the only institution that the people can rely on in times of crisis. "
- The Gulf News newspaper ( United Arab Emirates ) wrote that while the military intervening in civilian life could be problematic, the appointment of the Constitutional Court President as interim head of state could ease those worries. "Morsi and the Muslim Brotherhood have to blame themselves for their fate," said Gulf News . Ultimately, the decisive factors were Morsi's inability to meet the opposition with significant concessions, his systematic attempt to fill all state institutions with Muslim Brotherhoods and their supporters, and the catastrophic handling of Egypt's economic crisis. It is of the utmost importance in the transformation process that follows that it follows a clear plan and that elections are held immediately.
- The most widely read daily newspaper in Israel , Israel HaYom , had the headline: "Morsi's fall - good for the Jews". Although Israel has come to terms with the government of the Muslim Brotherhood - better than with Mubarak's military regime - Israel does not have to cry tears for Morsi. The overthrow of the Muslim Brotherhood is good for Israel and its allies, not only because Egypt will not pose a military threat for the foreseeable future, but also because the trend towards extremist regimes is now reversing. It is wise that Israel does not interfere in current events. Israel's second largest daily Jedi'ot Acharonot published a comment that was more critical of Israel's passive stance. Although there were no immediate consequences for Israel, one must actively deal with the situation: “It is not true that the upheavals in the Arab world do not affect us. It is not true that this solves Israel's core problem with the Palestinians. That is the core of Israel's denial. " The left-liberal Haaretz welcomed the fall of Mursi in an editorial with enthusiastic words. The demonstrators had made it clear that Egypt was not satisfied with a mere “electoral democracy”, but demanded true democracy in which the government was committed to the welfare of the people. With Mursi, the people were confronted with the dilemma of respecting the democratic process on the one hand and facing the repression that it produced on the other. The uprising deserves “praise and admiration”. Another comment in the Haaretz pointed out that the forced departure of the Muslim Brotherhood could bring violence with it and would not solve the economic problems of Egypt. Since the cold peace with Israel is in the interests of the US-backed army, there is nothing to fear in Israel at first. The next regime will probably continue Morsi's Israel policy, i.e. publicly denounce the country, but make secret agreements on security issues.
The Western press was divided over the "coup". The idea that the military should guarantee the will of the people was expressed displeasure, but President Morsi also met with little approval.
- In France , the Parisian Le Figaro accused the ousted President Morsi of a “democracy parody” and wrote: “As soon as he came to power with 51.7 percent of the vote, Morsi presided over a democracy parody. Without solving the economic problems, without considering the interests of the country, he imposed the law on his own movement. For his supporters, the right to vote was just a way of allowing the dictatorship of the greatest number to rule. [...] The army that had come to terms with Morsi finally dropped him. The matter is delicate: the appearance of a coup must be avoided so that US aid is not endangered. It must also be avoided that the Islamists present themselves as victims of a coup against a democracy that they never let work - and did not want it to work. "The largest French newspaper, Ouest-France from Rennes, stated the justification of the term" Counterrevolution ”and raised the question of whether it is not a“ permanent revolution ”:“ For some days it has been the only foreseeable way out. Under the pressure of the street. Under the weight of economic and political failure. Mohammed Morsi, the first civil, democratically elected President of modern Egypt has been overthrown. The army has the reins in hand, led by General (Abdel Fattah) al-Sisi, the army chief and defense minister. Since Sunday the crowd in Tahrir Square has been calling his name. With the danger of civil war growing, the majority favored army intervention. [...] In Cairo it is the army that is currently listening to the streets, while maintaining its highly dominant position over the economy, security and politics in Egypt. Is it a permanent revolution or the counter-revolution? "
- The New York Times (USA) explicitly described the takeover as a coup: “Despite its mistakes, and there were many, President Mohammed Morsi was Egypt's first democratically elected president and his overthrow by the military was unquestionably a coup. It would be tragic if the Egyptians allowed the 2011 revolution, which brought down the dictator Hosni Mubarak, to end with this rejection of democracy. "
Similar to the reactions of Western politicians, a mixture of criticism and understanding was also the tenor of many comments in the German daily newspapers. The comments assumed that the majority of Egyptians would support Morsi's resignation.
- Handelsblatt : “A military coup in the name of democracy? It is hard to believe that this is actually what is happening in Egypt right now [...] But as undesirable as a change of power on the tips of bayonets may be: Of all the bad options, this one could still be the best. "" The The root of the protests ”can be read from the“ economic indicators. After 14 percent in 2009, according to a report presented by the United Nations in May, 17 percent of the population struggle every day to be able to put enough food on the table. Over 30 percent of young children suffer from malnutrition - in 2005 it was 23 percent. Two out of five Egyptians have to get by on less than two dollars a day. "
- Die Welt : “Some observers are already talking about a coup. You're not entirely wrong and not entirely right. They are not entirely wrong because the army has placed the democratically elected president under arrest [...], not entirely correct because the military has not seized all levers of power. "
- The Süddeutsche Zeitung described the military action in a commentary as a coup: "What looks like a coup and is carried out like a coup is also a coup"; and judged that the military had “hardly any other choice”: “The army, as the only functioning institution in the country, had little choice but to intervene.” In another comment, the SZ condemned the Muslim Brotherhood: “Decades of persecution and isolation In desert prisons, the Muslim Brotherhood made more secretive, rigid, and hierarchical than ever, they were incapable of compromise and thus democracy. They saw their election victory as a free ticket, not an obligation. Once in office, the president should rule unreservedly - like a caliph or the leader of a caravan. That could not be done with the fickle electorate. The stubbornness with which Morsi and the leaders of the Muslim Brotherhood insisted until the last second on the legitimacy of the office and were still talking about a dialogue when the tanks were already rolling through Cairo, which is difficult to understand, is explained not only by lust for power, but also by the greed for power Experiences underground. As in Algeria in the nineties or in the Gaza Strip after the Hamas election victory, the Islamists see their legitimate success threatened. "
- In the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung the Egyptian military was praised for its behavior: “The army does not push itself into a new political responsibility [...] but neither does it evade its responsibility as the only institution that the Egyptians seek Trust the survey. ”In another comment in the FAZ, the military was criticized, but the state crisis was described as“ ended for the time being ”:“ A military coup ended the state crisis in Egypt for the time being. Without mentioning in one word Morsi, who came to power in fair and free elections, Army Chief Sisi simply deposed the country's legitimate head of state on Wednesday evening. But the enthusiasm with which liberals and leftists have welcomed the army's intervention in the conflict is cause for concern. Less than a year ago, the opposition still celebrated the end of military rule. Now the generals are suddenly supposed to fix it again - albeit in the background. The shutdown of Islamist TV channels in the hours after Sisi's cold coup shows what the armed forces leadership really thinks of freedom of the media and freedom of expression: little. "
Question of classification as a "coup"
Controversy about the conceptual classification of the military coup
The US government avoided the term coup, as did the new Egyptian rulers. Representatives of the Tamarod movement declared that it was not a coup because "the army [...] had only implemented the will of the people". Mohammed el-Baradei described the coup as a correction of an Islamist steering error at the beginning of a real democracy. The Muslim Brotherhood, on the other hand, insisted that the coup was a coup.
On July 3, Max Fischer described the events in the Washington Post as both a coup (putsch or coup d'état) and a revolution . In the opinion of the director of the German Institute for International Politics and Security of the Science and Politics Foundation , Volker Perthes , in the German-language weekly newspaper Die Zeit on July 5, the military coup, in contrast to the portrayal of coup proponents, was not one "Corrective Movement", but a coup. However, according to Perthes' assessment, it is a "sad irony" that the military "actually did not want to take a coup, but rather tried to persuade the various political camps to reach a consensus until shortly before the coup". According to Perthes, the coup was morally justified, as the military feared that the Egyptian political system would continue to block itself, which could have led to further violence and ultimately ungovernability. “Of course, President Morsi himself and his Muslim Brotherhood also bear responsibility”. The coup did not destroy the achievements of the 2011 revolution.
In an interview in the Austrian daily Kurier on July 4, the political scientist Adel El Sayed did not regard Morsi's deposition by the military as a coup, but as an “attempt by the army to reduce the ever-widening division” and possibly the “last Corrections ”of the“ Arab Spring ”.
Raniah Salloum rated the events in Spiegel on July 5th as a coup because the political science criteria for it existed. The fact that many Egyptians welcomed Morsi's fall does nothing to change that.
Udo Kölsch , commentator on NDR Info , argued that it was not a coup because it is typically not announced in advance.
Mohamed Amjahid spoke of a "people's coup" at the time , but put the term in quotation marks.
Attitude and interests of the USA and other states
After the military coup of July 3, 2013, the US government refused to qualify the takeover of power by the army leadership as a coup . Instead, it retrospectively accepted the military coup as a “step towards restoring democracy”.
“The military was asked to intervene by millions and millions of people, all of whom were afraid of a descendance into chaos, into violence. And the military did not take over, to the best of our judgment - so far. To run the country, there's a civilian government. In effect, they were restoring democracy. "
“The military was asked to intervene by millions upon millions of people, all of whom were afraid of sliding into chaos and violence. […] For all we know, the military has not yet taken power. There is a civil government to run the country. Ultimately, this restored democracy. "
The justification of the military coup by US Secretary of State John Kerry as a measure to restore democracy came at a time when the Egyptian military had already killed dozens of Morsi supporters in Cairo and the civilian government installed by the army had announced that the tent camps of the pro To break up Morsi protesters by force if necessary. Shortly after the coup, the Chairman of the United Chiefs of Staff of the US Armed Forces, Army General Martin Dempsey , and the Egyptian Chief of Staff, Lieutenant General Sedki Sobhi, agreed that "the Egyptian military must play an appropriate role in maintaining stability." Kerry took the view of the Egyptian military leadership that the military had been called upon by millions of Egyptians to intervene. According to the assessment of the former German diplomat and attaché in Cairo, Gunter Mulack , the official agencies in the USA held back for tactical reasons and therefore avoided openly condemning the human rights violations. Accordingly, the European governments did not initially qualify the military coup in Egypt as a military coup.
The Turkish government under Recep Tayyip Erdoğan assumed a special role, as it was the first government in the world to describe Morsi's disempowerment directly as a coup. In addition, she called the killing of nearly 1,000 supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood an “unequivocal massacre”, alleged Israel was complicit in the coup in Egypt and demanded the release of the ousted President Morsi. It was not until days later that Germany and the EU followed Turkey with partially comparable positions, which, however, were viewed by observers as comparatively “half-hearted”. In addition to Turkey, allies of the Muslim Brotherhood were Tunisia , where the Arab Spring had started and with the Ennahda , an Islamist party also provided government, as well as the financially strong Qatar, which was also important because of the headquarters of the influential broadcaster Al Jazeera.
On August 19, the US website The Daily Beast reported that the US government had tacitly decided to classify the military coup in Egypt as a "coup". In order to preserve diplomatic freedom of movement, the government is officially holding back the designation as a "coup". Philip J. Crowley , former spokesman for the US State Department, had already described US President Obama as a serious mistake in avoiding the term coup for tactical reasons: “By not naming the coup in Egypt , we have undermined the credibility of the USA. ”According to observers, other western governments also appeared to be implausible in their insistence on democracy because of their largely silent on the coup.
