Carnage in Cairo and Giza in 2013

The Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya mosque on the square of the same name in Cairo, the scene of the so-called Rābiʿa massacre on August 14, 2013, the most casualty mass killing in modern Egyptian history

On August 14, 2013, Egyptian security forces stormed the two protest camps of supporters of the first democratically elected and overthrown President of Egypt , Mohammed Mursi , on Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Square in Cairo - Nasr City and on Nahda Square in Giza - Dokki . The security forces acted on behalf of since the military coup of July 3, 2013 by the Military Council chief Abdel Fattah El-Sisi installed, anti- Islamist and non-elected transitional government and were received by the storming of the protest camp by rough play against Mursi related supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood before . Observers report massacres of protesters by the army, arbitrary arrests and torture. Foreign journalists spoke of the soldiers being shot at themselves and colleagues. Various human rights organizations dubbed the event a “ Rābiʿa massacre ” after one of the pro-Mursi protest camps affected . The Egyptian media also called the massacre-bearing event " Black Wednesday ".

The dissolution of the protest camps marks the third and most casualty of the mass killings of members of the Muslim Brotherhood by the security forces since the fall of Morsi in early July 2013.

After a year of research, Human Rights Watch (HRW) stated in a detailed report on the "Rābiʿa massacre" and the mass killings of demonstrators in Egypt as a guaranteed minimum death rate that the police and army deliberately had at least 904 people during the "Rābiʿa massacre" alone - including women and children - allegedly killed, including 817 demonstrators during the dissolution of the Rābiʿa sit-in and 87 during the dissolution of the Al-Nahda sit-in. Ten members of the security forces were killed, eight in the Rābiʿa and two in the Nahda sit-in eviction. The attack of the Egyptian security forces by HRW with the Tiananmen Square Massacre compared in China from the 1989th The actual death toll is very difficult to determine, according to Human Rights Watch , because the military-backed regime systematically obscures the information about the deaths and has been relentlessly repression of pro-Morsi supporters. However, according to the research in the report, a death toll of over 1,000 people for Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Square alone on August 14, 2013 must be assumed. The military-backed interim government, however, long spoke of 378 dead - including security forces - in the storming of the two protest camps in Cairo and subsequently increased the figure gradually, in September 2013 to 533 and in November 2013 to 648. The Muslim Brotherhood gave one shortly after the incident Death toll of over 2000 victims.

Shortly after the event, the violent dissolution of the protest camps in Cairo was condemned in some media as a “massacre by the security forces of around 1,000 pro-Morsi demonstrators”. Human rights activists accused the emergency services of violating the most basic international police standards in the most serious event of unlawful mass killings in modern Egyptian history. Human Rights Watch classified the evacuation of the protest camps as two of a total of six extrajudicial mass executions by the security forces in July and August 2013 alone and classified them as systematic, large-scale killings of at least 1,150 protesters by Egyptian security forces and as an alleged crime against humanity . In retrospect , Human Rights Watch accused the security forces of calculating the deaths of several thousand people in the evacuation of the protest camp on Rabia al-Adawija Square on August 14, 2013, and of having “one of the most brutal mass executions of demonstrators in the recent past World history ”.

On the day of the “Rābiʿa massacre”, riots spread throughout Egypt , during which Islamist extremists attacked police stations and Christian churches and set government buildings on fire. At least four people were killed in attacks on Christian-owned buildings.

The Vice President Mohammed el-Baradei resigned on August 14, 2013 in protest against the actions of the security forces and left the country a few days later, which, according to media reports, apparently wanted to evade an impending trial campaign against him. The judicial efforts of the judiciary against Baradei on the grounds that he had betrayed the "public trust" by his resignation were interpreted as an early sign that the military regime wanted to take action against opposition members from the democracy movement.

Since the escalation of August 14, 2013, the military-backed interim government officially allowed the police to use live ammunition. The state of emergency, which was imposed by the transitional government on August 14, extended by two more months in mid-September to mid-November 2013 and associated with a night curfew , gave authorities and emergency services special rights in dealing with protests and gatherings and made the work of the media in the country more difficult. From that day, the greatest wave of violence in recent Egyptian history also gripped the country. Just two days after the incident, on August 16, 2013, according to Human Rights Watch , police again shot demonstrators in an extrajudicial mass execution, killing at least 120 people near Ramses Square in Cairo. Almost all of the more than 1,000 people killed in July and August were civilians who had demonstrated against military chief Sisi and were shot dead by the security forces. By January 2014, the number of civilians killed in demonstrations and clashes since the military coup rose to 2,500 and that of the security forces to 60.

The August 14, 2013 bloodbath was followed by a month-long campaign against the Muslim Brotherhood. In the largest mass trials in Egyptian history, which were sharply criticized internationally, death sentences were pronounced for over 1,000 opponents of the regime, of which 200 had been confirmed by August 2014. The Muslim Brotherhood was classified as a terrorist organization by the post-coup government and its political arm was banned from party in 2014. From the military coup in July 2013, the number of those arrested rose to 22,000 by the beginning of March 2014, but the ruthless action of the security forces failed to end the wave of protests in the country that demanded the restoration of democracy and the reestablishment of a police state with police brutality by the military-dominated regime , Accused of mass imprisonment and torture and, according to observers, felt provoked to counter violence.

The Coptic Church demonstratively stood behind the actions of the police and military. Like all Christian bishops , she thanked the military for the overthrow of Morsi and, according to the appraisal of the representative of the German Bishops' Conference in Cairo, officially sanctioned the dead.

Two weeks before the storming of the protest camps and shortly after the incident in the protest camp at the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Mosque on July 27, the US government retrospectively approved the military coup when the civilian government installed by the army announced that the camps would be opened if necessary to dissolve by force.

prehistory

→ Main articles : State crisis in Egypt 2013/2014 , military coup in Egypt 2013  and State crisis in Egypt 2013/2014 (Beblawi cabinet)

Protest camps on Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Square and Al-Nahda Square

Selected locations in connection with the bloodily suppressed protests by Pro-Mursi demonstrators (red) in Cairo after the military coup of July 3, 2013 : July 8 : Protest camp on the grounds of the Republican Guard July 27 : Protest camp in front of the Rābiʿa-al- ʿAdawiyya Mosque August 14 : Protest camps in front of the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Mosque and at Al-Nahda Square August 16 : Ramses Square and May 15 Bridge October 6 : including marches from Dokki and Ramses Square (with Al-Fetah Mosque) to Tahrir Square

In the run-up to and in the aftermath of the military coup on July 3, the security forces used armed force several times against pro-Morsi demonstrators and their protest camps in Nasr City, Heliopolis and in front of Cairo University before the violent resolution of the protest on August 14 . According to statements by Egyptian and international human rights organizations, the security forces sat in front of the headquarters of the Republican Guard in Nasr City on July 8, when 61 demonstrators and two members of the security forces died, and on July 27 on Nasr Street near the Rābiʿa al-ʿAdawiyya protest camp, when 95 protesters and one police officer died, also used excessive and unlawfully fatal violence. By early August, around 300 people had been killed in clashes with security forces.

See also : Section “Nasr City: Significance and Historical Symbolism” in Mass Killing in Cairo of July 27, 2013

Rābiʿa sit-in

Pro-Mursi demonstration in front of the stage on Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Square on July 1, 2013

Pro-Mursi demonstrators in front of the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya mosque thank all the institutions and states that did not support the coup on a banner (July 11, 2013)

Named after a mystic from the 8th century and surrounded by residential buildings, Rabia-al-Adawiya Square in Cairo's middle-class district of Nasr City is a traditional meeting place for supporters of Morsi and has been the most important meeting place for the Muslim Brotherhood since the end of June 2013. During the Tamarod campaign (German: "Rebellion"), financed by the Coptic billionaire Naguib Sawiris and infiltrated to the top by the Egyptian State Security, with its propagandistic misstatement of allegedly 22 million anti-Morsi signatures, the mass protests against the preceding the military coup elected Egyptian government and called for mass demonstrations and sit-ins at the presidential palace on June 30, 2013, the first anniversary of Morsi's inauguration, to enforce its demand for Morsi's resignation, the sit-in on Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya became - Announced at a meeting of the Islamic Alliance , a coalition of Islamist political parties led by the Freedom and Justice Party that includes the hardline Islamist group al-Jamāʿa al-islāmiyya , the moderate al-Wasat party and various ultra-conservative Salafists -Parties included. On June 24, 2013, the Freedom and Justice Party confirmed its participation in the “open-ended demonstrations” that were to begin on June 28, the last Friday before June 30, 2013, under the title “Legitimacy is a Red Line”. The sit-in in support of the ousted President Morsi began on June 28, 2013, when demonstrations against Morsi and his policies started in Tahrir Square on the same day. Islamist figures and supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood gathered in their thousands for Friday prayers around the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Mosque. Preachers and speakers announced plans for a sit-in in solidarity with the elected president and his legitimacy. The speakers vowed unreserved support for Morsi. In front of the mosque of the same name, the empty street crossing turned into an extensive tent city within a week, in which tens of thousands of coup opponents camped and demanded the return of President Mohammed Morsi, who had been ousted by the military, until the sit-in was forcibly broken up by security forces after 46 days on August 14 and hundreds of sit-in protesters were killed.

In August, the gathering of tents had become a complete alternative community. The tent city had both a market and a makeshift field hospital before the evacuation. There were two-story tents, some with two-story tents, communal kitchens, latrines and showers, as well as children's playgrounds and recreational sports such as table tennis, all of which were supplied with electricity, television and internet access. In addition, there was a stage in the center of the Rābiʿa-al-awAdawiyya protest camp where prayers and sectarian speeches were held, at which Egyptian Christians were also held responsible for the repressive situation against opponents of the coup. At the ends of the camp there were ill-equipped guards in front of a series of walls made of stone pavement. Visitors to the protest camp had to undergo an identity check by the guards equipped with orange vests, hard hats and clubs. On the erected walls, which blocked the main street around the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Mosque, there were pictures of the "martyrs" of the mass killing of July 27, 2013, who had been killed by security forces. Rings made of stones marked the places where the "martyrs" had been shot by the military-backed transitional government. Cleaning teams collected garbage twice a day. The protest camp was created through organic organization without a superimposed authority. The population of the protest camp fluctuated, ranging from tens of thousands during the day, when many were going to work, to more than 100,000 at night and during major events. Two to three times a day protest marches moved from the camp into the neighboring districts, blocked the main thoroughfares and impaired traffic in large parts of the city. For Islamists, the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya protest camp (“Rābiʿa” for short) became one of the last remaining symbols of freedom, while opponents of Mursi viewed it as a refuge for violent extremists.

Many residents in the vicinity of the camp were in favor of the camp being closed. Rumors circulated that the square had been flooded with weapons, that passers-by had been kidnapped, tortured and accused of espionage. After the storming of the protest camp on August 14, state television showed footage of corpses believed to have been discovered under the main stage of the sit-in and reinforced the dark rumors in the anti-Islamist news media. Correspondent David D. Kirkpatrick interpreted this in the New York Times as a set scene and pointed out that Western journalists had repeatedly visited the area under the stage in the previous days and found it empty. There is also no evidence of weapons stored in the protest camp by Islamists, as the Egyptian state news media had claimed before the security forces attacked the protest camp. A 30-minute documentary by the Arabic-language broadcaster Al Jazeera Mubasher Misr , which is considered pro-Mursi-oriented, also addresses the question of the validity of the allegations. The documentary claims that the interior minister's allegations on state television about torture and killings in the Nahda and Rābiʿa sit-in and the same or similar allegations that were spread in regime media such as ONTV, CBC, WATAN TV or Dream TV were caused by demonization served by the Muslim Brotherhood to justify the storming of the protest camps on August 14, 2013, for which corpses lined up in front of the main stage were cited as evidence during the storming of the Rābiʿa sit-in. In fact, these corpses were participants in the sit-in who were killed during the storm. The documentation gives the example of the body of Abu Obeida Kamal-eddin Nour-eddin (Arabic: أبو عبيدة كمال الدين نور الدين), whose name can be recognized in the ONTV film material on one of the body bags, the ONTV as one of the protest participants killed victim, who was actually a protest participant who was killed on August 14.

Human Rights Watch calculated that based on satellite images taken on the night of August 2, 2013, the Rābiʿa camp and the surrounding area were estimated to host at least 85,000 demonstrators in early August 2013. Many had also traveled from other parts of Egypt to take part in the sit-in, which stretched in a west-east direction for almost a kilometer. In the weeks preceding August 14, officials from the military-installed regime warned that the Rābiʿa sit-in would soon be evacuated, but promised a gradual and controlled dissolution, providing safe exits for the thousands remaining in the square.

Nahda sit-in

Aspect from Nahda Square to the west of Cairo University

On the Nahda Square ("Rebirth Square"), located on the left bank of the Nile in the Giza district (Greater Cairo) and bordering the grounds of the Cairo University, demonstrations have been taking place against the Mursi government since July 2, i.e. since the military ultimatum and the military coup, several thousand supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood, including many students, until the protest camp was stormed by security forces on August 14, 2013 after 43 days of sit-in and many demonstrators were killed. Many sit-in participants in this protest camp between Murad Street and University Bridge came from the Faculty of Engineering at Cairo University, which is known for its many supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood.

Nahda-Si-in, several kilometers from the Rābiʿa-sit-in, was smaller and less festive than the Rābiʿa protest camp. All entrances to the sit-in on Nahda Square were secured with multiple walls made of building blocks, tires, metal barriers and sandbags. Surveillance cameras had been attached to street lights and piles of baseball-sized stones that could serve as projectiles had been stored. The number of those present in the smaller protest camp fluctuated and fell to a few thousand during the day, while it multiplied again during the night. The protest camp had created its own infrastructure with a well-equipped field hospital, communal sanitary facilities and a bank with taps for ritual ablutions to take care of the crowds.

Spread of violence as a result of the military coup

Even before the end of the 48-hour military ultimatum that preceded the military coup on July 3, 2013, thousands of supporters of the Morsi government had gathered in front of Cairo University to protest against the ultimatum issued by the military, which led to “serious clashes between supporters Mursis and security forces ”had come. In a single incident near Cairo University alone, 16 people were killed on the night of July 3. After the ultimatum set by the military expired on July 3, 2013, military units sealed off the barracks into which Morsi had withdrawn with barriers and barbed wire. The military took power in Egypt, suspended the constitution and surrounded the presidential palace with army tanks. According to information from the Muslim Brotherhood, President Morsi, who was arrested and deposed by the army command, was being held in the barracks of the Republican Guard in the Cairo district of Heliopolis. In the districts of Nasr City, Heliopolis and near the university, a massive troop contingent was drawn up. Pro-Mursi demonstrations in Cairo were sealed off with dozen of tanks.

Incidents with mass killings of demonstrators by security forces
after the military coup of July 3 to the mass killings of August 14, 2013
The data are based on the opinion of an alliance of 13 Egyptian and international human rights organizations on December 10, 2013

date	Place of the main event	Participating forces	Casualty (civil)	Fatalities (emergency services)	Human Rights Watch data as of August 2014
5th July 2013	In front of the headquarters of the Republican Guard in Cairo	military	5 protesters	-	Extrajudicial mass execution. One of the people executed had only tried to put a Mursi poster on a fence outside the headquarters. There are video recordings of the execution.
July 8, 2013	In front of the headquarters of the Republican Guard in Cairo	military	61 protesters	1 soldier, 1 policeman	Extrajudicial mass execution. Police and soldiers opened fire on a group of Mursi supporters who were demonstrating peacefully in front of the headquarters. Two police officers and at least 61 protesters were killed.
July 27, 2013	Nasr Street in Cairo	police	95 demonstrators	1 policeman	Extrajudicial mass execution. Police attacked a demonstration by Morsi supporters near the Manassa monument in eastern Cairo, killing at least 95 people. A police officer died in the clashes.

Mass killing of protesters on July 5th

When Adli Mansur, who had been appointed as interim president by the military the day before, was sworn in on July 5 and dissolved the previous parliament, the Shura Council, in his first decree, in which the Muslim Brotherhood and Salafists had an elected two-thirds majority, camped on the grounds around the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Mosque in the Nasr City district continued to attract thousands of pro-Mursi protesters.

On the same day, elite soldiers shot at the supporters of the ousted president in front of the nearby headquarters of the Republican Guards in Heliopolis, with five Morsi supporters officially killed, and four according to earlier official figures, when protesters attempted to portray the ousted President Morsi there hang up. Video recordings of the Yaqeen news channel on YouTube and photos by a photographer exist of the shooting of the demonstrator Mohamed Subhi Mohamed Ali, who tried to hang up a poster, in his face and chest . A Reuters reporter also documented shots at the demonstrators. Other fatalities, according to Human Rights Watch, included 25-year-old English teacher Hussein Mohamed Hussein from Cairo-Imababa, who was shot twice in the chest by military personnel, and 22-year-old law graduate Mahmoud Mohamed Rabie Taha from Bani Suwaif , the was shot in the head by the officers, as was Mohamed Iman Khalifa, who was shot in the head.

Since July 5, protesters have gathered in front of the headquarters of the Republican Guard and camped in tents to demonstrate for the release of Morsi, as rumors said that the president, who had been ousted by the military, was being held there.

Mass killing of protesters on July 8th

Doctors of the Muslim Brotherhood show newspaper pictures of members of their organization killed on July 8 (July 12, 2013).

→ Main article : Incident outside the headquarters of the Republican Guard in Cairo

On July 8, Egyptian security forces shot dead 53 Morsi supporters who, according to official reports, wanted to storm the building of the Republican Guard in Cairo where Morsi was being held. 435 others were injured according to official information. According to Western information, contrary to the official account, it was a coordinated attack by the security forces on mostly peaceful civilians, the "bloodiest state-run massacre since the fall of Hosni Mubarak" and "one of the bloodiest incidents in recent Egyptian history".

Mass killing of protesters on July 27th

Makeshift morgue containing the bodies of Mursi supporters who were killed in clashes with security forces on July 27, 2013.

→ Main article : Mass killing in Cairo on July 27, 2013

After the army leadership and the Ministry of the Interior announced several times that they would evacuate the protest camps of the Muslim Brotherhood in Cairo, with which they had been demonstrating against Morsi's impeachment for weeks, the military leadership called on the population at the end of July to take to the streets en masse for the army in order to defend the armed forces to give a “mandate” for combating Islamists as “potential terrorism”. Hundreds of thousands of people responded to this call on July 26th.

As a result, Sisi repeatedly invoked this mass demonstration on July 26, 2013 on Tahrir Square as the “people's mandate” for the military's action when fighting the pro-Morsi protests. Critics saw the alleged mandate "to fight terror" as a covert threatening gesture towards the protesters in the protest camps and a euphemistic pretext for an operation against largely peaceful demonstrators who have demonstrated with sit-ins and protest marches in several Egyptian cities since the overthrow of Morsi by the military , including in the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya protest camp. The Muslim Brotherhood and other Islamist groups called for a rally against the "bloody military coup" near their protest camp in Nasr City to counter the protests of July 26th by supporters of the military.

On the night of July 26-27, 2013, security forces, many of them in plain clothes, violently went for eight hours against the pro-Mursi demonstrators, who had previously been surrounded by soldiers, in the protest camp on Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Square near the Rābiʿa al-ʿAdawiyya Mosque in Nasr City , a district of Cairo that is considered the center of the Muslim Brotherhood. According to eyewitnesses, local residents are also said to have participated in the fighting, with snipers aiming at pro-Morsi demonstrators from nearby roofs. According to state information, at least 82 people died. Doctors at the field hospital at the large pro-Morsi protest camp in Nasr City said at least 200 protesters were killed and 4,500 injured, most of them from attempted fatal shots.

The state media, for their part, carried out a kind of “demonization” of the pro-Mursi protest camp on Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Square at this time. The participants in the protest camp were portrayed as foreign agents or as "torturing beasts that dwell in the garbage". Egyptian state television claimed that weapons caches, torture tunnels and foreign terrorists were hidden under the speaker's platform in Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Square, where the demonstrators shared a kitchen.

This mass killing of demonstrators on July 27th - as happened two and a half weeks later on August 14th - was sometimes referred to in the media as the “Rābiʿa massacre”.

Before the storming of the protest camps

Declaration of the protest camps as a threat to national security

On July 28, interim president Mansur granted interim prime minister Beblawi by decree the authority to allow the military to arrest civilians, which made it easier for the army to participate in the evictions of the protest camps that had been announced for weeks.

The Foreign Minister of the military-backed transitional government, Nabil Fahmi .

The Muslim Brotherhood condemned the security forces' actions against the July 27 protest camp as a “massacre” and announced that they would keep the protest camps occupied until the democratically elected president was released from custody. In the Mursi supporters' protest camp in front of the Rābi ala-al-ʿAdawiyya mosque, thousands of protesters continued after the massacre on July 27, surrounded by hundreds of soldiers and police officers who tried to keep foreign journalists away from the camp. The transitional government also threatened to evacuate the protest camp.

In the days that followed, the interim government tightened its crackdown on supporters of the disempowered president and declared the pro-Morsi protests illegal. Interior Minister Mohammed Ibrahim announced that the Islamist protest camps would be evacuated soon. The interim cabinet declared on July 31 that the protest camp on the street, which has been occupied by supporters since the fall of Morsi at the beginning of July, posed a threat to public safety. The interim government stated that the protest camps would emit “acts of terrorism”. A televised statement said: "The government has decided to take all measures to end these risks". The cabinet had instructed the interior minister to take action. On August 1, 2013, the Ministry of the Interior urged the supporters of the ousted president in a statement read on state television to leave their protest camps in Cairo to be safe. This told the media that there was no specific date for the evacuation of the camps.

The protesters in the camps remained calm, but were not ready to obey the demands, and instead made preparations to ward off eviction attempts. At the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya camp, they cleared the streets of rubbish to make it easier for ambulances to get there. They prepared buckets filled with sand to extinguish tear gas grenades and piled stones behind barricades made of bricks and sandbags so that they could be used as projectiles.

US government diplomatic support for the military regime

US Secretary of State John Kerry on August 1st visit Pakistan, where he praised the Egyptian military for the overthrow of Morsi as "restoration of democracy" and denied the takeover of power by the military.

The anti-coup sit-in at the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya mosque before the storm, where pro-Morsi protesters have been sleeping in tents for over a month (August 1, 2013).

Interim Foreign Minister Nabil Fahmy called the dismissal of Morsi and the further action of the security forces a “peaceful revolution” against an impending Islamist regime under Morsi, while Vice-Interim President el-Baradei condemned the use of violence as “excessive violence”.

In this situation, the military-backed transitional government received diplomatic support from the US, which had so far held back in the political qualification of the overthrow of the elected president. While the civil government installed by the army had announced that it would break up the tent camps by force if necessary, the US government subsequently approved the military coup. On August 1, shortly after the mass killing in the protest camp at the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Mosque on July 27, US Secretary of State Kerry praised the Egyptian military during a stay in Pakistan and declared that the Egyptian army had Morsis with the deposition restored democracy. The military did not take power, but rather created a civil transitional government.

The attitude of the US President Barack Obama corresponded to the U-turn of his Arab policy. While he had supported the revolutionaries at the beginning of the so-called Arab Spring and the US ambassador to Cairo, Anne Patterson , had advised the Egyptians against street protests against Morsi six weeks earlier in a speech on June 18, 2013, the Obama administration was now promoting autocratic systems again in Egypt . After the four weeks following the July 3rd military coup, in which Obama had left open how the US would assess the military's overthrow of Morsi and in which the US government had avoided the term “coup”, the coup-supportive statements fell Kerrys of August 1, at a time when around 250 Islamist demonstrators had been killed since the coup under military chief Sisi and a constitutional decree had been passed that did not comply with basic democratic principles and for which the politicians and groups supporting the coup were not consulted by the military had been.

International mediation attempts

On August 4, 2013, media reports reported that, through Western mediation, both the Morsi supporters persisting in the protest camps and the transitional government set up by the military showed signs of willingness to compromise. A spokesman for the Pro-Morsi Alliance declared his respect for the demands of the mass movement that demonstrated on June 30th. He expressed his readiness to negotiate with the “National Salvation Front”, in which the secular parties of the transitional government were united. A political solution is ready as long as it is based on the legitimacy of the constitution. The Basic Law suspended by the military must be put back into force.

The interim government continued to insist on closing the two Mursi supporters' protest camps in Cairo, but stressed that it was relying on a blockade and not on a storm that could trigger another bloodbath. After the military apparently blocked the camps, the Interior Ministry promised Morsi's supporters free retreat and “political integration”. However, those who committed crimes would have to answer. Interim Vice President el-Baradei said on television: “There is no solution in Egypt that can be based on exclusion. Salafists, Muslim Brotherhood, seculars, liberals and whoever - we are condemned to live together. "

On August 5, 2013 the media spoke of rapprochement through a possible political compromise mediated and under pressure from Western diplomats. Accordingly, the protest camps, of which there were three large ones in Cairo alone at this time, should not be evacuated, but rather the Muslim Brotherhood and their supporters should dissolve the protest camps themselves in the following days. Many residents would complain that traffic in large parts of Cairo came to a standstill, protesters slept in the stairwells of local residents during the hot days, or leaders of the Muslim Brotherhood made “whipping speeches” over loudspeakers every evening. The army leadership offered to replace interim Prime Minister Beblawi. In addition, at least three ministries should be given to the Muslim Brotherhood and two more to Salafist parties, so that the Muslim Brotherhood does not fall into illegality again. While the army leadership had threatened several times over the past few days that the Islamists' protest camps would be broken up by force, military chief Sisi met with representatives of Salafist groups and signaled that he would no longer use violence against the opposition.

Also on that day, the Ministry of the Interior invited a group of local human rights organizations to a meeting to discuss the dissolution of the protest camps. Interior ministry officials asked human rights organizations for their views on how to minimize the number of casualties or casualties, but said the ministry was assuming a "death toll" on the evacuation of 3,500 camps.

On August 7, 2013, US Senators John McCain and Lindsey Graham , who were personally dispatched by US President Barack Obama to arbitrate meetings with Army Chief Sisi and Vice President Mohamed el-Baradei , expressed their horror about the situation in Cairo. In stark contrast to the statements of US Secretary of State John Kerry, who legitimized the overthrow of President Morsi, who has since been imprisoned, in an interview at the beginning of August, they called it a “coup” and made it clear that they were not prepared to accept Morsi's removal. Graham stressed: “Those responsible are not elected, the elected are in prison. The condition is not acceptable ”. McCain described it as a mistake to "believe that legitimacy can be established through violence" and "only negotiate with prisoners". McCain expressed concern about the situation in Egypt during his visit to Cairo and warned that the country would be days or weeks away from "total bloodshed" if a political solution was not found.

Ramadan sweets as a means of protest for the reinstatement of the ousted President Morsi (August 8, 2013).

In the middle of the visit of the two US senators, the state newspaper Al-Ahram reported on August 7, 2013 , citing official circles, that the interim government will shortly declare the international mediation efforts to have failed and the interim presidential office protests against the overthrow of the elected President Mohammed Morsi would classify as non-violent. On the same day the Egyptian presidency declared the diplomatic efforts for a peaceful solution between the military-backed interim government and the Muslim Brotherhood to have failed. The interim government threatened to crack down on pro-Morsi demonstrations after showing restraint during the holy month of Ramadan for Muslims . On August 7, 2013, the US embassy advised US citizens to stay away from the pro-Mursi protests in the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya in Cairo and in the Al-Nahda area in Cairo-Giza in view of the threat of violence. On the evening of August 8, Egyptian military spokesman Ahmed Ali claimed that the sit-ins were not peaceful and that given the availability of weapons and the continued sedition, they would pose a national security threat. He added that a hasty act to break up the protests could have negative consequences given the presence of children and women in the crowd, so careful preparation of the break up strategy would be undertaken. The interim government said it wanted to minimize the loss of life and urged the protesters to withdraw before the Home Office took action to remove them. The demonstrators, however, maintained the resistance. Some protesters erected metal fences to protect the sit-in strikes from the security forces.

Amr Hamzawy , Chairman of the Freedom Egypt Party

After the transitional government had declared the international mediation efforts in early August for failed liberal political scientist, human rights activist and chairman said the opposition Freedom Egypt Party , Amr Hamzawy , in a report published on August 9, 2013 interview with Zeit Online , all human rights violations after June 30 2013 should be investigated and clarified. This applies both to the acts of violence with more than 130 dead "in front of the Club of the Republican Guard" ( incident in Cairo on July 8 ) and "in front of the monument to the Unknown Soldier" ( mass killing in Cairo on July 27, 2013 ), as the Supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood had gathered there, as well as "for acts of violence in which the Muslim Brotherhood are involved". Egypt threatens to "sink into a spiral of violence and counter-violence". The removal of the elected president by the army in connection with a mass mobilization had put the Muslim Brotherhood in a politically hopeless position. The forces supporting the disempowerment of the Muslim Brotherhood, such as the "old Mubarak Guard", who are "still anchored in the administrative apparatus and in the security organs and allied with parts of the business elite", showed little effort to relax the situation, but wanted to reinstall the old system Ban the Muslim Brotherhood from politics and also exclude the democratic forces. Against democrats who protested against human rights violations and called for the rule of law and democracy, the new rulers are organizing "a real hunt".

The Washington Institute for Near East Policy (WINEP) reported on August 9, 2013 that internal tensions and debates were already emerging in the interim authorities about the possible consequences of harsh action, in which Vice President el-Baradei and other leading officials were threatened with resignation . Any prominent resignation, especially that of El-Baradei, Adel El-Adawy judged for WINEP, would undermine the credibility of the transitional government and destabilize the ongoing political process. Aggressive action by the security forces would also make it difficult for the Muslim Brotherhood to participate in the political process and promote its political marginalization.

Ultimatum and details of the evacuation plan

Places where demonstrators were killed in July are marked with paving stones (August 12, 2013).

At the end of the three-day festival at the end of Ramadan (Id Al-Fitr) on August 10, 2013, the new interim government had given the pro-Mursi demonstrators the ultimatum to clear their protest camps at the Rābiʿa Mosque and on Nahda Square. From the morning of August 11th, action will be taken.

In early August there were numerous reports in the Egyptian media about a plan to peacefully evict sit-ins with minimal use of force, in contrast to previous violent actions and mass killings. Other reports indicated that a certain number of deaths - up to 5,000 - is considered a "reasonable" loss for eviction planning.

On August 10, 2013, the Arab newspaper Al-Sharq Al-Awsat reported , citing a person responsible, that the Egyptian security forces wanted to end the ongoing Islamist protest in Cairo without bloodshed. The implementation of the plan could take up to three months. According to the Egyptian police, access to the protest camp around the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya mosque in Cairo should first be blocked in the following days. The police will then attack the camp of the supporters of the ousted President Morsi with tear gas and water cannons. In addition, the intention is to cut off the water supply for the protesters and to block the driveways to ensure that no more food gets into the tent city. The Arab news channel Al Jazeera reported on August 10th that Morsi supporters were apparently preparing to evacuate the protest camp in Nasr City. The organizers of the protests told an Al Jazeera correspondent that they had built steel shields on wheels as safety barriers.

Also on August 10, Al-Sharq al-Aswat , published in London, published an article based on interviews with unnamed Egyptian officials, which gave information about the alleged government plans to break up the sit-ins. A source was quoted in it, according to which the Ministry of the Interior assessed the plans to dissolve the protest camps to be confirmed by the cabinet that a "forced dissolution to a quick end of the sit-in would result in the deaths of between 3,000 and 5,000 demonstrators".

On August 11, 2013, security forces threatened protesters with disbanding the ongoing pro-Mursi protest camps at Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Mosque and Nahda Square within 24 hours. Reuters news agency announced the likelihood of further bloodshed as security and government sources said they expected police action against Morsi's supporters on August 12. On August 11, news agencies reported on peaceful protests by supporters of Morsi demanding the reinstatement of Morsi as legitimate president, such as the ride of a child on a donkey bearing military symbols and the inscription “Egyptian Army Chief General Abdel Fattah al-Sisi” over the Rabiʿa -al-ʿAdawiyya Square. On August 12, authorities postponed planned actions against the demonstrators, saying they would avoid bloodshed after Morsi supporters fortified their positions and thousands more demonstrators stepped up their sit-ins.

On August 12, an Al-Masry al-Youm article quoted security sources that the Home Office estimated the number of victims to be 10-25 percent of those in the sit-ins and said that number was on the evacuation plan approved by the National Defense Council included.

• Pictures from the anti-coup protest camp at the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Mosque on August 12, 2013
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  A generator is to ensure the power supply in the event that the rulers turn off the electricity in the area.

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  A boy cools off demonstrators in the August heat by hosing down.

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  A tea seller at his stall.

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  Street football in the protest camp.

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  There are also small children in the tents.

The atmosphere in the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya-sit-in on the night of August 13th to August 14th, 2013 before the eviction was described as relaxed by Western observers. Cairo-based sociologist Amy Austin Holmes of the American University in Cairo , who was among a number of journalists and observers who attended the sit-in in Rābiʿa Square the night before the August 14th mass killing and who were with A journalist friend who had taken advantage of a tour of the Sit-ins reported seeing children jumping on trampolines and men playing football. There were no signs of impending disaster. Contrary to the state propaganda, she could neither confirm a terrorist orientation of the "sit-in", nor did she meet her interlocutor from the Muslim Brotherhood. The many banners in the sit-in had slogans such as “The people want the president's return”, “Democracy against coup”, “We rejected the military coup in Egypt”, “Vets for Morsi”, “Teachers for Morsi”, “ Liberals for Mursi ”or“ The army threw my vote away ”.

On the same night, according to media reports, one person was killed and numerous injured in “street battles” in Cairo. When hundreds of Morsi's supporters marched through Cairo on several demonstrations, there were repeated clashes with supporters of the transitional government. According to the Muslim Brotherhood, plainclothes police fired shots at a demonstration, while security forces said the situation had escalated between two different groups who shot each other with pellets. Since Morsi's fall, more than 250 people had been killed in violent clashes between security forces and coup opponents and between Morsi supporters and opponents, according to media reports. At least over 160 fatalities were anti-coup protesters who were shot by security forces in "extrajudicial mass executions ," according to Human Rights Watch .

Expires on August 14, 2013

Sequence according to the locations of the events in Cairo

Storming of the existing protest camps on Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya and Al-Nahda Square

On August 14, 2013, the military and police evacuated two Mursi supporters' protest camps in Greater Cairo using guns and heavy equipment. The police acted under the protection of the military. According to eyewitness reports from local journalists, the "military police" (Der Spiegel) shot the protesters with live ammunition when they were clearing the camps. Armed forces also fired into the crowd from rooftops. Eyewitnesses and correspondents reported of rooftop snipers who shot into the camps. The government assured on August 14th that the security forces had only used tear gas and rubber bullets. In addition to using firearms, the security forces used tear gas and advanced with bulldozers and armored vehicles on the tent cities. and destroyed barricades erected by the demonstrators.