A number of interrelated political, military and economic motivations are discussed in the media as the motives of the US government for not calling the deposition of Morsi by the military a "coup":
- If the US government were forced to rate Morsi's disempowerment as a coup, it would have to provide 1.3 or 1.5 billion US dollars annually in development aid according to US law from 1961, the majority of which would come from this Military aid exists, quit. The continuation of the payment was answered by the US State Department spokeswoman Jen Psaki , with the great US security concern in the region. It was argued that the continuation of payments was in the US interest, so the term was circumvented through semantic creativity. Bernd Pickert accused the US government in the taz that not only the refusal of the US government to call the military coup a coup, but also the qualification of the “military government” as a civil interim government was equivalent to “ Orwellian newspeak ”.
- In the long term, this military aid is seen as the only tool the US government can use to counter its declining influence on the military and on Egypt. The reluctance of the US government to criticize human rights violations by the Egyptian coup government is seen as a tactical measure to maintain contact with the Egyptian leadership in order to influence Egypt as the most important ally of the US in the region and the second largest recipient of bilateral economic aid from the US after Israel to protect. The aid money from the USA is not freely available to the Egyptian military, but largely comes through contracts with US companies via the Federal Reserve Bank of New York via a special account at the US Treasury directly to companies in the US arms industry for arms deliveries such as F-16 - Fighter jets , Apache - attack helicopters , Abrams - battle tanks or frigates , which often did not meet the strategic needs and wishes of the Egyptian military. Thus, the money from the financial aid does not flow to Egypt, but to the American province, where it creates or actually maintains state-subsidized jobs. The influence that this aid gives to the USA has been rated as often overestimated on various occasions. Their loss would be easily compensated by Gulf states such as Saudi Arabia and the United Emirates, especially since Egypt's neighboring countries had pledged and made available many times more funds in the first days after the military coup.
- Observers estimated that the Egyptian military was less dependent on the US military aid with which the Egyptian government, and in particular the Egyptian military, had been rewarded for the peace treaty with Israel since 1979 than the US was on the Egyptian military as a partner in terms of security of the Israeli state. The Egyptian military rulers were seen in many western states as well as by Israel, Saudi Arabia and other Gulf states as a guarantee for the preservation of regional stability and a containment of Islamism. The criticism of a lack of respect for democratic rights such as the freedom to demonstrate, even for the Islamists, was subordinated to this. According to Gunter Mulack's judgment, a model democratic state in the Arab world would oppose the interests of the royal family in Saudi Arabia in view of the Muslim Brotherhood, which is very well organized in Egypt and represented in many countries. The ruling houses of the rich but less democratic Gulf monarchies wanted to prevent such a democracy in Egypt from arousing desires in their own people and the states into one "at any price" and by paying twelve billion dollars to the Egyptian leadership in the previous months "Arab spring frenzy" would move. Israel and lobby groups urged the US Congress and government to maintain support for the military leadership in Egypt. The Egyptian army is seen as a guarantee that the Egyptian-Israeli peace agreement will continue to be upheld, just as it was not terminated under the Islamist government of the Muslim Brotherhood allied with radical Hamas. Some observers see Israel's security issue through the development on Sinai under Morsi as the main cause of the military coup in Egypt against Morsi. The international public's attention is particularly focused on Sinai because of its proximity to Israel, where the Egyptian state has traditionally been more difficult to enforce in the face of armed gangs and Bedouin tribes who refuse to interfere in their affairs. In this region in particular, it was feared that radical Islamists would be active in generating international media coverage.
- Egypt is considered by the US Department of Defense as a reliable ally of the for the replacement in the Afghanistan war and anti-terrorism actions in the Middle East and East Africa significant overflight rights in the Egyptian airspace granted particularly generous and expeditious American US for the Air Force and in the event of a crisis US warships in Suez Canal preferentially dispatched. Due to the control of the Suez Canal, Egypt is assigned great strategic importance for the USA.
- In addition, as an ally of the USA and guarantor of stability, Egypt should also help to secure access to the oil reserves in the region of the Middle East, which is considered politically unstable.
- A further possible motive was cited that the governments of the USA and European countries, by failing to qualify the military coup as a “coup”, have kept a means of political pressure open as an option against the Egyptian military. This is how Karim El-Gawhary indicated the statement by US Secretary of State Kerry on August 1st for the taz : “According to all we know, the military has not yet taken power. There is a civil government. "
Regardless of the classification by the US government, Raniah Salloum stated in the Spiegel that the term “coup” would, in the opinion of Mursi opponents, “diminish or even revile their triumph”. With the “fight for the word and the sovereignty of interpretation” they would also want to fend off the question of the legitimacy of their victory.
According to Günter Meyer, head of the Center for Research on the Arab World at the University of Mainz, the overthrow against the Muslim Brotherhood was inconvenient for neither the US nor the German government, but in view of the fact of a coup it had conflicted with the Claimed to stand up for democratic values. According to Christian Achrainer, Egypt expert at the German Society for Foreign Policy (DGAP), this conflict situation has existed since the time of Mubarak, during which the Western governments primarily focused on stability. The interests of the USA and the EU are directed towards energy security, the fight against terrorism and the continuation of the Israeli-Egyptian peace treaty . In contrast, the demand for democracy and human rights has taken a back seat. The demand to reinstall Morsi in office was hardly made by the west.
From overthrow to transitional government
Restriction of the freedom of the press and propaganda against the Muslim Brotherhood
Since the overthrow of Morsi by the military on July 3, the Egyptian mass media, which were still allowed to report, unanimously sided with the military and against the Muslim Brotherhood. Pro-Islamist television stations were closed, journalists arrested or jailed and their technical equipment confiscated. Journalists who report positively on the Pro-Morsi demonstrations came under pressure. The view of the Muslim Brotherhood was almost completely ignored by the Egyptian media after the coup. Egyptian newspapers and television programs gave the impression that the whole country supported the actions of the military. The reporting was imprecise and uncritical for the benefit of the Egyptian military. There were hardly any reports of attacks such as the killing of numerous supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood in front of the headquarters of the Republican Guard. Foreign media were also suppressed and their reporting was hindered, such as Dirk Emmerich, a journalist for the German news channel n-tv , who was arrested with his team when he wanted to report on the attacks on the Muslim Brotherhood in front of the headquarters of the Republican Guards. In addition, anti-Morsi demonstrators mobilized against foreign media such as CNN, BBC and Al-Jazeera, demonstrated, among other things, with leaflets in front of the buildings of the TV stations and attacked foreign journalists. The army firmly established itself again as a permanent supervisory authority.
Sisi, who was already defense minister under Morsi, commander of the Egyptian armed forces and, since mid-July, also deputy prime minister of the so-called transitional government set up by the military, was considered the most powerful figure in the country after the military coup against the first elected president of Egypt. Even before the military coup he had contacts with representatives of the deep state , which consisted of former Mubarak supporters who had continued to hold their own in the judiciary , executive (e.g. police) and administrative branches , had lost a lot of power and money since the revolution and one Striving to restore old conditions and striving for a new head of government. In addition to these structures from the Mubarak system in the judiciary, police, administration and business world , which remained untouched by the Egyptian revolution , the military in Egypt also formed a kind of “ state within a state ”. In the background of the military, according to observers, there was a return of the old elites, who sought a counter-revolution by restoring the old economic conditions . When Sisi deposed President Morsi on July 3, had him arrested and a few hours later appeared on television accompanied by the civilian supporters of the military coup with a proclamation, the defense minister was only known to the country's elite , but not to the wider public.
That all changed in late July after television broadcast his address at a military parade on July 23 to mark a graduation in the military academy in which Sisi proclaimed, “I urge all honorable Egyptians to take to the streets on Friday to see me empower to act against terrorism and violence ”. With the support of the state and private media , there was almost unrestricted popular veneration of Sisi in Egypt.
In the view of Egypt expert Sarah Hartmann, "all mass media - both private and state - [...] were clearly partisan at that time". According to the political scientist Hamadi El-Aouni, many of the private media or broadcasters described themselves as religiously motivated and were funded “by billionaires from the Gulf region”, particularly from Saudi Arabia, “so that they could adopt a certain way of thinking about Islam worldwide and particularly in the Propagate the Arab region ”. Islamist media now tried to spread their content via Twitter and other social networks and to use the international press. In the Guardian and Washington Post , the Muslim Brotherhood published articles trying to show that what had happened in Egypt was a coup. A counterweight to the Egyptian media were Arabic-language programs abroad, including al-Arabiya , Al Jazeera , Deutsche Welle and BBC Arabic . The news channel Al Jazeera from Qatar, which is the most widespread in Egypt and established as a reputable broadcaster internationally, has been accused of acting as a “propaganda channel” for the Muslim Brotherhood against the “opposition in Egypt”, according to El-Aouni, which is why some journalists are leaving the station should have. According to El-Aouni, the polarization in the acquisition of information and opinion-forming was also promoted by the high rate of illiteracy and the low supply of televisions and Internet access in the Egyptian population: “About 40 percent of Egyptians only follow the state media or they believe what it is Bringing out the Muslim Brotherhood about themselves as propaganda or information ”.
Although in the first two weeks of August Western diplomats prevented Sisi from evacuating the Muslim Brotherhood protest camps by force of arms, clashes between the military coup and August 14th resulted in 200 deaths - mostly Islamist ones. While the media demonized the Islamist demonstrators as "terrorists" and " child molesters ", the first calls were loud for Sisi to run for president. The military, the security forces and the Egyptian media had psychologically prepared the Egyptian population for a blow against the Muslim Brotherhood and an end to the protests at the beginning of August. The journalist Michael Thumann came to the judgment that the non-Islamist opposition in Egypt had followed “their new ruler, General Abdel Fatah al-Sissi” “blindly” until the 14 August bloodbath, and that the Nobel Peace Prize laureate Mohammed el-Baradei had himself too affiliated with the coup troops. Only after the “tank operations against unarmed persons”, “sniper shots against protesters” and the de facto abolition of civil rights would liberals and seculars complain about the triggering of violence and attribute it to the resistance of the Muslim Brotherhood. State media, however, continued to ignore millions of Morsi supporters and did not report how many Islamists were actually killed during the evacuation of their protest camps.
Mass arrests of pro-Morsi demonstrators and arrests in the leadership of the Muslim Brotherhood
After President Mohammed Morsi was overthrown, the Egyptian security authorities put the Islamists under massive pressure. The large number of arrests, the lack of transparency by the authorities and the speed of events all contributed to the fact that Egyptian human rights organizations found it difficult to document the arrests and other repressive measures. Observers suspected that representatives of the Interior Ministry tried to blame the Muslim Brotherhood for their own offenses. Gamal Eid, director of the Arabic Network for Human Rights Information (ANHRI), criticized the Interior Ministry itself for denying errors from the time under Mubarak and instead ascribing any fault to the Muslim Brotherhood.
On July 4, at least 43 members of the Muslim Brotherhood were arrested during the day. According to press reports, one of them should have been Muhammad Badi'e , the chairman of the Muslim Brotherhood, who, however , appeared freely on July 5 during the protests at the Rābi ala-al-ʿAdawiyya Mosque in the Nasr-City district and who was issued after it was issued An arrest warrant dated July 10th was only arrested on the night of August 20th. The former vice-chairman of the Muslim Brotherhood, Chairat al-Schater , was also released for a search, as both are accused of inciting the killing of demonstrators. Even Saad al-Katatni , chairman of the Freedom and Justice Party , and Rashad Bajumi , deputy chairman of the Muslim Brotherhood were detained. According to the Egyptian Interior Ministry, the detention of 300 other members of the Muslim Brotherhood is being prepared. Before mid-July, at least six high-ranking representatives of the Muslim Brotherhood and two well-known Salafists had been arrested, and another ten arrest warrants against leaders of the Muslim Brotherhood had become known. In addition, according to Human Rights Watch , the military detained at least ten members of former President Morsi's staff without contact with the outside world.
According to Karim Abdelrady, lawyer and scientist at the ANHRI, leaders were arrested on the one hand and supporters of the Islamists were arbitrarily arrested on the other. At least 650 people were arrested during the clashes in front of the Republican Guard building on July 8. The authorities confirmed the correctness of the number on request, even though the originally officially announced numbers were considerably lower. Those arrested were not members of the leadership of the Muslim Brotherhood, but people who were randomly arrested in many locations near the building. It can be assumed that many of them are innocent and have merely demonstrated peacefully.
Swearing in of the interim president (July 4th)
Adli Mansur was sworn in as the new interim president of Egypt on July 4th.
He should keep this position until the new elections, which have not yet been finalized. While the situation in Cairo remained largely peaceful, there were clashes between supporters and opponents of Morsi in other parts of the country. At least six people are said to have died and around 10 people were injured in Marsa Matruh . In Kafr al-Sheikh , 120 people are said to have been injured in clashes between the two camps. Three people each were killed from Alexandria and the southern Egyptian city of Minya .
The conflict intensifies (July 5)
On July 5, a Friday, at least 43 people were killed and hundreds injured in Egypt, most of them in clashes between supporters and opponents of the ousted President Morsi. The number of deaths since June 30 has almost doubled to 90. According to official figures, 15 people were killed in Cairo, including in skirmishes near the state broadcaster in Tahrir Square. 17 people were killed in clashes between supporters and opponents of Morsi in Alexandria, and around 460 were injured in street battles. According to official information, four people died in Ismailia and one in Suez. One person was killed in clashes between supporters of Mursi and the police in Asyut city.
Procedure of the protest actions
Hundreds of thousands of people demonstrated across the country. Demonstrators loyal to the overthrown government protested in Cairo and other provinces against the overthrow of Morsi and called for his reinstatement as president. The Muslim Brotherhood and other Islamist organizations had previously called for peaceful demonstrations across the country on July 5th against the disempowerment of Morsi by the military in order to express with this action called “Friday of Rejection” that they are not prepared to accept the military coup. The military had announced intervention in the event that the demonstrations got out of hand. After the noon prayer, hundreds of thousands of Islamists in numerous cities followed the call, for example in Cairo or in Alexandria , Luxor and Damanhur . The rallies were initially peaceful and uneventful. The largest parade took place in front of the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Mosque in Nasr City.
In front of the headquarters of the Republican Guards in Cairo, however, elite soldiers fired at the supporters of the ousted president, with four Morsi supporters officially killed when protesters tried to hang portraits of the ousted President Morsi there. A spokesman for the military had denied the representations and claimed that the army only used blank cartridges and tear gas against the demonstrators. The BBC reporter Jeremy Bowen, on the other hand, said the military opened fire in Cairo against the previously disciplined Muslim Brotherhood as the crowd pushed forward.
Earlier, on the grounds around the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Mosque in the Nasr City district, where the Islamists continued to camp by the thousands, the chairman of the Muslim Brotherhood, who was believed to be imprisoned, Mohammed Badie, appeared to call on his supporters to continue the demonstrations . Badie called on the people gathered there to demonstrate until Mursi was reinstated as president. In the event of Morsi's reinstatement, he was ready to come to an agreement with the Egyptian army. Badie emphasized that the demonstration at the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Mosque was not intended to defend a person, but to defend the democratic process. In the evening it was announced that two leading Muslim Brotherhoods who had been arrested in the previous wave of arrests against leaders of the FJP and Muslim Brotherhood had been released. A travel ban against more than 300 Muslim Brotherhood is said to be due to the liberation of Morsi and other cadres of the organization from the Wadi Natrun prison in 2011, because of which the Egyptian judiciary is investigating treason against Morsi.
On Tahrirplatz, the leadership of the “National Rescue Front”, the umbrella organization of the opposition, gathered tens of thousands of supporters under the motto “Save the June 30th Revolution”. Morsi's opponents, who welcomed the military operation, called for demonstrations on the grounds that the Islamists would seek a “ counter-revolution ”. Opponents and proponents of the coup clashed on Tahrir Square, with two demonstrators killed and 70 injured, according to state television.
Attacks on the Sinai
At least five security guards were killed in independent attacks by unidentified gunmen in northern Sinai. A state of emergency was declared in the governorates of Suez and South Sinai after the attacks on al-Arish airport and the police and military checkpoints .
Foundation of the Islamist group Ansar al-Sharia
On July 5, a new Islamist group also announced its founding; this is called Ansar al-Sharia. According to their own statements, this group interprets the events in Egypt as a declaration of war on Islam in its entirety, i.e. both as a religion and as a social system, and throws their opponents, to whom they are secular groups, supporters of the former President Hosni Mubarak , Coptic Christians , the Security forces and the military are counting on wanting to turn Egypt into "a crusader and a secular monster". According to their self-designation, this group advocates the introduction of Sharia law as the only law in Egypt. In doing so, she regards the use of force as a legitimate means of achieving her goals. To what extent she is connected to the Muslim Brotherhood remains unclear.
Dissolution of parliament
Adli Mansur, sworn in as interim president on July 4th, dissolved the previous parliament, the Shura Council, in his first decree on July 5th, in which the Muslim Brotherhood and Salafists had a two-thirds majority. Mansur also appointed a new head of the secret service.
Attempts to form a government
On July 6, the Nobel Peace Prize laureate Mohammed el-Baradei was appointed head of the interim government. In the evening he was to be sworn in. However, this was prevented at the last moment by great resistance from the Party of Light , so that Mansur withdrew the nomination of el-Baradei.
As a result, the lawyer and co-founder of the Egyptian Social Democratic Party , Siad Bahaa El-Din , was proposed to the office of Prime Minister. On the same day, Islamists killed a Coptic Orthodox priest from Arish .
Interim President Mansur presented a timetable that initially envisages the revision of the constitution and then parliamentary elections within six months. After Parliament has met, presidential elections will then be held.
Anti-Mursi protest in Cairo (July 7th)
On Tahrir Square, thousands celebrate the coup as the “Second Revolution”.
One day before the mass killing: "No to terrorism".
Thanks to the USA: "Obama will never forget history".
Egyptian flag next to portrait of military chief Sisi.
An anti-Mursi demonstration of thousands of people took place in Tahrir Square the day before the mass killing on the grounds of the Republican Guard. The Voice of America reporter Sharon Behn interviewed several of the demonstrators at what she reported as the "biggest gathering of the week" who stressed that the overthrow of Morsi was not a coup, but a "second revolution".
On the same day, pro-Morsi demonstrators in Cairo called for Morsi to be reinstated as president. Nezar AlSayyad, chairman of the Center for Middle Eastern Studies , told Voice of America that the army must keep the pro-Morsi protesters under control in order to maintain "stability in the country." If the pro-Morsi protests continued or if the army were to bring them under control in a too bloody way, Egypt threatened to become “another Algeria”. The “call for a return of the former president and incitement to violence” is “dangerous for Egypt”: “At the moment they are calling for Morsi to return. At the moment many of them are armed. There is still a lot of sedition, especially among the pro-Morsi protesters, in a very unhealthy way. ”He accused the pro-Morsi protesters of a self-sacrificing“ jihadist mentality ”that was“ deadly to the country ”. While the African Union ruled Egypt on July 5 due to the coup and the Republican US Senator John McCain called for US military aid to be stopped due to the coup, AlSayyad rejected the classification as a coup because the military had not directly taken over the government . AlSayyad had predicted before the coup that the army would depose Morsi and appoint the head of the constitutional court as interim president.
Mass killing of Mursi supporters on the grounds of the Republican Guard (July 8)
On July 8, Egyptian security forces shot dead 53 Morsi supporters who, according to official reports, wanted to storm the building of the Republican Guard in Cairo where Morsi was being held. 435 others were injured according to official information. The security forces had to mourn the deaths of two policemen and one soldier, and 42 injured.
According to statements by the Muslim Brotherhood, the military opened fire on the morning of July 8 while performing the morning prayers and shot between 33 and 35 of the praying demonstrators with targeted head shots.
The military, however, described the incident as an attack by "terrorist forces".
Research by Patrick Kingsley, based on interviews with eyewitnesses, residents and doctors, as well as video analyzes and published in the Guardian on July 18 , came to the conclusion that, contrary to official reports, the incident was a coordinated attack by the security forces mostly peaceful civilians acted.
The ultra-conservative Party of Light of the radical Islamist Salafists, which until then had been on the side of the anti-Morsi alliance, thereupon declared its withdrawal from the negotiations on a transitional government and justified the decision as a reaction to the "massacre".
Formation of the transitional government
On July 9, the former finance minister and economic expert Hasim al-Beblawi was appointed prime minister of the transitional government to be formed. Mohammed el-Baradei was given the post of Vice Prime Minister and Foreign Minister. The further formation of a government proved difficult in the following days. On July 11th, Beblawi stated that talks still needed to be held regarding some cabinet positions, but he expects the formation of the government to be completed by July 15th. He also expressed his willingness to allow the Muslim Brotherhood to participate in the government, which the latter immediately rejected because the transitional government was illegitimate and Morsi had to be reinstated.
The night before the transitional government was sworn in, violence escalated again after a week of relative calm. Tens of thousands of supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood demonstrated in Cairo and other Egyptian cities on the night of July 16. Strong police presence in Cairo prevented the demonstrators from occupying important transport hubs. There were clashes in several places in which at least seven people were killed in Cairo, four of them in front of the University of Cairo. All seven fatalities were Morsi supporters. Violent clashes broke out around the October 6th bridge, which had been blocked by Mursi supporters with trucks and burning car tires. The police used tear gas and rubber bullets against the demonstrators. They threw stones at the security forces who cleared the bridge. According to the media, more than 400 people were arrested for causing unrest. At least 92 people had been killed within two weeks since the military coup against President Morsi.
Swearing in (July 16)
After candidates for all cabinet positions were finally found, the interim government was sworn in on July 16 by interim President Mansur.
At the swearing in, it became known that the commander of the armed forces, Abd al-Fattah as-Sisi, who had deposed the elected President Morsi, was given significantly more powers and an influential post in the transitional government. This increased evidence that the military would play a stronger political role than was generally expected. Army commander Sisi, who was sharply criticized by the opponents of the coup, was given significantly more powers through the formation of the transitional government. In addition to the defense department, General Sisi, who originally promised that power would be placed in the hands of civilian politicians, has now also taken on the post of first deputy to interim prime minister Hasim al-Beblawi.
Most of the 33 members of the cabinet belonged to the liberal political camp or were experts not affiliated with the party. There were three Coptic Christians and three women among the cabinet members. Ahmed Galal, a longstanding World Bank expert, became finance minister .
Neither of the two Islamist parties that had supported the previous government under President Morsi and that had jointly won five elections since the 2011 popular uprising (two parliamentary elections, one presidential election and two constitutional referendums) were involved in the new government.