Immediately after the eviction, over 1,100 demonstrators from Rābiʿa and Nahda were arrested by the police. Many of those arrested on August 14, 2013 were still in custody at the time of the Human Rights Watch report released a year later .

Nahda-Sit-in (Dokki in Cairo-Giza)

The first protest camp on Al-Nahda Square in the Dokki district of Giza was evacuated by the police in the morning “with bloody violence” within three hours. The Central Security Forces were supported by the army in the resolution of the sit-in on Al-Nahda Square, which began around 6 a.m.

The forcible dissolution of the sit-in on Al-Nahda Square followed the same pattern as the evacuation of the Rābiʿa sit-in, but probably happened much faster due to the smaller size and different geographical structure of the area. Security forces told the demonstrators to leave the site at around 6am over loudspeakers, but almost immediately fired at demonstrators, including those who tried to leave the area using the designated “safe exits”. According to witness reports, police fired tear gas, shotgun ammunition and live ammunition at demonstrators both deliberately and indiscriminately. According to eyewitnesses, a bulldozer began demolishing wooden support structures in front of the sit-in before moving on to assist troops in clearing the sandbag barricades leading to Al-Nahda. The security forces allegedly appeared in full combat and protective gear and wore gas masks, helmets and full body gear.

Cairo University : Faculty of Engineering

As protesters sought refuge in the building of the engineering faculty of the nearby Cairo University, further violence ensued as security forces fired at the barricaded protesters in the building.

Local residents applauded as security forces cleared the Nahda sit-in. Three hours after the evacuation operation began, the Ministry of the Interior announced at 9 a.m. that the police had completely brought Al-Nahdha Square in the Giza district under control. Video footage was shown on television showing the area evacuated by demonstrators.

Nevertheless, sporadic clashes took place at the Faculty of Engineering - about 200 meters southeast in the university - until the early evening, where dozens of demonstrators barricaded themselves until around 8 p.m.

At around 3 p.m. there was a gun battle within the zoological garden in Giza, with machine guns, assault rifles and shotguns said to have been used. Sporadic gunfire was also heard through the afternoon in the surrounding area.

On September 9, 2013, the Giza public prosecutor alleged that the violence by Al-Nahda protesters had set fire to 29 police vehicles and that live ammunition, shotgun ammunition and Molotov cocktails had caused fires. In addition, protesters stole 50 firearms from the security forces and set the engineering building on fire.

Rābiʿa-Sit-in (Nasr-City in Cairo)

Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya in Nasr City on August 14, 2013.

Field hospital in the Rabia sit-in: men hurry to bring wounded demonstrators to medical treatment.

Hurry to transport injured demonstrators to the field hospital in the Rābiʿa sit-in

Two of the 125 photos that Mosa'ab Elshamy managed to smuggle out of Rābiʿa Square on August 14, 2013

The second and larger camp in front of the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Mosque in Nasr-City , where thousands of women and children were still staying, was surrounded by police and military after 6 a.m. and after one it was about ten to twelve hours The dragging operation was evacuated completely and brutally in the evening.

At around 7 a.m., police officers began shooting tear gas and bulldozing tents into the encircled protest camp. Contrary to the announcement by the Interior Ministry that the security forces would only move in gradually and that a secure exit would be left to leave the protest camp, shortly after the attack several thousand people appeared to be trapped in the main camp near the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya mosque while snipers were on those who tried to flee shot down and riot police advanced with tear gas and shotgun shots from all sides. According to a year-long research by Human Rights Watch , security forces attacked the Rābiʿa protest camp from all main entrances using armed personnel carriers, evacuation vehicles, ground troops and snipers. They therefore opened fire on large crowds with few or no warnings. According to Human Rights Watch , the security forces fired live ammunition within minutes of the attack, sometimes in intense volleys. The death of protesters began as soon as the attack began.

For almost twelve hours - up to the last minutes before the end of the eviction - there was no safe exit from the camp for the captured protestors, contrary to previous official promises. Protesters therefore sought cover in the ever-shrinking area, while snipers from the roofs selected individual human targets and the police fired indiscriminately into the crowd from the ground.

The security forces even fired at makeshift medical facilities and used snipers against people trying to get into or out of the Rābiʿa Hospital. The protesters fought against the attacking security forces with clubs, stones and machetes and shot fireworks at the advancing troops. Late in the morning, tents were torn down and military helicopters circled the grounds. The advancing security forces and snipers on the roofs of the buildings intensified the shelling in the course of the morning and fired at times continuously for minutes without interruption. The main entrance to Rābiʿa Hospital, dubbed "Sniper Alley" by protesters, was under sniper fire for most of the day and posed a serious threat to those seeking medical care.

Many of the demonstrators who did not take cover joined the demonstrators' so-called "security departments", while young men on the fringes of the demonstration threw stones and Molotov cocktails at the advancing security forces and, in some cases, carried sticks and clubs. Some demonstrators also carried firearms and shot at the police, but the number of armed demonstrators was limited, according to witnesses. Among the tens of thousands of demonstrators, the police found no more than 15 firearms (nine automatic weapons, one pistol and five self-made firearms as well as a large amount of ammunition) and claimed to have lost no more than 8 men. The police positioned themselves openly and without having to seek cover on rooftops and armored personnel carriers as they fired at the demonstrators and advanced.

Around 9:00 a.m. to 10:00 a.m., the makeshift defense strategy of focusing on strategic points at the entrances resulted in the temporary success of delaying the advance of the security forces. The center of the resistance is said to have been a seven-story concrete shell, called the Muneyfa building by the demonstrators. Shortly after noon, a short break in the fighting, with fewer confrontations, was interrupted by violent exchanges of fire between the police and people in the Muneyfa building. Security forces working with snipers intensified the fire and made a final push towards the center of the square. Many were killed in these final hours while no part of the square was exempt from the frequent fire. Just after 3:30 p.m., the police finally took control of the Muneyfa building and its floors. Security forces opened fire on facilities that had been converted into makeshift medical supplies, including the Rābiʿa Hospital, the Field Hospital, and the courtyard adjacent to the Rābiʿa Mosque. A video shows how police broke into the makeshift clinic next to the mosque and immediately shot an injured man lying on the ground.

Over a period of time in the late afternoon, according to a report in the New York Times , Islamists succeeded in pushing the police back enough to create an almost safe passage to a hospital building on the edge of the protest camp grounds, but over a 20-meter-wide strip in front of them Hospital doors remained accessible for sniper fire from above. A number of Islamists from around the city poured back into the camp for reinforcements. Shortly before dusk, soldiers and police renewed the pressure and forced the Islamists to flee. According to Human Rights Watch , armored personnel carriers arrived at Rābiʿa Hospital at around 4:30 p.m. and began firing directly into Rābiʿa Hospital, where Human Rights Watch was also located at the time and was watching the event. Security forces then entered the hospital, immediately ordered all people inside to leave the building, leaving the injured behind, and announced to them that the building would be burned. At around 5:30 p.m., the police surrounded the remaining demonstrators around the Rābiʿa Mosque and the Rābiʿa Hospital and finally allowed the majority of those who remained to leave with orders to leave bodies and injured people behind.

At the end of the day, after the last of the protesters left the square, the main stage, field hospital, mosque and first floor of the Rābiʿa hospital were set on fire, presumably by security forces. According to eyewitness reports, the fire in the demonstrators' field hospital was set by security forces, and some people were burned. Photos of the interior of the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Mosque show severe damage to the mosque, which burned down as a result of the events of August 14.

Christoph Ehrhardt wrote in the FAZ on August 14th that the security forces had encountered "bitter resistance" in the Rābiʿa protest camp and described the violent evacuation of the sit-ins as a "clash between security forces and Islamists in Cairo". Also tagesschau.de reported on the night of August 14, in Nasr City have a "hard core further resistance afternoon" done while've resolved "the rally in Al-Nahda Square in Giza" after three hours. Tagesschau.de summarized the outgoing violence without explicitly mentioning the use of firearms by the security forces: “There were dead and injured on both sides when special forces advanced against the demonstrators with tear gas and bulldozers. The Islamists attacked the security forces with stones and bottles, and later shots were fired. "

Several journalists reporting near the Rābiʿa sit-in were taken into police custody. A camera team from the Al Jazeera broadcaster was shot at by the security forces and also reported shots fired from the protest camp. According to media reports, the Rābiʿa protest camp resembled a “battlefield” after the storm by the security forces.

Correspondent Louisa Loveluck described the eviction as a “massacre” of the Muslim Brotherhood and described as an eyewitness on August 14, 2013 that riot police shot onlookers with shotgun pellets and live ammunition, and that she was hit in both legs. Local residents gathered behind the military on a side street in Rābiʿa-and chanted: “The army and the people are one hand!” When the reporter managed to get into the camp at 2 p.m. despite the security forces blocking the camp, she watched as women and children huddled under the blue awnings that lined the 800-meter-long sit-in, while thousands of young and old men withstood the security forces. Contrary to the week-long speculation that the demonstrators had amassed handguns for this "battle", they were the only weapons of the demonstrators who saw stones broken out of the sidewalk and removed from the labyrinthine barricades. The street in front of the makeshift field hospital, on the other hand, had become a "corridor for shots" by the security forces, through which it was impossible to "bring the injured to an ambulance without walking the gauntlet if you had a man on a stretcher with you" . She herself saw a young man who was "riddled with fire when he was being carried by friends" and who had arrived dead at the ambulance on the verge of the sit-in. When the morgue in Rabia was full, the corpses were stacked in the corridors on two floors. Even the mosque later became a morgue with dozens of dead people carefully spread out on the floor. Hundreds of women and children stood around them who had no choice but to seek protection between the dead - according to Loveluck's eyewitness report published on August 14, 2013.

A CNN team (with correspondent Reza Sayahab, who has been working for CNN from Cairo since 2008, CNN producer Salma Abdelaziz and cameraman Ahmed Zeidan) said they were at the Rābiʿa sit-in from 7:30 a.m. Sayahab reported a year later that the sit-in blockade that stretched across various apartment blocks had turned into a "war zone". Sayahab said, contrary to the information provided by the Egyptian authorities, he had never seen demonstrators with automatic weapons during his 12-hour presence at the Rābiʿa scene. Once he saw a demonstrator shooting with what looked like a homemade pistol, but most of the demonstrators fought against the heavily armed security forces with clubs, stones and sometimes with Molotov cocktails.

Police arrested more than 800 demonstrators, many of whom eyewitnesses said they beat, tortured and killed in mass executions.

Mustafa Mahmud Square (Mohandesin in Cairo-Giza)

After the protest camp in Al-Nahda Square near the University of Cairo was disbanded, Mursi supporters moved further north to another square in nearby Cairo's upper-class Mohandesin district and gathered in front of the Mustafa Mahmud Mosque in Mustafa Mahmud Square. Among them were many Nahda sit-in protesters who had escaped from there. According to reports, supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood wanted to set up a new protest camp in Mustafa Mahmud Square and protest against the forcible evacuation of Rābi unda and Nahda squares. They failed, however, after the security forces of the Central Security Forces (CSF) began to force the crowd of demonstrators from Mustafa Mahmud Square. Police again used excessive force, including live ammunition, to break up the demonstration in Mustafa Mahmud Square shortly after the protest began , according to Human Rights Watch . According to media reports, there were violent clashes and firefights.

Procedure in Mohandesin

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After the dissolution of the pro-Mursi sit-ins in Al-Nahda Square and Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Square, protesters and security forces in Mohandesin exchanged gunfire that morning. After a brief exchange of fire with live ammunition, shot and tear gas, the CSF forces initially withdrew.

Barricades were hastily erected and demonstrators who needed projectiles tore up the asphalt. The demonstrators secured the area with barricades from benches torn from the underground and signs. Tires were set on fire, producing thick black smoke. At least three police vehicles were set on fire by the demonstrators, including a team car. Other vehicles were also set on fire. A march of about 200 participants came from Gamat-El-Dowal-Al-Arabia Street to help set up the sit-in.

The security forces returned half an hour after they withdrew to clear the streets using tear gas and shotgun bombardment. Sharp shots were heard, but according to the Daily News Egypt no culprit could be assigned. The shots continued during the midday prayer. The violence continued through the afternoon, with gunfire from automatic and semi-automatic rifle fire being heard in and around Batal-Ahmed-Abd-El-Aziz Street. Walls hastily erected from paving slabs, similar to those in Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya and Al-Nahda Squares, provided cover for protesters who threw stones at the CSF forces. Some of the crowd threw Molotov cocktails.

According to eyewitness reports, residents of the district also tried to prevent a new tent city there. The presenters of the state television called on citizens across the country to oppose the Muslim Brotherhood. A group of residents gathered in a street parallel to Gamat-El-Dowal and said they wanted to defend their residential area against both the police and the Muslim Brotherhood. The demonstrators claimed that thugs (Baltageya) fought alongside the CSF and supported the CSF forces using tear gas with sharp volleys. There have also been unconfirmed reports of snipers allegedly shooting down from surrounding rooftops and windows overlooking the battlefield.

Sacrifice in Mohandesin

The first victim with gunshot wounds is said to have arrived at 8:30 a.m., according to a doctor who worked in the field hospital on the square, and serious cases from that morning, including at least five cases whose brains had been shot out of the head and who would have been alive at first. Doctors who worked in the Mustafa Mahmud Mosque said over 30 injured demonstrators arrived at the field hospital at the mosque between 8:30 a.m. and 7 p.m. On the afternoon of August 14, a Western journalist reported that the dead had been deposited in the Mustafa Mahmud Mosque, of which 19 had already been identified, according to the information provided by the persons administering the deaths in the mosque.

Another two people killed with headshots and around 30 wounded from Mustafa Mahmud Square arrived at the hospital there, according to a doctor who worked at the nearby al-Salam Hospital, including ten who were severely injured by live ammunition or shotguns in the chest or were wounded in the abdomen.

At least two men in critical condition were laid over motorcycles and taken to the hospital. A man following the clash from his balcony was hit in the stomach with live ammunition and was taken to a hospital with his family. Two weeks later, Ahmed Al-Masry, a member of the so-called April 6th Youth Movement, died as a result of injuries sustained when he was shot in the stomach while he was on the April 6th Facebook page Had taken pictures of the clashes in Mohandesin. Friends of Al-Masry circulated a screenshot of a Facebook status on which Al-Masry had written: "For the sake of my country, I can give my life, but not watch the country be militarized."

Nationwide riots and a state of emergency

The massacre of pro-Morsi protesters perpetrated by security forces on August 14 was followed later that day in several Egyptian cities by retaliatory police attacks by radical Islamists who took control of those cities. In Kerdasa, which was hit by some of the worst of these attacks, a police station was stormed and eleven police officers were reportedly killed and disgraced. Videos apparently recorded with cell phones and posted on the Internet showed police officers killed with their throats cut. In early December 2014, a court during Sisi's presidency found 188 defendants guilty of participating in the August 14, 2013 attack on the Kerdassa police station in which 13 police officers were killed. The court sentenced 188 people found guilty, of whom 143 were behind bars at the time, to death.

According to media reports on August 14, 2013, security forces clashed with supporters of the ousted President Morsi in other places in Egypt. The Muslim Brotherhood called on their supporters to protest across Egypt. There was shooting in Alexandria, Suez and Port Said. In the province of Fayoum in the southwest of Cairo least nine people were loud in clashes after hospital information killed, according to other media reports arrived in the province, 17 people died, the Washington Post only 37 in the conservative oasis town of Fayoum. Morsi supporters attacked administrative buildings and police stations in several cities. Public life is said to have come to a standstill almost everywhere in Egypt. Train traffic to and from Cairo was interrupted and important roads cordoned off. The road between Cairo city center and the airport has also been blocked. The army wanted to prevent more Mursi supporters from reaching Cairo.

On the afternoon of August 14, 2013, interim president Adli Mansur imposed a one-month state of emergency over the country and night curfews in Cairo and eleven other provinces, including the cities of Alexandria and Suez . A night curfew between 9 p.m. and 6 a.m. was imposed on Cairo and other large cities, which was in effect in a total of eleven of Egypt's 27 provinces.

Time-documented process

Information on the timing of various events on August 14th, including the storming of the protest camps in Cairo, is provided by reports from the news agencies dpa , AFP , AP and Reuters , as compiled in a list in Die Welt on August 14th:

• 6:09 a.m .: A few dozen demonstrators leave the Mursi supporters' protest camps. The Egyptian news portal youm7 reports that some of the protest participants decided to withdraw after the security apparatus announced that the evacuation of the two camps in Cairo was imminent. Other participants in the protest actions, however, had taken up positions at the barricades at the entrance to fend off possible attacks by the police. At this point, the transitional government had already given the police clearance to clear the two camps, but the security forces had not yet reached the protesters.
• 6:59 a.m .: The police cordon off streets in the vicinity of the protest camps. The state media had previously reported that the entrances should be blocked before the planned evacuation of the tent cities.
• 7:06 am: The police begin to clear the Pro-Mursi protest camp in Cairo. Government circles confirm the operation in which, according to reports from residents of the Nasr City district, the forces around the tent city of the Pro-Mursi demonstrators fired tear gas grenades.
• 7:13 a.m .: Shortly after the start of the operation, the Interior Ministry published a statement to the demonstrators that those who wanted to leave the camp would not be arrested unless there was an arrest warrant against them. The police warned Morsi's supporters against “using women and children as human shields”.
• 7:42 am: The station al-Arabia shows pictures of tear gas clouds, collapsed tents and burning tires from the larger camp in Nasr City. Armored vehicles drive up near the smaller camp at Cairo University in Giza.
• 7:50 a.m .: An AFP correspondent claims to have counted at least 15 male deaths in a makeshift morgue, many of whom had gunshot wounds. Doctors speak of at least one dead.
• 8:30 a.m .: The Egyptian Interior Ministry says the demonstrators opened fire on the police. Two security forces were killed during the operations. State television shows pictures of bulldozers destroying the barricades set up by the demonstrators.
• 9:15 am: The Muslim Brotherhood speaks of a "massacre" and states that more than 100 people were killed and over 2000 others injured. The information cannot be verified by an independent party. At the same time, the authorities of the transitional government declared that Al-Nahda Square was once again "completely under the control" of the security forces. Police had torn down most of the tents on the square. A representative of the security forces said that dozens of demonstrators were arrested with the help of local residents.
• 9:38 a.m .: The Egyptian Interior Ministry stops train traffic to Cairo and restricts train traffic from Cairo to the province. Observers suspect that this is to prevent supporters from the province from joining the Islamist protests in Cairo.
• 10:25 a.m .: An AFP reporter claims to have seen 43 bodies himself in Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Square. Police and army erect roadblocks on the streets around Cairo International Airport.
• 10:46 a.m .: Armed Islamists storm several administrative buildings in al-Arish. Among other things, the tax authority and the switchboard were occupied.
• 11:30 a.m .: According to security circles, 14 people have been killed during the evacuation so far. The Muslim Brotherhood spoke of 250 protesters killed. An independent review is still not possible.
• 11:36 a.m .: The Muslim Brotherhood has started to set up a camp in the square by the Mustafa Mahmoud mosque. The October 6th bridge is completely closed. Hundreds of Muslim Brotherhoods march on it, accused of having "attacked a bus". They are also said to have erected barricades, destroyed police cars and mistreated drivers on a main street in the Mohandessin district. Christian activists in Cairo say that radical Islamists attacked three churches in Upper Egypt and started fires in front of the churches in Minya and Sohag provinces. They accuse "supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood in Upper Egypt to have started a campaign of revenge against Coptic Christians". Violence has also been reported from other cities such as Luxor and Aswan.
• 12:02 p.m.: From Turkey, violent criticism of the actions of the security forces in Cairo is being leveled. Among other things, the Turkish Minister of Culture speaks of "open murder".
• 12:09 p.m .: Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Square is surrounded by tanks and police cars. There is shooting, stones are thrown, trees are set on fire. The warehouse on Nahda Square has already been cleared.
• 12:12 p.m.: The European Union calls on the Egyptian authorities to show restraint towards the Morsi supporters.
• 2:25 p.m.: The broadcaster Sky News reports the death of its cameraman Mick Deane from being shot. The Xpress newspaper reports the death of its reporter Habiba Ahmed Abd Elasis.
• 2:49 p.m.: The health ministry of the transitional government reports the number of victims that at least 56 people were killed and another 526 were injured nationwide. The Muslim Brotherhood say at least 250 protesters were killed.
• 3:30 p.m.: Egyptian state media say that 17 people were killed in clashes between supporters of Morsi and the police in Fajum province. Further deaths are reported from Suez, and further incidents from Minja, Assiut and Alexandria.
• 3:58 p.m.: A statement by the presidential office is read out on Egyptian state television, according to which the Egyptian interim president Adli Mansur has declared a one-month state of emergency, which is to begin at 4 p.m. (CEST). The President said the army should help police take action against acts of sabotage. The Ministry of Health revised upwards that at least 95 people were killed and 874 injured nationwide in street fighting.
• 4:19 p.m.: The Coptic Catholic Bishop of Asyut, Kyrillos William Samaan, complains that churches in the cities of Suhag, Fayum and Beni Suef as well as on the Sinai Peninsula have been attacked by Islamists as retaliatory measures and that Christians have been threatened.
• 5:29 p.m.: In addition to the state of emergency, the transitional government is imposing a night curfew in several cities and eleven of the 27 provinces of Egypt (including Cairo, Alexandria and Suez), which is initially supposed to apply between 7:00 p.m. and 6:00 a.m.
• 5:47 p.m.: According to the Egyptian Ministry of the Interior, Islamists take control of a police station in the Egyptian province of Beni Sueif, where a police officer is said to have been killed.
• 5:50 p.m.: The Muslim Brotherhood states that among the victims of the police operation in Cairo is the 17-year-old daughter of a Muslim Brotherhood leader, Mohammed al-Beltagi, who was shot in the chest and back by the Egyptian police.
• 5:58 p.m.: The interim Vice President Mohammed al-Baradei submits his resignation in protest.
• 18:14 pm: The state's Egyptian media citing health authorities that had been counted until the evening 1,403 injured. Officially, it is stated that 149 people were killed in riots across the country after the evacuation of the protest camps. Most of the victims were therefore not in the protest camps in Cairo that were cleared by the police. The Ministry of Health says that twelve people were killed in the tent camp in Nasr City 36 and in the protest camp on Al-Nahda Square in Giza district.
• 6:37 p.m.: The White House spokesman urges restraint. The violence makes it even more difficult for the country to move forward.
• 6:54 p.m.: A dpa reporter in the Nasr City district states that he observed that hundreds of Mursi supporters had left the Islamists' protest camp in front of the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya mosque in Cairo. Police officers say that almost all of the participants in the protest who had resisted to the end have since withdrawn. Some women were also among the withdrawing demonstrators.
• 7:55 p.m.: The Christian news portal Wataninet states that a monastery in the province of Minya has been completely destroyed and looted.
• 8:53 pm: US Secretary of State John Kerry describes the bloodshed in Egypt as "deplorable". The state of emergency must be ended as soon as possible. He calls on all sides “inside and outside the government” to end the violence.

Victim on August 14th

Fatalities

Differences in information

Unidentified protesters killed (Photo: August 14, 2013)

Hundreds of people were killed in the violent storming of the two anti-coup protest camps in Cairo, the Rābiʿa sit-in in Nasr City and the Nahda sit-in in Giza. However, there are very different reports on the number of deaths from the Egyptian authorities, the military-backed transitional government, the Muslim Brotherhood and Western media, as well as from human rights organizations.

The government's figures on the number of deaths on August 14, 2013 differed greatly from those of the Muslim Brotherhood and independent reporters from the outset, and were gradually and considerably increased over the following two days. While interim government information about the Ministry of Health for the nationwide death toll on August 14th, which was counted up to the evening, originally reported 149 (of which according to the Ministry of Health 36 for the Rābiʿa sit-in and 12 for the Nahda sit-in) dead and 500 injured (according to another Originally 194 deaths were officially reported, a reporter from the AFP news agency counted 124 corpses on Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Square in Cairo) and the Ministry of Interior and Health of the military-backed regime on the evening of August 14th their data for the nationwide number of victims ( So again including the other incidents throughout Egypt) increased to 278 deaths, including 43 police officers, and 1,403 injured, the Muslim Brotherhood already spoke of 2,200 dead and around 10,000 injured that day. On August 15, the media reported government figures for the events of August 14 (without specifying the events or regions in Egypt referred to) as “more than 500 deaths” (by early afternoon: 525 dead and around 3,700 injured), while the Muslim Brotherhood spoke of 2,000 people who perished in the evacuation of their protest camps on August 14th. The FAZ reported on August 15, 2013 that a spokesman for the Muslim Brotherhood had spoken of 4,500 dead.

Abeer Saady, a reporter for Shorouk newspaper and vice-chairman of the Egyptian Journalists Syndicate , told Western media on August 15, "The Brotherhood wants high figures for the deaths, the government wants low figures." two weeks later Diana Eltahawy, an Egyptian researcher for Amnesty International . Almost a year after the incident, Human Rights Watch pointed out that by initially listing a "total death toll" on August 14, stating that 43 police officers were killed, it was mistakenly believed that these officers were while the sit-ins were being disbanded had been killed. Only afterwards did the Forensic Medicine Authorities (FMA) give the number of police officers killed in Rābiʿa and Nahda as 10 and the nationwide death toll among police officers as 55, which indicates violence by pro-Morsi supporters in other parts of Egypt in response to the dissolution of the sit- included in Cairo.

The Washington Post reported in late August 2013 that the military-backed government authorities were blocking information on the death toll and arrests after the reestablishment of a police state, and attempting to "minimize" remaining support for the Muslim Brotherhood after that influential organization fell After only one year of leadership of the country, he was "beheaded" by the military regime on August 14th. As a result, there is a tense atmosphere of competing figures and incorrect information. According to a representative of the ministry, who did not want to be named due to the lack of authority to speak to the media, the Egyptian Ministry of Health of the military-backed transitional government ended the publication of the total number of victims on August 17, 2013 "because of the enormous number of dead". At that time, according to the official accounts of the military-backed regime, more than 900 people had been killed within four days. In contrast, the regime continues to update its statistics on the losses of the security forces and pass them on to the media via the interior ministry spokesman, Abdel Latif. Even a year after the incident, Human Rights Watch concluded that the actual death toll was extremely difficult to determine due to systematic efforts by the government to cover up the events of August 14. This veiling began with the closure of Rābiʿa Square the next morning and continued with the relentless repression of pro-Morsi supporters in the months that followed.

Official information from the military regime and semi-official information

According to media reports, even weeks after the mass killing on August 14, 2013, the Egyptian authorities did not provide any reliable information on the total number of fatalities. For weeks, government agencies refused to publish an official death number. While the Ministry of Health gave the death toll on August 15 for the Rābiʿa sit-in of 288 demonstrators, the interior minister of the military-backed transitional government, Ibrahim, claimed in his first TV interview since the dissolution of the protest camps on August 31, 2013:

“The official number of bodies that came out of Rab'a was forty-something bodies. Of those, 24 were in shrouds. The Brotherhood brought bodies from the governorates to Iman Mosque to say that these were people who had died in Rab'a. "

“The official number of corpses that came from Rābi wara was forty and a couple more corpses. Of these, 24 were in shrouds. The Brotherhood brought bodies from other governorates to the Iman Mosque to claim that these were people who died in Rābiʿa. "

- Mohammed Ibrahim, Interior Minister of the transitional government, August 31, 2013

Uncovered bodies on August 14, 2013. The dead are believed to have been victims of the crackdown on the Rābiʿa sit-in.

Rampantly covered corpses on August 14, 2013. The dead are said to be victims of the crackdown on the Rābiʿa sit-in.

Scene from Nasr City. The dead are said to be victims of the crackdown on the Rābiʿa sit-in.

Charred corpses in Nasr City on August 14, 2013. The dead are said to be victims of the crackdown on the Rābiʿa sit-in.

• Ministry of Health and the Interior / FMA:

• Data status: early afternoon of August 15, 2013:

In the official death statistics of August 15, 525 dead and 3,717 injured nationwide were reported. These figures were also given on August 16, 2013 by the Egyptian state-run Al Ahram as a death toll announced by the spokesman for the Ministry of Health, Mohammed Fathallah. According to the official information, 43 of the 525 killed were police officers.

• Rābiʿa-Sit-in: 202 of the 525 dead were accounted for by the evacuation of Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Square in Cairo, according to the spokesman for the Ministry of Health, Mohammed Fathallah. This figure was also quoted by the media on August 16, 2013 as the death toll from the Ministry of Health for the dissolution of the Rābiʿa sit-in.
• Nahda-Sit-in: The authorities reported 87 deaths through Mohammed Fathallah from the cleared Nahda Square. This figure was also quoted by the media on August 16, 2013 as the death toll from the Ministry of Health for the resolution of the Nahda sit-in. The forensic authorities (FME) stated in their report in November 2013 that they had only processed 21 bodies from Al-Nahda Square.

In addition, there were 29 deaths in the city of Helwan and 207 "in other governorates".

• Data status: mid-August 2013:

According to information from the Ministry of Health on August 15 and 16, at least 638 deaths and - depending on the source - 3,994 or 4,200 injured people nationwide were reported for the violent events of August 14.

The Interior Ministry of the military-backed transitional government also spoke of 638 people killed across the country on August 14, including 43 police officers. The interim interior minister said at a press conference on August 14th that his forces were "extremely cautious" and that 43 police officers were killed in the August 14 clashes, "many of them in Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya".

• Rābiʿa-Sit-in: Of the officially announced number of 638 deaths, according to the spokesman for the Ministry of Health, Mohammed Fathallah, to the Associated Press (AP) 288 fell on the protest camp in front of the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Mosque in Cairo's Nasr City.

On August 17, the western media, citing the state newspaper Al-Ahram , said that 228 people had died when the forces stormed the Rābiʿa sit-in.

• Nahda-Sit-in: Of the officially stated number of 638 deaths, according to the statement by the Ministry of Health's spokesman Mohammed Fathallah to AP, 90 fell to the protest camp on Nahda Square near Cairo University.

Those of the total of 638 dead who did not participate in the Rābiʿa sit-in and Nahda-sit-in had died in clashes between Morsi supporters and security forces or anti-Morsi protesters in other parts of Cairo and in other cities in Egypt.

Corpses in the El Iman Mosque : Since the evening of August 14, over a hundred corpses of those killed on the side of the demonstrators have been kept in the Iman Mosque in Nasr City, a few kilometers from Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Square. Since the night of August 14, relatives of those who were missing and believed to have been killed in Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya had poured into the mosque and rushed to remove their dead and bury them. The spokesman for the Ministry of Health, Mohammed Fathallah, said shortly after the events that the bodies lined up in the El-Iman Mosque in Nasr City were not included in the official statistics. Hundreds of corpses, many of which were charred, had been brought to the El-Iman Mosque , which is adjacent to Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Square in Nasr City and converted into a morgue . In the early morning of August 15, 360 mostly completely charred corpses are said to have been removed from the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya field hospital, belonging to the wounded who, according to a field hospital doctor's testimony, were burned alive. All of these corpses are said to have been kept together in the El-Iman Mosque . The bodies were covered with sheets with the names of the dead written on them, and lists of 265 names were placed on the walls. According to the media, it was initially unclear whether the more recent official death tolls from the military-backed regime included these deaths from the mosque. According to August 15, Human Rights Watch had counted 235 bodies in the El Iman Mosque that were not officially counted. The New York Times correspondent David Kirkpatrick saw on the morning of August 15 in a mosque in Cairo "over 240" corpses already wrapped in white sheets and prepared for later burial, which he said should have been included in the official casualty statistics The latter only related to state morgues.

Other bodies were gathered in the Nuri Khatab Mosque and the Mustafa Mahmud Mosque .

• Data status: mid-September 2013:

The spokesman for the forensic authorities, Abdel Hameed, said in mid-September 2013 that it was “as a result of” (Daily News Egypt) the violent dissolution of the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya and Al-Nahda-Pro-Morsi protest camps on August 14th 533 people died.

• Rābiʿa sit-in: The official forensic spokesman said that 333 people were killed when the Rābiʿa sit-in was broken. Among the dead were 52 unidentified bodies and seven police officers. 173 bodies that were kept in the El-Iman mosque near the former Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya-Sit-ins were "visually examined" by the inspectors of the interim Ministry of Health.

Abdel Hameed also noted that the state official Zeinhom morgue only had a capacity of 110 corpses, which prompted the Ministry of Justice to provide refrigerators after the dissolution of the Rābiʿa-sit-ins to store the bodies of those killed in the evacuation. He called on the authorities to increase the morgue's capacity to 300 bodies.

• Nahda sit-in: Forensic spokesman Abdel Hameed said that 27 people were killed while the Al-Nahda sit-in in Giza was disbanded. These include two police officers and five unidentified bodies.

The coroners had carried out autopsies on 11 bodies that had been subjected to torture and all of them were recovered from the vicinity of the Rābiʿa and Al-Nahda-sit-ins.

• Data status: mid-November 2013:

On November 14, 2013, the Forensic Medical Authority (FMA) stated through its spokesman Hisham Abdel Hameed that the number of corpses that had been found since the violent dissolution of the pro-Mursi sit-ins on the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya and Al- Nahda Platz taken to the official Zeinhom morgue or hospitals on August 14 was 726. However, this information from the Egyptian forensic interim authorities did not include the bodies immediately buried by the relatives of the victims. Abdel Hameed also mentioned the possibility that a number of deaths were not included in the official death tariff in which the bodies were interred without knowledge or formal notification of the forensic authorities. He said some families are requesting the official morgue to exhume their relatives to document their deaths, but even considering these cases, which did not exceed 20, the death toll would be imposed on the dissolution of the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya -Sit-ins do not exceed 650. Abdel Hameed said the total number of police officers killed across the country on August 14 had risen to 55.

• Rābiʿa-sit-in: Regarding the people killed during the dissolution of the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya-sit-in, according to Abdel Hameed, only 377 bodies reached the Zeinhom morgue , while the corpses of 167 other deaths from the dissolution of the camp of Ministry of Health personnel had been investigated, which, along with 83 additional fatalities who died in various hospitals, resulted in an official death toll of 627 on the dissolution of the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya protest camp. 11 of the dead were burned after death.
• Nahda sit-in: The forensic authorities put an official death toll of 21 on those killed in the violent dissolution of the Nahda sit-in.

• In September 2013, the interim prime minister Hasim al-Beblawi told the Egyptian daily Al Masry al-Youm that the death toll on August 14 was “close to 1000”, while the official figures suggested a lower death toll. International and Egyptian human rights organizations related the number to the mass killings of the security forces in the Nahda and Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya sitins of the Muslim Brotherhood.