Composition of the interim government:
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Adli Mansur Interim President |
Vacant Interim Vice President until August 14, 2013 : Mohammed el-Baradei |
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Hasim al-Beblawi Interim Prime Minister |
Abd al-Fattah as-Sisi Deputy Interim Prime Minister |
Ziad Bahaa El Din Deputy Interim Prime Minister |
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| 32 ministers | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Blue: civil; Yellow: military; Green: civil and military
Reactions to the formation of the transitional government
After the cabinet was formed, the Muslim Brotherhood criticized it harshly. A spokesman for the Muslim Brotherhood said that neither the government nor the prime minister or the cabinet were legitimized. The supporters of the ousted President Morsi announced that they would continue their demonstrations against the coup.
The government of Turkey expressed severe criticism of the Egyptian transitional government. Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan declined to meet with Egyptian interim vice-president Mohammed el-Baradei and said that such a meeting would give the military-backed Egyptian interim government legitimacy. In a conversation with the Egyptian ambassador, the Turkish President Abdullah Gül demanded the immediate release of Morsi.
Further intensification of the national crisis and destabilization of Egypt under Sisi
The coup against Morsi was followed by the greatest wave of violence in recent Egyptian history during the transitional government installed by the military. Alone in the storming of two pro-Morsi protest camps by the military and police on August 14, which was a “massacre by the security forces of around 1,000 pro-Morsi demonstrators”, the worst of the three mass killings since the fall According to Bassem El-Smargy of the Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies (CIHRS), Mursis acted as the "worst event of unlawful mass killings in the modern history of Egypt" in early July and according to Human Rights Watch , as well as during the subsequent riots own calculations between 1000 and 1500 people were killed within less than a week. The vast majority of the victims were Islamists, mostly from the Muslim Brotherhood, killed by the police and the military. This series of violence, which has continued since the fall of Morsi, was interpreted as a sign of growing instability in Egypt.
In the following years, according to some observers, there was a further destabilization of Egypt under Sisi. Contrary to his promise to promote security, stability, economic development and social justice in Egypt, the situation two years after he took office is worse than before. The increase in police violence and state repression against civil society and the political opposition under Sisi led to radicalization, which was expressed in an increasing number of terrorist attacks. The poor security situation under Sissi caused tourism to collapse as an important economic factor. In the economy, Sisi promoted its supporters using major projects without any noteworthy positive effects for the general population. In this way there was an intensification of social differences and an increasing destabilization of Egypt.
Egyptian officials explained and justified the human rights violations, mismanagement and corruption vis-à-vis their Western counterparts with the "need for reform" of the allegedly dysfunctional Egyptian state in their solicitation for international donors and aid program funding. This declaration, according to which the Egyptian state institutions - for example in the security apparatus, the judiciary or the economy - are overwhelmed, act independently and inadequately implement or block the alleged pressure of the presidential power center for reforms, is supported by the scientific observers Stephan Roll and Lars Brozus (SWP) assessed as implausible and Sisi's willingness to reform after several years in his responsibility for the state leadership as "not very credible". They point out that Sisi's policy had sought “exclusion and polarization” from the start, as it did in 2013, when the demonstrations by supporters of the ousted President Morsi on the orders of Sisi's character as military chief were broken up with extreme violence and hundreds of killings Divisions in Egyptian society had deepened. They counter the argument that the leadership's alleged reform projects were not implemented by the institutions by stating that the goal of unrestricted state rule often expressed by Sisi has "recognizable totalitarian features". Even during his presidency, Sisi did his best to legalize excessive police violence and the repression of civil society, created a “highly restrictive political framework” by enacting many bills by means of a decree in the absence of a parliament, laid the groundwork for economic policy for the implementation of controversial mega-projects and targeted the political ones The framework defined that determines government action and the destabilization of Egypt.
Meaning and valuations
The ruthless repression of the military-backed transitional government since the military coup of July 3 did not lead to a stabilization, but to a destabilization of the situation in Egypt (as of early April 2014). The country was considered bankrupt, almost ungovernable and increasingly insecure. In a hotspot ranking as the indicator assessments of political risks (security and stability) of the country analysis company Economist Intelligence Unit were taken over, Egypt was one in the first half of 2014, together with Kosovo , Libya , Syria , the Lebanon and the Ukraine to the six countries in the neighborhood of the European Union whose situation is classified as very risky. In the first eight months since the military overthrew President Morsi, Egyptians suffered the highest intensity of human rights violations and terrorism in their recent history. The level of violence exceeded even that of Egypt's darkest period in terms of human rights violations since the military coup in Egypt in 1952, and reflected an unprecedented use of violence in Egypt's recent political history. In the 1950s, the number of political prisoners under Gamal Abdel Nasser had at times assumed similar dimensions, but the police repression against street protests at that time hardly claimed any victims.
- In March 2014, the US Middle East experts Shadi Hamdi and Meredith Wheeler from the Brookings Institution published a comparison of the reign of Mohammed Morsi with the phase of the transitional government that the military had installed after the military coup on July 3, 2013. The study, for which the widely used Polity IV index with parameters common in political science to measure democracy for the development of transition societies after the overthrow of autocratic regimes was used, found that the new regime rose to +10 in the months after the coup to −10, the Polity IV Index scale fell by six full points in comparison to Morsi's reign and, with the consolidation of Sisi's power, fell by eight points towards autocracy. Unlike Morsi and even in contrast to Husni Mubarak and Anwar as-Sadat , the post-coup military government under Sisi presided over mass arrests of political opponents as well as mass killings such as the crackdown on the pro-Morsi protest camps on August 14, 2013 , in which at least hundreds of people died . In addition, there was a law effectively preventing oppositional demonstrations and the continued use of deadly force against demonstrators by the security forces. After the coup, political competition was only tolerated within the regime's own political coalition. The development of Egypt towards autocracy in the months after the coup was seen by analysts as a typical and predictable development of a country after a military coup. In view of the particular peculiarity of the ideological split in Egypt, the international toleration and downright support for the coup, as well as the pronounced anti-Muslim Brotherhood mood of a significant part of the population, the fall of Morsi deviated from the usual and led into a more repressive phase than it did the majority of modern coups are the case, making the situation in Egypt comparable to that of Chile and Argentina in the 1970s or that of Algeria in the 1990s. The military coup was legitimized "by a fundamental misinterpretation and distortion of what happened before". Because although Egypt under Morsi, compared to other countries with a "social transition process", during which not only the elites, but also ordinary citizens got into political and social turmoil, fared significantly more positively than the average and Morsi neither grave human rights violations nor systematic repression and imprisonment of the opposition, many Egyptian and Western analysts had claimed in the months preceding the military coup of July 3, 2013, that Morsi's one-year term in office was clearly “undemocratic”.
- The Cairo-based correspondent Martin Gehlen described the Egyptian state as "hyper-authoritarian" after the coup. The coup in the demographic heavyweight Egypt in the summer of 2013 was "a dramatic and irreversible setback for all democratic ambitions for a long time", which contributed in particular to the fact that "not a single functioning democracy has emerged" among the 22 Arab nations. Egypt had "tipped back into its accustomed police state - even more erratic and unrestrained, even more compulsive and anarchic than its decades-long predecessor to Mubarak".
- James F. Jeffrey , member of the Defense Policy Board, the American Council on Germany and the Council on Foreign Relations and a former security advisor to George W. Bush and former US ambassador to Turkey and Iraq, admitted in an interview upon request the time 2014 that the United States through the inlets with partners such as the autocratic Egypt after the coup, those disappointed that they had supported the Arab spring.
References
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e 90 Egyptians killed in week's clashes ( Memento from October 16, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). www.worldbulletin.net, July 6, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt after the overthrow: The jubilation is gone. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, July 4, 2013, accessed on July 5, 2013.
- ↑ a b After the fall of Morsi: head of the Muslim Brotherhood arrested. Süddeutsche Zeitung, July 4, 2013, accessed on July 5, 2013.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Egypt - Numerous dead in street battles. ( Memento from October 16, 2013 on WebCite ) Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, July 5, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g Egypt after a new excess of violence on the edge of the abyss ( memento from August 16, 2013 on WebCite ) , Reuters Germany, July 28, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c Bloody Monday - Over 50 dead during protests in Cairo ( memento from October 10, 2013 on WebCite ) , 20min.ch, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b After fatal shots in Cairo - Calls for the popular uprising ( Memento from August 22, 2013 on WebCite ) , the daily newspaper, July 8, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b EU wants to mediate a peaceful solution in Egypt ( memento of October 12, 2013 on WebCite ) , Reuters Germany, July 30, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b News / Middle East - At Least 51 Killed in Egypt as Tensions Soar ( Memento from October 13, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Voice of America News, July 8, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Egypt's ousted President Morsi in court ( memento from November 3, 2013 on WebCite ) , Reuters Germany, November 3, 2013, by Michael Georgy, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Trial against Egypt's ex-president - Mursi wants to defend himself ( Memento from November 4, 2013 on WebCite ) , Süddeutsche.de, November 4, 2013, by Tomas Avenarius , archived from the original .
- ↑ Tensions in Egypt grow before the Morsi trial ( Memento of the original from November 3, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Reuters Germany, November 1, 2013, archived from the original .
- ^ Tensions in Egypt grow before the Mursi trial ( memento from November 2, 2013 on WebCite ) , Süddeutsche.de, November 1, 2013, accessed on November 2, 2013. (Reuters video channel).
- ↑ a b c Mursi Trial in Egypt - The courtroom as a political stage ( memento from November 4, 2013 on WebCite ) , Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, November 4, 2013, by Markus Bickel, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Egypt - military overthrows President Mursi ( memento from October 16, 2013 on WebCite ) , Deutsche Welle, July 3, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f "For the good of the country" - Egyptian military deposed Morsi. ( Memento from October 17, 2013 on WebCite ) n-tv, July 3, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Mursi overthrown - cheers on Tahrir Square. ( Memento from October 13, 2013 on WebCite ) Rheinische Post (RP Online), July 3, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Coup in Egypt: Military deposed Morsi. ( Memento from October 16, 2013 on WebCite ) Deutsche Welle, July 3, 2013, archived from the original on October 16, 2013.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i Putsch in Cairo: Egypt's military overthrows Mursi ( memento from November 7, 2013 on WebCite ) , Spiegel Online , July 3, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d Egypt - A Bad Precedent ( Memento from October 10, 2013 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, July 4, 2013, by Michael Thumann, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Current information on the situation in Egypt: the day on July 3, 2013 , phoenix, July 3, 2013, report on the situation in Egypt at the time of the coup; Moderation: Michael Kolz; u. a. with Guido Westerwelle (Federal Foreign Minister, FDP) and Prof. Andreas Dittmann (Middle East expert, University of Giessen).
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i Declaration on the deposition of Morsi on July 3, 2013 , phoenix, the declarations of Mohammed el-Baradei (leader of the opposition alliance National Salvation Front), Tawadros II (Coptic Pope) and Ahmed Tayeb ( al-Azhar -Sheich ) with synchronous translation .
- ↑ Egypt - "Rule of the Islamists was a dark cloud" ( Memento from November 6, 2013 on WebCite ) , Die Welt, November 5, 2013, interview with Joachim Schroedel, archived from the original .
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↑ Loay Mudhoon: Press Club (ARD), August 18, 2013, moderation: WDR editor-in-chief Jörg Schönenborn; Interview partners: Bettina Gaus (taz), Richard Kiessler, Loay Mudhoon (Deutsche Welle), Cornelia Wegerhoff (WDR), archived from the original ( Memento of the original from October 14, 2013 on WebCite ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked . Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . At the same time: Riots in Egypt - Press Club on August 18, 2013 , YouTube, published by the YouTube channel on August 19, 2013; Riots in Egypt - will the Arab Spring turn into a bloody autumn? , ARD media library.
- ↑ a b Who is supporting the transitional government? - Egypt's generals have new friends ( memento from October 10, 2013 on WebCite ) , tagesschau.de, August 19, 2013, interview by Alexander Steininger with Gunter Mulack, archived from the original .
- ^ A b Analysis - Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood: Why Did They Fail? ( Transcript: PDF ( memento from October 26, 2013 on WebCite ), archived from the original (PDF; 226 kB) on October 26, 2013; audio version: MP3 , 28 minutes), BBC Radio 4 Analysis ( memento from the original from 23 October 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , September 30, 2013, by Christopher de Bellaigue. Interviewees: Abdul Mawgoud Dardery, Hisham Hellyer, Omar Ashour, Angy Ghannam, Wael Haddara, Abdel Moneim Aboul Fotouh.
- ↑ One Year President Morsi - Chronology of Failure ( memento October 10, 2013 on WebCite ) , n-tv, June 29, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ Mursi cancels special powers - opposition only sees maneuvers ( memento from October 10, 2013 on WebCite ) , n-tv, December 8, 2012, archived from the original .
- ^ Revolution in Egypt - Morsi's opponents fear "endless vengeance cycle" ( memento from October 17, 2013 on WebCite ) , Die Welt, July 5, 2013, by Birgit Svensson, archived from the original .
- ^ A b State repression in Egypt - anti-terror campaign as in Mubarak's time ( memento from October 7, 2013 on WebCite ) , Neue Zürcher Zeitung, October 7, 2013, by Astrid Frefel, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d Stephan Roll: Egypt's business elite after Mubarak - a powerful actor between the military and the Muslim Brotherhood ( Memento from October 8, 2013 on WebCite ) (PDF), SWP Studies 2013 / S 14, Science and Politics Foundation - German Institute for International Politics and Security, Berlin, July 2013, here p. 5f., Archived from the original (PDF; 461 kB) on October 8, 2013.
- ↑ a b Coup in Egypt - The Stolen Revolution ( Memento from October 13, 2013 on WebCite ) , Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, July 6, 2013, by Markus Bickel, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g Military coup in Egypt - Welcome to the coupocracy ( memento from October 10, 2013 on WebCite ) , Süddeutsche.de, July 13, 2013, by Tomas Avenarius, archived from the original .
- ↑ Political scientist on the situation in Egypt - "Wars do not fall from the sky" ( Memento from October 14, 2013 on WebCite ) , the daily newspaper, interview by Jannis Hagmann with Cilja Harders, August 16, 2013, archived from the original .
- ^ Egypt - After the coup, the persecution of the Copts ( memento from 23 August 2013 on WebCite ) , Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 17 August 2013, by Rainer Hermann, archived from the original .
- ↑ Judge Helped Egypt's Military to Cement Power ( Memento of 10 October 2013 Webcite ) (English). The New York Times, July 3, 2012, by David D. Kirkpatrick, archived from the original .
- ↑ Protests on Morsi's anniversary - Egypt wants gasoline and hope ( memento from October 10, 2013 on WebCite ) , n-tv, June 29, 2013, by Christoph Herwartz, archived from the original .
-
↑ a b Bettina Gaus: Press Club (ARD), August 18, 2013, moderation: WDR editor-in-chief Jörg Schönenborn; Interview partners: Bettina Gaus (taz), Richard Kiessler, Loay Mudhoon (Deutsche Welle), Cornelia Wegerhoff (WDR), archived from the original ( Memento of the original from October 14, 2013 on WebCite ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked . Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . At the same time: Riots in Egypt - Press Club on August 18, 2013 , YouTube, published by the YouTube channel on August 19, 2013; Riots in Egypt - will the Arab Spring turn into a bloody autumn? , ARD media library.
- ↑ Analysis: New Egypt government may promote welfare, not economic reform ( memento of October 23, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Reuters Edition US, July 17, 2013, by Patrick Werr and Andrew Torchia, archived from the original .
- ↑ The last relic of the Mubarak regime had to go ( memento from November 19, 2013 on WebCite ) , derStandard.at, August 13, 2012, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt ( memento of November 1, 2013 on WebCite ) (archived from the original 4); in: Large Dossier: The Revolutions in the Arab World ( Memento from November 1, 2013 on WebCite ) , Focus, October 16, 2012, by Susanne Klaiber, archived from the original .
- ↑ Hatred of the police: Egypt collapses. ( Memento from November 7, 2013 on WebCite ) Zeit Online, January 27, 2013, by Martin Gehlen, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Egypt's overthrown ruler - The last hours of Mohammed Mursi as President ( Memento from November 28, 2013 on WebCite ) , Der Tagesspiegel, July 5, 2013, by Martin Gehlen, archived from the original .
- ↑ Mursi appoints Islamists as governors ( memento of November 7, 2013 on WebCite ) , Spiegel Online, June 17, 2013, archived from the original on November 7, 2013.
- ↑ a b c d e f Three dead in protests against Mursi ( memento from November 7, 2013 on WebCite ) , FAZ.net, June 28, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e Violence in Egypt - Bloody street battles between opponents and supporters of Mursi ( Memento from November 7, 2013 on WebCite ) , dradio.de, June 26, 2013 (last change: July 8, 2013), archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f Protests against Mursi - Egyptians gather for mass protest. ( Memento of November 7, 2013 on WebCite ) Zeit Online, June 30, 2013, archived from the original .
- ^ Protests in Egypt: President Morsi admits mistakes. Spiegel Online, June 27, 2013, accessed July 1, 2013.
- ↑ spiegel.de June 29, 2013: Confrontation in Cairo: Egypt before the decisive battle
- ^ There are unrest across the country in Egypt. Süddeutsche Zeitung, June 29, 2013, accessed on July 1, 2013.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Ultimatum in Egypt - Army demands political solution within 48 hours ( memento from October 18, 2013 on WebCite ) , Süddeutsche.de, July 1, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ Demonstrations in Egypt: Morsi's preachers incite against liberals ( Memento from October 18, 2013 on WebCite ) , Spiegel Online, June 28, 2013, archived from the original .
- ^ Wave of protests in Egypt: US citizens stabbed to death in street fighting in Alexandria ( memento from October 18, 2013 on WebCite ) , Spiegel Online, June 28, 2013, archived from the original .
- ^ Protest against President Morsi: Three dead in street battles in Egypt ( memento from October 18, 2013 on WebCite ) , Spiegel Online, June 29, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d Egypt: Morsi opponents storm the headquarters of the Muslim Brotherhood ( memento from October 18, 2013 on WebCite ) , Spiegel Online, July 1, 2013, archived from the original .
- ^ A b Egypt: Opposition sets Mursi ultimatum for resignation ( memento of October 18, 2013 on WebCite ) , Spiegel Online, July 1, 2013, archived from the original .
- ^ Egypt protesters storm Muslim Brotherhood headquarters. BBC News, July 1, 2013, accessed July 1, 2013.
- ↑ Egypt: Several dead in protests against President Morsi Several dead in protests against President Morsi ( Memento from October 18, 2013 on WebCite ) , Spiegel Online, July 1, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ Power struggle in Egypt: military coup with announcement. Spiegel Online, July 1, 2013, accessed July 1, 2013.
- ↑ Muslim Brotherhood Against Military: Why Egypt is on the Brink Again. Spiegel Online, July 2, 2013, accessed July 2, 2013.
- ↑ Obama admonishes Morsi. Die Zeit, July 2, 2013, accessed on July 2, 2013.
- ↑ Obama - Morsi has to respond to demonstrators. Reuters, July 2, 2013, accessed July 2, 2013.
- ↑ Obama calls on Morsi to be willing to compromise. Süddeutsche Zeitung, July 2, 2013, accessed on July 2, 2013.
- ^ President Mursi rejects ultimatum. Süddeutsche Zeitung, July 2, 2013, accessed on July 2, 2013.
- ↑ Here's the Egyptian military's full statement warning it may act in 48 hours. The Washington Post, July 1, 2013, accessed July 2, 2013.
- ↑ "The military coup is tragic for the country" - there is cheering on Tahrir Square in Cairo. Mohammed Mursi, Egypt's president until Wednesday evening, was deposed. Stephan Roll looks skeptical at the events ( memento from April 6, 2014 on WebCite ) , Cicero (online), July 4, 2013, Interview by Marie Amrhein with Stephan Roll, archived from the original .
- ↑ Power struggle in Egypt - Morsi also loses his spokesman. Stern, July 2, 2013, accessed July 2, 2013.
- ↑ Mursi meets with the army chief. Süddeutsche Zeitung, July 2, 2013, accessed on July 2, 2013.
- Jump up ↑ Power struggle in Egypt: the court dismisses Morsi's attorney general. Spiegel Online, July 2, 2013, accessed July 2, 2013.
- ↑ Egyptian Military Tightens Grip As Morsi Deadline Passes ( Memento from December 9, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). The Huffington Post, July 3, 2013 (updated July 4, 2013), archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Egypt's Army Takes Power ( Memento from October 26, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Voice Of America, July 3, 2013, by Diaa Bekheet, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c Egyptian army takes over state TV as military, opposition heads meetEgyptian army takes over state TV as military, opposition heads meet ( Memento of 26 October 2013 Webcite ) (English). The Times Of Israel, July 3, 2013, archived from timesofisrael.com on October 26, 2013.
- ↑ a b Crisis in Egypt - Morsi's answer to ultimatum: Resignation is out of the question ( Memento from October 16, 2013 on WebCite ) , Focus Online, July 3, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ Mursi defies the military and the opposition. Spiegel Online, July 3, 2013, accessed July 3, 2013
- ↑ Morsi Defies Egypt Army's ultimatum to Bend to protest. The New York Times, July 2, 2013, accessed July 3, 2013.
- ↑ Morsi takes defiant stand as Cairo death toll rises ahead of Egypt army deadline. The Guardian, July 3, 2013, accessed July 3, 2013.
- ↑ a b c 23 killed in Cairo overnight, but Morsi remains defiant ( Memento from October 26, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). The Times Of Israel, July 3, 2013, by Michal Shmulovich, archived from the original .
- ↑ Speech by President Morsi on the situation in Egypt on July 2, 2013 , YouTube, published on July 3, 2013, by YouTube channel phoenix , Speech by President Morsi on the situation in Egypt with synchronized translation (moderated by Simone Fibiger).
- ^ A b Crisis in Egypt: "Call for Civil War". ( Memento from July 5, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Tagesschau, July 3, 2013, accessed on July 3, 2013.
- ↑ a b Military coup is becoming more and more likely - Morsi will not let go of power ( memento from October 10, 2013 on WebCite ) , n-tv, July 3, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt: Mursi TV appearance "Call for Civil War" ( Memento from October 16, 2013 on WebCite ) , DiePresse.com, July 3, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Protocol - The day when the military deposed Mursi ( memento from October 13, 2013 on WebCite ) , stern.de, July 3, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ “The time of victory has come”: Tamarod - Petition campaign urges people to take to the streets and not to be afraid ( Memento from April 18, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Daily News Egypt, July 3, 2913, by Kanzy Mahmoud, archived from the original .