“I believe the number of corpses was close to 1000 ... we expected much more than what actually happened on the ground. The final outcome was less than expected. "

"I think the number of bodies was just under 1,000 [...] We assumed far worse. The numbers were lower than we expected. "

- Hazem al-Beblawy, then Prime Minister, told the newspaper Al-Masry al-Youm about the dissolution of the Rābiʿa sit-in and a smaller sit-in on al-Nahrda Square in Giza.

• On March 17, 2014, the official human rights agency , the National Council for Human Rights (NCHR), released a report alleging that 632 people were killed in the violent crackdown on the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya sit-in on August 14, 2013 , including 624 civilians and eight police officers. The Egyptian authorities blamed security forces and “armed elements” among the demonstrators for the deaths. Thus, the preparation of the report was left to a semi-official institution which was not authorized to order official representatives to give testimony.

Information from the coup opponents

• On the evening of August 14, 2013, the anti-coup, Pro-Legitimacy National Alliance published a “statement on the Ikhwan Web , which describes itself as the official English-language website of the Muslim Brotherhood the anti-coup alliance, which stated that the coup plotters used the military and police and "killed more than two thousand people and wounded more than ten thousand peaceful citizens".

Gamal Abd-ul-Sattar, a leader of the Muslim Brotherhood-led anti-coup alliance, told AP that the group had documented the names of 2,500 people killed.

• According to the Muslim Brotherhood, the number of people killed in the evacuation of the protest camps on August 14 is said to exceed 2,000.

Ahmed Aref, spokesman for the Muslim Brotherhood, estimated the number of deaths on the evening of August 14 at 2,600.

A spokesman for the Muslim Brotherhood told Human Rights Watch on July 1, 2014, that by the late morning of August 14, 2013, prior to the complete eviction of the Rābi komplettena sit-in, doctors associated with the Muslim Brotherhood had already 2,200 bodies in the makeshift Hospital would have counted. Hundreds of unidentified bodies, bodies without death certificates and hundreds of missing people were buried.

• The Freedom and Justice Party , which is closely linked to the Muslim Brotherhood, declared that the death toll for the harsh crackdown by the security forces was far higher than the transitional government had admitted and put it - without the number being verified by Western agencies - at over 2,000.
• An Internet brochure distributed by the Egyptians against Coup group states that the army and police killed “more than 2,000 martyrs” on August 14, 2013. The names of 825 people killed are given at the end of the document. The English-language edition only contains the photos and names of 240 people who were killed according to the brochure. The two Arabic-language editions also contain longer lists at the end. The second Arabic-language edition contains a gallery of photos with names of 377 people.

Information classified as independent

• The independent statistical database Wiki Thawra , which is published on a website and is dedicated to the documentation of the so-called Egyptian revolution, reported in September 2013 and November 2013 that the number of deaths was much higher than the officially stated:

• Data status: mid-September 2013:

• Rābiʿa-sit-in: Wiki Thawra calculated a death toll of 904 victims in mid-September, including 869 civilians, seven security guards and 28 bodies found under the stage of the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya protest camp for the dissolution of the Rābiʿa-sit-in alone were.
• Nahda sit-in: According to Wiki Thawra, as of mid-September, the dissolution of the Al-Nahda sit-in killed 95 people, including 87 civilians, a member of the security forces and seven people whose bodies were buried under the Al-Orman- Garden were buried.

• Data status: mid-November 2013:

• Rābiʿa-sit-in: For the dissolution of the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya protest camp alone, Wiki Thawra reported a number of 969 victims in mid-November, including seven security personnel, as well as 28 bodies that were found under the stage in the Rābiʿa-al- ʿAdawiyya protest camps were found.
• Nahda sit-in: Contrary to the number of 21 deaths officially reported by the authorities of the transitional government, Wiki Thawra reported for the violent breaking up of the Al-Nahda sit-in that 96 people were killed in the incident, including by two security personnel and seven bodies that were found buried under the stage in the Al-Nahda protest camp or in the nearby Orman garden.

Wiki Thawra was founded by a group of independent youth. Wiki Thawra's data is primarily based on reports from independent civil society organizations including the Egyptian Center for Economic and Social Rights (ECESR), the Hisham Mubarak Legal Center (HMLC) and the Front to Defend Egypt's Protesters (FDEP).

• According to one of 13 Egyptian and international human rights organizations - including Amnesty International , Human Rights Watch and the Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies - signed declaration of 10 December 2013, the sit-ins were the Muslim Brotherhood on the Al-Nahda Square in the storming and Up to 1,000 demonstrators and nine police officers were killed using the police in Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Square on August 14, 2013, without an investigation into police misconduct. The human rights organizations relied on information from the Prime Minister of the interim government, Hasim al-Beblawi , who told the Egyptian daily Al Masry al-Youm in September that the number of deaths on August 14 was "almost 1,000". Human Rights Watch noted that seven police officers were killed during the breakup when a number of armed demonstrators fired on security forces who tried to evacuate the sites.
• The human rights organization The Egyptian Center for Economic and Social Rights drew up a list of 904 names of people who were killed when the sit-in was broken up on Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Square.
• In June 2014 the human rights organization Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights (EIPR) published with its report "The Weeks of Killing - State Violence, Communal Fighting, & Sectarian Attacks in the Summer of 2013", one of the very few careful documentations about the period from 30. June to August 17, 2013. The report documented a largely state responsibility for the violence following Morsi's deposition, which began on June 30. The EIPR did not give an exact estimate of the death toll in the report, but named the range between 500 and 1,000 people who were killed during the dissolutions. She quoted Prime Minister Beblawy as saying that almost 1,000 people had been killed.
• Human Rights Watch (HRW) stated shortly before the first year of the August 14 mass killing in its August 12, 2014 report "All According to Plan - The Rab'a Massacre and Mass Killings of Protesters in Egypt", the Egyptian security forces - Police in association with the army - would have deliberately killed at least 904 people - "including women and children" - during the "Rābi Massa massacre", including 817 demonstrators during the dissolution of the Rābiʿa sit-in and 87 during the dissolution of the Al -Nahda sit-ins. A total of ten members of the security forces were killed, eight in Rābiʿa and two in Nahda. It was a deliberate attack by the Egyptian security forces, which is to be equated with or worse than the Tian'anmen massacre in China in 1989. The actual death toll was said to be extremely difficult to determine due to the "systematic efforts by the government to cover up" - beginning with the closure of Rābiʿa Square the next morning and "continuing with the relentless repression of pro-Morsi supporters in the months that followed". Based on “convincing evidence”, however , Human Rights Watch assumed a year-long investigation of the death toll of over 1,000 people in Rābiʿa Square alone on August 14, 2013, as survivors and activists have amassed solid evidence of more deaths and numerous bodies without Proper registration and identification immediately brought to hospitals or morgues and people are still missing one year after the events. Accordingly, for the "Rābiʿa massacre" among the 817 people killed by HRW, there were 246 further deaths, which were compiled by "Rābi Übera survivors and activists" and checked by HRW, as well as an unknown number of bodies without precise admission or identification had been brought to the hospitals and morgues. Kenneth Roth, executive director of HRW, said it was believed to have been the largest single day mass killing of protesters in the world in recent history, with the Tian'anmen massacre in China and the Andijan massacre in Uzbekistan typically accounting for 400 up to 800 dead are assumed.

Various information in the media

• Western media reports based on news agency reports from the end of December 2013 said that 1,400 people were killed when the security forces dissolved the protest camps on August 14 with "brutal violence" (Der Spiegel) .
• Western media reports had previously stated that more than 800, at least 900 or around 1000 pro-Mursi protesters had been killed when the security forces attacked the protest camps in Cairo on August 14. In October, Amnesty International reported that at least 1,000 people were killed during the breakup of pro-Morsi sit-ins and other protests by the security forces in August 2013.

Discrepancies between NCHR and FMA versus independent information

Human Rights Watch noted in August 2014 that while the death tolls from the NCHR and FMA (forensic authorities) indicate similar amounts, their victim lists were inconsistent with some names appearing on only one of the lists. If you add up the names of both lists and remove duplicate information, the result is a death toll of 650 people killed.

However, this information would still "ignore the convincing evidence of other untold bodies in morgues and hospitals across Cairo, as documented by staff from Human Rights Watch and other Egyptian human rights lawyers in the immediate aftermath of the eviction."

The largest unconsidered item is the number of corpses reported for the Iman Mosque on Makram Ebeid Street, where many sit-in participants gathered after the complete evacuation of the Rābiʿa sit-in. While the FMA identified only 167 bodies in the Iman Mosque, Human Right Watch researchers had already counted 235 bodies in the Iman Mosque on the morning of August 15, 2013, from the Rābiʿa Hospital and other temporary facilities in Rābiʿa Square had been brought to the Iman Mosque. In addition, according to human rights lawyers from several different organizations, more corpses arrived at the Iman Mosque later on August 15, for which the human rights lawyers also submitted photos of lists of 257 names of the dead who were hanging on the mosque at the end of August 15 had. After comparing it with lists from other morgues and hospitals, Human Rights Watch came to the conclusion that the figure of 257 bodies in the Iman Mosque was correct and that the FMA had given the number of bodies in the Iman Mosque 90 too low have. Around 40 of the bodies in the Iman Mosque were so badly burned that identification was not possible. According to doctors, most of these badly burned bodies came from the field hospital that burned down in the late afternoon of August 14 before medical staff and patients could remove the bodies.

In addition to the 90 officially unrecorded bodies in the Iman Mosque, human rights lawyers and activists in Egyptian hospitals documented 77 bodies that were not on the FMA and NCHR lists. These bodies came from several different hospitals, including al-Taa'min al-Saahi (15 bodies) and Ma'hd Nasser (23 bodies). In total, human rights lawyers and researchers from organizations including Human Rights Watch , Amnesty International , the Egyptian Center for Economic and Social Rights (ECESR), the Nadeem Center for Rehabilitation of Victims of Violence and Torture , and the Nazra Institute for Feminist Studies documented 167 additional fatalities, which were not included in the information provided by the FMA or the NCHR. However, this figure of 167 additional fatalities, which is not included in the figures from FME or NCHRT, is an estimate at the lowest limit of the number of people killed in Rābiʿa because human rights activists were unable to determine the number document the fatalities in any Egyptian hospital or morgue.

WikiThawra, on the other hand, has compiled a list of 246 additional names of people killed in Rābiʿa, based on online websites and social media groups such as Martyr's Stories and the Figure Them Out Campaign , written by survivors and activists of the Rābiʿa. Sit-ins were established. For 113 of these fatalities, the additional names were supported either by handwritten lists drawn up by witnesses from the hospitals in the immediate aftermath of the sit-in eviction or by photos of the corpses themselves. Corresponding documentary evidence is missing for the other 133 names. Random audits by HRW of the websites used by WikiThawra confirmed the results of WikiThawra, which Human Rights Watch sees as compelling evidence of at least 113 additional deaths (out of 246 additional) for the eviction of the Rābiʿa sit-in, resulting in a death toll out of 930 killed. However, since HRW could not verify the data with the same certainty as the death toll of 817 people killed, the 113 additional deaths were not included in HRW's figure.

Circumstances known and details of deaths

A year after the incident, Human Rights Watch concluded that the executions had been mass executions in which 817 people, probably more than 1,000 people were killed and over 4,000 injured in the Rābiʿa sit-in extreme, as of the evening of August 14 many were hit in the head, neck or heart by targeted shots. According to media reports, most of the victims were shot dead by snipers. Testimony from sit-in participants and paramedics who carried the injured and dead bodies in the rābiʿa sit-in show, according to a report by the human rights organization Nazra for Feminist Studies , that live ammunition was used at 6: 30–7: 00 And most deaths resulted from the use of live ammunition on the upper parts of the body (head, neck and chest). Even journalists found gunshot wounds in the head or upper body of many of the dead in the first hours after the event, which suggested that snipers were shooting dead.

The continuous bombardment made it impossible for paramedics to bring the critically wounded to the hospital. For many people, there was no safe way to get medical care. Video spotted by Human Rights Watch includes a man being shot in the center of Rābiʿa Square while wearing a bloodied, lifeless body. The western correspondent Louisa Loveluck had already described in her eyewitness report on August 14, 2013 after the dissolution of the Rābiʿa sit-in, that the street in front of the makeshift field hospital was under fire by the security forces and that it was impossible to get injured on the stretcher safely to an ambulance. She herself witnessed a man being rifled by gunfire and dying while friends carried him to an ambulance on the edge of the sit-in.

Female victims

Nazra report

On December 10, 2013, the human rights organization Nazra for Feminist Studies published a report based on information from a count by the Women Human Rights Defenders Program of the dead among sit-in participants, as well as lists published by other non-governmental organizations and in a list of Wiki Thawra were summarized. The Women Human Rights Defenders Program team visited government institutions, including the Forensic Administration and Department of Health, as well as hospitals where bodies of sit-inside participants were removed to determine the cause of death.

The Nazra report focused mainly on the resolution of the Rābiʿa sit-in in the investigation into the female fatalities, as the Nazra team were able to locate only one case of a killed sit-in participant for the Nahda sit-in and that the two Nazra researchers could not communicate with Nahda sit-in participants because they failed to gain their trust.

At least 19 women were among those killed during the dissolution of the sit-in in Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Square, according to documentation by Nazra for Feminist Studies . Nazra had a meeting in August 2013 with Magda Helal al-Qaradawi (also: Magda Qardawy), the then head of the forensic medical authorities (FMA), who confirmed the deaths of at least 19 women among the victims of those killed on the day of the eviction and in September Was released in 2013.

According to the December 2013 Nazra report, Nazra researchers were able to provide the names of 16 of the 19 women they were able to confirm as victims of the dissolution of the Rābiʿa sit-in. In the Zeinhom mortuary therefore the bodies of Heba Mohamed Fekry, Mariam Mohamed Abdel-Aal, Seiham Abdullah Mohammed Metwalli, Heba Ahmed Abdel-Aziz, Hayam Abdou Ibrahim and Asmaa Mohamed El-Beltagie were kept in the Health Insurance Hospital , the bodies of Inji Mohammed Tag El-Deen, Hoda Farrag El-Sayed Abdullah, Hoda Ahmed Sa'eed and Sawsan Sa'ad Hassan, in the El-Iman mosque the bodies of Noha Ahmed Abdel-Mo'tie, So'aad Hassan Ramzi, Asmaa Saqr and Rozan Mohammed Ali as well as the bodies of Habiba Abdul-Aziz and Hend Hesham Kamal in an unnamed location. Accordingly, two bodies from the Zeinhom morgue and one body from the Health Insurance Hospital were not identified by name . The Nazra researchers could not determine the location of five corpses, two of which were in the El Iman Mosque in Nasr City . As a possible reason for the fact that their names not in the lists of Zeinhom mortuary were registered, who gave Nazra to report, that not all bodies from the El-Iman mosque were transferred to the morgue.

The injuries reported in the Nazra report for three of these 19 female fatalities (Asmaa Saqr, Rozan Mohammed Ali and one of the unidentified persons) were "live ammunition in the head" (original: "Live Bullet in the Head"), for two women Fatalities (Asmaa Mohamed El-Beltagie and Habiba Abdul-Aziz) "live ammunition in the chest" (original: "Live Bullet in the Chest") and for two other female fatalities (Hoda Farrag El-Sayed Abdullah and Hoda Ahmed Sa'eed) "Live bullet in the back" (original: "Live Bullet in the Back"). No type of injury was given for the other of the 19 female fatalities. The Nazra researchers were unable to pinpoint the exact location of the gunshot wounds for each of the cases brought to the Zeinhom morgue , which the report justified by saying that the Zeinhom autopsy reports had still not been made public .

According to the testimony of people who were at the scene during the dissolution of the Rābiʿa sit-in, according to the Nazra report according to Habiba Abdul-Aziz, he died of a gunshot wound at 8 a.m., Asmaa Saqr was also a gunshot wound at 8:30 a.m. Asmaa Mohamed El-Beltagie at 11 a.m., again from a gunshot wound.

The Nazra Report found that claims that women were used as human shields in the sit-ins were incorrect . The number of women killed during the dissolution of the sit-in, estimated at 17 out of a total of 904 killed in the dissolution of the Rābiʿa sit-in and 1 out of a total of 87 killed in the dissolution of the Nahda sit-in, shows a percentage of 1.9% and 1.1% female fatalities, respectively, of the total number of victims, that women were not driven into arguments by the sit-in participants and were not used to protect any buildings.

Video viewed by Human Rights Watch

Video checked by Human Rights Watch shows a protester shot in the neck while holding a handheld video camera on east Nasr Street that morning. Another protester who was present at the location at the said time confirmed to Human Rights Watch that gunfire had been fired on Nasr Street near Tiba Mall on the morning of August 14, 2013.

Prominent fatalities

• Among the dead on Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Square was the 17-year-old daughter of Mohammed al-Beltagi , General Secretary of the Freedom and Justice Party , who was shot in the chest (according to a spokeswoman for the Muslim Brotherhood: in the chest and back) , the political arm of the Muslim Brotherhood.

According to her death certificate, Asmaa al-Beltagi was reported to have been shot in the chest, a broken skull and a broken left leg, according to media reports from August 2013. According to her brother, Anas al-Beltagi, on August 15, 2013, she was on her way to the field hospital to provide help when she was shot. Anas came to her immediately afterwards and took her to the hospital with others. She needed a blood transfusion, but could not have an operation, and she died at 1:00 p.m. In contrast, the London-based Middle East Monitor claimed in an article from August 20, 2013 taken from the Felesteen on Line Newspaper of August 18, 2013, that Asmaa was at 10:30 am local time (8:30 am GMT ) on the morning of August 14, 2013 was hit in the chest and back by a sniper near the stage of the Rābi Sita-al-ʿAdawiyya sit-in, whereupon her death occurred within a few minutes. In the article contradicting her brother's statement, a YouTube video was embedded, which was supposed to show how Asmaa was "murdered" by a targeted assassination attempt. The same video was subsequently cited by other media as descriptive of the death of Asmaa Beltagi.

In March 2014, the Cairo Criminal Court ordered the Attorney General's office to hear a statement by Mohammed al-Beltagi about his daughter's death. The former General Secretary of the Freedom and Justice Party had already been charged, along with two other accused, of torturing a police officer in the Rābiʿa sit-in. Nasr City Prosecutor's Office designated March 19, 2014 for his Torah Prison hearing on Asmaa's death.

The teenager's death also sparked solidarity among oppositional circles in the Muslim Brotherhood. Alaa Abdel Fattah, a prominent activist and anti-Muslim Brotherhood personality, mourned her death on his Facebook page, saying she “held no gun” and was “not part of the Brotherhood regime”. The Egyptian newspaper Al-Dostor allegedly called Asma al-Beltagi an “icon of Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya” on August 24, according to the London-based magazine Middle East Monitor (MEMO), claiming it was from a sniper's bullet was hit while on her way to help the wounded. The Turkish news agency Anadolu Agency called Asma "a powerful symbol of anti-coup resistance in Egypt, with people within the country and around the world carrying their posters and chanting slogans about their martyrdom during anti-coup demonstrations". The killing of the young Asma al-Beltagi by the Egyptian security forces caused a particular response from the Turkish public, where the Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan was moved to tears on August 22 in a program broadcast live on Ülke TV, when a video was played in which a suicide note addressed to Asmaa by Asma's father, Mohammed al-Beltagi, was read out. Mohammed al-Beltagi said in a television interview that he was not sad because his daughter had become a martyr.

On September 3, 2013, video material came to light showing Asmaa al-Beltagi just before her death after she was allegedly fatally wounded by a sniper in Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Square. The video shows Asmaa fully conscious in the state of suffering in a field hospital on the square. On September 18, 2013, the Turkish state news agency Anadolu Agency published an approximately 8-minute documentary about Asmaa al-Beltagi and her death in its Arabic-language edition.

• On August 14, 2013, according to the state Ahram , the death of the son of Muhammad Badi'e , the head of the Muslim Brotherhood, was announced. According to other media reports, a son of Badi'es was shot dead in Cairo on August 16, 2013.

Journalists killed

According to media reports, Egyptian security forces also attacked several international journalists using live ammunition in the course of the evacuation. Some journalists were killed and others injured. The Association for Freedom of Thought and Expression , an Egyptian organization that campaigns for freedom of expression , and state-run Al-Ahram confirmed the shooting of four journalists - Mike Deane of Sky News , Habiba Ahmed Abd Elasis (Habiba Abdelaziz) of Gulf News , Mosaab al-Shami (Mosaab al-Shamy) from Rassd News and Ahmed Abdel Gawad (Ahmad Abdelgawad) from al-Akhbar :

• Mick Deane (or: Mike Deane): The 61-year-old cameraman was working with Cairo correspondent Sam Kiley for the UK-based news channel Sky News when he stormed the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya protest camp in Nasr City was shot dead by security forces on the morning of August 14th. Sky News announced on August 14: "He was hit by a bullet and died shortly after despite medical care." The media reported that he was "apparently killed by a targeted shot" (N24). The editor of the Middle East messages for Sky News , Tom Rayner said, Deane was in the attempt by Sky News dead, "to show the world the horror on Rabi'a [-Platz] today." Deane was the first Western reporter to die while practicing in Egypt since the Committee to Protect Journalists began recording such occurrences in the early 1990s.

Deane's widow, Daniela, criticized the Egyptian government for not providing any information about the circumstances surrounding the shooting of Mick Deane. Daniela Deane, herself a journalist for the Washington Post , accused the Egyptian military that her husband was murdered by a military sniper in an attack by the Egyptian military on her husband. In Rābiʿa-al-Adawiyya Square, he reportedly reported about an hour and a half of the actions of the military, who murdered people there and ultimately also him. On the occasion of the establishment of an annual grant for cameramen in honor of Mick Deane, Sky News published an article for the first year of August 14th. It stressed that Mick was killed by a single shot while a Sky News team was filming the crackdown on the demonstration against the military coup. Deane was not killed in crossfire or accidentally killed in a hail of bullets fired at a crowd, but by a single shot by a sniper or rifleman while standing on a relatively peaceful street. From the statements of his companions, Sky News concluded that Deane was deliberately and deliberately killed because of his quality as a cameraman. Even a year after the incident, the Egyptian authorities did not provide an investigation and no answers for his death despite a request from the broadcaster.

• Ahmed Abdel Gawad (according to other sources: Ahmad Abdelgawad or Ahmed Abdul Dawed): The Egyptian journalist from the state daily Al Akhbar was also killed on August 14 when he reported on the intervention of the security forces in the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya protest camp. According to the Muslim Brotherhood, Gawad was also the editorial manager of Misr25 , the TV broadcaster of the Muslim Brotherhood.
• Mosaab al-Shami: The photographer for Rassd News Network was also killed while working on coverage of the bloody events of August 14th. According to the director of the news channel, Smahy Mustafa, al-Shami was shot in the chest by a sniper while trying to escape the gunfire used by the security forces to break up the sit-in demonstration in Nasr City . The station Rassd was one of those who had sharply criticized the fall of Mursi.
• Habiba Ahmed Abd Elasis (also: Habiba Abdelaziz): The 26-year-old reporter for Xpress , a sister paper of the state daily newspaper The Gulf News in the United Arab Emirates , was also killed on August 14th. According to the media, she is said to have been on annual leave in her home country at the time and had no work assignment. According to the Gulf News and her family, she was shot dead near the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya mosque when security forces stormed the sit-in of Morsi supporters. According to Xpress, her last message on Facebook was said to have been: “Death, here we come. We are not afraid of you, but you are afraid of us ”. Her most recent exchange of text messages with her mother was also made public through the media. Habiba Abdelaziz was among those killed as the security forces advanced from Tiba Mall. She died from her injuries. In a text message to her mother at 7:33 in the morning, she informed her that she would shortly be on the front lines of the clashes. A journalist who witnessed the shooting said that Abdelaziz was shot dead after she went to the front line to document the clashes as a journalist. Statements made by the Interior Ministry on the morning of August 14, claiming that no bullets had been fired and that there had been no casualties on the east end of Nasr Street until the security forces arrived at the center of the square, were found to be inconsistent with documentation from Human Rights Watch .

In addition to the deaths, there were also gunshot wounds to journalists. For example, the photographer Asmaa Waguih (or: Asmaa Walid), who works for the Reuters news agency , who, according to the journalists' association Abeer Aal-Saady, was shot in the foot or leg by the police in Rābiʿa. In other cases, the security forces shot journalists with no resulting injuries reported, such as an Al Jazeera camera crew .

Reactions and reviews

In the course of the declaration of the state of emergency, the police were given extensive powers to make arrests without a judicial decision. The government justified this step with the “danger to security and order” through “targeted sabotage and attacks on private and public buildings” and deaths “by extremist groups”. Nationwide, more than 560 people are said to have been arrested by the police by August 15. Middle East experts saw the imposition of a state of emergency as an indication that the military were not seeking negotiations. According to Stephan Roll ( Science and Politics Foundation ), the imposition of the state of emergency served to "undermine the rule of law, arrest more demonstrators and use force to counter protests." Fears increased that Egypt was "finally heading towards a military dictatorship" or "civil war" move. The large-scale arrests of members of the Muslim Brotherhood were viewed in Western media as a repetition of the government's authoritarian approach during the Mubarak era, when the Muslim Brotherhood was banned and subjected to severe reprisals.

According to media reports, the Egyptian transitional government was already examining the possibility of declaring the Muslim Brotherhood illegal at the suggestion of Beblawi. Beblawi declared that there could be “no reconciliation with those with blood on their hands”. The transitional government threatened to take action against “terrorism” with an “iron fist”. Authorities investigated 250 supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood for murder, attempted murder and terrorism.

National

• The interior minister of the military-backed transitional government, Mohammed Ibrahim, said on August 14, 2013 at a press conference on the dissolution of the sit-ins in Rābiʿa and Nahda on August 14, 2013 that the sit-in participants had been warned and asked to leave their location To leave assembly. In addition, they were provided with safe exits. The police were said to have taken a step-by-step approach to dissolving the sit-ins, starting with microphone calls to the sit-in participants to vacate the place, followed by the use of water and finally tear gas. However, the police had encountered heavy use of firearms, which resulted in the death of a number of police officers. The two sit-ins were evacuated without any losses and the number of victims among the sit-in participants was so low and in no way related to the number of police officers killed, so that the number of demonstrators killed compared to others worldwide cases could be considered a success. Ibrahim went on to claim that the uppermost rate of deaths resolved to resolve sit-ins in accordance with international standards for resolving non-peaceful sit-ins is 10%. Ibrahim also declared that evening: "We will not allow more meetings anywhere in this country, regardless of possible victims."

On August 15, Ibrahim told Al-Masry Al-Youm newspaper that "the eviction plan was 100 percent successful".

In a TV interview on August 31, 2013, Interior Minister Mohammed Ibrahim revealed that he expected "10 percent of the lives" to be lost in Rābiʿa Square and confirmed that there were "more than 20,000 people" in the protest camp.

Hasim al-Beblawi
(Interim Prime Minister)

• Spokespersons for the military-backed transitional government claimed that the use of force was necessary because the demonstrators themselves were violent and shot. Defense Ministry spokesman Ahmed Ali defended the bloodbath by stating that civil and human rights considerations were not applicable when dealing with “terrorism”. The riot was already increasing, with the rioters killing people in the streets. The Egyptian interim government praised the police for their operations and “restraint” and defended the police’s violent crackdown on the demonstrators. At noon on August 14, 2013, Interim Prime Minister Hasim al-Beblawi addressed the Egyptian population and praised the Ministry of the Interior for the behavior of the security forces. The police have shown restraint. At the same time, he threatened that his transitional government would act ruthlessly against provocateurs. He announced on state television that there was no alternative to clearing the camps. The state was forced to act to ensure security. In an interview on the TV talk show "Gomla Mofeida" on August 27, 2013, Beblawi stated that it was clear that clearing these sit-ins would be expensive because the demonstrators were not peaceful. In September 2013, Beblawi told the Egyptian newspaper Al-Masry Al-Youm that “almost 1,000” protesters were killed in the evacuation of Rābiʿa Square and the smaller protest camp in Giza on August 14, 2013, adding: “We are assumed far worse. The numbers were lower than we expected. ”On the one year anniversary of the mass killing on August 14, el-Beblawi said that if he had the opportunity to take the decision to clear the camps on Rābiʿa and Nahda Square again he would take the same steps again to restore state prestige and the rule of law . The eviction took place in accordance with the law and the constitution. The decision to do so was tough, but necessary. He added: “The protesters were the first to open fire on the armed forces. The police acted in an extremely controlled manner, merely defending themselves against bullets that were shot indiscriminately by demonstrators climbing onto rooftops near Rābiʿa-al-Square. "

A statement by the Foreign Ministry on the evening of August 14 said it regretted the bloodshed. However, the government had no choice but to ask the police to "enforce the law". The transitional government expressed understanding for the concerns and criticism expressed by some governments. At the same time, however, she rejected the sharp reactions from Turkey and Qatar . Turkey has crossed the line to "meddle in internal affairs". The criticism from Qatar was also inappropriate, as the Qatari government had tried in vain a few days earlier to persuade the Egyptian coup opponents to give in.

The Egyptian ambassador to Great Britain, Ashraf ElKholy, insisted that the authorities had "not used excessive force". The outbreak of violence was caused by Morsi's supporters. The high toll in blood was partly due to the fact that the protesters killed each other in their ruthlessness. The security forces were forced to react and "of course" only returned the fire. There was no difference to David Cameron's approach to demonstrations during the riots in London . If the demonstrators had no weapons, no one would have been injured, but since they had firearms, the security forces would have had to defend themselves. Likening Morsi's one-year government to the Islamists' seizure of power in Iran after the 1979 revolution, Kholy said that the Muslim Brotherhood ideology - like National Socialism - seeks to dominate Egyptian society. Like the National Socialists, the Muslim Brotherhood must be removed.

Mohammed el-Baradei , head of the "National Salvation Front"

• The interim vice president and Nobel Peace Prize winner Mohammed el-Baradei did not go so far as to criticize the security forces or the military directly, but resigned on August 14 - apparently in protest against the violence - and resolutely distanced himself from the imposition of a state of emergency and curfews . He justified his resignation by saying that he could no longer stand behind the decisions of the last hours and days. In a letter to the interim president Mansur, he stated that there were nonviolent alternatives to end the political crisis in the country. As a reason for his resignation, he stated verbatim: "It has become difficult for me to continue to take responsibility for decisions with which I do not agree and the effects of which frighten me". He could not "not take responsibility for a single drop of blood".

Pascal Weber commented on the reasons for the resignation el-Baradei for the evening news of the SRF , ElBaradei would therefore possibly "save a bit of his reputation." From the beginning, El-Baradei was "a bit of a civilian paint" of the military's transitional government. The resignation of el-Baradei clearly shows that "the balancing voices of this transitional government [...] have now definitely been lost" and "the old forces of the security apparatus [...] now have free rein".

• The Egyptian State Information Service (SIS) stated on August 15, 2013 that efforts to bring about a peaceful dissolution of the gatherings had been "rejected by the leaders of the Muslim Brotherhood." The Ministry of the Interior used loudspeakers and called on participants in the two sit-ins to leave them and "not to use women, the elderly and children as human shields". They were allowed to leave the protest camps and were given safe exit passages that had previously been identified as such.
• Leading members of the Tamarod group, which had given rise to the military coup against Morsi with their long-term protests, declared the evacuation of the protest camps necessary and presented the country as being on the way to democracy. The young Tamarod leader Eman al -Mahdy told the media that the Islamists had refused all offers from the transitional government: “They are all terrorists,” al-Mahdy told reporters, “There was no other choice. The camps had to go. ”She described the deaths as necessary and a price that Egypt had to pay:“ A difficult task, ”said al-Mahdy,“ requires drastic measures. ”Another young Tamarod leader, Mohammed Heikal claimed that the army only wanted to protect the demonstrators and defended itself against the demonstrators' shots. The Tamarod movement must ally itself with the army in order to keep Israel and the USA as "enemies of Egypt" away from Egypt. The tamarod campaign have with their mass protests in June 2013 do not want to bring down alone Mursi but needed to Egypt "in front of all Islamists protect".

Ahmed Tayeb (al-Azhar Sheikh)

• Ahmed el-Tayeb , as the Grand Imam of Al-Azhar University and the highest-ranking Sunni cleric in the country, cautiously distanced himself from the government's actions. He said in an audio message broadcast on state television that he did not know the security forces would break up the protests on Wednesday. He condemned the bloodshed and called for an end to the clashes. The head of the Al-Azhar Islam Institute called for moderation from all involved. In a speech broadcast by several TV channels on August 14, it was also said that Al-Azhar is a religious institution and will not allow itself to be drawn into a political conflict.

Tawadros II. (Head of the Coptic Orthodox Church)

• The Coptic Orthodox Church demonstratively stood behind the actions of the police and military. On the night of August 16-17, 2013, she declared her support in the fight against "violent armed groups and black terrorism" and her solidarity with the police and the army, which a few months earlier had appeared as the declared enemy of Christians and in October Killed 28 Christian protesters in 2011.
• The representative of the German Bishops' Conference and pastor of the German-speaking, Catholic St. Mark's community in Cairo, Monsignor Joachim Schroedel , publicly defended the actions of the Egyptian security forces on German television on August 15. The “fundamentalist Muslim Brotherhood” are not democratic demonstrators but “terrorist elements”. He assessed the use of the security forces against the protest camps of the Muslim Brotherhood as "very responsible behavior" by the police and the military. According to his feelings and intuition, from the point of view of many people, the Mursi sympathizers failed to react to “all offers”, but remained “fundamentalist”, which is why “new ways had to be described” with the forced evacuation of the camps. Months later, Schroedel, when asked about the criticism in Germany of his TV statements on the Egyptians' attitude to life and death in the face of the August 14th bloodbath, repeated his formulation that the camps had been evacuated “with high losses”. He reiterated that, compared to the high number of people living there, “the majority of Egyptians will accept several hundred deaths”. “All bishops, including Pope Tawadros of the Copt,” continued Schroedel, “thanked the military in greetings for ending Morsi's rule. The dead were officially sanctioned by the church. An Egyptian has a different relationship to life and death. ”For the majority of Egyptians,“ the rule of the Islamists under Morsi was a black, dark cloud ”.