- ^ Military coup in Egypt has begun. n-tv, July 3, 2013, accessed July 3, 2013.
- ↑ Egypt's military bans Morsi from traveling. Die Zeit, July 3, 2013, accessed on July 3, 2013.
- ^ Opposition welcomes military intervention. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, July 3, 2013, accessed on July 3, 2013.
- ^ Coup in Cairo: Egypt's military overthrows Mursi - fireworks over Tahrir Square. Spiegel Online, July 3, 2013, accessed July 3, 2013.
- ↑ EU urges the end of the confrontation course in Egypt ( memento of October 12, 2013 on WebCite ) , Reuters Germany, July 29, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ Speech by Defense Minister Abdel Fattah al-Sisi on July 3, 2013 , YouTube, published on July 4, 2013 by the YouTube channel phoenix youtube.com , declaration of the military by military chief Abd al-Fattah as-Sisi on Egyptian television with dubbed translation.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i Egypt army chief Gen Abdul Fattah al-Sisi statement ( Memento from December 3, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). BBC News, July 3, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Egypt military unveils transitional roadmap ( Memento from October 13, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Al-Ahram (ahramonline), July 3, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt's military chief: How General Sisi secures his power ( Memento from October 17, 2013 on WebCite ) , Spiegel Online, October 17, 2013, by Raniah Salloum, archived from the original .
- ^ State crisis in Egypt: Egypt's army deposed President Morsi. Süddeutsche Zeitung, July 3, 2013, accessed on July 3, 2013.
- ↑ General Abdel Fattah al-Sissi: Egypt's new strong man. N24, July 3, 2013, accessed July 3, 2013.
- ↑ Egyptian army suspends constitution and Removes President Morsi - as it happened ( Memento of 18 April 2014 Webcite ) (English). The Guardian, July 3, 2913, by Matthew Weaver and Tom McCarthy, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Mursi's family accuses the Egyptian army chief of "kidnapping" ( memento of November 14, 2013 on WebCite ) , derStandard.at, July 22, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ Mursi's family accuses Egyptian army chief of kidnapping ( memento from November 14, 2013 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, July 22, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ Ex-President Mursi was held captive on a naval basis ( memento from November 14, 2013 on WebCite ) , Süddeutsche.de, November 13, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ Maximum security prison in Egypt: Mursi is now in solitary confinement ( memento from November 14, 2013 on WebCite ) , RP Online, November 14, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ 2013 a 'black year' for human rights ( Memento from January 26, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Daily News Egypt, December 30, 2013, by Rana Muhammad Taha, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Several dead in protests - bloody clashes in Egypt ( memento from October 16, 2013 on WebCite ) Der Tagesspiegel, July 5, 2013, by Martin Gehlen, archived from the original .
- ↑ In the Name of the People ( Memento of November 14, 2013 on WebCite ) , The European, July 4, 2013, by Joachim Schroedel, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c The acclaimed putsch ( memento from April 1, 2015 on WebCite ) , Wissenschaft & Frieden, 2013-3 ("Youth under fire"), page 4, by Jürgen Nieth, archived from the original .
- ^ Egypt - Revolution reloaded ( Memento from April 1, 2015 on WebCite ) , Spiegel Online (Der Spiegel 28/2013, p. 75), July 8, 2013, by Ralf Hoppe and Daniel Steinvorth, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d Dead in exchanges of fire in Cairo. ( Memento from October 16, 2013 on WebCite ) Neues Deutschland, July 5, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt: First minutes of a historical hour. Federal Foreign Office, July 3, 2013, accessed on July 4, 2013.
- ↑ Germany wants to help Egypt further. Deutsche Welle, July 4, 2013, accessed July 4, 2013.
- ^ Foreign Minister Westerwelle on the situation in Egypt. Federal Foreign Office, July 4, 2013, accessed on July 4, 2013.
- ^ Iran Calls for Egyptians 'Vigilance against Enemies' Plots. Fars News Agency, July 5, 2013, accessed July 6, 2013.
- ^ A b c d Theresa Breuer: Reactions to the fall of Morsi: Arab rulers congratulate Egypt on the coup. www.spiegel.de, July 5, 2013.
- ↑ sueddeutsche.de
- ↑ a b c Westerwelle calls Mursi's fall a setback for democracy . In: Die Zeit , July 4, 2013, accessed on July 4, 2013.
- ^ Egypt shows power only comes from force, Somali militants say , Yahoo! News. July 4, 2013. Archived from the original on September 28, 2013. Retrieved July 6, 2013.
- ↑ Ankara demands the immediate release of Morsi . In: Die Welt , July 4, 2013.
- ↑ zeit.de
- ↑ US citizen stabbed to death in Egypt's Alexandria. Al-Ahram, June 28, 2013, accessed July 4, 2013.
- ↑ USA withdraw employees from embassy in Cairo . In: Die Welt , June 29, 2013, accessed July 1, 2013.
- ^ Remarks by President Obama and President Kikwete of Tanzania at Joint Press Conference. The White House, July 1, 2013, July 2, 2013 (English).
- ↑ Obama Faces Tough Choices on Egypt ( Memento of 9 December 2013 Webcite ) (English). Voice Of America, July 5, 2013 by Kent Klein, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Press review on the fall of Mursi: “Egypt threatens the military dictatorship” ( Memento from January 7, 2014 on WebCite ) , Alsharq Blog, July 6, 2013, by Bodo Straub, Lea Frehse, Christoph Dinkelaker, Christoph Sydow and guest author, archived from Original .
- ↑ Kamal Ben Younes, in: al-Sabah , assabah.com.tn quoted from: Press review on the fall of Mursi: “Egypt threatens the military dictatorship” ( Memento from January 7, 2014 on WebCite ) , Alsharq Blog, July 6, 2013, from Bodo Straub, Lea Frehse, Christoph Dinkelaker, Christoph Sydow and guest author, archived from the original .
- ↑ Fayçal Métaoui, elwatan.com in: el-Watan ; quoted from: Press review on the fall of Mursi: “Egypt threatens the military dictatorship” ( Memento from January 7, 2014 on WebCite ) , Alsharq Blog, July 6, 2013, by Bodo Straub, Lea Frehse, Christoph Dinkelaker, Christoph Sydow and guest author, archived from Original .
- ↑ À La Une - Le rébus égyptien ( Memento of January 7, 2014 on WebCite ) (French). L'Orient le Jour, July 6, 2013, by Issa Goraieb, archived from the original ; quoted from: Press review on the fall of Mursi: “Egypt threatens the military dictatorship” ( Memento from January 7, 2014 on WebCite ) , Alsharq Blog, July 6, 2013, by Bodo Straub, Lea Frehse, Christoph Dinkelaker, Christoph Sydow and guest author, archived from Original .
- ↑ Epic failure ( memento of January 7, 2014 on WebCite ) , The Daily Star (Lebanon), July 5, 2013 (print version: The Daily Star, July 5, 2013, page 7), archived from the original ; quoted after a press review on the fall of Mursi: “Egypt threatens the military dictatorship” ( Memento from January 7, 2014 on WebCite ) , Alsharq Blog, July 6, 2013, by Bodo Straub, Lea Frehse, Christoph Dinkelaker, Christoph Sydow and guest author, archived from the original .
- ↑ وانتصرت شرعية الشعب المصري ( Memento from January 7, 2014 on WebCite ) (Arabic). al-Thawra (Syria), July 4, 2013, from ناصر منذر (Nasser al-Munzar), archived from the original ; quoted after a press review on the fall of Mursi: “Egypt threatens the military dictatorship” ( Memento from January 7, 2014 on WebCite ) , Alsharq Blog, July 6, 2013, by Bodo Straub, Lea Frehse, Christoph Dinkelaker, Christoph Sydow and guest author, archived from the original .
- ↑ مصر در بحران ؛ ١٧ کشته و بازداشت معاون اخوان المسلمین ( Memento from January 7, 2014 on WebCite ) (Persian), Hamshahri, July 6, 2013, archived from the original (PDF) on January 7, 2014; quoted after a press review on the fall of Mursi: “Egypt threatens the military dictatorship” ( Memento from January 7, 2014 on WebCite ) , Alsharq Blog, July 6, 2013, by Bodo Straub, Lea Frehse, Christoph Dinkelaker, Christoph Sydow and guest author, archived from the original .
- ↑ تاکید اخوان المسلمین مصر بر ادامه اعتراضات تا بازگشت مرسی (Persian). ISNA, July 6, 2013, accessed January 7, 2014; quoted after a press review on the fall of Mursi: “Egypt threatens the military dictatorship” ( Memento from January 7, 2014 on WebCite ) , Alsharq Blog, July 6, 2013, by Bodo Straub, Lea Frehse, Christoph Dinkelaker, Christoph Sydow and guest author, archived from the original .
- ↑ مصر پس از مرسي ( memento January 7, 2014 on WebCite ) , Etemad, July 6, 2013, archived from the original ; quoted after a press review on the fall of Mursi: “Egypt threatens the military dictatorship” ( Memento from January 7, 2014 on WebCite ) , Alsharq Blog, July 6, 2013, by Bodo Straub, Lea Frehse, Christoph Dinkelaker, Christoph Sydow and guest author, archived from the original .
- ↑ Morsi's failure to connect with the people caused his downfall ( Memento of the original from April 2, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English). Tehran Times, July 5, 2013 (print version: July 6, 2013, volume. 11747), by Mir-Masoud Hosseinian, accessed January 7, 2014; quoted after a press review on the fall of Mursi: “Egypt threatens the military dictatorship” ( Memento from January 7, 2014 on WebCite ) , Alsharq Blog, July 6, 2013, by Bodo Straub, Lea Frehse, Christoph Dinkelaker, Christoph Sydow and guest author, archived from the original .
- ↑ صحوة المارد المصري العربي ( Memento from January 7, 2014 on WebCite ) (Arabic). Akhbar al-Khaleej, July 4, 2013, from أنور عبدالرحمن (Anwar Abd al-Rahman), archived from the original ; quoted after a press review on the fall of Mursi: “Egypt threatens the military dictatorship” ( Memento from January 7, 2014 on WebCite ) , Alsharq Blog, July 6, 2013, by Bodo Straub, Lea Frehse, Christoph Dinkelaker, Christoph Sydow and guest author, archived from the original .
- ↑ Coming days critical for Egypt ( Memento from January 7, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Gulf News, July 4, 2013, archived from the original ; quoted after a press review on the fall of Mursi: “Egypt threatens the military dictatorship” ( Memento from January 7, 2014 on WebCite ) , Alsharq Blog, July 6, 2013, by Bodo Straub, Lea Frehse, Christoph Dinkelaker, Christoph Sydow and guest author, archived from the original .
- ↑ Morsi's ouster - good for the Jews ( Memento of 7 January 2014 Webcite ) (English). Israel Hayom, July 5, 2013, by Dan Margalit, archived from the original ; quoted after a press review on the fall of Mursi: “Egypt threatens the military dictatorship” ( Memento from January 7, 2014 on WebCite ) , Alsharq Blog, July 6, 2013, by Bodo Straub, Lea Frehse, Christoph Dinkelaker, Christoph Sydow and guest author, archived from the original .
- ↑ Alon Pinkas, in: Jedi'ot Acharonot ; quoted after a press review on the fall of Mursi: “Egypt threatens the military dictatorship” ( Memento from January 7, 2014 on WebCite ) , Alsharq Blog, July 6, 2013, by Bodo Straub, Lea Frehse, Christoph Dinkelaker, Christoph Sydow and guest author, archived from the original .