Ibrahim Isaac Sidrak , Coptic Catholic Patriarch

• The Coptic Catholic Bishop of Asyut , Kyrillos William Samaan , stressed on August 14 that, despite the uncertain situation, the atmosphere for Christians had improved after the overthrow of President Mohammed Morsi by the military. He saw as a good sign that non-Christian journalists would stand up for Christians and that moderate Muslims in Suhag or Asyut had defended Christian churches against demonstrating Islamists. He denounced the attacks on churches as reprisals by Islamists: "The Islamists take revenge on us Christians". The Coptic Catholic Patriarch Ibrahim Isaac Sidrak defended the army, which he praised as the guardian of political change in Egypt. On December 14th, the patriarch told the Internet portal “Vatican Insider” that the generals were not striving for permanent government power: “They are currently protecting the transition process, which is still fragile.” Without this protection, the country would sink into chaos, said Sidrak.
• Magda Haroun, leader of Egypt's very small Jewish community, said the Egyptians were Mediterranean people who couldn't live like the people of Saudi Arabia. The people believed that the Muslim Brotherhood did not believe in the country, but in an ideology. With the actions on August 14, 2013, the army and police saved Egypt from civil war.
• Military chief Sisi said in an interview in October that the “losses” were lower than previously feared, but that it was essential to break the sit-in because otherwise the Egyptian state would have been dismantled.
• The National Council for Human Rights (NCHR), which is not an independent body, but a state institution that has existed since the reign of President Husni Mubarak, who was ousted in 2011, presented one in Cairo on March 5, 2014 A final investigation report was expected on January 1st as the first official investigation into the events, which, depending on the source, included the evacuation of “the protest camps of the Muslim Brotherhood in Cairo 2013” ​​(NZZ) or “the evacuation of a protest camp of the Muslim Brothers”, in which “more than six hundred people were killed in August been " (Euronews) examined. The Human Rights Council stated that in the weeks before the evacuation "armed men infiltrated" into the camp, from whose side they "were shot first". The authors of the final report accused the protesters of firing first and stated that the police had the right to defend themselves against the attacks by armed demonstrators during the operation on August 14. At the press conference, the NCHR also showed videos showing gunmen taking shelter in the crowd of protesters after they shot. The NCHR also stated that the security forces' response was disproportionate. The majority of those killed were peaceful demonstrators. However, the police should have given the protesters more warning time to leave the camp in Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Square. The Egyptian security forces used too much force too quickly during the evacuation. In addition, it had failed to create a safe corridor for the demonstrators who wanted to leave voluntarily. The security forces opened a safe passage for the demonstrators, but only for an insufficient time of 25 minutes. Paramedics were also denied access for hours. On the square in front of the local Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya mosque, according to the NCHR, 632 people were killed within a few hours, including 8 police officers, when the protest camp against the military coup was evacuated.

At the press conference, the NCHR members present were confronted with critical questions from journalists who assessed the number of deaths higher and questioned why it was not mentioned that many who had used the safe passage had been arrested, so many demonstrators preferred it to stay in the field. Journalists also accused the NCHR of failing to shed light on the role of the military in breaking up the protest camps.

Egyptian and international human rights organizations such as Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International had previously pointed out in a joint statement that the NCHR, the Egyptian government's human rights commission, announced on September 20 that it had set up four investigation teams to investigate reports To recreate the events of August 14, 2013: the killings during the dissolution of the sit-ins, the attacks on police stations and killings of police officers in Cairo and Minya, and the attacks on churches in at least eight governorates in Egypt. However, like any other human rights organization, the NCHR can only ask the Ministry of Interior for information, but has no authority to access Interior Ministry documents or to summon officials for questioning. Therefore, a report by the NCHR is no substitute for an official committee of inquiry. In the HRW report of August 12, 2014, the human rights organization reiterated that the NCHR report on the dissolution of the Rābiʿa sitin had “significant methodological weaknesses” that “undermined its results”. In particular, he relies heavily on the testimony of local residents, who are predominantly averse to the brotherhood, and hardly makes use of the statements of the sit-in participants, who were "the most important witnesses and victims". The HRW report also indicated that Nasser Amin, a member of the NCHR and lead author of the NCHR report on the dissolution of the Rābiʿa sit-in, suggested on Egyptian television network ONTV that the Ministry of the Interior was covering up the truth search. It did not cooperate with the NCHR in the investigation and did not provide its evacuation plan. Although video footage of helicopters and buildings overlooking Rābiʿa Square shows that security forces had filmed the eviction, the Ministry of the Interior only released selected material referring to violence on the part of the demonstrators.

As early as August 15, 2013, the NCHR asked the Egyptian authorities to explain and investigate why the security forces had rushed to clear the area around the Rābi Moscha mosque before the Nasr City public prosecutor arrived to investigate the scene.

• Media information 15th August According criticized April 6 Youth Movement , both the military-supported interim government and the Muslim Brotherhood. In a statement quoted in the Egyptian press, they said that it had "become clear that the leaders of both parties to the conflict would not care about the Egyptians in their power struggle". The Muslim Brotherhood sacrificed its followers for power, while the security forces would not stop persecuting them violently.

The General Secretary of the Freedom and Justice Party , Mohammed al Beltagi . The photo is said to show him on August 14, 2013 in the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya mosque during the storming of the Rābiʿa sit-in.

• The General Secretary of the Freedom and Justice Party , Mohammed al Beltagi , who was there during the storming of the Rābiʿa sit-in, and his 17-year-old daughter when the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya protest camp was broken up by the security forces on August 14, 2013 was shot, urged the police and army forces to resist shooting orders against demonstrators, remove their uniforms and go home. He warned the military chief and interim defense minister Sisi not to turn Egypt into “another Syria”.
• The Muslim Brotherhood declared on Twitter on August 14th that the use of the security forces was a “bloody attempt” to stifle any voice of the opposition. At the same time they called on the Egyptians to protests against the "massacre". A senior member of the Muslim Brotherhood told CNN on August 15 that the death of the Morsi supporters could not stop their “glorious revolution” in Egypt: “We will continue our protests and demonstrations across the country until Democracy and the legitimate government have been restored. "Even before the bloody deployment of the security forces with hundreds of deaths on August 14, a spokesman had told the FAZ that he would continue with" decentralized "protest actions in the event of their protest camps being cleared.

International

State and supranational organizations

•  Belgium - The Belgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs did not stop its cooperation with Egypt: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs said it was financing non-governmental organizations that would continue to need money.
•  Bolivia - Bolivian President Evo Morales "categorically" condemned the escalation of violence in Egypt and described the military intervention against the supporters of the ousted President Mohammed Morsi as "genocide". The president, who is known to be a vehement critic of the USA, criticized the USA for not being able to intervene.
•  People's Republic of China - China expressed its deep concern and called for "extreme restraint".
•  Denmark - The Danish government froze two projects with a volume of around four million euros.
•  Germany - Federal Foreign Minister Guido Westerwelle convened the Federal Foreign Office's crisis team and summoned the Egyptian Ambassador to the Foreign Office in Berlin . He wanted to make it very clear to the Egyptian government once again that the bloodshed must come to an end, said Westerwelle on August 15, 2013 during his visit to Tunisia. He called on opponents and supporters of the ousted Egyptian President Morsi to end the violence and to find a peaceful solution. Germany expects the transitional government and the Egyptian authorities “to allow peaceful protests”. The other side must also clearly distance itself from violence.

On August 15, Westerwelle rated the August 14 bloodbath on ZDF as a “defeat of international diplomacy”, which had not succeeded in preventing “a blood bath in Egypt”. At the same time he emphasized that the protection of Christians in Egypt was an important concern of German politics.

During a visit to Tunisia , Westerwelle suggested a crisis meeting of European foreign ministers to escalate the violence in Egypt. On August 15, 2013, he said in Tunis: “I think it would now also make sense for the European representatives and the European countries to get together very quickly, possibly also at ministerial level”. At the meeting, a common approach could be agreed: "Because we are talking about the neighborhood of Europe." He condemns the use of force to clear the places "with great emphasis". “No spiral of escalation of violence” should begin. He announced the consequences of the eviction. With regard to the situation in Tunisia, where an Islamist-led government is confronted with growing displeasure in society, Westerwelle said after a meeting with Prime Minister Ali Laradeyh: “Tunisia is not Egypt. Tunisia is on a path of change, and what happened in Egypt must not happen in Tunisia. ”Dialogue and willingness to compromise are the way to an end to the crisis.

The federal government announced that it did not want to approve any new arms exports to Egypt. According to the Foreign Ministry, Berlin is examining how weapons exports that have already been approved but not yet taken place should be dealt with. In addition, Germany stopped its aid payments for Egypt for the time being. Development Minister Dirk Niebel stopped a cooperation program for climate and environmental protection with Egypt, for which 25 million euros were earmarked. There should not be any new commitments for development projects in Egypt for the time being. Nevertheless, the Federal Government continued to support Egypt with water and energy supplies and with strengthening democracy and human rights. A total of 100 million euros was made available for this in 2012. Another 30 million euros from the Federal Foreign Office to promote the transition to democracy were also still available.

After a phone call with French President François Hollande , Chancellor Angela Merkel announced that she would fundamentally review relations with Egypt at national and EU level.

•  France - In Paris , President François Hollande personally called the Egyptian ambassador to see him in an unusual gesture.
•  United Kingdom - in London was summoned the Egyptian ambassador. According to the ministry, Political Director Simon Gass has expressed Britain's "deep concern" about the situation in Egypt. They condemn “the use of force” and call on the Egyptian authorities and the military to “show the greatest restraint”. The UK Foreign Office said most of the aid going to Egypt is through international programs. Without citing specific examples, a spokesman said that all bilateral projects were already being scrutinized.
•  Iran - Iran condemned the actions of the Egyptian security forces. The Iranian Foreign Ministry warned of a "bloodbath" and a "civil war". It called on the Egyptian security forces to exercise moderation, as this development could have dangerous consequences and lead to civil war. Foreign Minister Mohammed Jawad Zarif called for the intervention of the Organization for Islamic Cooperation (OIC) to find a peaceful solution to the crisis in Egypt. The Iranian government strongly condemned the "massacres" by the military.
•  Italy - In Rome , the Egyptian ambassador was summoned. The Italian government proposed that the EU stop arms deliveries to Egypt. Deputy Foreign Minister Marta Dassù said arms exports should be suspended at least during the state of emergency in Egypt.
•  Netherlands - The Netherlands suspended an aid program for Egypt until further notice. According to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, this involved around eight million euros for development projects to promote human rights, administration and water supply.
•  Norway - The Norwegian government revoked all licenses for military exports to Egypt. The Norwegian Foreign Ministry had already stopped exports of armaments to Egypt before the summer.
•  Qatar - Qatar condemned the actions of the Egyptian security forces. According to other sources, it condemned the "bloodshed in Egypt".
•  Russia - Russia limited itself to cautioning its citizens in Egypt. According to other sources, the Russian Foreign Ministry called on all political forces to remain level-headed and be guided by national interests. One should try to solve all political and socio-economic problems in a democratic way.
•  Saudi Arabia - King Abdullah reiterated his support for the Egyptian government "against terrorism" and condemned the "interference" in the country. Saudi Arabia supported the Egyptian economy with $ 5 billion.

The Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan with the R4bia greeting

•  Turkey - The government and opposition in Turkey strongly condemned the actions of the Egyptian security forces. Minister of Culture Ömer Çelik wrote of "open murder" on Twitter. He called on the international community not to look on any longer and criticized the fact that Western democracies in particular limited themselves to merely expressing their concern about developments.

The Turkish President Abdullah Gül criticized the actions of the Egyptian security forces against supporters of Morsi, which he described as completely unacceptable, and warned that the situation in Egypt, like in Syria, could develop into a civil war . He recalled that the events in Syria had also started with armed attacks on peaceful demonstrators and sparked a civil war. He described the direction taken as a "dead end".

Turkey requested an emergency UN Security Council meeting on the international community's approach to Egypt. Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan expressed sharp criticism of the actions of the Egyptian security forces on August 14, stating that the silence of the international community had paved the way for the violent crackdown by the Egyptian authorities. On August 14th, he called on the United Nations and the Arab League to act on the Egyptian crisis, as immediate steps were needed to "stop the massacre". On August 15, he intensified his criticism of the Western states, calling them complicit in the bloodshed in Egypt. Erdoğan said literally on August 15 in Ankara : "Those who remain silent in the face of this massacre are just as guilty as those who caused it". Erdoğan indirectly accused Western heads of state and government of supporting the violence in Egypt. In phone calls with him, they did not deny that a military coup had taken place in Egypt, but they expressed themselves differently to the public, Erdoğan said. The West would face a “democracy test” in Egypt: “If Western states do not take serious steps, the world will begin to question democracy.” Erdoğan assumed “the West” assumed that democracy in Egypt was a military coup been saved. This shows Western "hypocrisy".

After the bloody evacuation of the protest camps in Cairo, Ankara withdrew its ambassador from Egypt.

Turkey was one of the sharpest critics of the military coup in Egypt. Erdoğan had severely condemned the action in Cairo as a "massacre" and called for those responsible to be punished.

In Ankara, thousands gathered in front of a mosque, commemorated the dead and went to the embassies of Egypt and the USA.

US Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel on the phone with the Egyptian military chief Sisi on August 24, 2013, in which he allegedly urged Sisi to make progress on the political "roadmap" and to refrain from violence.

•  United States - A statement by a government spokesman that the violence was condemned remained the only official comment from the US government on August 14. The reaction of the US government was rated in the German Tagesschau report as apparently "at a loss".

According to other media reports, the United States strongly condemned the violence against the demonstrators. White House deputy spokesman Josh Earnest said on Aug. 14: "We have repeatedly urged the Egyptian military and security forces to restrain themselves and respect the rights of its citizens." Region endangered ". The ongoing violence will only make the path to a stable democracy more difficult. Obama will be kept informed about developments in Egypt. US aid to Egypt would be reviewed on an ongoing basis.

The US government expressed strict opposition to the declaration of a state of emergency. Josh Earnest said: "We strongly oppose a return to emergency laws and urge the government to respect basic human rights such as freedom of assembly and the rule of law."

While US Secretary of State John Kerry had rated the military coup in Egypt the previous week as a “restoration of democracy” and was heavily criticized for it, he has now declared that the US government does not want to take sides in the conflict: “We are not in the position to give a certain side our support. ”He called for the immediate lifting of the emergency by the“ Egyptian government ”. On the night of August 15, Kerry called on the army to hold new elections in Egypt. He went on to say on August 14: "Today's events are regrettable and counteract Egypt's striving for peace, inclusion and real democracy". The military and the interim government have the supremacy and therefore the special responsibility to prevent further bloodshed. The military and the transitional government must now offer “constructive solutions” in order to initiate a peace process “across the political spectrum”. According to Kerry, this included not only a constitutional amendment, but also parliamentary and presidential elections. However, a political settlement of the crisis in Egypt “became much, much more difficult due to the […] events [of August 14]”.

On August 15, Obama declared that following recent events “our traditional cooperation cannot simply go on”, but he acknowledged the partnership with the Egyptian leadership.

The USA canceled a joint training session for both armed forces, which traditionally takes place every two years. Obama said he has asked the US National Security Council to determine whether further consequences are necessary. He did not address whether this includes a freezing of the billion dollar military aid. The US also asked its citizens to leave Egypt.

•  Venezuela - Venezuela's President Nicolás Maduro withdrew his ambassador from Cairo amid escalating violence in Egypt. The management of the mission will be taken over by a chargé d'affaires ad interim. Maduro called the ongoing riots in Egypt a "bloodbath" and blamed the Muslim Brotherhood and the "imperialists" for it.
•  UN - UN Secretary General Ban Ki Moon condemned the violent evacuation of the two Muslim Brotherhood protest camps in Cairo "in the strongest terms". He called on all parties to the conflict to focus on reconciliation instead of violence. A statement dated August 14th said he had only recently reiterated his call to all sides for moderation. He regrets that "the Egyptian authorities have instead chosen violence against as a reaction to ongoing demonstrations". The vast majority of the Egyptian population wanted their country to move peacefully towards democracy and prosperity, Ban Ki Moon continued. He called on all Egyptians, in the face of the escalation of violence, to focus their efforts on promoting genuine reconciliation in the country that includes all. In a statement from United Nations headquarters in New York on the night of August 15, Ban recalled that contradicting views and experiences in Egypt's history are not uncommon. A UN spokesman said: "However, from the Secretary General's point of view, it is important that dissenting opinions are expressed respectfully and peacefully". Ban regrets that these requirements have not been met in the recent bloody clashes.

On August 17th, he urged the Egyptian authorities and "political leaders" to come up with a credible plan to contain the violence and revitalize the political process,

The UN Human Rights Commissioner Navanethem Pillay called for an investigation into the actions of the security forces. On August 15, she announced in Geneva: "The number of people killed or injured, even on the basis of government data, indicates excessive, even extreme use of force against demonstrators". Pillay demanded that the behavior of the security forces be subjected to an independent and credible review. Anyone found guilty of a crime should be held accountable. "The security forces must respect the law and human rights, including the right to freedom of expression and the right to peaceful demonstrations," said Pillay.

•  European Union - On August 14, the EU called on the conflicting parties in Egypt to “exercise maximum restraint”. A spokesman for the EU Commission in Brussels called the reports of dead and injured after the evacuation of the protest camps "extremely worrying". EU Foreign Affairs Representative Catherine Ashton said in a statement published in Brussels: "I condemn the loss of life, injuries and destruction in Cairo and other places in Egypt". She is deeply concerned about the situation in Egypt. The further escalation in the following days sharply condemned the European Union and called on the security forces to moderate. Ashton demanded in Brussels that the rights of all citizens to freedom of expression and peaceful protest must be preserved.

Human rights organizations and experts

• A group of independent United Nations human rights experts issued a statement on August 16. Chaloka Beyani, head of the UN Human Rights Council's coordinating committee of international experts, condemned any excessive use of force by the security forces, and urged a full investigation into their actions. Peaceful demonstrations should not be countered with violence and those responsible for ordering and perpetrating arbitrary killings and other human rights violations could be held accountable for their actions under national and international law. The serious violations of international human rights law , which occurred when the protest camps were dissolved in Cairo and which resulted in the death of hundreds of women, young people and media representatives, should not go unpunished. The group also condemned any violence perpetrated by the demonstrators, calling on them to remain peaceful and oppose violence and retribution.
• On August 16, Amnesty International described the violent dissolution of the main pro-Mursi sit-in in Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Square as the “bloodiest single event, based on the 288 deaths officially reported by the Ministry of Health of the transitional government on August 16 since the outbreak of the "January 25th Revolution" more than two years ago. Philip Luther, director of the Middle East and North Africa Program at Amnesty International, said that, based on the initially compiled eyewitness accounts and other evidence, "there appears to be little doubt that the security forces have acted with blatant disregard for human life." independent full investigations are also urgently needed.
• Human Rights Watch , in a report dated August 19, 2013, spoke of "the worst mass killings in the modern history of Egypt," and accused the forces of violating the simplest international police standards. Joe Stork, acting head of the Middle East and North Africa, said: “The military leadership urgently needs to get a grip on the police if they are to prevent the country from sinking into a spiral of violence. Above all, it must not encourage the security forces to use more deadly force. ”“ Excessive and unjustified violence ”, Stork said, was“ the worst possible reaction to the very tense situation in Egypt ”. Human Rights Watch concluded that the "worst excesses of violence" occurred in the evacuation of the Rabia protest camp. According to the initial results of the investigation, the security forces used excessive force to break up the camp and illegally killed a number of unarmed demonstrators. Obviously, those responsible had not planned the operation while minimizing the dangers "to life and limb of all those involved". Among other things, they had not created safe escape routes and “did not publicly order only targeted, absolutely necessary killings to be carried out”. Testimony, video footage and observations by Human Rights Watch employees suggested "that the overwhelming majority of the demonstrators were unarmed." However, some carried batons and a few shot security guards. Testimony and videos posted on YouTube indicated that police officers illegally killed protesters who were clearly not violent.
• Gasser Abdel-Razek, deputy director of the Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights , said:

"There can be no hope for the rule of law and political stability in Egypt, much less some modicum of justice for victims, without accountability for what may be the single biggest incident of mass killing in Egypt's recent history on August 14."

"There can be no hope of the rule of law and political stability in Egypt, let alone a minimum of justice for the victims, without accountability for what on August 14th may have been the greatest single event of mass killing in modern Egyptian history."

• On December 10, 2013, International Human Rights Day , an alliance of 13 Egyptian and international human rights organizations - Human Rights Watch , Amnesty International , The Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights , Alkarama Foundation , The Center for Egyptian Women Legal Assistance (CEWLA), The Nadim Center for the Rehabilitation of Victims of Torture , The Arab Network for Human Rights Information (ANHRI), The Association of Freedom of Thought and Expression (AFTE), The Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies (CIHRS) , Nazra for Feminist Studies , Warkom Beltaqrir / The National Community for Human Rights and Law (NCHRL), International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH) and The Egyptian Center for Economic and Social Rights (ECESR, "Egyptian Center for Economic and Social Rights") - the authorities of the Egyptian Transitional government on the killing of up to 1,000 protesters by security forces while breaking up the Mus sit-ins to recognize the Limbruderschaft of August 14, 2013 and to investigate it seriously and carefully. They stressed that the interim government had not issued a public report on the events of August 14, 2013 and that prosecutors must now investigate and hold members of the security forces accountable for excessive and unjustified use of lethal force. In addition to the mass killing of 14 August, 2013, the statement listed (human rights organizations on 10 December four other mass killings on July 8 , July 27 , August 16 , October 6 ) to Mursi supporters after the fall Mursi on. The total number of fatalities in these four other mass killings was 333, with three members of the security forces also having died.
• Bahey el Din Hassan, director of the Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies , said the killing of seven police officers during the resolution of the sit-in in Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Square did not justify the nature of the collective punishment of hundreds of protesters and its disproportionate use deadly violence of August 14, 2013.
• Gamal Eid, director of the Arab Network for Human Rights Information , said human rights conditions in Egypt had taken a dangerous turn for the worse after the military overthrown Morsi on July 3, 2013. "If nearly 700 civilians are killed within 18 hours, that is a massacre," said Eid of the August 14, 2013 bloodbath. Israel "invaded" Lebanon in 2006, killing 620 people in 33 days, Eid said to compare the 35-day military conflict ( Lebanon War 2006 ) between the militant Lebanese group Hezbollah and the Israelite military, in which at least 560 people were killed, according to Human Right Watch . "If the only crime of the current military-installed regime is the Rābiʿa massacre, then the massacre alone is enough to put Egypt at the forefront of human rights violations," said Eid.

Scientific voices

• Charles A. Kupchan , a political scientist in international relations at Georgetown University and a senior fellow of the Council on Foreign Relations , believed that the violent actions destroyed all hopes for an interim government that was inclusive and predominant, at least for the foreseeable future is civilly managed, even if it is supported by the generals.
• Stephan Roll from the Near / Middle East and Africa Research Group of the Science and Politics Foundation (SWP) wrote about the bloodbath of August 14, 2013: “With over 600 dead in just one day, there was an unprecedented massacre in modern Egyptian history. Obviously it was the military leadership that did not want the mediation to be successful. "
• Shadi Hamid, Head of Research at the Brookings Doha Center and Fellow at the Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution , and Peter Mandaville, Co-Director of the Ali Vural Ak Center for Global Islamic Studies at George Mason University , former member of the US State Department's Policy Planning Staff and Non-Resident Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution concluded, “The type of repression we see today - including four mass killings during the summer, one of which was the worst massacre in recent Egyptian history - will have lasting consequences for Egyptian society. ”In their book“ A Coup too Far: The Case for Reordering US Priorities in Egypt ”, published in September 2013, the two specialist authors write that after the Human Rights Watch named "the most serious incident of mass unlawful killings in recent Egyptian history" described the event of August 14, 2013 and “a total of four mass killings aimed at Morsi supporters in a span of just six weeks”, the “most urgent question for the US and its allies” is “how the excesses of the Egyptian army and its use Unbridled ruthless violence against political opponents should be mitigated. ”On October 7, 2013, one day after the bloodbath on the 40th anniversary of the Yom Kippur War , Shadi Hamid said in an interview with Celeste Headlee entitled“ Has The US Forgotten Egypt ? ”On National Public Radio (NPR):“ Unfortunately, I think Egypt has gotten something off the [US] political radar. In August, after the August 14th massacre that killed hundreds in Egypt, it was a top priority for a short while and there was a real discussion going on in Washington about what to do with Egypt, suspend military aid and such further. But then the Syria crisis became a top priority and there was a focus on military strikes and the displaced Egypt a little. ”Hamid described the HRW report from August 2014 as a“ devastating charge ”of the behavior of the Egyptian interim government. No representative of the Egyptian government wanted to seriously address the Rābiʿa issue. The government - so Hamid - avoids any preoccupation with the topic or with facts that would remind the Egyptians of the events of 2013 and that would throw a very bad image of the government and the military in Egypt, as well as of the Egyptian population in which many had cheered the "massacre" during its course.

Press

• The Guardian called the bloody dissolution of the protest camps in Cairo a "massacre by the security forces of around 1,000 pro-Morsi demonstrators" and the worst of the three mass killings since the fall of Morsi in early July.
• According to the New York Times , analysts saw the attack by the security forces as the clearest sign that the Egyptian police state had reappeared with full force. Emad Shahin, political scientist at the American University in Cairo , said that we are witnessing “the beginning of a systematic crackdown against the Muslim Brotherhood, other Islamists and other opponents of the military coup.” “In the end,” said Shahin, “the West will be support the winning side. "
• The London Times ruled that it was a "massacre". “Even if the Muslim Brotherhood bore their share of the responsibility”, “the commitment […] would be disproportionate to the provocations.” “Neither America nor Europe” could now “pretend that this slaughter did not exist”. It would "not be enough to" review "the current policy, as the Obama spokesman promised." "Quiet tolerance" will be interpreted "in the Muslim world as tacit approval." The Times also said that military chief Sisi was for responsible for the deaths of more than 600 civilians. Egypt's military leaders are faced with the choice of continuing their course "after a week of unbearable violence" and "condemning Egypt to a decade-long conflict between a police state and an Islamist uprising" or keeping to their promise to put Egypt on the path of a representative one To run government. "With every action that drives the Muslim Brotherhood underground," the Times judged, "the chances of a peaceful transition to democracy in Egypt decrease."
• The Parisian Le Monde demanded that “after this mass killing in Cairo, the 28 EU countries should block the promised five billion euros in aid for Egypt until talks have been initiated and democratic mechanisms that deserve the name have been re-launched. Anything else would be an evasive maneuver. ”According to the daily, the“ decision of the al-Sisi camp to massacre demonstrators and allow the worst attacks against civilians ”is“ an unacceptable step that must be punished. ”
• Dernières Nouvelles d'Alsace (Strasbourg): “These latest scenes of chaos will hang on the Supreme Military Council for a long time. The friendly images that showed fraternization scenes between the population and soldiers have been erased for good. Even the sharpest opponents of (Ex-) President (Mohammed) Mursi are appalled by the mass killings. These are terrible days that Egypt is going through. The Muslim Brotherhood will try to mobilize its supporters and will proclaim new "martyrs". The army will present itself as a protective wall against chaos. Democrats are marginalized and can only hope for better times. What a tragic development in Egypt, where it was hoped that a constitutional state would be established. "
• El País (Madrid) wrote that “the oppression of the Muslim Brotherhood” plunged Egypt into “violent confrontation”. The country repeats "the drama that Algeria had experienced around 20 years ago when the military seized power between the first and second round of democratic elections" and an "infernal civil war" with "more than 150,000 dead" resulted. The "responsibility for the bloodbath in Egypt" is borne by "above all the transitional government". The Muslim Brotherhood "sought a violent clash with the military, but the government and the army should not have allowed themselves to be provoked by the supporters of the ousted President Mohammed Morsi."
• Berlingske (Copenhagen): “The army never really gave up power. Moderate and secular forces in Egypt appear to have almost disappeared from the political scene as the battle between the army and the Muslim Brotherhood rages on. Although the Egyptians were given the prospect of new elections after the military came to power, it is hardly conceivable that these would result in anything other than another victory for the Muslim Brotherhood - with unforeseeable consequences for the rest of the sad remnants of the Arab Spring. "
• The Swedish Göteborgs Posten described the "bloodbath [...] in which at least a hundred people lost their lives" as "a shocking and deeply disappointing event" and wrote of a "tragedy as the hope for democracy in Egypt turned into violence and Dissolves contradictions ”and the“ liberal and democratic forces ”are“ more and more trapped in an increasingly polarizing social climate ”. “Vice-President Mohamed ElBaradei justified his resignation by saying that there were peaceful alternatives. The constructive and democratic forces in the country on which the whole world had put their hopes are now protesting. "
• According to De Telegraaf (Amsterdam) “it is regrettable that the army and police did not have the patience to resolve the protests in a peaceful manner. As a result, the direct confrontation between the Muslim Brotherhood and the other parties is getting stronger and the country threatens to slide into civil war. And with that, the hope for a stable democratic government in Egypt that could serve as a model for other countries in the Middle East vanishes. "
• The Turkish Milliyet (Istanbul) wrote: “How did this come about? One of the most important reasons for this is not to accept the other. There were many who complained about the Morsi government. They met in Tahrir Square and in the end demanded the resignation of the President. This answered with a hard hand. But the differences should not have been settled on the street, but at the round table. But no one was ready to compromise. The chance to find a solution in Ramadan was wasted. This week's massacre marks the most critical chapter in Egypt's history. Now, after so much bloodshed, there is not even a glimmer of hope to clear the democratic path again. "
• The press (Vienna) wrote on August 16 that it was a “massacre with announcement”, for which the generals understood the “West's indifference to the coup” as a “license for a bloodbath” and in which “ liberal forces ”to a“ fig leaf ”:“ US Secretary of State John Kerry went so far as to describe the generals' actions as' restoring democracy '. Can you hold it against them for interpreting this as carte blanche? Especially since they learned an important lesson in the Mubarak decades: No matter what we do, the money flows from Washington. "
• The Swiss newspaper Neue Zürcher Zeitung wrote of the “lost innocence of the army”: “While the generals, above all (army commander) Abdelfatah as-Sisi, preach national unity and conspicuously follow the tradition of Gamal Abdel Nasser, the stability of the Security forces by no means fixed. Many of the law enforcement officers still see the army as that positive force that stood by the people in the struggle for justice two and a half years ago. The escalation of violence will encourage a cult of martyrs and arouse the need for revenge. Some of the rebellious boys from Tahrir Square have seen through the army's evil game and are desperately fighting for their hearing in the noisy battle. Your call to save the revolution deserves full support. "
• Die Welt (Berlin) saw the event as an inevitable clash between two “warring camps - here the military, there the Muslim Brotherhood”. The “Islamists” saw “no basis for a conversation after Mohammed Morsi, their freely elected president, was overthrown.” However, “under the rule of the military” their “fight against the current situation” could “only end in defeat”. The failure of a “national dialogue” to take place is due to the fact that the “Islamists” did not seek a “conversation”. It is wiser to prevent civil war in the “national dialogue” and to fight through part of one's own interests. The question arises as to whether "the Muslim Brotherhood is able to do this", given the numerous younger members in their ranks who are "less radical than the current leaders".
• According to the Neue Presse (Hanover), there was “nothing left in Egypt” after the events of August 14th. With the "violent action by the army against the supporters of the ousted President Morsi" the way is "mapped out" and leads "either into total chaos or into a new military dictatorship". The "announcement of the army leadership after Morsi's disempowerment that they want to return to democracy as soon as possible" has turned out to be "a phrase". Apparently, "the generals had only used the uprising of the opposition against the rule of the Muslim Brotherhood to push themselves back into their old position and power from the Mubarak era."
• The Stuttgarter Nachrichten pleaded for “sober politics of interests” by the “West” regardless of moral criteria. “Instead of using moral clichés”, “the West must undertake a sober analysis of its own interests”. A civil war creates poverty, a power vacuum, "the best breeding ground for fundamentalists, terrorists and the expansion of the Iranian mullahs' sphere of power" and brings "Israel into a situation in which chaos reigns on both great borders". The “only real concern of the West” is “stability in Egypt”. The United States and its allies have "at most influence on the military", who are "perhaps no better than the other side", but "perhaps receptive to pressure and arguments".
• The Straubinger Tagblatt ruled that “on the part of the Muslim Brotherhood, there was a lack of insight” that “no government in this world - even if it emerged from a military coup - can tolerate a militant minority in the country and in the long run terrorized its citizens ”. “The agitators” had “achieved their goal”, “to create martyrs without regard to human life”, “in order to attract the attention of the world public and to be pityed”. The Muslim Brotherhood continues to lack the insight "that they have lost power and influence because after the election of President Morsi they acted like monarchs instead of relying on a broad consensus for the reconstruction of Egypt".
• tagesschau.de described the events of August 14th as a foreseeable event in view of previous “serious riots”: “The escalation of violence had become apparent. Over the past few weeks there have repeatedly been serious riots since Morsi was ousted by the military in early July. "
• Markus Bickel wrote in the FAZ at the beginning of November that “the massacre of more than 800 demonstrators [was] the largest in the modern history of Egypt”.

More voices

• In an interview with Martha McCallum for Fox News on August 14, the publicist and former US military and military intelligence officer, Lieutenant Colonel Ralph Peters, called for a clear foreign policy position by the Obama administration in favor of the Egyptian coup plotters and against the Muslim Brotherhood, which he accused of to have seized power through a "coup" during her reign. In his view, there is a stark contrast between the “do-gooders and appeasers in the West” who expressed concern about the events and the Egyptian people who support the military. The pictures of the day with the violent reactions of the Muslim Brotherhood had shown that they were not peaceful demonstrators, but criminals who were on their way to become terrorists. "The enemy of the Egyptian people and the American people" is "Islamist extremism," continued Peters, and the US should keep an eye on this. The Egyptian army is in no way an ideal ally, but "far better than the medieval-minded bigots, criminals and terrorists among the extremist Islamists in Egypt and elsewhere." Peters emphasized that everything could have been avoided if he had his opinion after merely elected in protest, Morsi did not “cheat” the young democracy and tried to “impose Islamism” on the Egyptian people through a “constitution shaped by Sharia”. The army and people in Egypt and the Middle East would fight to build modern, respectable and tolerant societies. The Obama administration has so far helped the wrong people by initially supporting Morsi against the “freedom demonstrators”. The events in Egypt were about the reaction of the Egyptian people against the Muslim Brotherhood, which wanted to take away the people's freedom, and the US must clearly prioritize this development of the coup government in the direction of “modernity, tolerance, progress and economic growth as well as honesty ”, and not on the side of the“ pious, medieval, primitive, hateful religion directed against peaceful Muslims ”.

• 

  US Senator John McCain

• 

  US Senator Lindsey Graham

• The US Senator Lindsey Graham , who had been with his colleague John McCain for a meeting with Army Chief Sisi at the beginning of August , now said that Sisi, who had previously been praised by the US for the removal of the elected Egyptian President Morsis, had on him made the impression of being in a "power frenzy". Graham described the Prime Minister of the transitional government Hazem Beblawi as a "disaster". Beblawi strictly rejected negotiations with the Muslim Brotherhood. By breaking previous agreements with the Muslim Brotherhood, the Egyptian leadership had so duped the US and European politicians who tried to mediate before the Muslim Brotherhood that a declaration to renounce violence could no longer be enforced. In addition, US diplomats suspected representatives of the United Arab Emirates of having promised the Egyptian leadership a reward for the annihilation of the Muslim Brotherhood. Political circles in Washington suspect Israel of being a "double game". The Israeli government and corresponding lobby groups in the US Congress had previously asked the US government to maintain US support for the leadership of the Egyptian military coup. John McCain, who had already called for a military aid stop at the beginning of July, rejected it at the beginning of August as a wrong signal at the time.
• According to the Guardian , the "international committee" condemned the massacre, contrary to its relative silence towards the two similar mass killings in the previous weeks near the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya.
• The Washington Post reported on August 16 that, according to the EU special envoy Bernardino León , the US government believed that two weeks before the bloodbath there was a tangible possibility of a peace agreement between the Muslim Brotherhood and the interim government. However, this failed because of the resistance of the military-backed transitional government under Sisi, which instead ordered the bloody end of the protest camps.

Investigations and investigative reports

GlobalPost investigative report dated February 26, 2014

Paramedics sew the wound of a Mursi supporter in the field hospital of the Rābiʿa sit-in (photo: Asmaa Shehata, August 14, 2013). The Egyptian Interior Ministry initially claimed that live ammunition had not been used to disperse the protesters.

One of Asmaa Shehata's photos shows a man's brain kicking on the blood-smeared floor of the field hospital.

A reconstruction of the events published by GlobalPost in late February 2014 by correspondent Louisa Loveluck, based on eyewitness interviews, crime scene visits, first-hand observations on August 14, and an examination of video and photo evidence, concluded that " Thousands of peaceful protesters were trapped inside the camp as security forces often launched ruthless attacks on the crowd ”. The deaths of "more than 900 people" "inside the camp" have plunged Egypt into unrest. It was the "deadliest day in the history of the Egyptian Republic". The "fallout of the massacre" had "poisoned the country's post-revolutionary politics" and "captured the military-backed authorities of Egypt and the Muslim Brotherhood in a struggle for survival that destroyed families, heightened sectarian tensions and enabled the rise of Islamic militancy."

The GlobalPost report also highlights the photographic documentation of the dead and wounded in the field hospital of Asmaa Shehata, a 31-year-old journalist who participated in the Rābi Ra sit-in and was in the camp when the sit-in was stormed. Their pictures showed that bullets had drilled large holes in the skulls of protesters. One of her photographs showed a man's brain popping out of the skull on the bloody floor of the field hospital. The interior ministry of the military-backed interim regime insisted on the evening of August 14 that the police had only used tear gas against demonstrators. In response to a request from GlobalPost in February 2014, the Interior Ministry of the military-backed transitional government modified its statement by stating that live ammunition had actually been used, but only to a limited extent and only against those who had carried automatic weapons.

The GlobalPost report further emphasizes that the allegation that a significant number of demonstrators were heavily armed is at the center of the Interior Ministry's justification for what happened during the August 14th Rābiʿa sit-in. The interior ministry of the military-backed transitional government has repeatedly insisted that the evacuation had taken place in accordance with internationally recognized standards for controlling crowds. In February 2014, General Hani Abdel Latif, spokesman for the Interim Ministry of the Interior, told GlobalPost: "This was an appropriate response, directed only at those who used live ammunition on police officers."

In contrast, the GlobalPost report states that testimonies from witnesses who were inside the so-called Muneyfa building, from where resistance against the police had been made, as well as publicly available videos as evidence, suggested that there was no more than one Dozen firearms found in the hands of the demonstrators. Witness testimony and video evidence from the rest of the square showed that some demonstrators were carrying batons and firing some shots at security forces. But "the overwhelming majority" were unarmed. The disproportionate nature of the police action is already clear from the figures, according to which - according to the forensic authorities - 627 corpses were brought to the official morgue or to hospitals, excluding corpses that were directly buried by the relatives of the dead. From this number of those killed during the dissolution within the Rābiʿa-sit-ins, for which the Egyptian Center for Economic and Social Rights listed a list of 904 names and other non-governmental organizations assumed even higher numbers, according to the Ministry of Health the military-based ones were Transitional government dealt with police officers in only eight cases, according to later information from Human Rights Watch in nine cases.

AP investigative report dated August 10, 2014

An investigative report published on August 10, 2014 by the Associated Press news agency on August 14, 2013 came to the conclusion that the commanders gave the security forces a "blanket power" to carry out lethal violence in what - according to the AP - "the largest massacre in the Recent History of Egypt ”at Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Square in Cairo. Two generals from the Home Office, who report to the police, told the Associated Press, on condition that their names were kept secret , that high-level security officials had prepared their forces to expect the eviction to escalate quickly without having to worry about theirs To be held accountable for actions by considering them as self-defense. One of the generals had disclosed steps his ministry had taken to prevent any forensic investigation at the crime scene. Ammunition from different warehouses was mixed up in order to conceal its origin and to make it more difficult to prosecute police officers as before after the protests against Mubarak.

According to Fatma Yahya Bayad, a surgeon at the makeshift clinic set up by the protesters in the lobby of the Rābiʿa Mosque, the influx of victims into the clinic started within 15 minutes of the eviction, guards from the Barricades on the eastern part of the sit-in had come in with gashes from large-caliber weapons. On the west side of the sit-in, the police reportedly fired warning shots into the air during the first 20 minutes. According to the statement of the two generals of the Interior Ministry, the police forces on the west side came under fire on nearby buildings. Lt. Mohammed Gouda, who circled around with a loudspeaker to tell residents to stay inside their homes, was the first police officer to be shot and killed. The security forces reacted to the death of Gouda with panic and triggered a heavy fire. The question of which side fired first in Rābiʿa was judged by AP as not definitively resolved by the testimony. However, testimony from the demonstrators would suggest that the first gunshot victims had already occurred among the demonstrators when Gouda was killed at the opposite end of the sit-in area.

Human Rights Watch report and appeals dated August 12, 2014

On August 12, 2014, Humn Rights Watch (HRW) published a 188-page report "All According to Plan - The Rab'a Massacre and Mass Killings of Protesters in Egypt" after a year of research. For the report, HRW interviewed more than 200 eyewitnesses, including demonstrators, doctors, local residents and journalists. HRW employees were on site during or immediately after the attacks began. For the study, they evaluated evidence, extensive footage and official statements. The Egyptian ministries involved, however, refused to comment on specific questions. Among other things, videos showed snipers with 7.62 millimeter assault rifles, accompanied by target seekers with binoculars who selected the victims from the roof.

In the report, HRW came to the conclusion that it was under the leadership of the ex-army chief and later President Abd al-Fattah as-Sisi in the considerate crushing of the mass demonstrations during the storming of the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya and Nahda squares in Cairo on April 14 August 2013 "excessive force" was systematically used. Since the army attacked the tent camp from all main entrances with armed personnel carriers, evacuation vehicles, infantrymen and snipers, no safe escape was possible for more than twelve hours. According to HRW, the security forces themselves "shot at makeshift medical facilities and used snipers against people trying to get in or out of Rabia Hospital." The incident was "one of the most brutal mass executions of demonstrators in recent world history".

The "execution of 817 or more demonstrators" - according to HRW - is "clearly disproportionate to the danger for residents, security personnel or other people", even if several hundred of the estimated 85,000 demonstrators were thrown at police officers with stones and Molotov cocktails at the beginning of the eviction and fired at them occasionally, explained HRW, referring to the fact that Egyptian officials had justified the evacuation of the Rābiʿa protest camp on the grounds that the protest camp had disturbed the residents, that political opponents were allegedly detained and mistreated there and that the participants in the Sit -ins counterattacks. Even if the government had a legitimate interest in creating security at a place of protest, it did not vacate the place under the greatest possible protection of all concerned, so HRW further. The principle that lethal weapons may only be used to avert immediate danger to life was not observed during the Rābiʿa evacuation. During the evacuation of the protest camp on Rabia-al-Adawija-Platz on August 14, according to HRW, "the security forces calculated several thousand deaths and undoubtedly killed 817, probably at least 1,000 people". The fact that Interior Minister Mohammed Ibrahim announced on August 14 that 15 firearms had been seized in Rābiʿa Square after the protest was completely dissolved was taken by HRW as a sign that “very few demonstrators” were armed. This underpins "the overwhelming evidence that the police shot down hundreds of unarmed people".

HRW emphasized that around a year after the event, still not a single police officer or army member had been brought to justice. The violent operation has been shown to have been planned at the highest level of government - and most of those responsible are still in power. The chain of command extends to the top management and also includes the later Egyptian President Sisi. However, the HRW report concludes that the "systematic, large-scale killings of at least 1,150 demonstrators by Egyptian security forces in July and August 2013" are likely crimes against humanity , a crime for which the perpetrators internationally could be held accountable by the courts.

Since the Egyptian criminal authorities would not hold those responsible to account, the organization asked the UN Human Rights Council to investigate the "massacre". According to HRW, the United Nations should investigate the role of Abd al-Fattah al-Sisi , who is now president, and around a dozen other senior civil servants, including high-ranking politicians and generals, in the atrocities, including Interior Minister Mohammed Ibrahim , head of intelligence Mohamed Farid Tohamy and the head of the special forces ( Egyptian Special Forces , abbreviation: ESF) and commander of the Rābiʿa operation, Medhat Menschawi . In addition to Sisi, Ibrahim, Tohamy and Menschawi, HRW's research identified eight key representatives from the Interior Ministry, three high-ranking army leaders and several high-ranking civilian leaders whose role in the mass killings of demonstrators in July and August 2013 should be further investigated. HRW demanded that if these persons were found complicit in planning the mass killings of demonstrators or in failing to prevent the crimes of their subordinates committed with their knowledge or with the knowledge that they are required to do, they should also be held accountable.

Kenneth Roth , executive director of Human Rights Watch

• Kenneth Roth , Executive Director of Human Rights Watch said, “The security forces have been shown to open fire on crowds from the first minute. That debunks all claims that the government tried to keep the death toll low ”. “The extremely brutal evacuation,” Roth continues, “resulted in a shocking number of deaths that were predictable and actually planned by the government.” “The Egyptian security forces,” Roth said, “have arrived on Rabia Square committed one of the most brutal mass executions of demonstrators in recent world history ”. The HRW research allowed a clear verdict: "'Rabia' can be described as a crime against humanity," said Kenneth. And further: “That was a large-scale, systematic attack on the civilian population. That is, there was an agreement between the politicians involved in this attack ”.

Roth called for measures to be taken against those responsible: “It's not just about excessive use of force and poor training. It was an act of violence planned at the highest levels of government. Most of those responsible are still in power and need to finally be held accountable. ”HRW said the authorities“ did not hold even low-ranking police or army officers accountable for any of the killings, let alone the officers who carried them out Instead, they would “continue to brutally suppress all dissenting opinions”. Because of the "continuing impunity in Egypt", the international community should investigate the events and bring those responsible to justice. The international community should "also stop providing military and police support to Egypt until the government takes action against the massive human rights violations," said HRW.

Roth went on to say: "The government's ongoing attempts to knock out opposition figures, sweep human rights abuses under the rug and falsify history will not erase what happened in Rabia Square last year." The massacre casts a dark shadow over Egypt. "The country will not move forward", said Roth, "as long as it does not deal with this bloodstain on its history."

• Omar Shakir , the HRW attorney and researcher who wrote most of the HRW report, said, “It was not the case that security forces pinpointed armed elements in the demonstration and resulted in collateral damage. It was a envisioned plan to open fire on the crowd - tens of thousands of largely peaceful protesters - for hours without a safe exit for women, children, and those trying to flee the violence. ”“ A crime against them Humanity, ”continued Shakir,“ is a systematic, broad-based attack on the civilian population as part of government policy. That is exactly what we saw in Rābiʿa Square [...]. "
• Sarah Leah Whitson , the director of the Middle East and North Africa division of Human Rights Watch and one of the authors of the HRW report, mentioned the Egyptian government's focus on violence from the demonstrators at the August 12, 2014 press conference , a "deliberate attempt to mislead". She went on to say: “We can imagine how great the trauma is for people in a country where security forces can basically do whatever they want. They can even kill people in the name of safety. ”If this goes unpunished, says Sarah Leah Whitson, it stifles a vibrant democracy and gives the state power“ a license to kill ”.

It also called on all governments, but especially as Egypt's most important arms supplier, the USA, to end all security and military aid to Egypt, as the equipment is "used against its own civilians".

The HRW report was met with sharp criticism from groups in Egypt that supported the July 2013 military coup.

• The Egyptian interim government rejected any responsibility. The first person killed that day was a police officer who was shot and killed, and HRW did not address the numerous victims caused by the actions of the "allegedly peaceful demonstrators". The HRW report is also biased. Furthermore, HRW has no formal right to operate in Egypt. The Egyptian State Information Services described HRW as "full of negativity and bias in the way it handled the violent events Egypt witnessed in 2013". The report ignores all "the terrorist operations carried out by the Muslim Brotherhood terrorist organization and its supporters". Previously, the Egyptian authorities had not granted a visa to Egypt "for security reasons" to senior HRW directors, Kenneth Roth, and Middle East director Sarah Leah Whitson, who wanted to present the report in Cairo. The Egyptian government further claimed that the insistence of HRW representatives to visit Egypt and the publication of the HRW report was a move that “paralleled dubious moves by terrorist organizations and their supporters with the intention of further acts of violence and terrorism to exercise against the Egyptian state and innocent civilians ”.
• A representative of the Interior Ministry described the HRW report as politically motivated in a statement: "This report does not focus on human rights, but is directed against the Egyptian state."
• The chairman of the Egyptian Lives Party , former MP Mohamed Abu Hamed, criticized the report, calling Human Rights Watch a wing of the international organization of the Muslim Brotherhood. Abu Hamed called on the de facto state National Council for Human Rights (NCHR) to respond to the report's allegations.
• Al-Dostour Party Vice President Ahmed Al-Boraei said the report was biased and did not give the full picture as many residents of the sit-in area had been victims of violence and threats. The report neglects the violence perpetrated by the Muslim Brotherhood, as in the Bayn Al-Sarayat district, where 17 people died. Contrary to what the report said, the security forces gave many warnings and called on the demonstrators to leave the square. In addition, the first victims were to be complained of on the part of the police.
• Alaa Essam, plenipotentiary for the Al-Tagammu Party , said the report was illogical as it “gives the impression that Egypt is living in a repressive and violent period, when the opposite is true. The country is now experiencing a period of freedom and peace. ”The report does not mention that armed demonstrators and convicted criminals were in the Rābiʿa sit-in:“ Many of the sit-in administrators were convicted terrorists under the former President Morsi were acquitted. In addition, the sit-in involved many underprivileged people who were directed by the Muslim Brotherhood, ”said Essam. HRW neglects crimes against Christians in Iraq and against Palestinians. Nevertheless, the organization aims to "pressure and embarrass President al-Sisi," who recently campaigned to "end political and economic dependence and support the underprivileged classes." Organizations like HRW are known both for focusing only on government mistakes to create chaos in third world countries and for following the agendas of foreign intelligence agencies.
• The secretary general of the Egyptian Organization for Human Rights , Reda Marouf, said the report contradicts all other reports from official and independent human rights organizations. The dissolution took place in consideration of international standards of human rights. Interfering in Egyptian affairs is unacceptable.
• Hasim al-Beblawi, who was appointed by the military at the time of the incidents and acting as interim prime minister, vehemently rejected the criticism of the HRW report and said that a “sad decision” was necessary and that he had no “the slightest doubt that what happened was right ”. No disproportionate violence was used and it only lasted so long "because of the vicious resistance [of the demonstrators]".

However, groups opposed to the military coup in Egypt welcomed the HRW report:

• The media spokeswoman for the Egyptian Women Revolutionary Alliance , a group affiliated with the anti-coup alliance, Hoda Abdel Monem, welcomed the results of the HRW report, even if they came too late. The report will serve as a powerful tool in documenting the killings in the sit-ins by the coup leaders. The document also allows the sentencing of all those who participated in the crackdown.
• The Egyptian Revolutionary Council , affiliated with the Anti-Coup Alliance, said in a statement that the HRW report contained a large body of evidence "confirming the massacre [in Rābiʿa Square] that aimed to murder thousands of innocent civilians."

consequences

Immediate consequences

A part of the country that has been subject to a one-month night curfew since August 14, 2013.

• On the occasion of the bloody suppression of the mass protests against the overthrow of Morsi on August 14, the military-backed transitional government imposed a one-month state of emergency on the day of the “massacre of Islamists” by the security forces, which was extended by two months in mid-September to mid-November 2013 Transitional government justified with a persistently critical security situation. The three-month state of emergency gave authorities and emergency services far-reaching special rights to deal with protests and gatherings, and were able to carry out arrests without an arrest warrant and house searches without a judicial order. In addition, a controversial night curfew had gone into effect. In addition, the emergency laws, which were reactivated after the fall of Morsi, made the work of the press more difficult by entitling the armed forces to arrest critics of any kind at any time and, if necessary, to bring them to a military court. In the days following the declaration of the state of emergency, the number of those killed rose to more than a thousand since August 14.

In the weeks following the declaration of the state of emergency, more than 2,000 members of the Muslim Brotherhood were arrested, including almost the entire leadership of the Islamists. The number of participants in the protests against the military coup has fallen significantly since then. Seven weeks after the coup, according to Matthias Gebauer (Der Spiegel), the “entire management staff” of the Muslim Brotherhood, persecuted “relentlessly” after August 14, were either “dead or imprisoned” as a result of the rigorous wave of arrests; according to other press reports, at least most of them were imprisoned. After the August 14 bloodbath, the military and police strictly prohibited any rally. On the planned routes for protest marches, snipers were posted on roofs and threatened with sharp shots on state television.

• Immediately after the army in Cairo "caused a bloodbath with hundreds of dead" when the seated protests were violently triggered, more than 200 Christian-owned properties were attacked, with 43 churches being seriously damaged, particularly in Upper Egypt, which is partly more Christian. At least four people, including three Coptic Christians and one Muslim, died in the attacks in Delga, Minya City and Cairo , according to Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International . Human rights groups initially blamed various groups or individuals, and actions by provocateurs from the secret service became known. The Muslim Brotherhood condemned the attacks on churches and urged their supporters to show restraint, but in a statement they accused the Copts of complicity in opposing the Muslim Brotherhood and supporting the military.

Giza Cairo Alexandria Mahalla Aryan Sue Bani Suwaif Minya Abanub Asyut Hurghada Luxor Aswan Sudan Libya Israel Jordan Saudi Arabia Mediterranean Sea Red sea Sinai Peninsula

Nationwide protests by Islamists from March 14-16 August.

• Since the August 14 escalation, the military-backed transitional government has officially allowed the police to use live ammunition "to defend themselves or important government buildings". The reason for the Ministry of Interior's instructions to the police to start shooting live ammunition at looters and saboteurs was given in a statement as “terrorist attack by the Organization of the Muslim Brotherhood on various government and police facilities in several provinces”. The aim is to prevent public buildings from being set on fire and weapons being stolen from police stations.

From August 14, the greatest wave of violence in recent Egyptian history gripped the country. According to Bassem El-Smargy from the Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies (CIHRS), a total of between 1,000 and 1,500 people were killed within less than a week, according to official death tolls and own calculations. The vast majority of the victims were Islamists, mostly from the Muslim Brotherhood, killed by the police and the military. According to official figures, at least 173 civilians were killed and 1,330 injured nationwide in clashes between security forces and supporters of the ousted president on August 16. 95 of them died in Cairo alone, where a son of the head of the Muslim Brotherhood, Muhammad Badi'e , was shot. A Guardian reporter “eyed a massacre” of at least 19 people in Ramses Square on August 16. On August 18, the use of tear gas by police officers inside a police vehicle is said to have resulted in "the deaths of 37 prisoners and two other people". Western representatives accused the Egyptian security forces of "not distinguishing between peaceful and violent demonstrators". Of the more than 1,000 people who died in July and August 2013, almost all of them were civilians who had demonstrated against military chief Sisi and were shot dead by the security forces.

With the R4bia emblem and Mursi posters, demonstrators in Cairo on August 23, 2013 remember the bloodbath in the protest camps on August 14 and the overthrow of the president by the military.

• After the military-backed interim government broadcast on state television in mid-August that any protest would be crushed immediately and that the broadcasters, which had been reporting strictly in line with the government policy for weeks, advised the population to stay at home, as the “fight against terrorism”, which is widely praised by the media, would lead to violence could come, thousands of Morsi's supporters protested against the army leadership with the new symbol of their protest movement, a black hand on a yellow background that forms the so-called Mursi greeting with four fingers outstretched and the thumb placed across the palm. This " R4bia " emblem was intended to commemorate the hundreds of times the army killed demonstrators in front of the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya mosque on August 14 and alluded to the Arabic meaning of the maiden name Rābiʿa (German: "Fourth"). In addition, the R4bia symbol stood for Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Square in Egypt, which had become the central demonstration site for Mursi supporters. As a symbol of the bloody storming of the largest protest camp by the Islamists by the security forces, it became a permanent symbol of the resistance of the Muslim Brotherhood and also gained international recognition and dissemination as a symbol of the pro-Morsi protests, such as in Turkey and Germany.
• Vice-President Mohammed el Baradei, who resigned in protest against the excessive force of the military during the evacuation of the Muslim Brotherhood camps, flew to Vienna on August 18 , allegedly out of fear for his life , according to media reports.

Sustainable symbolism and public taboos

“Rābiʿa” became a taboo in Egypt . The symbols of the crackdown on the protests on August 14, 2013 such as the R4bia hand with the four fingers were legally banned from the public. The military-backed regime rejected an independent investigation. The results of the Human Rights Watch report dated August 12, 2014, described the Ministry of the Interior of the Egyptian regime as politically motivated and directed against the Egyptian state.

Prohibition of the R4bia symbols

→ Main article : R4bia

Like other symbols commemorating August 14, 2013, the R4bia symbol was legally banned from the public and the memory of the mass killing on Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Square was suppressed. For example, when some girls, including one whose brother had been killed in Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Square, distributed yellow balloons in the city of Ismailia in November 2013 as a token of solidarity with the victims of August 14, 2013, they were due This act, which the authorities of the military regime classified as a subversive act, was interrogated for hours, had to be body searched, arrested and charged with serious crimes, including endangering national security. The yellow color of their balloons was supposed to symbolize Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Square in Cairo as the scene of the mass killing of demonstrators by the security forces on August 14, 2013.

While the use of the R4bia symbol, which is reminiscent of the bloodbath of August 14, 2013 in Egypt , was punished by the military-backed transitional government of Egypt on December 25, 2013 with the official classification of the Muslim Brotherhood as a terrorist organization and as a punishment for using the R4bia symbol in social media was announced five years in prison on December 27, 2013, the R4bia symbolism gained international importance beyond Islamist circles. According to the Islamic and political scientist Thorsten Gerald Schneiders , its meaning expanded to include “protest against dictatorship and arbitrary rule in general”.

Design of Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Square and a memorial to the army and police

See also : Section “Symbolism of Tahrir Square as a Gathering Place for Protests” in “Bloodbath on the 40th Anniversary of the Yom Kippur War”

The military-backed transitional government had Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Square cordoned off on the morning of August 15 and kept closed for three months. After the opening, memories of the mass killing of the renovated square and its surroundings were eliminated and an abstract Rābiʿa sculpture was erected as a memorial in the middle of the square. The regime also made bonus payments to the security forces involved in the evictions on Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya and Al-Nahda Squares on August 14, 2013.

In a statement on the extensive work involved in restoring the square, the military said they had erected a fountain and a memorial on a square that "saw the most difficult times in Egyptian history." The memorial consists of a minimalist sculpture depicting two hands representing the army and the police, encircling a sphere believed to represent the people and intended to symbolize the cooperation between the army and police to protect the Egyptian people. The memorial has been criticized for being more of a historical revisionist than it was to deal with. Similar to the way the redesign of Tahrir Square was perceived by groups considered to be pro-democratic as the appropriation of symbolism by the military-backed transitional government and had led to their annoyance, the new statue in honor of the security forces at the site of the largest mass killing in recent history Egyptian supporters of the ousted President Morsi upset.

Semi-annual commemorative protests on February 14, 2013

Regardless of the restrictions against the R4bia symbolism and the Muslim Brotherhood, exactly six months after the bloodbath of August 14, 2013, on February 14, 2014, a Friday, around 2,000 anti-coup demonstrators demonstrated in the Maadi district of Cairo on the occasion of the semi-annual anniversary of the crackdown the protests of the supporters of the ousted President Mohammed Morsi. The “anti-coup alliance”, the most prominent pro-Morsi bloc of the opposition, had called for protest marches and demonstrations under the name “Rābiʿa, the icon of the revolution” to commemorate the six-month return of the violent dissolution of the Rābiʿa - to remind of the Nahda sit-in. With a statement on Facebook, the group responded to a one-week resistance beginning with the Friday prayers of February 14, 2014 under the name "Rābiʿa, the icon of the revolution" and the burning of flags and pictures of the USA, the "Zionist enemy" Israel and the United Arab Emirates urged and praised the “glorious principles” of the “revolution”.

• Anti-coup demonstration in Maadi / Cairo on February 14, 2014 - for the six-month commemoration day return to the bloodbath of August 14, 2013
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First anniversary of sit-in evictions on August 14th

In the run-up to the first anniversary, the anti-coup alliance led by the Muslim Brotherhood, the anti-coup alliance Alliance to Support Legitimacy (NASL), had called on loyalists of the elected government, which had been overthrown by the military in 2013, to take part in the main squares on August 14, 2014 - especially Tahrir , Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya and Nahda - to gather nationwide to commemorate the violent evictions on August 14, 2013. However, attempts by Morsi supporters to demonstrate on August 14 were suppressed by the police. Police clashes with tear gas against pro-Morsi demonstrators in several areas of Alexandria and in the city of Kerdasa. Similar unrest has been reported in the Nile Delta province of Sharqiya. Further unrest and protests were reported from Tanta ( Gharbiya governorate ), from Kafr al-Sheikh governorate , from Minya , Fayum , Damiette and from various places in Cairo, including Tahrir, Rābiʿa and Nahda squares were blocked by the police and heavily guarded.

In Cairo, at least four people were killed in protests marking the first anniversary of the mass killing in Rābiʿa and Nahda Squares on August 14. At least three of the killings occurred when police broke attempts by Morsi's supporters to commemorate the first anniversary of the August 14 mass killings in Cairo.

According to media reports based on AFP on August 15, 2014, a representative of the security authorities announced that four supporters of President Morsi, who had been overthrown by the military, were shot dead in “clashes with police officers and counter-demonstrators” (Zeit).

According to Al-Masry Al-Youm on August 14, a source from the security authorities in Giza reported the death of two Morsi supporters (according to other sources: a Morsi supporter and a bystander) and the wounding of three others by gunshots in "clashes of Muslim Brotherhood supporters and security forces ”(egyptindependent.com) or“ when clashes with security forces in Giza ”(Ahram Online) on the Nahya Bridge near Mohandessin reported. The clashes are said to have broken out after demonstrators allegedly blocked traffic on the bridge. The dead were Anwar El-Shawadfi and Ayman Abdel-Hadi.

Two other people were killed "in similar confrontations with the police in Cairo". These were Mamdouh Mohamed Saad, who was killed in Cairo's working class district of Matariya, and an unnamed person who was killed in the lower class district of Dar Al-Salam, adjacent to the upper class district of Maadi.

On the morning of August 14, 2014, a police chief in Helwan in the suburbs of Cairo was shot dead in his private car by unidentified perpetrators. Media reports based on AFP reports stated that the police officer was killed in protests on the anniversary, while according to other media reports (including state-Egyptian) the killing occurred in a separate incident and the motive of the perpetrators was unknown.

Protest actions to commemorate the mass killings took place on August 14, 2014 in western cities such as Washington and Berlin .

Around the anniversary of the so-called “Rābiʿa massacre”, the former military chief and new Egyptian President Sisi visited Saudi Arabia, which is closely allied with the Egyptian regime, and strengthened Egypt's strategic alliance with Saudi Arabia. According to the news channel al-Arabiya , Sisi also spoke to the Saudi King Abdullah ibn Abd al-Aziz Al Saʿud in his palace in Jeddah about regional and international affairs, including the current Gaza war, during his stay in Saudi Arabia on August 10, 2014 . Sisi was also awarded the King Abdulaziz necklace as the highest and most prestigious award in Saudi Arabia during his visit. According to Al-Arabiya, Sisi apparently also carried out the so-called small pilgrimage (Umra) during his visit to Saudi Arabia . Official pictures showed the former military chief Sisi as a pilgrim in Mecca .

Scientific analysis for future evaluation

Events in the scientific world have produced various evaluations for the future. Examples are:

• Khalil al-Anani, an adjunct professor of Middle Eastern Studies at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies of Johns Hopkins University in Washington, DC , says the Rabi'a incident put clear testimony of the "moral and political bankruptcy" in Egypt from. In the aftermath of the "massacre" the general public and the elite clearly crossed the fine line between politics and morality, competition and hatred. The so-called “civil” elite in Egypt were complicit in the bloody events on Rābiʿa and Al-Nahda Square. In his view, many politicians, intellectuals, human rights and political activists have “shamelessly” called on the “state” to eliminate their political opponent, the Muslim Brotherhood. Even a year after the incident, some media figures would still publicly defend the "massacre" and call on Sisi to celebrate it. They would view the Rābiʿa incident as “a political victory” and disregard the devastating political and social consequences. Furthermore, those activists and intellectuals who did not openly support the July 3 military coup would still be reluctant to recognize the Rābiʿa incident as a massacre and instead argue that it was the only "realistic" way to get around one of them to stop the threat to the Muslim Brotherhood perceived as “fascism”. While some silently regretted what had happened, others would deny it.

In fact, the "Rabi" tragedy deeply shook Egyptian society and traumatized many across the country, especially supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood. A year after the "massacre", the country is still divided and highly polarized. The political gap between supporters and opponents of the current regime is deeper than ever, while the socio-economic divide is growing daily. One year after the Rābiʿa incident, public discourse as well as private conversations were marked by the loss of pluralism, tolerance and a language of coexistence and understanding. Even songs, movies and television series irresponsibly fueled the divisions by defending the regime's narrative and justifying exclusion and repression in a “republic of fear”.

Al-Anani considers it unlikely, despite the HRW report of August 12, 2014, that the then military chief Sisi and Interior Minister Ibrahim would be convicted or held accountable for their role in the “massacre”. In his view, the lack of interest and political will among Egypt's international and regional allies prevented any attempt to prosecute Sisi and his colleagues, at least as long as Sisi remained in power. In view of the ongoing conflict and warfare in the region, Al-Anani describes it as likely that Egypt's allies will tacitly condone and tolerate Sisi's “brutal policies” for the benefit of what he believes to be “illusory“ stability ”.

• According to political scientist Ashraf El Sherif, "Rabia" has divided the Egyptian population into victims, critics and supporters of the incident and fundamentally changed the country. There has never been "so much hatred between the different groups" before that they could not find their way back together as long as there was no reappraisal of what happened. With its decision to conceal the “Rabia” mass killings and to delete them from Egyptian memory, the government had the approval of a large part of the population: “People think, yes, it was an act of mass killing. But a legitimate one, after all, the state took action against criminals. ”According to El Sherif, the state had to act in this way in order to restore order and protect the lives of others. the political scientist Ashraf El Sherif. “Egypt before Rabia was different than after it. There has never been so much hatred between the different groups. "

References

Reports from human rights organizations

• Amnesty International: Egypt's disastrous bloodshed requires urgent impartial investigation (English), August 16, 2013.
• Human Rights Watch: Egypt: Security Forces Used Excessive Lethal Force (English; German version: Egypt: Excessive use of force by security forces ), August 19, 2013
• Nazra for Feminist Studies: The Dispersion of the Rab'aa Sit-in and its Aftermath (PDF), September 10, 2013.
• Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights: The Weeks of Killing - State Violence, Communal fighting, & Sectarian Attacks in the Summer of 2013 (PDF), June 2014.
• Human Rights Watch: All According to Plan - The Rab'a Massacre and Mass Killings of Protesters in Egypt (PDF), August 12, 2014, ISBN 978-1-62313-166-1 .

Web links

Pictures and videos

Commons : Protests in Egypt 2013  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

• 24 Hours at a Pro-Morsi Sit-In - Time-lapse video of supporters of the ousted Egyptian president, Mohamed Morsi, who have been occupying the area surrounding the Rabia al-Adawiya mosque for more than a month (English; Video: 2 : 09 min.). The New York Times, August 10, 2013, Photography: Tara Todras, Production: Shreeya Sinha, Graham Roberts and William P. O'Donnell.

The video shows the recording of a camera aimed at the protest camp on Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Square in time lapse for the 24 hours from August 8, 2013, 6:30 a.m. to August 9, 2013, 6:30 a.m.

• Rabia's Massacre , Flickr, published by the Asmaa Shehata Flickr account .

Photos of dead and injured from the crackdown on the Rābiʿa sit-in on August 14, 2013.

• The Rabia Massacre & Aftermath , Flickr, published from the Flickr account mosaaberising .

125 photos taken by Mosa'ab Elshamy, a brother of Al Jazeera reporter Abdullah Elshamy, who was arrested on August 14, 2013 in Rābiʿa Square, in the burning protest camp, in the chaos in the mosque and in the basement rooms filled with corpses at Rābiʿa Square on August 14, 2013 and was able to smuggle out.

• Video: Cairo burns following day of protests . The Independent, August 15, 2013.

The video shows aerial footage of fires in Cairo on the night of August 14, 2013 after the pro-Mursi protest camps were broken up.

• Cairo under curfew after worst bloodshed in decades . euronews, August 15, 2013.
• Ghostly calm in Egypt - Bloodbath in Egypt , N24, August 15, 2013.
• الجزيرة تبث "حريق رابعة" (Video: 20:46 min .; Arabic), Aljazeera.net, August 21, 2013.

A documentary produced by Aljazeera in Arabic about the breaking up of the Rābiʿa sit-in on August 14, 2013. A translation and background with German subtitles is available on YouTube:

The fire of Rabia (Arabic with German subtitles) (20:47 min), YouTube, published by the YouTube channel Against the military coup in Egypt on September 17, 2013

• شهود المذبحة (Arabic, multi-part video documentation), Al Jazeera Mubasher Misr , published on YouTube by the YouTube channel Al Jazeera Mubasher Misr قناة الجزيرة مباشر مصر (Arabic)

• Part 1: شهود المذبحة-الحلقة الآولى (Arabic), published on September 14, 2013 (statement by فاطمة بياض of September 14, 2013 on the Rabia field hospital)

(An English subtitled version is available on YouTube Witnesses to Rabaa Massacre - Part01 (English Subtitle) , published by the YouTube channel Masry AntiCoup on September 18, 2013 (testimony by Fatema Bayad)).

• Part 2: شهود المذبحة - الحلقة الثانية (Arabic), published on September 16, 2013 (statement by م / شريف إسماعيل of September 15, 2013 on the Rabia sit-in)

(An English subtitled version that does not have the same content is available on YouTube Witnesses to Rabaa Massacre - Part02 (English Subtitle) , published by the YouTube channel Masry AntiCoup on September 19, 2013 (testimony by Ashraf Ismail Mohamed)).