- ↑ Rule of the people ( Memento from January 7, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Haaretz, July 5, 2013, archived from the original ; quoted after a press review on the fall of Mursi: “Egypt threatens the military dictatorship” ( Memento from January 7, 2014 on WebCite ) , Alsharq Blog, July 6, 2013, by Bodo Straub, Lea Frehse, Christoph Dinkelaker, Christoph Sydow and guest author, archived from the original .
- ↑ Israel, Hamas spectating attentively as Islamists and rivals clash in Egypt ( Memento from January 7, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Haaretz, July 5, 2013, by Amos Harel, archived from the original ; quoted after a press review on the fall of Mursi: “Egypt threatens the military dictatorship” ( Memento from January 7, 2014 on WebCite ) , Alsharq Blog, July 6, 2013, by Bodo Straub, Lea Frehse, Christoph Dinkelaker, Christoph Sydow and guest author, archived from the original .
- ^ Press review: Putsch, revolution or counter-revolution? - The press is divided over the coup. The idea that the military should guarantee the will of the people is displeasing. But even President Mursi received little approval ( memento from April 2, 2015 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, July 4, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ L'armée égyptienne rejoue le film du coup d'État qui ne dit pas son nom ( Memento from April 2, 2015 on WebCite ) (French). Le Figaro, July 3, 2013, updated July 4, 2013, by Adrien Jaulmes, archived from the original ; quoted in: Press review: Putsch, revolution or counter-revolution? ( Memento from April 2, 2015 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, July 4, 2013, archived from the original .
- ^ Egypte: les inconnues d'une reprise en main ( Memento from April 2, 2015 on WebCite ) (French). Ouest-France, July 3, 2013, archived from the original ; quoted in: Press review: Putsch, revolution or counter-revolution? ( Memento from April 2, 2015 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, July 4, 2013, archived from the original .
- ^ Crisis in Egypt ( Memento from April 2, 2015 on WebCite ) (English). The New York Times, by The Editorial Board, archived from the original ; quoted in: Press review: Putsch, revolution or counter-revolution? ( Memento from April 2, 2015 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, July 4, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ Markus Ziener, in: Handelsblatt, July 5, 2013, p. 14; quoted from: The acclaimed putsch ( memento from April 1, 2015 on WebCite ) , Wissenschaft & Frieden, 2013-3 ("Youth under fire"), page 4, by Jürgen Nieth, archived from the original .
- ↑ Jacques Schuster , in: Die Welt, July 5, 2013, p. 1; quoted from: The acclaimed putsch ( memento from April 1, 2015 on WebCite ) , Wissenschaft & Frieden, 2013-3 ("Youth under fire"), page 4, by Jürgen Nieth, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt's military - Morsi disempowered - sense of responsibility instead of greed ( memento from April 1, 2015 on WebCite ) , Die Welt, July 4, 2013, by Jacques Schuster, archived from the original .
- ↑ Tomas Avenarius, in: Süddeutsche Zeitung, July 5, 2013, p. 4; quoted from: The acclaimed putsch ( memento from April 1, 2015 on WebCite ) , Wissenschaft & Frieden, 2013-3 ("Youth under fire"), page 4, by Jürgen Nieth, archived from the original .
- ^ Overthrow in Egypt - Why the military coup was necessary - What looks like a coup and is carried out like a coup is also a coup. Egypt's military chief al-Sisi has ousted the democratically elected President Morsi, suspended the constitution and dictated the timetable like an autocrat. Despite all this, there is a justification for the overthrow of the military ( memento from April 4, 2014 on WebCite ) , Süddeutsche.de, July 5, 2013, by Tomas Avenarius, archived from the original .
- ↑ Role of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt - and then came the crucial mistake - decades of persecution and isolation in desert prisons made the Muslim Brotherhood secretive and rigid. They are apparently unable to compromise and thus to democracy - now they are getting the receipt for it ( memento from April 2, 2015 on WebCite ) , sueddeutsche.de, July 3, 2013, by Sonja Zekri, archived from the original ; quoted in: Press review: Putsch, revolution or counter-revolution? ( Memento from April 2, 2015 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, July 4, 2013, archived from the original .
- ^ Rainer Hermann, in: FAZ, July 4, 2013, p. 1; quoted from: The acclaimed putsch ( memento from April 1, 2015 on WebCite ) , Wissenschaft & Frieden, 2013-3 ("Youth under fire"), page 4, by Jürgen Nieth, archived from the original .
- ^ Egypt - Driven - President Morsi's days are numbered. A whole series of errors by the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood are to blame ( memento from April 1, 2015 on WebCite ) , faz.net, July 3, 2013, by Rainer Hermann, archived from the original .
- ↑ Playing with fire ( memento from April 2, 2015 on WebCite ) , faz.net, July 4, 2013, by Markus Bickel, archived from the original .; quoted in: Press review: Putsch, revolution or counter-revolution? ( Memento from April 2, 2015 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, July 4, 2013, archived from the original .
- ^ Matthias Rüb: Change of power in Egypt America: It was not a military coup . Faz.net July 5, 2013.
- ↑ Ticker protocol on unrest in Egypt “No military coup” . Focus.de, July 4, 2013.
- ↑ Sanctions threaten Egypt: Change of power was not a “coup” ( Memento from August 21, 2013 on WebCite ) , Handelsblatt, July 5, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ Birgit Svensson: Egypt: Bloody battles and the end of political Islam . In: Die Welt from July 16, 2013 ( online , accessed July 17, 2013).
- ↑ Chaos in Egypt - A country without us ( memento from August 20, 2013 on WebCite ), Der Tagesspiegel, August 19, 2013, by Martin Gehlen, archived from the original .
- ↑ Muslim Brotherhood do not participate in government - "We do not do common cause with putschists" ( Memento from August 22, 2013 on WebCite ) , Der Tagesspiegel , July 10, 2013, by Martin Gehlen, archived from the original .
- ↑ Is what happened in Egypt a coup or a revolution? It's Both ( Memento of 22 August 2013 Webcite ) (English). The Washington Post, July 3, 2013, by Max Fisher, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt - The coup did not destroy the revolution ( Memento from August 22, 2013 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, July 5, 2013, by Volker Perthes, archived from the original .
- ^ "Last corrections of the Arab Spring" ( memento from August 22, 2013 on WebCite ) , Kurier.at, July 4, 2013, by Peter Draxler, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d Coup against Morsi: A coup is a coup ( Memento from August 21, 2013 on WebCite ) , July 5, 2013, by Raniah Salloum, archived from the original .
- ↑ Elections do not yet guarantee democracy ( memento from July 9, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) , comment on NDR Info, transmission date July 7, 2013, 9:25 am, by Udo Kölsch.
- ↑ Egypt in the Crisis - After the People's Putsch ( Memento from August 22, 2013 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online (print version: Die Zeit, p. 8), July 11, 2013, by Mohamed Amjahid, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Egypt army 'restoring democracy', says John Kerry ( Memento of 21 August 2013 Webcite ) (English). BBC News, Aug 1, 2013, archived from the original .
- ^ Criticism in Germany of Kerry's Egyptian statements ( memento of October 12, 2013 on WebCite ) , Reuters Germany, August 2, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ Muslim Brotherhood arm themselves against evacuation of their protest camps ( memento from October 12, 2013 on WebCite ) , Reuters Germany, August 2, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b John Kerry Interview -01 Aug 2013 (English). dailymotion.com, published by the dailymotion channel Geo News on August 1st, 2013.
- ↑ Dempsey Discusses US-Egyptian Military Relations ( Memento December 17, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). US Department of Defense, American Forces Press Service, July 5, 2013 by Jim Garamone, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c US Secretary of State justifies coup against Mursi ( Memento from August 16, 2013 on WebCite ) , Süddeutsche Zeitung, August 3, 2013, by Tomas Avenarius, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Middle East Policy of the USA - Wendehals Washington ( Memento from August 21, 2013 on WebCite ) , Handelsblatt, August 15, 2013, by Désirée Linde, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e Change of power in Egypt America: It wasn't a military coup ( Memento from August 21, 2013 on WebCite ) , July 5, 2013, by Matthias Rüb, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d Egypt - security forces arrest two leading Muslim Brotherhoods ( memento from August 22, 2013 on WebCite ) , FAZ.NET (Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung), August 21, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f USA draws conclusions from violence in Egypt - Obama's empty threat ( memento from August 18, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) , tagesschau.de, August 16, 2013, by Ralph Sina, archived from the original ( memento from 18 August 2013 in the Internet Archive ).
- ↑ John Kerry backtracks Egypt Comments That Military What 'Restoring Democracy,' Not Taking Over ( Memento of 21 August 2013 Webcite ) (English). The Huffington Post, August 2, 2013, by Deb Riechmann, archived from the original .
- ↑ Interactive timeline: Egypt in turmoil ( Memento from October 21, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Aljazeera, August 17, 2013 (last change: 14:31), archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt: US Secretary of State - Kerry justifies coup against Morsi ( Memento August 21, 2013 on WebCite ) , Spiegel Online, August 2, 2013, archived from the original .
- ^ A b c d e State Crisis in Egypt - Negotiating, Not Evacuating ( Memento from August 21, 2013 on WebCite ) , the daily newspaper, August 5, 2013, by Karim El-Gawhary, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g Role of the USA in Egypt - Collapse of Foreign Policy ( Memento from August 21, 2013 on WebCite ) , the daily newspaper, August 15, 2008, by Bernd Pickert, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Who is supporting the transitional government? - Egypt's generals have new friends ( memento from August 24, 2013 on WebCite ) , tagesschau.de, August 19, 2013, archived from the original .
- ^ A b c State crisis in Egypt - Erdoğan flees, the Saudis pay ( Memento from August 21, 2013 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, August 21, 2013, by Steffen Richter, archived from the original .
- ^ Revolution in Egypt - Israel is outraged by Erdoğan's accusation ( Memento from August 22, 2013 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, August 21, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c Egypt is becoming a proxy conflict ( Memento from August 22, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). The Washington Post, August 19, 2013, by Max Fisher, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c Trial of Power - Egypt and Turkey incite each other ( memento from September 19, 2013 on WebCite ) , Die Welt, August 22, 2013, by Boris Kálnoky, archived from the original .
- ↑ Senator: Obama Administration Secretly Suspended Military Aid to Egypt ( Memento from August 22, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). The Daily Beast, August 19, 2013, by Josh Rogin, archived from the original .
- ^ Egypt - Security Forces Arrest Two Leading Muslim Brotherhoods ( Memento August 22, 2013 on WebCite ) , FAZ.NET, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c Egypt - Gap between action and word against Egypt , Deutsche Welle, July 29, 2013, by Andreas Gorzewski, accessed on September 6, 2013.
- ↑ a b c State crisis in Egypt “The Muslim Brothers only stand for hatred” ( Memento from August 21, 2013 on WebCite ) , N24, August 16, 2013, interview by Johannes Altmeyer with Jürgen Chrobog, archived from the original .
- ^ A b Despite Obama Administration's Entreaties, Egyptian Military Deposes Morsi ( Memento from August 22, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). The Daily Beast, July 3, 2013 by Eli Lake and Josh Rogin, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b USA - The hidden profiteers of US military aid ( memento from October 10, 2013 on WebCite ) , Deutsche Welle, October 7, 2013, by Janosch Delcker, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt - The West is Powerless Viewers ( Memento from August 22, 2013 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, August 15, 2013, by Martin Gehlen, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c America and Egypt - At the shorter lever ( memento from August 20, 2013 on WebCite ), Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, August 18, 2013, by Andreas Ross, archived from the original .
- ↑ Israel Escalating Efforts to Shape Allies' strategy ( Memento of 22 August 2013 Webcite ) (English). The New York Times, August 18, 2013, Jodi Rudoren, archived from the original .
- ↑ Sinai's Role in Morsi's Ouster ( Memento from August 21, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Sada ( Carnegie Endowment for International Peace , Carnegie Endowment's Middle East program), August 20, 2013, by Sahar Aziz, archived from the original .
- ↑ Power struggle in Egypt - "A ban will not disturb the Muslim Brotherhood" ( Memento from August 29, 2013 on WebCite ) , Der Tagesspiegel, August 22, 2013, by Albrecht Meier (interview with Alain Chouet), archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e Egypt - Between Distorted Images and Propaganda ( Memento from August 23, 2013 on WebCite ) , Deutsche Welle, August 17, 2013, by Najima El Moussaoui, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d Arab World - Media War after the Revolution in Egypt ( Memento from December 10, 2013 on WebCite ) , Deutsche Welle, July 15, 2013, by Kristen McTighe, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt - Who Has Power in Cairo? ( Memento from August 22, 2013 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, July 11, 2013, by Martin Gehlen, archived from the original .
- ↑ Violence in Egypt - The military state is returning ( Memento from August 20, 2013 on WebCite ), Zeit Online, August 18, 2013, by Martin Gehlen, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e Cabinet ministers sworn in ( Memento from August 20, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Daily News Egypt, July 16, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g Egypt: General al-Sisi - the mysterious strong man on the Nile , Profile Online, August 14, 2008, by Gregor Mayer, accessed on August 20, 2013.
- ↑ a b Escalation of violence - Egypt has never been closer to civil war ( Memento from August 21, 2013 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, August 15, 2013, by Michael Thumann, archived from the original .
- ↑ Showdown in Cairo: Egyptian general demands permission to take on the 'terrorists' - General Sisi accused of resembling a banana republic dictator in appeal for masses to back 'terrorist' crackdown ( Memento from August 20, 2013 on WebCite ). The Independent, July 24, 2013, from Alastair Beach, archived from the original .
- ^ Media in Egypt - Propaganda and counter-propaganda ( Memento from September 16, 2013 on WebCite ) , the daily newspaper (TAZ), July 29, 2013, by Jannis Hagmann, archived from the original .
- ^ A b c Egypt - Campaign against Islamists in Egypt , Deutsche Welle, July 14, 2013, by Matthias Sailer, accessed on September 6, 2013.
- ↑ a b c d e Interim President sworn in by the military. Courier, July 4, 2013, accessed July 5, 2013.
- ↑ Power struggle in Egypt: the military arrests the head of the Muslim Brotherhood ( memento from October 16, 2013 on WebCite ) , Spiegel Online, August 20, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ Confusion over appointment of Mohamed ElBaradei as Egypt PM - Removal of Islamist leader by the army triggers nationwide unrest ( Memento from August 24, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). The Independent, July 6, 2013 by Kim Sengupta, archived from the original .
- ↑ Violence in Egypt: 26 dead and hundreds injured. Focus Online, July 6, 2013, accessed July 6, 2013.
- ^ A b c d e Egypt after the coup: dead in an exchange of fire in front of barracks in Cairo. ( Memento from October 16, 2013 on WebCite ) Spiegel Online, July 5, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ Perseverance slogans from the head of the Muslim Brotherhood ( memento from December 9, 2013 on WebCite ) , euronews, July 5, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ Chaos in Egypt: 30 dead and hundreds injured. Focus Online, July 6, 2013, accessed July 6, 2013.
- ↑ New Islamist group threatens violence. Deutsche Welle, July 6, 2013, accessed on July 6, 2013.
- ↑ New Islamist group wants Sharia law in Egypt. Die Welt, July 6, 2013, accessed July 6, 2013.
- ↑ Change of power: ElBaradei becomes head of government in Egypt. Spiegel Online, July 6, 2013, accessed July 6, 2013.
- ↑ Power struggle in Egypt: President Mansur withdraws ElBaradei's nomination in Spiegel Online on July 7, 2013
- ↑ Technocrat to become Egypt's interim head of government - Salafists withdraw from cabinet talks Yahoo Nachrichten, July 8, 2013 (accessed July 8, 2013)
- ↑ Egypt: ElBaradei. Retrieved July 8, 2013 .
- ↑ Crisis in Egypt: Interim President Mansur orders quick parliamentary elections to Spiegel Online on July 9, 2013 (accessed on July 9, 2013)
- ↑ Egypt is to elect a new parliament this year Der Tagesspiegel from July 9, 2013 (accessed on July 9, 2013)
- ^ State Information Service July 9, 2013: Interim president issues constitutional declaration for transitional period
- ↑ a b c d e Protests and Rallies in Egypt ( Memento from October 16, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Voice of America, July 8, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ Thousands Gather to Celebrate Egypt's 'Second Revolution' ( Memento from October 16, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Voice of America, July 7, 2013 by Sharon Behn, archived from the original .
- ↑ Analyst: Egypt's Army Must Control Morsi Supporters ( Memento from October 16, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Voice of America, July 7, 2013 by James Butty, archived from the original . Audio (), archived from the original ( Memento of the original from July 8, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (MP3; 4.8 MB) on October 16, 2013.
- ↑ Egypt: No acknowledgment or Justice for Mass Protester Killings Set Up a fact-finding committee as a First Step ( Memento of 25 December 2013 Webcite ) (English). Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies, December 10, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt: No Acknowledgment or Justice for Mass Protester Killings ( Memento from December 25, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Human Rights Watch, December 10, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Killing in Cairo: the full story of the Republican Guards' club shootings ( Memento from September 19, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). The Guardian, July 18, 2013, by Patrick Kingsley (video editing: Leah Green), archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Violence in Egypt: Muslim Brotherhood warn of civil war like in Syria, Spiegel Online, July 8, 2013, accessed July 8, 2013.
- ^ "Massacre" in Egypt - dozens of dead ( memento from October 10, 2013 on WebCite ) , 20min.ch (Reuters video), undated, archived from the original .
- ↑ More than 30 dead in protests Süddeutsche Zeitung July 8, 2013 (accessed July 8, 2013)
- ↑ Agreement on interim prime minister in Egypt - Al Beblawi leads the interim government ( memento of July 11, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) , tagesschau.de, July 9, 2013, archived from the original ( memento of July 11, 2013 in the Internet Archive ).
- ↑ State crisis: Economic expert becomes new Egyptian head of government ( Memento from February 27, 2014 on WebCite ) , Spiegel Online, July 9, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Formation of a government in Egypt - Morsi supporters plan to protest again , Handelsblatt, July 11, 2013 (accessed on July 14, 2013)
- ↑ a b c d e f g Egypt's transitional government is sworn in ( memento from October 27, 2013 on WebCite ), Wirtschaftswoche, July 17, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g Transitional government in Egypt - Political role of the military stronger than expected ( Memento from October 27, 2013 on WebCite ) , Der Tagesspiegel, July 16, 2013, archived from the original .
- ^ 3 women and 3 Christians in new government , OVB online, July 18, 2013, accessed on July 24, 2013
- ↑ Hundreds of dead when the protest camps were cleared - State of emergency imposed on Egypt - Vice President ElBaradei resigns ( memento from August 17, 2013 on WebCite ), derStandard.at, August 14, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt government takes shape ( Memento of 24 August 2013 Webcite ) (English). Reuters US, July 14, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ The Latest Images from Egypt ( Memento from December 12, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Voice Of America, August 1, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Arab World - State repression in Egypt is increasing ( memento from August 20, 2013 on WebCite ) , Deutsche Welle, August 20, 2013, by Matthias Sailer, archived from the original .
- ↑ Power struggle in Egypt - Muslim Brotherhood boss suffers heart attack in prison ( memento from September 1, 2013 on WebCite ) , Süddeutsche.de, August 31, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt: resentment towards Brotherhood fuels crackdown support ( Memento from September 21, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). The Guardian, August 16, 2013 by Ian Black and Patrick Kingsley, archived from the original .
- ^ Egyptian police storm second Islamist stronghold ( Memento from September 21, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). The Guardian, by Patrick Kingsley, archived from the original .
- ^ Egypt - Reconciliation excluded ( Memento from September 25, 2013 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, September 23, 2013, by Martin Gehlen, archived from the original .
- ^ Egypt - The Power of Martyr Logic ( Memento from August 22, 2013 on WebCite ) , Deutsche Welle, August 17, 2013, by Markus Symank, archived from the original .
- ↑ Attackers kill Egyptian soldiers near the Suez Canal ( memento from October 9, 2013 on WebCite ) , Reuters Germany, October 7, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Stephan Roll and Lars Brozus: President Sisi is responsible for the destabilization of Egypt ( Memento from May 13, 2017 on WebCite ) , Science and Politics Foundation, in short, May 27, 2016.
- ↑ a b Hot spots at the EU borders: Europe's difficult neighbors ( Memento from April 3, 2014 on WebCite ) , Spiegel Online, April 3, 2014, by Raniah Salloum, archived from the original .
- ↑ https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/mar/06/brutality-torture-rape-egypt-military-rule - Ibrahim Mahlab's new cabinet confirms that the country is falling apart under a corrupt and authoritarian police state. The world must help us ( Memento of 5 April 2014 Webcite ) (English). The Guardian, March 6, 2014, by Emad El-Din Shahin, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt's Unprecedented Instability by the Numbers ( Memento from March 28, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Carnegie Endowment For International Peace, March 24, 2014, by Michele Dunne and Scott Williamson, archived from the original .
- ↑ Mass trial of the Muslim Brotherhood - hundreds of death sentences in Egypt ( memento from April 28, 2014 on WebCite ) , Neue Zürcher Zeitung, April 28, 2014, by Jürg Bischoff, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e What was Mohammed Morsi Really about Autocrat? - Egypt's receding democracy, by the numbers ( Memento of 24 April 2014 Webcite ) (English). The Atlantic, March 31, 2014, by Shadi Hamid and Meredith Wheeler, archived from the original . Also published as: Was Mohammed Morsi Really an Autocrat? ( Memento of 24 April 2014 Webcite ) (English). Brookings, March 31, 2014, by Shadi Hamid and Meredith Wheeler, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Totalitarian enemy images - pothole by Charlotte Wiedemann - On Islam, anti-terrorism and fascism , taz.de, April 23, 2014, by Charlotte Wiedemann, accessed on April 24, 2014.
- ↑ US military aid for Egypt's coup government - democracy is not on the agenda: The US government has normalized relations with the Egyptian regime ( Memento from April 24, 2014 on WebCite ) , Telepolis, April 24, 2014 , archived by Peter Nowak from the original .
- ^ "Islamic State" - The Arab world cannot oppose IS ( memento from September 26, 2014 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, September 22, 2014, by Martin Gehlen, archived from the original .
- ↑ Iraq - "There will be no good end for the Middle East" ( Memento from September 26, 2014 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, September 25, 2014, by Kerstin Kohlenberg, archived from the original .