• Part 3: شهود المذبحة - الحلقة الثالثة (Arabic), published on September 18, 2013 (statement by رميساء رمضان of September 16, 2013 on the Rabia sit-in)

(An English subtitled version is available on YouTube Witnesses to Rabaa Massacre - Part03 (English Subtitle) , published by the YouTube channel Masry AntiCoup on September 24, 2013 (statement by Romysaa Ramadan)).

• Part 4: شهود المذبحة - الحلقة الرابعة (Arabic), published on September 18, 2013 (statement by زهراء بسام of September 17, 2013 on the Rabia sit-in)

(An English subtitled version is available on YouTube Witnesses to Rabaa Massacre - Part04 (English Subtitle) , published by the YouTube channel Masry AntiCoup on September 27, 2013 (testimony by Zahraa Amir Bassam)).

• Part 5: شهود المذبحة .. أحمد جاد شاهد على فض رابعة (Arabic), published on August 17, 2014 (statement by أحمد جاد of August 17, 2014 on the Rabia sit-in)

(An English subtitled version is available on YouTube Witnesses to Rabaa Massacre - Part05 (English Subtitle) , published by the YouTube channel Masry AntiCoup on October 9, 2013 (testimony by Ayman Gad)).

• Part 6: شهود المذبحة - الحلقة السادسة (Arabic), published on September 20, 2013 and September 21, 2013 (statement by محمد حمدي of September 20, 2013 on the Rabia sit-in and the events in the Muneyfa building)

(An English subtitled version is available on YouTube Witnesses to Rabaa Massacre - Part06 (English Subtitle) , published by the YouTube channel Masry AntiCoup on October 3, 2013 (testimony by Mohammad Hamdy Mohammad)).

• Part 7: شهود المذبحة - الحلقة السابعة (Arabic), published on September 21, 2013 (statement by مروة حسن of September 21, 2013 on the Rabia sit-in)

(An English subtitled version is available on YouTube Witnesses to Rabaa Massacre - Part07 (English Subtitle) , published by the YouTube channel Masry AntiCoup on October 11, 2013 (testimony by Marwa Hassan)).

• Part 8: شهود المذبحة - الحلقة الثامنة (Arabic), published on September 23, 2013 (statement by محمد طارق of September 23, 2013 on the Rabia sit-in and the conditions of medical care)

(An English subtitled version is available on YouTube Witnesses to Rabaa Massacre - Part08 (English Subtitle) , published by the YouTube channel Masry AntiCoup on October 13, 2013 (statement by Mohamed Tareq)).

• Part 9: الحلقة التاسعة شهود المذبحة (Arabic), published on September 24, 2013 (statement by حنان أمين of September 24, 2013 on the Rabia Field Hospital)

(An English subtitled version is available on YouTube Witnesses to Rabaa Massacre - Part09 (English Subtitle) , published by the YouTube channel Masry AntiCoup on November 17, 2013 (testimony by Hanan Ameen Abdelrahman)).

• Part 10: شهود المذبحة الحلقة العاشرة (Arabic), published on September 26, 2013 (statement by مصعب الشامي of September 26, 2013 on the Rabia sit-in)

(An English subtitled version is available on YouTube Witnesses to Rabaa Massacre - Part10 (English Subtitle) , published by the YouTube channel Masry AntiCoup on December 12, 2013 (Statement by Mostafa Hasan El-Shamy, father of the death victim and Rassd journalist Mosaab Mostafa El-Shamy)).

• Part 11: شهود المذبحة - الحلقة الحادية عشر (Arabic), published on September 28, 2013 (statement by حبيبة حسن of September 28, 2013 on the Nahda sit-in)

(An English subtitled version is available on YouTube Witnesses to Al-Nahda Massacre - Part11 (English Subtitle) , published by the YouTube channel Masry AntiCoup on January 3, 2014 (statement by Heba Hassan)).

• Part 12: شهود المذبحة - الحلقة الثانية عشر (Arabic), published October 1, 2013.
• Part 13: شهود المذبحة - الحلقة الثالثة عشر (Arabic), published on October 4, 2013 (statement by مصطفى عزب of October 3, 2013 on the Rabia sit-in).
• Part 14: شهود المذبحة - الحلقة الرابعة عشر (Arabic), published on October 9, 2013 (statement by معاذ علاء on the Rabia sit-in).

• Egypt: Mass Killings by Security Forces (English; Video: 8:05 min.), YouTube, published by the YouTube channel HumanRightsWatch on August 11, 2014.
• Egypt: Excessive Lethal Force (English). Human Rights Watch video on YouTube, posted from the HumanRightsWatch YouTube channelon August 19, 2013.
• Egypt protest deaths: Linked to president? - Human Rights Watch says security forces deliberately killed largely unarmed demonstrators ( Memento from August 15, 2015 on WebCite ) (English; Video: 24:57 min.), Aljazeera.com - Inside Story, August 13, 2014. Also published as: Inside Story - Egypt protest deaths: Linked to president? , YouTube, published by the Al Jazeera English YouTube channelon August 12, 2014.
• Massacre in Rabaa - Al Jazeera World (Video: 47:08 min .; English), YouTube, published on the YouTube channel Al Jazeera English on August 17, 2016, film by Eylem Kaftan.

Tickets to the protest camps in front of the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Mosque and on Nahda Square

• Morsi protesters cleared from Cairo camps - interactive (English). The Guardian, Aug. 14, 2013, by Paddy Allen.
• Interactive - Mapping the main pro-Morsi sit-in - Al Jazeera highlights key infrastructure at the now-besieged rally in Cairo's Nasr City neighborhood . Al Jazeera, August 14, 2013, by D. Parvaz.
• Egypt in a state of emergency , Google Maps, created by the Google Maps account data journalism on August 14, 2013; used in: Hundreds of dead during evacuation of the protest camps - state of emergency imposed on Egypt - Vice President ElBaradei resigns ( memento from August 17, 2013 on WebCite ) , derStandard.at, August 14, 2013, archived from the original .
• Assault on Morsi Supporters in Egypt (English). The New York Times, August 14, 2013, by David Furst, Alicia Parlapiano, Sergio Peçanha, and Tim Wallace.
• The protest squares of Cairo (English). BBC News, Aug. 15, 2013.
• Two Sit-Ins Tested New Egyptian Leadership - Supporters of the ousted Egyptian president, Mohamed Morsi, massed in two sit-ins in Cairo for more than a month. Egypt's military-appointed government ended the standoff with the Islamists on Wednesday in a violent crackdown ( Memento from March 19, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). The New York Times, August 15, 2013, by Ben Hubbard (reporting), Josh Keller, Sergio Peçanha, and Shreeya Sinha, archived from the original .
• Protest camps in Cairo , Google Maps, created on August 13, 2013 (updated on August 16) by Google user ZEIT ONLINE ; used in: Egypt - Army clears protest camps, government confirms 56 dead ( memento from February 7, 2014 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, August 15, 2013, archived from the original .
• What really happened on the day more than 900 people died in Egypt - The story of a massacre (English). GlobalPost, February 26, 2014, by Louisa Loveluck.
• Human Rights Watch: All According to Plan - The Rab'a Massacre and Mass Killings of Protesters in Egypt (PDF), August 12, 2014, p. I, ISBN 978-1-62313-166-1 .
• Human Rights Watch: Egypt: Mass Killings by Security Forces (English; animated video graphic: 1 ′: 20 ″ - 1 ′: 27 ″), YouTube, published on the YouTube channel HumanRightsWatch on August 11, 2014, accessed on August 13, 2014 . Cf. Stages of a Massacre: Interactive Map of Rab'a Square (interactive graphic; English), in: Human Rights Watch: Egypt: Killings in Rabaa and other killings arguably crimes against humanity - No justice one year after series of deadly attacks on protesters , August 12, 2014.

Minute minutes for August 14, according to media information

• Minute minutes - Radical Islamists apparently attack churches ( memento from December 21, 2013 on WebCite ) , Die Welt (with reference to agency reports from dpa, AFP, AP and Reuters), August 14, 2013, archived from the original .
• Egypt crackdown on camps: security forces clear pro-Morsi sit-ins in Cairo, dozens feared killed. LIVE REPORT ( Memento from April 17, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). radio Voice Of Russia, August 14, 2013, archived from the original .
• ++ Live report from Cairo: El-Baradei leaves Egypt ++ Transitional government rejects international mediation efforts ( memento from December 26, 2013 on WebCite ) , Neues Deutschland, August 18, 2013, by Oliver Eberhardt, archived from the original .

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p} Army against Muslim Brotherhood: Egypt is sinking into chaos ( memento from October 19, 2013 on WebCite ) , Spiegel-Online, August 14, 2013, archived from the original .
2. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad} Hundreds of dead when the protest camps were cleared - State of emergency imposed on Egypt - Vice-President ElBaradei resigns ( Memento from August 17, 2013 on WebCite ), derStandard.at, August 14, 2013, archived from the original .
3. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h} Egypt - Reconciliation excluded ( Memento from September 25, 2013 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, September 23, 2013, by Martin Gehlen, archived from the original .
4. ↑ ^{a b c} Crisis in Egypt - Morsi opponents without remorse ( memento from December 13, 2013 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, August 16, 2013, by Andrea Backhaus, archived from the original .
5. ↑ ^{a b c d} 2013 a 'black year' for human rights ( Memento from January 26, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Daily News Egypt, December 30, 2013, by Rana Muhammad Taha, archived from the original .
6. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i} All According to Plan - The Rab'a Massacre and Mass Killings of Protesters in Egypt ( Memento from August 13, 2014 on WebCite ) (English; PDF: 3.42 MB), Human Rights Watch, August 12, 2014, archived from the original .
7. ↑ ^{a b} After the massacre in Cairo - “Many Egyptians are secretly happy” ( memento from January 6, 2014 on WebCite ) , n-tv, August 15, 2013, interview by Hubertus Volmer with Ronald Meinardus, archived from the original .
8. ↑ ^{a b c} Egypt: resentment towards Brotherhood fuels crackdown support ( Memento from September 21, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). The Guardian, August 16, 2013 by Ian Black and Patrick Kingsley, archived from the original .
9. ↑ ^{a b c d} Mursi Trial in Egypt - The courtroom as a political stage ( memento from November 4, 2013 on WebCite ) , Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, November 4, 2013, by Markus Bickel, archived from the original .
10. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o} Egypt: No Acknowledgment or Justice for Mass Protester Killings Set Up a Fact-Finding Committee as a First Step ( Memento from December 25, 2013 on WebCite ) (English) . Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies, December 10, 2013, archived from the original .
11. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o} Egypt: No Acknowledgment or Justice for Mass Protester Killings ( Memento from December 25, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Human Rights Watch, December 10, 2013, archived from the original .
12. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i} Egypt Violence: Death Toll In Cairo Clashes Climbs Above 600, Health Ministry Says ( Memento from October 24, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). The Huffington Post, August 15, 2013, by Maggie Michael, archived from the original ( Memento of the original from October 31, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . 
13. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} Egypt’s disastrous bloodshed requires urgent impartial investigation (English). Amnesty International, press release, AI Index: PRE01 / 421/2013, August 16, 2013.
14. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} Health Ministry raises death toll of Wednesday's clashes to 638 - Ministry spokesman says 288 of the dead were killed in Rabaa Al-Adaweya ( Memento of 19 August 2013 Webcite ) (English). Daily News Egypt, August 16, 2013, by Manar Mohsen, archived from the original .
15. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j} Forensics puts sit-ins' dispersal death toll at 533 - Forensics Authority says there was insufficient room at state morgue to accommodate all bodies from the Rabaa dispersal ( Memento from January 1, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Daily News Egypt, September 14, 2013, by Rana Muhammad Taha, archived from the original .
16. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i} 976 killed in greater Cairo in two months: Forensics Authority - Death toll includes 627 who died during the dispersal of Rabaa Al-Adaweya sit-in ( Memento from January 26, 2014 on WebCite ) ( English). Daily News Egypt, November 16, 2013, by Rana Muhammad Taha, archived from the original .
17. ↑ ^{a b c d} الطب الشرعي: 726 حالة وفاة منذ فض «رابعة والنهضة» حتى الآن ( Memento from August 14, 2014 on WebCite ) (Arabic). Al-Shorouk, November 14, 2013, archived from the original .
18. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k} State of emergency in Egypt - government confirms more than 600 dead ( memento from August 16, 2013 on WebCite ), Zeit Online, August 15, 2013, archived from the original .
19. ↑ ^{a b c d} Egyptian police storm second Islamist stronghold ( Memento from September 21, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). The Guardian, by Patrick Kingsley, archived from the original .
20. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad} Egypt: killings in Rabaa and other killings probably crimes against humanity - no justice one year after Series of fatal attacks on protesters ( August 13, 2014 memento on WebCite ) , Human Rights Watch, August 12, 2014, archived from the original .
21. ↑ ^{a b c d} Egypt massacre premeditated thing, says Human Rights Watch - Rabaa killing of 817 people was a planned Tiananmen Square-style attack on unarmed protesters Largely, report Argues ( Memento of 13 August 2014 Webcite ) (English). The Guardian, Aug 12, 2014, by Patrick Kingsley, archived from the original .
22. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Egypt: Mass Killings by Security Forces (English; Video: 8:05 min.), YouTube, published on the YouTube channel HumanRightsWatch on August 11, 2014, accessed on August 13, 2014.
23. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k} Planned use at the "highest level" ( memento from August 20, 2014 on WebCite ) , news.ORF.at, August 12, 2014, archived from the original .
24. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Egypt: Severe Attacks on Churches ( September 16, 2013 memento on WebCite ) , Human Rights Watch, August 22, 2013, archived from the original .
25. ↑ ^{a b c d} Egypt - First persecuted, then forgotten: Christians in Egypt ( Memento from September 16, 2013 on WebCite ) , Deutsche Welle, September 16, 2013, by Markus Symank, archived from the original .
26. ↑ ^{a b} Christians in Egypt - A Wave of Violence That Will Not Abate ( Memento October 7, 2013 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, October 4, 2013, archived from the original .
27. ↑ ^{a b} August sectarian attacks largest in Egypt history: NGO ( Memento from October 7, 2013 on WebCite ) , ahramonline, September 24, 2013, by Osman El Sharnoubi, archived from the original .
28. ↑ ^{a b c} Egypt: Christians become scapegoats after the pro-Mursi sit-in strikes are resolved ( memento of October 10, 2013 on WebCite ) , Amnesty International, October 9, 2013, archived from the original .
29. ↑ ^{a b} Another massacre and many dead - Egypt is sinking into violence ( memento from August 29, 2013 on WebCite ) , Der Tagesspiegel, August 19, 2013, by Martin Gehlen and Albrecht Meier, archived from the original .
30. ↑ ^{a b c} Egypt - Now it's against the liberal opponents of the regime ( Memento from October 8, 2013 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, September 8, 2013, by Martin Gehlen, archived from the original .
31. ↑ Egypt - Nobel Peace Prize Laureate ElBaradei indicted - ElBaradei has to stand trial because he has resigned as Vice President in protest against violence in Egypt. He is currently in Austria ( Memento from August 15, 2014 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, August 20, 2013, archived from the original .
32. ^ Trial against Nobel Prize winner El-Baradei ( memento from August 15, 2014 on WebCite ) , OVB-online.de, August 21, 2013, archived from the original .
33. ↑ Mohamed ElBaradei facing court case - ex-vice-president of Egypt stands accused of 'breach of trust' over dispersing mass sit-ins and disregarding terrorist crimes ( Memento of 15 August 2014 Webcite ) (English). The Guardian, Aug. 20, 2013, by Ian Black, archived from the original .
34. ↑ ^{a b} Violence in Egypt - people shot in front of a church ( memento from October 21, 2013 on WebCite ) , the daily newspaper, October 21, 2013, archived from the original .
35. ↑ ^{a b} Power struggle - Mansour extends the state of emergency ( memento from September 19, 2013 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, September 12, 2013, archived from the original .
36. ^ ^{A b} Egypt - Muzzle for Egypt's media ( memento from October 7, 2013 on WebCite ) , Deutsche Welle, September 29, 2013, by Markus Symank, archived from the original .
37. ↑ ^{a b} Arab World - State repression in Egypt is increasing ( memento from August 20, 2013 on WebCite ) , Deutsche Welle, August 20, 2013, by Matthias Sailer, archived from the original .
38. ↑ ^{a b c d} Egypt - The Power of Martyrs Logic ( Memento from August 22, 2013 on WebCite ) , Deutsche Welle, August 17, 2013, by Markus Symank, archived from the original .
39. ↑ Power struggle in Egypt - Muslim Brotherhood boss suffers heart attack in prison ( memento from September 1, 2013 on WebCite ) , Süddeutsche.de, August 31, 2013, archived from the original .
40. ↑ All According to Plan - The Rab'a Massacre and Mass Killings of Protesters in Egypt ( Memento August 13, 2014 on WebCite ) (English; PDF: 3.42 MB), Human Rights Watch, August 12, 2014, p. 14, archived from the original .
41. ↑ ^{a b} Egypt's military chief: How General Sisi secures his power ( memento from October 17, 2013 on WebCite ) , Spiegel Online, October 17, 2013, by Raniah Salloum, archived from the original .
42. ↑ Egypt's Unprecedented Instability by the Numbers ( Memento from March 28, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Carnegie Endowment For International Peace, March 24, 2014, by Michele Dunne and Scott Williamson, archived from the original .
43. ↑ Shadi Hamid: "A Kind of Bloodlust" in Egypt ( Memento from March 28, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). brookings.edu March 26, 2014, by Fred Dews, archived from the original .
44. ↑ 'Unprecedented' oppression in Egypt - Shadi Hamid of the Brookings Institution tells Christiane Amanpour there is “bloodlust” in Egypt ( Memento from March 28, 2014 on WebCite ) (Video: 7:00 min .; English). edition.cnn.com/video, from CNN account Amanpour , March 25, 2014, archived from the original .
45. ↑ Death sentences against Islamists - Community criticizes Egypt - An Egyptian court sentenced hundreds of Islamists to death. It is the second mass judgment of its kind. Internationally, the judge's verdict is severely condemned ( memento from April 30, 2014 on WebCite ) , n-tv, April 29, 2014, archived from the original .
46. ↑ https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/mar/06/brutality-torture-rape-egypt-military-rule - Ibrahim Mahlab's new cabinet confirms that the country is falling apart under a corrupt and authoritarian police state. The world must help us ( Memento of 5 April 2014 Webcite ) (English). The Guardian, March 6, 2014, by Emad El-Din Shahin, archived from the original .
47. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} Crisis in Egypt - Days of Anger ( Memento from August 18, 2013 on WebCite ) , Berliner Zeitung, August 17, 2013, archived from the original .
48. ↑ ^{a b c d e} After gun battle - Egypt is considering dissolution of the Muslim Brotherhood ( memento of August 18, 2013 on WebCite ) , Die Welt, August 17, 2013, archived from the original .
49. ↑ ^{a b} Escalation of Violence - Brutal Assaults against Christians in Egypt ( Memento from 23 August 2013 on WebCite ) , Der Tagesspiegel, by Martin Gehlen, 18 August 2013, archived from the original .
50. ↑ ^{a b} “A long way” ( memento from November 2, 2013 on WebCite ) , kathisch.de, interview by Vanessa Renner with Joachim Schroedel, November 1, 2013, archived from the original .
51. ↑ ^{a b} US Secretary of State justifies coup against Mursi ( Memento from August 16, 2013 on WebCite ) , Süddeutsche Zeitung, August 3, 2013, by Tomas Avenarius, archived from the original .
52. ↑ ^{a b} John Kerry backtracks Egypt Comments That Military What 'Restoring Democracy,' Not Taking Over ( Memento of 21 August 2013 Webcite ) (English). The Huffington Post, August 2, 2013, by Deb Riechmann, archived from the original ( Memento of the original from August 31, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . 
53. ↑ ^{a b c} Egypt army 'restoring democracy', says John Kerry ( Memento of 21 August 2013 Webcite ) (English). BBC News, Aug 1, 2013, archived from the original .
54. ↑ ^{a b c} John Kerry Interview -01 Aug 2013 (English). dailymotion.com, published by the dailymotion channel Geo News on August 1st, 2013.
55. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} Interactive timeline: Egypt in turmoil ( Memento from October 21, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Aljazeera, August 17, 2013 (last change: 14:31), archived from the original .
56. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} Egypt - McCain warns of "total bloodshed" ( Memento from December 14, 2013 on WebCite ) , Süddeutsche.de, August 7, 2013, archived from the original .
57. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} Cairo at a glance: The most important scenes of the past few days ( Memento from December 25, 2013 on WebCite ) , Spiegel Online, [undated], archived from the original ( Memento from the original from September 24, 2015 in Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; Image embedded in: Spiegel Online, August 16, 2013, by Ulrike Putz, archived from the original . 
58. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w} What really happened on the day more than 900 people died in Egypt - The story of a massacre ( Memento from July 18, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). GlobalPost, February 26, 2014, by Louisa Loveluck, archived from the original .
59. ↑ Eyewitness to the bloodshed: A day of death at Cairo's Rabaa Square - A resident of the area where the massacre took place on Aug. 14 describes the scenes of that awful day ( Memento from August 20, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). GlobalPost, August 20, 2013, by Manar Mohsen, archived from the original .
60. ↑ ^{a b c d} Egypt's President Morsi in power: A timeline (Part II) - Key events in the Egyptian president's first year in office: 2013 opens with nationwide protests, parliamentary elections are postponed again and Egypt struggles with Nile dam crisis ( Memento vom March 4, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Ahram Online, June 28, 2013, by Osman El Sharnoubi, archived from the original .
61. ↑ Egypt - The Torn Nation ( Memento from February 24, 2014 on WebCite ), Der Tagesspiegel, February 24, 2014, by Martin Gehlen, archived from the original .
62. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m} The Dispersion of the Rab'aa Sit-in and its Aftermath ( Memento from December 26, 2013 on WebCite ) (English; PDF), Nazra for Feminist Studies, 10. September 2013, archived from the original .
63. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} How did 37 prisoners come to die at Cairo prison Abu Zaabal? - Last August, outside Abu Zaabal, 37 prisoners trapped in the back of a van were allegedly gassed to death having been held for six hours in temperatures close to 40C. Patrick Kingsley talks to the survivors and, for the first time, Reveals Their side of the story ( Memento of 18 March 2014 Webcite ) (English). The Guardian, February 22, 2014, by Patrick Kingsley, archived from the original .
64. ↑ ^{a b} Egypt's Brotherhood gets the massacre it knew was coming ( Memento from August 10, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). GlobalPost, Aug 14, 2014, by Louisa Loveluck, archived from the original .
65. ↑ ^{a b c d e} In Cairo Camps, Protesters Dig in and Live On (English, page 1 ( memento from March 19, 2014 on WebCite ), page 2 ( memento from March 19, 2014 on WebCite )). The New York Times, August 9, 2014, by Ben Hubbard (assisted by Mayy El Sheikh), archived from the original ( page 1 , page 2 ) on March 19, 2014.
66. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} Images from Cairo ( Memento from December 12, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Voice Of America, August 13, 2013, archived from the original .
67. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Hundreds Die as Egyptian Forces Attack Islamist Protesters ( Memento from October 12, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). The New York Times, August 14, 2013 (corrected version of August 15, 2013), by David D. Kirkpatrick (collaboration: Mayy El Sheikh, Alan Cowell), archived from the original .
68. ↑ وثائقي: تحت المنصة (Arabic, video documentation, approx. 30 min.), Al Jazeera Mubasher Misr , published on YouTube by the YouTube channel Al Jazeera Mubasher Misr قناة الجزيرة مباشر مصر (Arabic) on November 23, 2013. Cf. youtube.com .
69. ↑ All According to Plan - The Rab'a Massacre and Mass Killings of Protesters in Egypt ( Memento August 13, 2014 on WebCite ) (English; PDF: 3.42 MB), Human Rights Watch, August 12, 2014, p. 4, archived from the original .
70. ↑ ^{a b c d} Rabaa sit-in dispersal 'crime against humanity': HRW ( Memento from August 14, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Daily News Egypt, August 12, 2014, by Eduard Cousin, archived from the original .
71. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} All According to Plan - The Rab'a Massacre and Mass Killings of Protesters in Egypt ( Memento from August 13, 2014 on WebCite ) (English; PDF: 3.42 MB), Human Rights Watch, 12 . August 2014, pp. 86f., Archived from the original .
72. ^ ^{A b} Crisis in Egypt: "Call for Civil War". ( Memento from July 5, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Tagesschau, July 3, 2013, accessed on July 3, 2013.
73. ↑ Military coup is becoming more and more likely - Morsi will not let go of power ( memento from October 10, 2013 on WebCite ) , n-tv, July 3, 2013, archived from the original .
74. ↑ 23 killed in Cairo overnight, but Morsi remains defiant ( Memento from October 26, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). The Times Of Israel, July 3, 2013, by Michal Shmulovich, archived from the original .
75. ↑ Egyptian army takes over state TV as military, opposition heads meetEgyptian army takes over state TV as military, opposition heads meet ( Memento of 26 October 2013 Webcite ) (English). The Times Of Israel, July 3, 2013, archived from timesofisrael.com on October 26, 2013.
76. ^ Military coup in Egypt has begun. n-tv, July 3, 2013, accessed July 3, 2013.
77. ↑ Egypt's Army Takes Power ( Memento from October 26, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Voice Of America, July 3, 2013, by Diaa Bekheet, archived from the original .
78. ↑ ^{a b} Protocol - The day when the military deposed Morsi ( memento from October 13, 2013 on WebCite ) , stern.de, July 3, 2013, archived from the original .
79. ↑ ^{a b} Egypt - military overthrows President Mursi ( memento from October 16, 2013 on WebCite ) , Deutsche Welle, July 3, 2013, archived from the original .
80. ↑ Ex-President Mursi was held captive on a naval basis ( memento from November 14, 2013 on WebCite ) , Süddeutsche.de, November 13, 2013, archived from the original .
81. ↑ ^{a b} Coup in Egypt: Military deposed Morsi. ( Memento from October 16, 2013 on WebCite ) Deutsche Welle, July 3, 2013, archived from the original .
82. ↑ ^{a b c d} Rights groups demand Egypt probe killings of Mursi supporters ( Memento from December 26, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Reuters Edition US, December 10, 2013, by Tom Perry, archived from the original .
83. ↑ ^{a b c} All According to Plan - The Rab'a Massacre and Mass Killings of Protesters in Egypt ( Memento August 13, 2014 on WebCite ) (English; PDF: 3.42 MB), Human Rights Watch, August 12, 2014 , P. 13, archived from the original .
84. ↑ ^{a b c} Several dead in protests - bloody clashes in Egypt ( memento from October 16, 2013 on WebCite ) Der Tagesspiegel, July 5, 2013, by Martin Gehlen, archived from the original .
85. ↑ ^{a b c} Egypt - Numerous dead in street battles. ( Memento from October 16, 2013 on WebCite ) Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, July 5, 2013, archived from the original .
86. ↑ All According to Plan - The Rab'a Massacre and Mass Killings of Protesters in Egypt ( Memento August 13, 2014 on WebCite ) (English; PDF: 3.42 MB), Human Rights Watch, August 12, 2014, p. 108–112, footnote 378, archived from the original ( Memento of the original dated August 14, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . With reference to: (Arabic; English: "Forensic Medical Authority: no children and no women among those killed in the events of the 'Republican Guard'"), Al-Masry al-Youm, October 16, 2013, by Hussein Ramzy, archived from the original ; حصر قتلي عهد السيسي / عدلي منصور .. (Arabic; English: "Index of those killed in the Sisi / Mansour era"), WikiThawra, accessed by HRW on July 23, 2014; عشر أيام من الدم ( Memento from August 22, 2014 on WebCite ) (Arabic), The Front for Defending Egyptian Protesters (FDEP), July 9, 2013, archived from the original ( Memento of the original from August 26, 2014 on the Internet Archive ) Info : The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. .  
87. ↑ ^{a b c d} Killing in Cairo: the full story of the Republican Guards' club shootings ( Memento from September 19, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). The Guardian, July 18, 2013, by Patrick Kingsley (video editing: Leah Green), archived from the original .
88. ↑ ^{a b} All According to Plan - The Rab'a Massacre and Mass Killings of Protesters in Egypt ( Memento August 13, 2014 on WebCite ) (English; PDF: 3.42 MB), Human Rights Watch, August 12, 2014, Pp. 108–112, archived from the original .
89. ↑ ^{a b} Gunfire kills three pro-Mursi supporters in Cairo: sources ( Memento from August 22, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Reuters US, July 5, 2013, by Mahmoud Ali and Alexander Dziadosz, archived from the original .
90. ↑ All According to Plan - The Rab'a Massacre and Mass Killings of Protesters in Egypt ( Memento August 13, 2014 on WebCite ) (English; PDF: 3.42 MB), Human Rights Watch, August 12, 2014, p. 13, 109, archived from the original ; with reference to: يقين | حصرى أخطر مشهد لسقوط أول قتيل أمام الحرس الحمهورى من مؤيدى مرسى +18 (video clip; Arabic; English: "Yaqeen exclusive: gravest scene of the first fatality among" front of the Republic, YouTube Guard published by Morsy supporters fall in YouTube) Channel شبكة يقين الإخبارية 2 on July 5, 2013.
91. ↑ All According to Plan - The Rab'a Massacre and Mass Killings of Protesters in Egypt ( Memento August 13, 2014 on WebCite ) (English; PDF: 3.42 MB), Human Rights Watch, August 12, 2014, p. 109, archived from the original ( Memento of the original from August 14, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; with reference to: (English), Reuters US, July 5, 2013, by Mahmoud Ali and Alexander Dziadosz, archived from the original . 
92. ↑ Violence in Egypt: Muslim Brotherhood warn of civil war like in Syria, Spiegel Online, July 8, 2013, accessed July 8, 2013.
93. ^ Pro, Anti-Morsi Groups Rally in Cairo ( Memento from December 12, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Voice Of America, July 12, 2013, archived from the original .
94. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Egypt after a new excess of violence on the edge of the abyss ( memento from August 16, 2013 on WebCite ) , Reuters Germany, July 28, 2013, archived from the original .
95. ↑ Bloody Monday - Over 50 dead during protests in Cairo ( memento from October 10, 2013 on WebCite ) , 20min.ch, archived from the original .
96. ^ After fatal shots in Cairo - Calls for the popular uprising ( Memento from August 22, 2013 on WebCite ) , the daily newspaper, July 8, 2013, archived from the original .
97. ↑ At least 51 protesters killed in Egypt as army opens fire 'like pouring rain' ( Memento from September 19, 2013 on WebCite ) , The Guardian, by Patrick Kingsley, archived from the original .
98. ↑ Clashes in Egypt ( Memento from December 9, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Voice Of America, July 27, 2013 by Elizabeth Arrott, archived from the original .
99. ↑ ^{a b c} Situation in Egypt ever more serious - "We sacrifice our blood for Mursi" ( Memento from October 24, 2013 on WebCite ) , n-tv, July 29, 2013, archived from the original .
100. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Egypt threatens a new violent trial of strength ( memento from October 12, 2013 on WebCite ) , Reuters Germany, August 1, 2013, archived from the original .
101. ↑ ^{a b c d} Egypt crisis: 'we didn't have space in the fridges for all the bodies' - As the death toll rises, a report from Cairo's main mortuary after the police massacre of pro-Morsi supporters ( Memento vom 19. September 2013 on WebCite ) (English). The Guardian, July 28, 2013, by Patrick Kingsley, archived from the original .
102. ↑ ^{a b} At least 120 Morsi supporters reported killed in Egypt clashes ( memento of 19 September 2013 Webcite ) (English). The Guardian, July 27, 2013, by Patrick Kingsley, archived from the original .
103. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Army shoots Egypt , the daily newspaper, July 29, 2013.
104. ↑ 120 killed in army action on Morsi loyalists ( Memento from October 24, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). The Independent, July 28, 2013, archived from the original .
105. ↑ ^{a b c} Egypt - Police officers massacre Mursi supporters in Cairo ( memento from October 24, 2013 on WebCite ) , Der Tagesspiegel, July 27, 2013, by Martin Gehlen, archived from the original .
106. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Cairo laments “black terror” - Egypt's generals justify action against the Muslim Brotherhood ( memento from October 24, 2013 on WebCite ) , Neues Deutschland, July 29, 2013, by Oliver Eberhardt, archived from the original .
107. ↑ Middle East - Egypt's interior minister avoids bomb attack ( memento from September 26, 2013 on WebCite ) , Deutsche Welle, September 5, 2013, archived from the original .
108. ↑ ^{a b} 80 killed, 299 injured in Cairo's Nasr City violence: Health Ministry ( Memento from September 19, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Ahram Online, July 29, 2013, archived from the original .
109. ↑ Egypt: More than 100 killed in Cairo massacre ( Memento from September 19, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Asharq al-Awsat , July 27, 2013, archived from the original ( Memento of the original from July 30, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . 
110. ^ Crisis in Egypt: The Muslim Brothers are bunkering ( memento from December 19, 2013 on WebCite ) , Spiegel Online, July 27, 2013, by Raniah Salloum, archived from the original .
111. ↑ The Morning After Egypt's Rabaa Massacre ( Memento from June 21, 2015 on WebCite ) (English). The Daily Beast, July 29, 2013 by Sophia Jones, archived from the original .
112. ↑ ^{a b c d} Egyptian government declares Pro-Morsi protests illegal ( memento of October 12, 2013 on WebCite ) , Reuters Germany, July 31, 2013, archived from the original .
113. ↑ EU urges the end of the confrontation course in Egypt ( memento of October 12, 2013 on WebCite ) , Reuters Germany, July 29, 2013, archived from the original .
114. ↑ Interior Minister asks Mursi supporters to leave the camps ( memento from October 12, 2013 on WebCite ) , Reuters Germany, August 1, 2013, archived from the original .
115. ↑ Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood to evacuate protest camps ( memento of October 12, 2013 on WebCite ) , Reuters Germany, August 1, 2013, archived from the original .
116. ↑ ^{a b} Criticism in Germany of Kerry's statements in Egypt ( memento from October 12, 2013 on WebCite ) , Reuters Germany, August 2, 2013, archived from the original .
117. ↑ ^{a b c} Muslim Brothers arm themselves against evacuation of their protest camps ( memento from October 12, 2013 on WebCite ) , Reuters Germany, August 2, 2013, archived from the original .
118. ↑ The Latest Images from Egypt ( Memento from December 12, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Voice Of America, August 1, 2013, archived from the original .
119. ↑ I mourn every death ( memento from October 24, 2013 on WebCite ) , Der Spiegel 32/2013 (August 5, 2013), by Dieter Bednarz, archived from the original .
120. ↑ Despite the prohibition! - Mursi supporters march to the secret service ( memento from October 24, 2013 on WebCite ) , Bild.de, July 28, 2013, archived from the original on October 24, 2013.
121. ↑ ^{a b c Change of} strategy in Arab politics: Obama relies on despots again - US President Obama makes a radical U-turn: At the beginning of the Arab Spring he supported the revolutionaries - now he is back on autocrats. The US government is particularly cynical towards Egypt ( memento from April 7, 2015 on WebCite ) , Spiegel Online, August 2, 2013, by Raniah Salloum, archived from the original .
122. ↑ Aid to Egypt Can Keep Flowing, Despite Overthrow, White House Decides ( Memento of 7 April 2015 Webcite ) (English). The New York Times, July 25, 2013, by Mark Landler, archived from the original .
123. ↑ ^{a b} First signals of compromise in Egypt since Morsi's fall ( memento from October 12, 2013 on WebCite ) , Reuters Germany, August 4, 2013, by Tom Perry and Matt Robinson, archived from the original .
124. ↑ ^{a b} Mursi supporters suggest willingness to compromise ( memento from October 12, 2013 on WebCite ) , Reuters Germany, August 4, 2013, by Tom Perry, archived from the original .
125. ^ Crisis in Egypt - Resistance of the Muslim Brotherhood is waning ( Memento from October 22, 2013 on WebCite ) , Berliner Zeitung, August 5, 2013, by Julia Gerlach, archived from the original ( Memento from the original from October 23, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . on October 21, 2013, archived from the original . 
126. ↑ All According to Plan - The Rab'a Massacre and Mass Killings of Protesters in Egypt ( Memento from August 13, 2014 on WebCite ) (English; PDF: 3.42 MB), Human Rights Watch, August 12, 2014, pp. 101f ., Footnote 346, archived from the original .
127. ↑ The Latest Images from Egypt ( Memento from December 12, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Voice Of America, August 8, 2013, archived from the original .
128. ↑ ^{a b} Policy Alert - Imminent Crackdown in Egypt: Potential Consequences ( Memento from October 22, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Washingtoninstute.org ( WINEP ), August 9, 2013, by Adel El-Adawy, archived from the original .
129. ↑ Egypt - “We are democrats in a hunt” ( memento from December 9, 2013 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, August 9, 2013, by Martin Gehlen, archived from the original .
130. ↑ ^{a b} Democracy Movement - Is Egypt's Third Revolution Coming? ( Memento from December 9, 2013 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, December 4, 2013, by Andrea Backhaus, archived from the original .
131. ↑ Cairo - Egypt trembles before the end of Ramadan ( memento from December 9, 2013 on WebCite ) , Die Welt, August 10, 2013, by Selma Köhn, archived from the original .
132. ↑ Cairo's Rabaa massacre: One year later - Egypt descended into violent chaos, peaking with the clearing of two vigils held in support of a deposed president ( Memento of 16 August 2014 Webcite ) (English). Al Jazeera, by D. Parvaz, August 14, 2014, archived from the original .
133. ↑ Egyptian police want to starve Islamists ( memento from December 19, 2013 on WebCite ) , Kleine Zeitung , August 10, 2013, archived from the original .
134. ↑ All According to Plan - The Rab'a Massacre and Mass Killings of Protesters in Egypt ( Memento August 13, 2014 on WebCite ) (English; PDF: 3.42 MB), Human Rights Watch, August 12, 2014, p. 102, footnote 347, archived from the original ( Memento of the original from August 14, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . With reference to: (Al-Sharq al-Awsat reveals the Egyptian plan for the dissolution of the Brotherhood sit-in in Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya; Arabic), Al-Sharq al-Aswat, August 10, 2013, archived from classic. aawsat.com on August 13, 2014. 
135. ↑ Egypt: Government plans to end rallies in Rabaa Al-Adawiya Square ( Memento from August 16, 2014 on WebCite ) (English), Asharq al-Awsat, August 10, 2013, by Abdul Sattar Hatita, archived from the original .
136. ↑ Report Claims Egypt's interim government wants to use tear gas to break up pro-Morsi sit-ins within 48 hours ( Memento of 16 August 2014 Webcite ) (English). Al Jazeera - Egypt Live Blog, Aug 10, 2013, archived from the original .
137. ↑ Egypt's protests against the ruling regimes - timeline ( memento of October 8, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). The Guardian, Aug 14, 2013, by Jason Rodrigues, archived from the original .
138. ↑ A child rides a donkey attached with pictures and with "Egypt's army chief General Abdel Fattah al-Sisi" written on it, at Rabaa Adawiya Square ( Memento from September 23, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Reuters, August 11, 2013, by Amr Abdallah Dalsh / Reuters, archived from the Internet version at www.trust.org on September 23, 2013.
139. ↑ Egyptian arrested for naming donkey after General al-Sisi ( Memento from September 23, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Hürriyet Daily News, September 21, 2013, archived from the original .
140. ↑ All According to Plan - The Rab'a Massacre and Mass Killings of Protesters in Egypt ( Memento August 13, 2014 on WebCite ) (English; PDF: 3.42 MB), Human Rights Watch, August 12, 2014, p. 102, footnote 348, archived from the original .
141. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} Before the Bloodletting: A Tour of the Rabaa Sit-in ( Memento from March 30, 2015 on WebCite ) (English). The Cairo Review of Global Affairs, August 16, 2013, by Amy Austin Holmes, archived from the original .
142. ↑ Why Egypt's military orchestrated a massacre ( memento from March 30, 2015 on WebCite ) , The Washington Post (Blog: The Monkey Cage), August 22, 2014, by Amy Austin Holmes, archived from the original .
143. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i} Egypt - Army clears protest camps, government confirms 56 dead ( memento from August 14, 2014 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, August 15, 2013, archived from the original .
144. ↑ ^{a b c} Egypt - One dead during protests in Cairo - A person was killed in clashes between supporters and opponents of the deposed President Morsi. Some Mursi supporters have left the protest camps ( Memento from August 14, 2014 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, August 14, 2013, archived from the original .
145. ↑ ^{a b} The Dispersion of the Rab'aa Sit-in and its Aftermath ( Memento of December 26, 2013 on WebCite ) (English; PDF), Nazra for Feminist Studies, September 10, 2013, archived from the original ( Memento of the original from January 25, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; with reference to: (Arabic), from WikiThawra, Google Docs, archived from the original . 
146. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y} Hundreds of dead in Egypt - Vice President El Baradei resigns ( Memento from August 19, 2013 on WebCite ), FAZ.NET (Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung), August 14, 2013, by Christoph Ehrhardt, archived from the original .
147. ^ Several dead when protest camps were cleared in Cairo , Die Welt, August 14, 2013
148. ↑ All According to Plan - The Rab'a Massacre and Mass Killings of Protesters in Egypt ( Memento August 13, 2014 on WebCite ) (English; PDF: 3.42 MB), Human Rights Watch, August 12, 2014, p. 97, archived from the original .
149. ↑ ^{a b c d} Al-Nahda sit-in dispersal: eyewitness accounts - Local residents cheered as security forces cleared the Nahda sit-in ( Memento from January 1, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Daily News Egypt, Aug 14, 2013, by Joel Gulhane, archived from the original .
150. ↑ All According to Plan - The Rab'a Massacre and Mass Killings of Protesters in Egypt ( Memento August 13, 2014 on WebCite ) (English; PDF: 3.42 MB), Human Rights Watch, August 12, 2014, p. 92, archived from the original .
151. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j} Crisis in Egypt - The Rabaa massacre - Egyptian and foreign reporters have counted hundreds of bodies in the Rabaa mosque in Cairo alone. Journalists were also killed ( memento from August 14, 2014 on WebCite ) , taz.de, August 15, 2013, by Dominic Johnson, archived from the original .
152. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j} Egypt's Tiananmen - I went to Cairo to present Egypt's leaders with evidence that police slaughtered 1,000 people at Rabaa Square. They would not even let me out of the airport ( Memento of 14 August 2014 Webcite ) (English). FP, August 12, 2014, by Kenneth Roth, archived from the original .
153. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} Scores dead in Egypt after security forces launch assault on protesters' camp ( Memento from April 9, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). The Washington Post, August 14, 2013, by Abigail Hauslohner and Sharaf al-Hourani, archived from the original .
154. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i} All According to Plan - The Rab'a Massacre and Mass Killings of Protesters in Egypt ( Memento from August 13, 2014 on WebCite ) (English; PDF: 3.42 MB), Human Rights Watch, August 12, 2014, page 34f., Archived from the original .
155. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} A year later, protest's bloody end divides Egypt ( Memento from August 14, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). AP News, Aug 10, 2014, by Hamza Hendawi, Maggie Michael, Sarah el Deeb, and Lee Keath, archived from the original .
156. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h} Egypt - State-ordered massacre - A year ago thousands of demonstrating Muslim Brotherhood were murdered and injured in Rabaa Adawiyya. The act of violence was apparently planned by the highest level of government ( memento from August 14, 2014 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, August 13, 2014, by Martin Gehlen, archived from the original .
157. ↑ Human Rights Watch - Video Distribution Egypt: Rab'a Massacre likely Crimes against Humanity  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.   (English), 2014_Rab'a_shotlist.pdf (PDF file, 136KB), URL: http://multimedia.hrw.org/system/files/2014_Rab'a_shotlist.pdf?download=1  ( page no longer available , search in Web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Quoted passages in the original transcript: “88. SOUNDBITE Omar, Researcher, Human Rights Watch (English): Around 4:30 pm, armored personal carriers arrived at Rab'a hospital, and they began firing directly into Rab'a hospital. New York, Aug. 2014 ”,“ 92. SOUNDBITE Omar Shakir, Researcher, Human Rights Watch (English): Human Rights Watch was in the building at the time and observed this happening as it happened. Security forces then entered the hospital and immediately ordered everybody out, telling them the hospital would be burned and to leave injured behind. New York, Aug. 2014 "  
158. ↑ Cairo doctors struggle to treat Morsi supporters during bloody crackdown ( Memento from October 16, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). The Guardian, Aug. 14, 2013, by Patrick Kingsley, archived from the original .
159. ↑ Rabaa Al-Adawiyah Mosque Destroyed In Cairo Clashes (PHOTOS) ( Memento from October 24, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). The Huffington Post, August 15, 2013, archived from the original .
160. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} Escalation of violence - Egypt in a state of emergency ( Memento from August 16, 2013 in the Internet Archive ), tagesschau.de, August 14, 2013, archived from the original ( Memento from August 16, 2013 in the Internet Archive ).
161. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h} An eyewitness account of the massacre in Cairo ( Memento from August 10, 2014 on WebCite ) , Vice, August 15, 2013, by Louisa Loveluck, archived from the original ( Memento from the original from June 14, 2015 in Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . English version: Vice, August 14, 2013, by Louisa Loveluck, archived from the original . 
162. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h} Witnessing Yesterday's Cairo Massacre Was Shocking and Awful ( Memento from August 10, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Vice , August 15, 2013, by Louisa Loveluck, archived from the original .
163. ↑ ^{a b c} The latest from Egypt (LIVE BLOG) - Egypt's deadly unrest Continues, with reports did an ambush in the Sinai peninsula killed at least 24 policemen Monday ( Memento of 10 August 2014 Webcite ) (English). GlobalPost, August 14, 2014, archived from the original .
164. ↑ Reza Sayah Leaves CNN ( Memento from March 30, 2015 on WebCite ) (English). adweek.com, January 3, 2015, by Chris Ariens, archived from the original .
165. ↑ Rabaa 'was a massacre': A year later, CNN journalists recall crackdown ( Memento from March 30, 2015 on WebCite ) (English), CNN International Edition, August 14, 2014, by Reza Sayah, archived from the original .
166. ↑ ^{a b c} Egypt - In Trümmern ( Memento from October 19, 2013 on WebCite ) , Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, August 15, 2013, by Christoph Ehrhardt, archived from the original .
167. ↑ ^{a b} Assault on Morsi Supporters in Egypt ( Memento from December 13, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). The New York Times, August 14, 2013, by David Furst, Alicia Parlapiano, Sergio Peçanha, and Tim Wallace, archived from the original .
168. ↑ ^{a b c} Latest casualty from August clashes - 6 April member died after sustaining injuries on 14 August ( Memento from 1 January 2014 to Webcite ) (English). Daily News Egypt, September 2, 2013, by Hend Kortam, archived from the original .
169. ↑ ^{a b} State Crisis in Egypt: The Horror of Cairo ( Memento from July 4, 2015 on WebCite ) , spiegel.de, August 14, 2013, by Ulrike Putz, archived from the original .
170. ↑ ^{a b c d} All According to Plan - The Rab'a Massacre and Mass Killings of Protesters in Egypt ( Memento August 13, 2014 on WebCite ) (English; PDF: 3.42 MB), Human Rights Watch, August 12 2014, pp. 92–94, archived from the original .
171. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} Mohandessin Clashes as sit-ins disperse - Violence in Mohandessin after sit-in clearing ( Memento from January 1, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Daily News Egypt, Aug 14, 2013, archived from the original .
172. ^ Egypt - Hour of Retribution ( Memento from September 21, 2013 on WebCite ) , Süddeutsche.de, September 21, 2013, by Tomas Avenarius, archived from the original .
173. ↑ Egypt condemns 188 to death over fatal attack on police station - Accused were found guilty of taking part in August 2013 attack that killed 13 as prosecution says it will appeal Mubarak acquittal over protester deaths ( Memento of December 3, 2014 on WebCite ) (English ). The Guardian, December 2, 2014, archived from the original .
174. ↑ ^{a b c} Christoph Ehrhardt: State of emergency and curfews imposed at faz.net, August 14, 2013 (accessed on August 14, 2013).
175. ↑ ^{a b c} State crisis on the Nile Government: 343 dead when the protest camps for Mursi were cleared ( memento from August 19, 2013 on WebCite ), Der Tagesspiegel, August 15, 2013, by Astrid Frefel, archived from the original .
176. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah} minute minutes - radical Islamists apparently attack churches ( Memento from December 21, 2013 on WebCite ) , Die Welt, August 14, 2013, archived from the original .
177. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} Cairo massacre: The Muslim Brotherhood's silent martyrs lie soaked in blood - The corpses are a powerful symbol for the opposition. Robert Fisk gives a name to some of the dead and helps them remember ( Memento of 17 April 2014 Webcite ) (English). The Independent, August 15, 2013, by Robert Fisk, archived from the original .
178. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p} Egypt in a state of emergency - the Muslim Brothers continue to demonstrate after the massacre ( Memento from August 17, 2013 on WebCite ), FAZ.NET (Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung), 15. August 2013, archived from the original .
179. ↑ ^{a b c d} Egypt: Protests dwindle in crackdown; government refuses to give death toll, arrests ( Memento of 22 July 2014 Webcite ) (English). The Washington Post, August 30, 2013, by Abigail Hauslohner and Sharaf al-Hourani, archived from the original .
180. ↑ All According to Plan - The Rab'a Massacre and Mass Killings of Protesters in Egypt ( Memento August 13, 2014 on WebCite ) (English; PDF: 3.42 MB), Human Rights Watch, August 12, 2014, p. 106, archived from the original .
181. ↑ ^{a b} All According to Plan - The Rab'a Massacre and Mass Killings of Protesters in Egypt ( Memento August 13, 2014 on WebCite ) (English; PDF: 3.42 MB), Human Rights Watch, August 12, 2014, P. 82, footnote 256, archived from the original . With reference to: Khairy Ramadan & Huna al-'Asema: # Honaal3asema -هنا_العاصمة - 31-8-2013 - الحوار الكامل لوزير الداخلية مع خيري رمضان (video clip; YouTube the Minister of the Interior, Mohamed Ibrahim), published on YouTube channel CBC Egypt on August 31, 2013, accessed on August 13, 2014.
182. ↑ ^{a b c d e} الصحة: ​​ارتفاع حالات الوفاة إلي 525 و 3717 مصابا ( Memento from April 2, 2014 on WebCite ) (Arabic). Al-Ahram, August 16, 2013, archived from the original (Title translated into English: "Ministry of Health: Deaths increase to 525 and injuries to 3717").
183. ↑ وزارة الصحة: ​​ارتفاع عدد القتلى في أعمال العنف السياسي بمصر الى 525 ( Memento from August 17, 2014 on WebCite ) (Arabic), Reuters (ara.reuters.com), August 15, 2013 from the original . , Archived .
184. ↑ All According to Plan - The Rab'a Massacre and Mass Killings of Protesters in Egypt ( Memento August 13, 2014 on WebCite ) (English; PDF: 3.42 MB), Human Rights Watch, August 12, 2014, p. 87, footnote 272, archived from the original ( Memento of the original from August 14, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; with reference to: (Arabic), Reuters (ara.reuters.com), August 15, 2013, archived from the original . 
185. ↑ ^{a b} All According to Plan - The Rab'a Massacre and Mass Killings of Protesters in Egypt ( Memento August 13, 2014 on WebCite ) (English; PDF: 3.42 MB), Human Rights Watch, August 12, 2014, P. 87, footnote 272, archived from the original ( Memento of the original from August 14, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; with reference to: (Arabic; English: "Forensic Medical Authority: Rab'a death toll reaches 377, including 11 burned after death"), shorouknews.com, November 14, 2013, by Noha Ashur, archived from the original . 
186. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} Egypt: Security Forces Used Excessive Lethal Force - Worst Mass Unlawful Killings in Country's Modern History ( Memento of 26 December 2013 Webcite ) (English). Human Rights Watch, August 19, 2013, archived from the original .
187. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Egypt: Excessive Use of Force By Security Forces - Killings Unprecedented in Modern History ( Memento December 26, 2013 on WebCite ) , Human Rights Watch, August 19, 2013, archived from the original .
188. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Death toll from Egypt violence rises to 638 - At least 4,000 wounded in violence sparked When riot police smashed two sit-ins by Morsi supporters ( Memento of 9 April 2014 Webcite ) (English). Today Online, August 16, 2013, archived from the original
189. ↑ ^{a b} Exclusive: Egypt's Massacre, Viewed From Field Hospital ( Memento April 9, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Al Monitor, August 18, 2013, by Ayah Aman, archived from the original . With reference to: يقين | إنهيارات و صرخات تعرف أهالى الشهداء على ذويهم من داخل مسجد الإيمان , YouTube, published by the YouTube channel شبكة يقين الإخبارية on August 15, 2013.
190. ↑ ^{a b c} Egypt crisis: Cairo death toll 'could rise significantly' - Fears are growing that the death toll from Egypt's crackdown on opposition protests on Wednesday could rise significantly as activists discover makeshift morgues across the city ( Memento from April 9, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). The Telegraph, by Louisa Loveluck and Damien McElroy, August 15, 2013, archived from the original .
191. ↑ live - egypt in crisis - Latest updates - Obama cancels military drills amid rising death toll - Roundup of today's news - US warns citizens to leave Egypt - Healthy Ministry raises death toll to 638 - Cairo in chaos: A view from the ground - France , Britain call for Security Council meeting - Video: Man carrying an injured man is shot - Lawmakers call for halt to Egypt aid - Reuters: Egypt shortens curfew hours - Photo: A day after the bloodshed - Interior Ministry threatens to use live bullets - Scene inside al-Iman mosque in Cairo - Reactions to canceling military exercise - President Obama's statement on Egypt - Protesters burn government building in Giza - Charred bodies at Cairo mosque - Obama to make a statement on Egypt - Haunting aerial footage of Cairo - Inside the hospital in Rabaa - Egypt death toll is raised to 525 - Roundup of headlines from Wednesday, Aug. 14 ( Memento of 9 April 2014 Webcite ) (English). The Washington Post, August 15, 2013, by Anup Kaphle, archived from the original .
192. ↑ Islamists Debate Their Next Move in Tense Cairo ( Memento of 17 June 2015 Webcite ) (English). The New York Times, August 15, 2013, by David D. Kirkpatrick, archived from the original .
193. ↑ ^{a b c d} 627 killed in Rabaa sit-in dispersal - Forensic Authority ( Memento from July 23, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). The Cairo Post, November 14, 2013, archived from the original .
194. ↑ All According to Plan - The Rab'a Massacre and Mass Killings of Protesters in Egypt ( Memento August 13, 2014 on WebCite ) (English; PDF: 3.42 MB), Human Rights Watch, August 12, 2014, p. 82, footnote 258, archived from the original .
195. ↑ ^{a b} Human rights in Egypt under international spotlight - Coalition of international NGOs calls on UN Human Rights Council to address Egypt's human rights situation ( Memento of 17 March 2014 Webcite ) (English). Daily News Egypt, March 4, 2014, archived from the original .
196. ↑ All According to Plan - The Rab'a Massacre and Mass Killings of Protesters in Egypt ( Memento August 13, 2014 on WebCite ) (English; PDF: 3.42 MB), Human Rights Watch, August 12, 2014, p. 82, footnote 257, archived from the original .
197. ↑ «الطب الشرعي»: حصيلة قتلى رابعة 377 حالة بينها 11 تم «حرقها» بعد الوفاة burn ( memento from August 17, 2014 on WebCite ) (Arabic; English: "Forensic Medical Authority reaches tolled: 377 after death ”), shorouknews.com, November 14, 2013, by Noha Ashur, archived from the original .
198. ↑ ^{a b} 1300 dead in Egypt since Morsi's ouster: HRW - Organization accuses security forces of unjustifiably using lethal force during 6 October clashes; Ministry of Interior denies ( Memento of 27 December 2013 Webcite ) (English). Daily News Egypt, November 3, 2013, by Rana Muhammad Taha, archived from the original .
199. ↑ ^{a b} PM Hazem al-Beblawy talks economics with Al-Masry Al-Youm ( Memento from March 30, 2015 on WebCite ) (English), Egypt Independent (translation from Al-Masry Al-Youm), September 16, 2013, archived from the original .
200. ↑ Roadmaps and roadblocks: Egypt's political transition - Interim government lays out transitional roadmap, 50-member ConstituentAssembly amending 2012 constitution, but challenges remain (English). Daily News Egypt, November 10, 2013, by Rana Muhammad Taha, accessed March 30, 2015.
201. ↑ ^{a b} EIPR releases report on post June 30 violence - A year on, the Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights has published a report (June 2014) documenting state responsibility for the violence that ensued after the removal of President and Muslim Brotherhood leader Mohamed Morsi on June 30 ( Memento of March 30, 2015 on WebCite ) (English). Mada Masr, June 18, 2014, archived from the original ( Memento of the original from April 2, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . 
202. ↑ ^{a b} The Weeks of Killing - State Violence, Communal fighting, & Sectarian Attacks in the Summer of 2013 ( Memento from March 30, 2015 on WebCite ) (PDF, English). Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights (EIPR), June 2014, archived from the original ( Memento of the original dated December 1, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . 
203. ↑ ^{a b} Stages of a Massacre: Interactive Map of Rab'a Square (interactive graphic; English), in: Human Rights Watch: Egypt: Killings in Rabaa and other killings, probably crimes against humanity - No justice one year after series of fatal attacks on demonstrators ( Memento from August 13, 2014 on WebCite ) , August 12, 2014, archived from the original .
204. ↑ Egyptian Human Rights Council presents report on August massacre - According to this, security forces and demonstrators bear responsibility ( Memento from March 17, 2014 on WebCite ) , Die Welt, March 17, 2014, archived from the original .
205. ↑ Summary of the National Council for Human Rights fact-finding mission about the disperse of Raba'a Al-Adaweya sit-in ( Memento of March 18, 2014 on WebCite ) ( PDF ( Memento of March 18, 2014 on WebCite ), English ). The National Council for Human Rights, [undated], archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 18, 2014.
206. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} Memory of a Mass Killing Becomes Another Casualty of Egyptian Protests ( page 1 ( Memento from April 24, 2014 on WebCite ), page 2 ( Memento from July 19, 2014 on WebCite ); English). The New York Times, November 13, 2013, by Kareem Fahim and Mayy El Sheikh, archived from the original ( page 1 , page 2 ) on April 24, 2014 (page 1) and July 19, 2014 (page 2).
207. ↑ Anti-Coup Alliance Statement: Major Massacre During Crackdown Against Rabaa and Nahda sit-ins ( Memento of 29 July 2014 Webcite ) (English). Ikhwan Web (ikhwanweb.com), August 14, 2013, archived from the original .
208. ↑ Ghostly calm in Egypt - bloodbath in Egypt ( memento of December 20, 2013 on WebCite ) ( page 7/11 ( memento of December 20, 2013 on WebCite )), N24, August 15, 2013, archived from the original ( memento of December 20, 2013 ) December 2013 on WebCite ) ( page 7/11 ) on December 20, 2013.
209. ↑ All According to Plan - The Rab'a Massacre and Mass Killings of Protesters in Egypt ( Memento August 13, 2014 on WebCite ) (English; PDF: 3.42 MB), Human Rights Watch, August 12, 2014, p. 86, footnote 271, archived from the original .
210. ↑ How can you support us ?? ( Memento of 31 July 2014 Webcite ) (English). www.egyptiancoup.info, archived from the original ( Memento of the original from November 4, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . 
211. ↑ Yaser Selim, Nour Saad, Amany AboZaid, Menna Al-Hadary and Asmaa Shehata: The Massacre of Rabaa - Between Narration & Documentation (English), without notice of publication, approx. 79 pages (unpaginated), published on slideshare.net by TwthekMajzara 13 December 2013, URL: de.slideshare.net URL of the Arabic-language version (121 pages, unpaginated), published on slideshare.net by TwthekMajzara October 14, 2013: de.slideshare.net (مجزرة رابعة بين الرواية والتوثيق). URL of the second Arabic-language edition (175 pages, paged in Arabic), published on slideshare.net by TwthekMajzara January 14, 2014: de.slideshare.net (مجزرة رابعة بين الرواية والتوثيق - الإصدار الثاني).
212. ↑ PM Hazem al-Beblawy talks economics with Al-Masry Al-Youm ( Memento from December 28, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Egypt Independent (edited translation from Al-Masry Al-Youm), September 16, 2013, archived from the original .
213. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Anti-Coup Alliance calls for marches on six-month anniversary of sit-in dispersals ( Memento from March 12, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Daily News Egypt, February 14, 2014, by Ali Omar, archived from the original .
214. ↑ Egypt: No acknowledgment or Justice for Mass Protester Killings Set Up a fact-finding committee as a First Step ( Memento of 25 December 2013 Webcite ) (English). Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies, December 10, 2013, archived from the original ( Memento of the original from January 2, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; with reference to: (Arabic), Wiki Thawra, September 3, 2013, archived from the original . 
215. ↑ Egypt: No Acknowledgment or Justice for Mass Protester Killings ( Memento from December 25, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Human Rights Watch, December 10, 2013, archived from the original ( Memento of the original from December 13, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; with reference to: (Arabic), Wiki Thawra, September 3, 2013, archived from the original . 
216. ↑ Worse Than Tiananmen? 1st Anniversary of Egyptian Army Killings of 800+ Anti-Coup Protesters ( Memento from December 21, 2015 on WebCite ) (English) (transcript; video: 49:56 min .; from min. 22:04), Democracy Now , 14. August 2014, conversation by Amy Goodman and Juan González with Sharif Abdel Kouddous, Kenneth Roth and Abdul Mawgoud Dardery. Also published as: Worse Than Tiananmen? 1st Anniversary of Egyptian Army Killings of 800+ Anti-Coup Protesters (English; Video: 15:10 min.), YouTube, published by the YouTube channel Democracy Now! on August 14, 2014.
217. ↑ Egypt: Police catch ex-head of government on the run ( memento from December 24, 2013 on WebCite ) , Spiegel Online, December 24, 2013, archived from the original .
218. ↑ Bomb attack - Egypt: many dead in attack on police headquarters ( memento from December 28, 2013 on WebCite ) , heute.de, December 24, 2013, archived from the original ( memento of the original from December 24, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: Der Archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . 
219. ^ Egypt - Muslim Brotherhood declared a terrorist organization ( Memento from December 28, 2013 on WebCite ) , Süddeutsche.de, December 26, 2013, archived from the original .
220. ↑ ^{a b} Friday prayers in Egypt: a climate of fear prevents new mass protests ( memento from August 25, 2013 on WebCite ) , Spiegel Online, August 23, 2013, by Matthias Gebauer, archived from the original .
221. ^ Egypt - Public Prosecutor's Office brings charges against Mursi , Deutsche Welle, September 2, 2013, by Najima El Moussaoui, accessed on September 9, 2013.
222. ↑ Cairo under the curfew: all-night parties ( memento of October 7, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). The Guardian, October 6, 2013, by Patrick Kingsley, archived from the original .
223. Jump up ↑ Violence on the Nile - dozens of dead in clashes in Egypt ( memento from October 28, 2013 on WebCite ) , Der Tagesspiegel, October 7, 2013, by Martin Gehlen, archived from the original .
224. ^ Egypt: Justice pursues demonstrators with full force ( memento from December 23, 2013 on WebCite ) , Swiss radio and television, December 23, 2013, archived from the original .
225. ^ Crisis in Egypt - Commission should investigate violence ( Memento from December 25, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) , tagesschau.de, December 23, 2013, archived from the original ( Memento from December 25, 2013 in the Internet Archive ).
226. ↑ Egypt: State-sanctioned pattern of excessive use of force by security forces ( Memento from December 27, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Amnesty International, October 14, 2013, archived from the original .
227. ↑ ^{a b c d e} All According to Plan - The Rab'a Massacre and Mass Killings of Protesters in Egypt ( Memento from August 13, 2014 on WebCite ) (English; PDF: 3.42 MB), Human Rights Watch, 12. August 2014, pp. 83–86., Archived from the original .
228. ↑ All According to Plan - The Rab'a Massacre and Mass Killings of Protesters in Egypt ( Memento August 13, 2014 on WebCite ) (English; PDF: 3.42 MB), Human Rights Watch, August 12, 2014, p. 68, footnote 185, archived from the original . With reference to: لحظة قنص شاب وهوا يحمل جثة شهيد فى مجزرة رابعة , (Arabic; English: "Man being shot while carrying body of martyr in Rab'a massacre") YouTube, published by the YouTube channel Abdallah MoSTaFa on August 15, 2013 .
229. ↑ ^{a b} Egypt: No Acknowledgment or Justice for Mass Protester Killings Set Up a Fact-Finding Committee as a First Step ( Memento from December 25, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies, December 10, 2013, archived from the original ( Memento of the original from January 2, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; with reference to: (English), Nazra for Feminist Studies, [undated], archived from the original , Permalink: nazra.org . 
230. ↑ ^{a b} Egypt: No Acknowledgment or Justice for Mass Protester Killings ( Memento from December 25, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Human Rights Watch, December 10, 2013, archived from the original ( Memento of the original from December 13, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; with reference to: (English), Nazra for Feminist Studies, [undated], archived from the original , Permalink: nazra.org . 
231. ↑ All According to Plan - The Rab'a Massacre and Mass Killings of Protesters in Egypt ( Memento August 13, 2014 on WebCite ) (English; PDF: 3.42 MB), Human Rights Watch, August 12, 2014, p. 85, footnote 265, archived from the original ( Memento of the original from August 14, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . With reference to: (Arabic). Nazra for Feminist Studies, September 10, 2013, archived from the original . 
232. ↑ All According to Plan - The Rab'a Massacre and Mass Killings of Protesters in Egypt ( Memento August 13, 2014 on WebCite ) (English; PDF: 3.42 MB), Human Rights Watch, August 12, 2014, p. 85, footnote 267, archived from the original ( Memento of the original dated August 14, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . With reference to: (English). Middle East Monitor (MEMO), September 22, 2013, archived from the original ( Memento of the original from December 16, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. .  
233. ↑ All According to Plan - The Rab'a Massacre and Mass Killings of Protesters in Egypt ( Memento August 13, 2014 on WebCite ) (English; PDF: 3.42 MB), Human Rights Watch, August 12, 2014, p. 38, footnote 52, archived from the original . With reference to: قنص منقبة أمامي في محيط رابعة العدوية 14-8-2013 ayoop2 (English: A veiled woman shot in front of me in Rab'a al-Adawiya), YouTube, published by the YouTube channel ayoop ayoop on August 14 2013. Cf .: فتاة منتقبة كانت تقوم بالتصوير في رابعة العدوية والرصاصة اخترقت رقبتها من وخرجا من علي ورات من علي ور 2013 , published by YouTube on August 14, 2013 General YouTube channel .
234. ↑ ^{a b} Daughter of Muslim Brotherhood leader Beltagi killed in Rabaa ( Memento from October 19, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Anadolu Agency, August 14, 2013, archived from the original .
235. ↑ ^{a b c d} Beltagy to Provide statement in prison about daughter's death ( memento of 22 July 2014 Webcite ) (English). The Cairo Post, March 18, 2014, by Randa el-Banna, archived from the original .
236. ↑ ^{a b} Fugitive Brotherhood leader Argues against 'terrorism' charge ( Memento of 22 July 2014 Webcite ) (English). Ahram Online, August 27, 2013, archived from the original .
237. ↑ ^{a b} Egypt: Grief of Muslim Brotherhood leader's family at death of teenage daughter ( Memento from July 22, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). The Telegraph, August 15, 2013, by Ruth Sherlock and Magdy Samaan, archived from the original .
238. ↑ Beltagy Attempts to give statement from prison Concerning July 3 protests ( Memento of 22 July 2014 Webcite ) (English). The Cairo Post, July 3, 2014, by Aya Ibrahim, archived from the original .
239. ↑ How Asma was killed ( Memento from April 22, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Middle East Monitor (MEMO), August 20, 2013, archived from the original ( Memento of the original from August 10, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (Source: Felesteen on Line Newspaper, August 18, 2013); with reference to: Asma Beltagy being shot by Egyptian military sniper (English). YouTube, published by the YouTube channel MiddleEastMonitor on August 20, 2013. 
240. ↑ Living in the aftermath - Rabea survivors mourn the dead while grappling with survival ( Memento from August 20, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Mada Masr, by Dalia Rabie, August 14, 2014, archived from the original ( Memento of the original from August 19, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; with reference to: Asma Beltagy being shot by Egyptian military sniper (English). YouTube, published by the YouTube channel MiddleEastMonitor on August 20, 2013. 
241. ↑ Asma Al-Beltagi: the child who is an icon of Rabaa Al-Adawiyyah ( Memento April 1, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Middle East Monitor (London), August 25, 2013, by Yassir al Zaatara, archived from the original ( Memento of the original from April 7, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . 
242. ↑ ^{a b} Last moments of Asmaa, symbol of anti-coup resistance in Egypt - A footage that emerged on Tuesday shows last moments of Asmaa, 17-year-old daughter of Muslim Brotherhood leader Mohamed al-Beltagy ( Memento from April 22, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Anadolu Agency, September 3, 2013, archived from the original .
243. ↑ Turkish PM Erdoğan sheds tears on TV over Egyptian father's letter to slain young girl ( Memento from October 19, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Hürriyet Daily News, August 22, 2013, archived from the original .
244. ↑ اللحظات الأخيرة لأسماء البلتاجي في رابعة العدوية (Arabic). YouTube, Published on September 3, 2013 from the YouTube channel وكالة الأناضول للأنباء (AnadoluAgencyAR).
245. ↑ أسماء البلتاجي (Arabic). YouTube, published on September 18, 2013 from the YouTube channel وكالة الأناضول للأنباء (AnadoluAgencyAR); a version with English subtitles (unofficial) is available on: Documentary about Asmaa el-Beltagy وثائقي عن أسماء البلتاجى (English subtitles), YouTube, published by the YouTube channel Egyptians Against Coup on September 26, 2013.
246. ↑ Sky journalist shot dead in Cairo: Hunt for unpleasant witnesses ( memento from August 16, 2013 on WebCite ), Der Spiegel, by Ulrike Putz, August 14, 2013, archived from the original .
247. ↑ Journalists are said to have been deliberately killed ( memento from August 16, 2013 on WebCite ), Zeit Online, August 15, 2013, archived from the original .
248. ↑ In Egypt, two more journalists killed, several injured ( Memento of 17 December 2013 Webcite ) (English). Committee to Protect Journalists, August 15, 2012, archived from the original .
249. ↑ All According to Plan - The Rab'a Massacre and Mass Killings of Protesters in Egypt ( Memento August 13, 2014 on WebCite ) (English; PDF: 3.42 MB), Human Rights Watch, August 12, 2014, p. 85, footnote 268, archived from the original ( Memento of the original dated August 14, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . With reference to: (English), Ahram Online, August 14, 2013, archived from the original . 
250. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Cameraman for British Network Is Killed in Cairo ( December 4, 2013 memento on WebCite ) , The New York Times, August 14, 2013, by Brian Stelter, archived from the original .
251. ↑ ^{a b} Mick Deane ( Memento from December 17, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Committee to Protect Journalists, archived from the original .
252. ↑ Ghostly calm in Egypt - bloodbath in Egypt ( memento of December 20, 2013 on WebCite ) ( page 10/11 ( memento of December 20, 2013 on WebCite )), N24, August 15, 2013, archived from the original ( memento of 20 December 2013 ) December 2013 on WebCite ) ( page 10/11 ) on December 20, 2013.
253. ↑ ^{a b} Scholarship In Memory Of Cameraman Mick Deane - A year ago, Mick what fatally shot while a Sky News team were filming the crushing of protests against the Egyptian military coup ( Memento of 14 August 2014 Webcite ) (English). Sky News, Aug 14, 2014, by Ian Woods, archived from the original .
254. ↑ A year ago, my cameraman husband was killed in Egypt. He was just doing his job ( Memento of 14 August 2014 Webcite ) (English). The Washington Post, Daniela Deane, Aug 8, 2014, archived from the original .
255. ↑ ^{a b c d} Journalists Killed In Egypt: Mick Deane, Habiba Ahmed Abd Elaziz, Ahmed Abdel Gawad Die Amid Turmoil ( Memento from December 17, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). The Huffington Post, by Maggie Michael and Jill Lawless, archived from the original .
256. ↑ ^{a b c} Ahmed Abdel Gawad ( Memento from December 17, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Committee to Protect Journalists, archived from the original .
257. ↑ Mosaab al-Shami ( Memento from December 17, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Committee to Protect Journalists, archived from the original .
258. ↑ ^{a b c} XPRESS reporter shot dead in Cairo ( Memento from December 17, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Xpress, August 17, 2013, archived from the original .
259. ↑ All According to Plan - The Rab'a Massacre and Mass Killings of Protesters in Egypt ( Memento August 13, 2014 on WebCite ) (English; PDF: 3.42 MB), Human Rights Watch, August 12, 2014, p. 38f., Archived from the original .
260. ↑ All According to Plan - The Rab'a Massacre and Mass Killings of Protesters in Egypt ( Memento August 13, 2014 on WebCite ) (English; PDF: 3.42 MB), Human Rights Watch, August 12, 2014, p. 38f., Footnote 58, archived from the original ( Memento of the original from August 14, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; with reference to: (Arabic; English: "Interior Ministry: We did not fire live ammunition and only used teargas ... 6 killed and 66 injured"). Al-Masry al-Youm, August 15, 2013, by Yousry al-Badry, archived from the original ; With reference to: Khairy Ramadan & Huna al-'Asema: # Honaal3asema - هنا_العاصمة - 31-8-2013 - الحوار الكامل لوزير الداخلية مع خيري رمضان مع خيري رمضان # (video clip in full), YouTube: 36:36 in Arabic: 36: YouTube with the Minister of the Interior, Mohamed Ibrahim), published on the YouTube channel CBC Egypt on August 31, 2013, accessed on August 13, 2014. 
261. ↑ ^{a b} Update: Three journalists killed, others injured and arrested ( Memento of 26 July 2014 Webcite ) (English). Mada Masr, August 14, 2013, by Mai Shams El-Din, archived from the original ( Memento of the original from July 28, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . 
262. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Westerwelle condemns the security forces ( memento from December 17, 2013 on WebCite ) (video, MP4 ( memento from December 17, 2013 on WebCite )), tagesschau.de, August 14, 2013, 8:11 p.m. , by Matthias Deiß, archived from the original ( MP4 ) on December 17, 2013.
263. ↑ ^{a b c} Crisis in Egypt - Muslim Brothers are planning new protest marches ( memento from August 18, 2013 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, August 18, 2013, archived from the original .
264. ↑ ^{a b} Egypt - Muslim Brothers announce new protests ( memento from August 18, 2013 on WebCite ) , FAZ.NET (Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung), August 18, 2013, archived from the original .
265. ↑ The Dispersion of the Rab'aa Sit-in and its Aftermath ( Memento from December 26, 2013 on WebCite ) (English; PDF), Nazra for Feminist Studies, September 10, 2013, archived from the original ; with reference to: مؤتمر صحفي لوزير الداخلية ل. محمد إبراهيم حول فض اعتصام رابعة العدوية والنهضة (Arabic), YouTube, published by the YouTube channel RadarMasrTube on August 14, 2013.
266. ^ State of emergency in Egypt - almost 300 dead in a bloodbath in Cairo ( memento from August 14, 2014 on WebCite ) , N24, August 15, 2013, archived from the original .
267. ↑ All According to Plan - The Rab'a Massacre and Mass Killings of Protesters in Egypt ( Memento August 13, 2014 on WebCite ) (English; PDF: 3.42 MB), Human Rights Watch, August 12, 2014, p. 103, footnote 352, archived from the original ( Memento of the original dated August 14, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . With reference to: (Arabic), Al-Masry al-Youm, August 15, 2013, by Yousry al-Badry, archived from the original . 
268. ↑ All According to Plan - The Rab'a Massacre and Mass Killings of Protesters in Egypt ( Memento August 13, 2014 on WebCite ) (English; PDF: 3.42 MB), Human Rights Watch, August 12, 2014, p. 102, footnote 349, archived from the original . With reference to: Khairy Ramadan & Huna al-'Asema: # Honaal3asema -هنا_العاصمة - 31-8-2013 - الحوار الكامل لوزير الداخلية مع خيري رمضان (video clip; YouTube the Minister of the Interior, Mohamed Ibrahim), published on YouTube channel CBC Egypt on August 31, 2013, accessed on August 13, 2014.
269. ↑ ^{a b} Middle East News - Vicious Backlash Shakes One Egyptian Town - As the Military Stormed Cairo sit-ins, Kerdasa Residents Went on a rampage, killing 11 Policemen, Attacking a Church ( Memento of 4 February 2014 Webcite ) (English) . The Wall Street Journal - World, August 16, 2013, by Maria Abi-Habib, archived from the original .
270. ↑ Ghostly calm in Egypt - Bloodbath in Egypt ( Memento from December 20, 2013 on WebCite ) ( Page 3/11 ( Memento from December 20, 2013 on WebCite )), N24, August 15, 2013, archived from the original ( Memento from December 20, 2013 ) December 2013 on WebCite ) ( page 3/11 ) on December 20, 2013.
271. ↑ The Dispersion of the Rab'aa Sit-in and its Aftermath ( Memento from December 26, 2013 on WebCite ) (English; PDF), Nazra for Feminist Studies, September 10, 2013, archived from the original ; with reference to: الببلاوي لـ # جملة_مفيدة: فض إعتصامي # رابعة و # النهضة بدون اراقة دماء كان دربا مda shearing, the sit'a ال without Arabic : "bloodedding"; YouTube, published by the YouTube channel جملة مفيدة on August 27, 2013.
272. ↑ All According to Plan - The Rab'a Massacre and Mass Killings of Protesters in Egypt ( Memento August 13, 2014 on WebCite ) (English; PDF: 3.42 MB), Human Rights Watch, August 12, 2014, p. 102, footnote 350, archived from the original ( Memento of the original dated August 14, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . With reference to: (Arabic), Al-Masry al-Youm, September 11, 2013, by Yasser Rizk and Mansour Kamel, archived from the original . 
273. ↑ Decision to disperse what tough, but I would make the same decision again: Former PM El-Beblawi ( Memento of 14 August 2014 Webcite ) (English). Daily News Egypt, August 14, 2014, by Mohamed Ayyad, archived from the original .
274. ↑ Egypt Crackdown: Security Forces 'Had To Respond' Claims Ambassador Ashraf El-Kholy ( Memento from October 16, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). The Huffington Post, August 15, 2013, archived from the original .
275. ↑ ^{a b} Egypt’s ambassador to Britain defends assault on opposition protesters ( Memento from October 16, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). The Telegraph, August 15, 2013, by Damien McElroy, archived from the original .
276. ↑ ^{a b c} Muslim Brotherhood must be removed like Nazis, Egypt's ambassador to Britain says ( Memento from October 16, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). The Telegraph, August 19, 2013, by Damien McElroy, archived from the original .
277. ↑ ^{a b} “Catapulted back to the time before the revolution” ( memento from December 23, 2013 on WebCite ) , Swiss radio and television, August 15, 2013, archived from the original .
278. ^ Egypt crackdown on camps: security forces clear pro-Morsi sit-ins in Cairo, dozens feared killed. LIVE REPORT ( Memento from April 17, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). radio Voice Of Russia, August 14, 2013, archived from the original .
279. ↑ Statement by State Information Service on Rabaa, Nahda sit-ins dispersal ( Memento from August 16, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). sis.gov.eg, August 15, 2014, archived from the original .
280. ↑ Egypt's Rabaa deaths 'crime against humanity' - Human Rights Watch says killings were planned at highest levels of government and calls for senior leaders to be probed ( Memento of 16 August 2014 Webcite ) (English). Al Jazeera, August 12, 2014, archived from the original .
281. ↑ ^{a b} Attacks on Copts: Egypt's Christians in Danger ( Memento from August 18, 2013 on WebCite ) , Spiegel Online, August 18, 2013, by Ulrike Putz, archived from the original .
282. ↑ ^{a b} Revolutionary drama: Egypt after the bloodbath (pastor in Cairo: situation calmed down again) ( Memento from September 19, 2013 on WebCite ) , Video heute journal: Interview by Christian Sievers with Joachim Schroedel (August 15, 2013, 9:45 p.m. )  in the ZDFmediathek , accessed on August 15, 2013.
283. ↑ Egypt: Coptic Catholic Patriarch Defends Army ( Memento December 14, 2013 on WebCite ) , Vatican Radio, December 14, 2013, archived from the original .
284. ↑ Brotherhood refused to follow advice: Egypt Defense Minister El-Sisi ( Memento of October 13, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Ahram Online, October 8, 2013, archived from the original .
285. ↑ ^{a b c} Egypt: Final report on the bloody evacuation of protest camps ( memento from March 6, 2014 on WebCite ) , euronews, March 6, 2014, archived from the original .
286. ↑ ^{a b c} Egypt - Human Rights Council criticizes excessive use of force ( memento from March 6, 2014 on WebCite ) , Neue Zürcher Zeitung, March 6, 2014, archived from the original ; Source: dpa.
287. ↑ ^{a b c} Egypt's Human Rights Council criticizes the excessive use of force ( memento from March 6, 2014 on WebCite ) , archive link ( memento of the original from March 6, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , March 6, 2014, archived from the original ( Memento of the original from March 6, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; Source: dpa.  
288. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} Human rights in Egypt - Report speaks of 632 dead ( memento from March 6, 2014 on WebCite ) , taz.de, March 6, 2014, by Karim El-Gawhary, archived from the original .
289. ↑ All According to Plan - The Rab'a Massacre and Mass Killings of Protesters in Egypt ( Memento August 13, 2014 on WebCite ) (English; PDF: 3.42 MB), Human Rights Watch, August 12, 2014, p. 16, archived from the original .
290. ↑ The Dispersion of the Rab'aa Sit-in and its Aftermath ( Memento from December 26, 2013 on WebCite ) (English; PDF), Nazra for Feminist Studies, September 10, 2013, archived from the original ( Memento from the original from 25. January 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; with reference to: (Arabic; title translated into English: "The National Community files a report concerning the dead bodies at Al-Iman Mosque and manipulation of evidences at Rab'aa"), nchrl.org August 15, 2013, archived from Original ( Memento of the original from August 26, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , there with reference to: (PDF, Arabic), archived from the original , and with reference to: List of bodies in the Iman Mosque أسماء المتوفين المتواجد جثثهم في مسجد الايمان -1 ( Memento from August 25, 2014 on WebCite ) (PDF , Arabic), archived from the original .  
291. ↑ Beltagy's daughter killed as protesters hold Rabea Their ground ( Memento of 22 July 2014 Webcite ) (English). Mada Masr, August 14, 2014, by Lina Attalah and Mohamad Salama Adam, archived from the original ( memento of the original from August 16, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . 
292. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t} How the world reacts to the bloodbath in Cairo ( Memento from 23 August 2014 on WebCite ) , arte journal, 17 August 2013, from Jean-Pascal Noël, Jana Schulze, Carine Feix and Sophie Rosenzweig, archived from the original ( Memento of the original from August 26, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . 
293. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p} Uprising in Cairo - Egypt is sinking into chaos ( memento from December 20, 2013 on WebCite ) , Berliner Zeitung, August 15, 2013, by Julia Gerlach, archived from Original .
294. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i} Reactions to violence in Cairo - concern and outrage ( Memento from November 27, 2013 on WebCite ) , tagesschau.de, August 14, 2013, archived from the original .
295. ↑ Crisis in Egypt - Desperately Wanted for Consequences ( Memento from August 17, 2013 on WebCite ) , FAZ-NET (Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung), August 16, 2018, by Majid Sattar, archived from the original .
296. ↑ ^{a b} Revolutionary drama: Egypt after the bloodbath ("A defeat of diplomacy") ( Memento from September 19, 2013 on WebCite ) , Video heute journal: Interview by Christian Sievers with Guido Westerwelle (August 15, 2013, 9:45 pm)  in the ZDFmediathek , accessed on September 19, 2013.
297. ↑ Egypt's Defense Minister Calls Hagel to Discuss Developments ( Memento from December 17, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). US Department Of Defense, American Forces Press Service, August 24, 2013, archived from the original .
298. ↑ ^{a b} State crisis: State of emergency in Egypt - hundreds of dead - ElBaradei resigns ( Memento from December 20, 2013 on WebCite ), Spiegel Online, August 14, 2013, archived from the original .
299. ↑ New York, August 17, 2013 - Statement attributable to the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General on Egypt ( Memento of August 18, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). United Nations comment, undated, archived from the original .
300. ↑ Egypt is sinking into violence ( memento of the original from August 14, 2013 in the web archive archive.today ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Bayerischer Rundfunk, August 17, 2013 
301. ↑ Egypt: UN experts urge restraint, dialogue amid 'deeply worrying' human rights crisis ( Memento from August 19, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). United Nations, UN News Center, August 16, 2013, archived from the original .
302. ↑ Egypt: “an escalating and deeply worrying human rights crisis” - UN experts urge restraint and dialogue ( Memento of December 17, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). United Nations Human Rights, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, August 16, 2013, archived from the original .
303. ↑ Egypt: Security Forces Used Excessive Lethal Force - Worst Mass Unlawful Killings in Country's Modern History ( Memento of 26 December 2013 Webcite ) (English). Human Rights Watch, August 19, 2013, archived from the original ; with reference to: 1. لحظة قنص شاب وهوا يحمل جثة شهيد فى مجزرة رابعة , YouTube, published by the YouTube channel Abdallah MoSTaFa on August 15, 2013; 2. Egypt: Protesters Mowed Down By Heavy Gunfire On Camera , LiveLeak.com, added by LiveLeak channel Egyptianrevolution on August 15, 2013.
304. ↑ Analysis: Despite ban threat, Muslim Brotherhood is here to stay ( Memento of October 23, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). The Jerusalem Post, August 19, 2013, by Ariel Ben Solomon, archived from the original .
305. ↑ The Paid Coup - Golf Games on the Nile as a Challenge for the West ( Memento from October 8, 2013 on WebCite ) (PDF), WeltTrends - Journal for International Politics, 92, September / October 2013 (21st volume), p. 142– 143, by Stephan Roll, archived from the Internet version on swp-berlin.org (PDF; 485 kB) on October 8, 2013.
306. ↑ Remember Cairo? ( Memento of 25 April 2014 Webcite ) (English). Brookings, September 30, 2013, by Shadi Hamid and Peter Mandaville, archived from the original ( Memento of the original from July 14, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Also published as: (English). Foreign Policy, September 30, 2013, by Shadi Hamid and Peter Mandaville, archived from the original . 
307. ↑ Shadi Hamid and Peter Mandaville: A Coup too Far: The Case for Reordering US Priorities in Egypt ( Memento from April 25, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Brookings, September 5, 2013, archived from the original . See also: Shadi Hamid and Peter Mandaville: A Coup too Far: The Case for reordering US Priorities in Egypt ( Memento of 25 April 2014 Webcite ) (English). Brookings Doha Center, Policy Briefing, September 2013, archived from the original ( Memento of the original from January 8, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . 
308. ↑ Has The US Forgotten Egypt? ( Memento of July 6, 2014 on WebCite ) , WBUR / NPR (National Public Radio), October 7, 2013, Interview by Celeste Headlee with Shadi Hamid, archived from the original .
309. ↑ Egypt's Rabaa Massacre of 1,000 Morsi Supporters Went 'According to Plan' ( Memento from March 30, 2015 on WebCite ) (English). Vice News, August 12, 2014, by Alice Speri, archived from the original .
310. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} Press review on Egypt - Murder in Cairo ( memento from August 26, 2014 on WebCite ) , fr-online.de, August 15, 2013, archived from the original .
311. ↑ ^{a b} International press reviews on violence in Egypt - a matter of opinion ( memento of December 9, 2013 on WebCite ) , derStandard.at, August 17, 2013, archived from the original .
312. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Into the battle with a jackknife ( memento from December 9, 2013 on WebCite ) , AG Friedensforschung, [undated], archived from the original .
313. ↑ ^{a b} Cairo's new military rulers are worse than Mubarak ( memento from December 26, 2013 on WebCite ) , Die Presse, print edition: August 16, 2013, by Helmar Dumbs, archived from the original .
314. ↑ The old Muslim Brotherhood can only underground ( memento from December 20, 2013 on WebCite ) , Die Welt, August 14, 2013, by Jacques Schuster, archived from the original .
315. ↑ Stuttgarter Nachrichten: Commentary on Egypt ( Memento from December 20, 2013 on WebCite ) , Stuttgarter Nachrichten newsroom, August 14, 2013, archived from the original .
316. ^ Egypt crackdown on camps: security forces clear pro-Morsi sit-ins in Cairo, dozens feared killed. LIVE REPORT ( Memento from April 17, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). radio Voice Of Russia, August 14, 2013, archived from the original ; with reference to: Colonel Ralph Peters unloads on Muslim Brotherhood, Obama Administration (English), YouTube, published on the YouTube channel LSUDVM on August 14, 2013.
317. ↑ How should WH respond to violence raging in Egypt? ( Memento from July 22, 2014 on WebCite ) (Video: 5:59 min; English). Fox News, Aug 14, 2013, Martha McCallum interview with Col. Ralph Peters, archived from the original .
318. ↑ ^{a b} America and Egypt - At the shorter lever ( memento from August 20, 2013 on WebCite ), Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, August 18, 2013, archived from the original .
319. ↑ How American Hopes for a deal in Egypt Were Undercut ( Memento of 22 August 2013 Webcite ) (English). The New York Times, August 17, 2013, by David D. Kirkpatrick, Peter Baker, and Michael R. Gordon, archived from the original .
320. ↑ Analyst: Egypt's Army Must Control Morsi Supporters ( Memento from October 16, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Voice of America, July 7, 2013, by James Butty, archived from the original ( Memento of the original from October 15, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Audio (), archived from the original ( Memento of the original from July 8, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (MP3; 4.8 MB) on October 16, 2013.  
321. ↑ Egypt crackdown: bodies pile up as families grieve amid the slaughter ( Memento from September 21, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). The Guardian, August 15, 2013, by Patrick Kingsley, archived from the original .
322. ↑ US, allies were near a deal for peaceful end to Egypt crisis ( Memento from August 22, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). The Washington Post, August 16, 2013, by Anne Gearan and Colum Lynch, archived from the original .
323. ↑ The peace agreement failed because of al-Sisi ( memento from August 20, 2013 on WebCite ), Tages-Anzeiger, August 17, 2008, archived from the original .
324. ↑ General Abdul Fattah Al Sissi accused of rejecting Egypt peace deal ( Memento from August 20, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Gulfnews.com, by Anne Gearan and Colum Lynch, archived from the original .
325. ↑ Egypt's Rabaa deaths 'crime against humanity' - Human Rights Watch says killings were planned at highest levels of government and calls for senior leaders to be probed ( Memento of 20 August 2014 Webcite ) (English). Al Jazeera, August 12, 2014, archived from the original .
326. ↑ ^{a b} All According to Plan - The Rab'a Massacre and Mass Killings of Protesters in Egypt ( Memento August 13, 2014 on WebCite ) (English; PDF: 3.42 MB), Human Rights Watch, August 12, 2014, P. 15f., Archived from the original .
327. ↑ Human Rights Watch - Video Distribution Egypt: Rab'a Massacre likely Crimes against Humanity  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.   (English), 2014_Rab'a_shotlist.pdf (PDF file, 136KB), URL: http://multimedia.hrw.org/system/files/2014_Rab'a_shotlist.pdf?download=1  ( page no longer available , search in Web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Quoted passages in the original transcript: "121. SOUNDBITE Omar Shakir, Researcher, Human Rights Watch (English): Crimes against humanity is among the worst crimes in international law, one for which perpetrators can be held to account in courts anywhere in the world. New York, Aug. 2014 "  
328. ↑ One year after the massacre - Human Rights Watch indicts Egypt ( memento from August 20, 2014 on WebCite ) , NZZ.ch, August 13, 2014, by Jürg Bischoff, archived from the original .
329. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i} Three dead in Egypt clashes on crackdown anniversary ( Memento from August 15, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). The Daily Star, August 14, 2014, by Jay Deshmukh, archived from the original .
330. ↑ ^{a b} Egypt - Human Rights Watch accuses Egypt of serious human rights violations ( memento from August 16, 2014 on WebCite ) , Deutsche Welle, August 12, 2014, archived from the original .
331. ↑ All According to Plan - The Rab'a Massacre and Mass Killings of Protesters in Egypt ( Memento August 13, 2014 on WebCite ) (English; PDF: 3.42 MB), Human Rights Watch, August 12, 2014, p. 15f., 144-147, archived from the original .
332. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j} Egypt - No coming to terms with the massacre of the Muslim Brotherhood - The Muslim Brotherhood protest camp in Cairo was forcibly cleared a year ago. Human Rights Watch speaks of a possible crime against humanity, the Egyptian government is silent on the subject dead ( memento from August 16, 2014 on WebCite ) , Deutsche Welle, August 13, 2014, by Elisabeth Lehmann, archived from the original . Also published as: Egypt - Rabaa massacre is still a taboo , stuttgarter-nachrichten.de, August 14, 2014, accessed on June 21, 2015.
333. ↑ Egypt's Rabaa massacre: one year on - The killing of 817 protesters last August was this week judged a crime against humanity equal to, or worse, than Tiananmen Square. But feelings are mixed on the ground ( Memento of 17 August 2014 Webcite ) (English). The Guardian, August 16, 2014, by Patrick Kingsley, archived from the original .
334. ↑ Human Rights Watch - Video Distribution Egypt: Rab'a Massacre likely Crimes against Humanity  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.   (English), 2014_Rab'a_shotlist.pdf (PDF file, 136KB), URL: http://multimedia.hrw.org/system/files/2014_Rab'a_shotlist.pdf?download=1  ( page no longer available , search in Web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Cited passages in the original transcript: "56. SOUNDBITE Omar Shakir, Human Rights Watch (English): This wasn't a case of security forces pinpointing particular armed elements within the demonstration and having collateral damage as a result. This was a plan that envisioned opening fire on crowds. Tens of thousands of largely peaceful protestors for hours on end without safe exit for women, children, and those seeking to flee the violence. New York, Aug. 2014 "," 119. SOUNDBITE Omar Shakir, Researcher, Human Rights Watch (English): A crime against humanity is a systematic, widespread attack on a civilian population as part of a government policy. This is exactly what we saw in Rab'a Square, with the government opening fire on crowds of demonstrators as part of a plan to suppress descent in Egypt. New York, Aug. 2014 "  
335. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h} HRW Rabaa report receives mixed reactions - SIS criticises report for ignoring Brotherhood's “terrorist operations” ( Memento from August 14, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Daily News Egypt, August 13, 2014, by Adham Youssef, archived from the original .
336. ^ Statement by the State Information Services in response to the allegations made in the report issued by Human Rights Watch . State Information Services, August 12, 2014, accessed June 21, 2015. Also published as: Statement by the State Information Services in response to the allegations made in the report issued by Human Rights Watch ( Memento June 22, 2015 on WebCite ) (English; PDF ( Memento from June 22, 2015 on WebCite )), Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Embassy of Egypt in New Delhi - India, August 12, 2014, archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 22, 2015.
337. ↑ Statement by the State Information Service in response to the allegations made in the report issued by Human Rights Watch ( Memento of 17 August 2014 Webcite ) (English). State Information Service, Aug. 14, 2014, archived from the original .
338. ↑ After Human Rights Watch Report, Egypt Says Group Broke Law ( Memento of 17 August 2014 Webcite ) (English). The New York Times, August 12, 2014, by David D. Kirkpatrick, archived from the original .
339. ↑ ^{a b State of} emergency - one dead during protests in Egypt ( memento from September 17, 2013 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, September 13, 2013, archived from the original .
340. ↑ Egypt- In Cairo the nerves are on edge ( memento from September 19, 2013 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, August 17, 2013, by Martin Gehlen, archived from the original .
341. ↑ ^{a b c} Egypt: Court lifts state of emergency ( Memento from November 13, 2013 on WebCite ) , Spiegel Online, November 12, 2013, archived from the original .
342. ↑ Transitional government surprised: court ends state of emergency in Egypt ( memento of November 13, 2013 on WebCite ) , RP Online, November 12, 2013, archived from the original .
343. ↑ Court decision - state of emergency in Egypt will be lifted ( memento of November 13, 2013 on WebCite ) , Handelsblatt, November 12, 2013, archived from the original .
344. ↑ ^{a b} Crisis in Egypt: Mubarak's release stirs fear of a bloody Friday ( memento from 23 August 2013 on WebCite ) , Spiegel Online, 22 August 2013, by Matthias Gebauer, archived from the original .
345. ↑ ^{a b c d} Egypt - wave of arrests in Egypt shows effect ( memento from August 24, 2013 on WebCite ) , Deutsche Welle, August 23, 2013, by Markus Symank, archived from the original .
346. ↑ Power struggle in Egypt: the military arrests the head of the Muslim Brotherhood ( memento from August 22, 2013 on WebCite ) , Spiegel Online, August 20, 2013, archived from the original .
347. ↑ Political scientist on the situation in Egypt - "Wars do not fall from the sky" ( Memento from October 14, 2013 on WebCite ) , the daily newspaper, interview by Jannis Hagmann with Cilja Harders, August 16, 2013, archived from the original .
348. ↑ After Friday prayers - again dozens of dead in Egyptian protests ( memento from October 19, 2013 on WebCite ) , FAZ.net (with? Christoph Ehrhardt), August 16, 2013, archived from the original (with map: Protests of the Islamists in Egypt and evictions in Cairo: unrest in Egypt - hundreds dead and thousands injured after clashes between supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood and the police , DPA).
349. ↑ The Muslim Brotherhood does not give up ( Memento from December 20, 2013 on WebCite ) (with map: State of emergency in Egypt ( Memento from December 20, 2013 on WebCite ) ), derStandard.at, August 16, 2013, archived from the original ( map ) on December 20, 2013.
350. ↑ Tears and clenched fists: Cairo after the storm ( memento from December 23, 2013 on WebCite ) , Swiss radio and television, August 15, 2013, archived from the original .
351. ^ Unrest - More than 600 dead in Egypt ( Memento from December 20, 2013 on WebCite ) , Focus Online, August 15, 2013, archived from the original .
352. ↑ Egypt - Police in Cairo shoot at demonstrators ( memento from September 19, 2013 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, August 16, 2013, archived from the original .
353. ↑ Egypt: deadly clashes erupt again on streets of Cairo ( Memento from September 19, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). The Guardian, August 16, 2013, by Shiv Malik and Adam Gabbatt, archived from the original .
354. ↑ Egypt - Police officers in Egypt for the killing of the Muslim Brotherhood in court ( memento from October 23, 2013 on WebCite ) , Westdeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung, October 22, 2013, archived from the original .
355. ↑ Arab World - Concentrated criticism in front of the Egyptian embassy ( memento from August 22, 2013 on WebCite ) , Deutsche Welle, August 19, 2013, by Heiner Kiesel, archived from the original .
356. ^ Egypt - Many dead in attempted escape by the Muslim Brotherhood ( memento from August 22, 2013 on WebCite ) , FAZ.NET (Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, August 18, 2013), archived from the original .
357. ↑ Images from Egypt ( Memento from December 11, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Voice Of America, August 23, 2013, archived from the original .
358. ↑ Trial of Power - Egypt and Turkey incite each other ( memento from September 19, 2013 on WebCite ) , Die Welt, August 22, 2013, by Boris Kálnoky, archived from the original .
359. ↑ ^{a b} Protests in Ankara: Thousands of Turks show solidarity with Mursi , German Turkish News, August 25, 2013, accessed on August 26, 2013.
360. ↑ Demo in Berlin for legitimacy in Egypt August 24, 2013-6 , YouTube, published on August 24, 2013 by the YouTube channel Kerkük Türklerindir .
361. ^ Demo in Berlin for legitimacy in Egypt August 17, 2013 , YouTube, published on August 17, 2013 by the YouTube channel Kerkük Türklerindir .
362. ↑ "We are now officially terrorists": The hunt for the Muslim Brotherhood ( Memento from January 7, 2014 on WebCite ) , Kurier.at, December 28, 2013, by Karoline Krause, archived from the original .
363. ↑ R4bia symbol: “It's not a scandal” ( Part 1 ( memento from January 15, 2014 on WebCite ), Part 2 ( memento from January 15, 2014 on WebCite )), Prenzlauer Berg Nachrichten, January 15, 2014, from Christiane Abelein, archived from the original ( part 1 , part 2 ) on January 16, 2014.
364. ↑ ^{a b c} Protesters in Cairo Converge on Tahrir Square Monument ( Memento from December 10, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Voice Of America, November 18, 2013 by Elizabeth Arrott, archived from the original .
365. ↑ Egyptian Authorities pave over Rabaa massacre - Three months after state forces killed dog reds of Egyptian protesters, the massacre has been whitewashed - Both literally and from official records ( Memento of 17 August 2014 Webcite ) (English). The Christian Science Monitor, November 14, 2013, by Kristen Chick, archived from the original .
366. ↑ All According to Plan - The Rab'a Massacre and Mass Killings of Protesters in Egypt ( Memento August 13, 2014 on WebCite ) (English; PDF: 3.42 MB), Human Rights Watch, August 12, 2014, p. 143, footnote 537, archived from the original .
367. ↑ All According to Plan - The Rab'a Massacre and Mass Killings of Protesters in Egypt ( Memento August 13, 2014 on WebCite ) (English; PDF: 3.42 MB), Human Rights Watch, August 12, 2014, p. 143f., Footnote 537, archived from the original ( Memento of the original from August 14, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; with reference to: (Arabic; English: "Interior Ministry awards its members 245 million pounds for the Rab'a and al-Nahda dispersals"), Al-Masry al Youm, August 31, 2013, by Ashraf Gayth and Hassan Ahmed Hussein, archived from the original . 
368. ↑ protest in Cairo ( Memento of 18 February 2014 Webcite ) (English). Voice Of America, February 14, 2014, archived from the original .
369. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} UPDATE 3: Four dead in clashes on anniversary of Rabaa dispersal - Four protesters and one police officer died on Thursday in events marking the first anniversary of last August's dispersal of the Rabaa Al-Adawiya sit-in ( Memento from August 15, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Ahram Online, August 14, 2014, archived from the original .
370. ↑ ^{a b c} Egypt - Five dead in protests on the anniversary of the evictions in Cairo ( Memento from August 15, 2014 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, August 15, 2014, archived from the original .
371. ↑ Two killed, three injured during clashes on Nahya bridge ( Memento from August 15, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). egyptindependent.com, August 14, 2014, archived from the original .
372. ↑ Five dead in protests in Egypt ( memento from August 15, 2014 on WebCite ) , stern.de, August 15, 2014, archived from the original ( memento from August 19, 2014 in the Internet Archive ).
373. ↑ Crowds mark Rabaa killings in Washington and Paris , Middle East Eye, August 15, 2014 (update February 12, 2015), archived from the original ( June 21, 2015 memento on WebCite ) on June 21, 2015.
374. ↑ ^{a b} Egypt - Anniversary of the Rabia Massacre: Saudi Arabia honors al-Sisi ( Memento from August 20, 2014 on WebCite ) , German Turkish Journal, August 14, 2014, archived from the original .
375. ↑ Egypt's Sisi meets Saudi King Abdullah on first official visit to kingdom ( Memento from August 20, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Al Arabiya News, August 10, 2014 (updated August 11, 2014), archived from the original .
376. ↑ Saudi King decorates Sisi with King Abdulaziz Necklace ( Memento from August 20, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Arab Today, August 10, 2014, archived from the original ( Memento of the original from August 21, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on August 20, 2014. 
377. ↑ ^{a b c} The tragedy of Rabaa - The Rabaa massacre will haunt the people of Egypt for years ( Memento from August 16, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Al Jazeera, August 14, 2014, by Khalil al-Anani, archived from the original .