Curfew

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The term curfew denotes the political , military or police order for an indefinite number of people to be prohibited from entering public areas such as streets or squares (no entry) or from leaving the house, apartment or barracks and going out at certain times (no going out) . It represents a restriction of the freedom of the person . There are regular exceptions to the ban for differently defined key persons (with systemically relevant or systemically critical professions).

To distinguish them from curfews with ausnahmslosem curfew and the situation in which there is (far-reaching) ways to leave the house, the Austrian government and who spoke Bavarian State Government in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic of output constraints (see below ). This linguistic differentiation was subsequently adopted by other federal states and by the media.

In addition to curfews, lockdowns can be ordered or set up in order to enforce or control a curfew. People, goods and - depending on the damage situation - information should not be able to enter or leave the cordoned-off area or only upon proof of necessity. Depending on the situation, there can be a closure for a region or for individual localities. The duration of the lockdown can also vary from a short-term event ( e.g. rampage ) to a situation lasting several weeks or months (e.g. during war , in a state of emergency or in a disaster ).

etymology

The English equivalent curfew is originally derived from the French couvre-feu (French: couvrir = to cover ; feu = fire, hearth fire), which denotes the evening covering of the fireplace. In order to avoid fires, the fire had to be extinguished in the evening after a corresponding bell sounded. The term couvre-feu subsequently became a synonym for alarm , tattoo , curfew or blackout . In both language areas, the meaning of this fact is much broader than the German curfew. For example, the evening bell , the obligation for au pairs to be home again at 10 p.m. (come home time) , or the nocturnal take-off and landing ban at airports to ensure that the night is quiet are also referred to as curfew . Likewise, in American baseball in the American League, certain plays are sometimes forbidden from 1 a.m. local time according to the curfew rule .

Collective restrictions

Typically, the curfew affects an indefinite number of people.

Emergency

The main use case for a curfew is an emergency such as war , occupation , rioting , terrorism , an operational incident , an epidemic or a natural disaster ; if necessary, this emergency is formally established (“ state of emergency ”). The curfew is used to protect against danger from those affected by it (examples of rioting, medical isolation ) or to protect those affected from endangerment (examples of accidents, reverse isolation ), whereby both aspects can coincide. Often it is about preventing looting .

A curfew can be limited in time, space or personnel. If it is objectively limited by far-reaching exceptions (e.g. for trips to work, shopping, emergency help , funerals , visits to the doctor, pet care), one speaks more of exit restrictions . Authorized persons can be provided with passes .

In Germany, for example, there were night curfews in the immediate post-war period 1945/46 and exit restrictions in some federal states during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic ( see below ).

A specific legal Einfriffsgrundlage is in Germany at the Civil Protection (residence regulations, § 10 ZSKG ). Another example of a regulatory framework: Curfew Act 1987 in Papua New Guinea .

Possible negative consequences

The economic consequences of a curfew, as well as closures (English: shutdown ), depend on its duration and scope. There are fears of recessions or even depression . There are currently numerous forecasts for the economic consequences, mainly as a result of the global exit restrictions in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic :

An increase in domestic violence is also described ; this is not prevented by recommended social isolation .

Juvenile delinquency

In order to prevent juvenile delinquency in the USA and other countries, sometimes night curfews have been imposed on young people since the middle of the 19th century (so-called juvenile curfews ). The regulatory authority mostly lies with the municipalities; sometimes state laws also exist.

General social control

In more traditional societies , curfews can serve as a means of social control regardless of a specific risk situation . In the Pacific state of Tokelau, there is generally an evening curfew at prayer time and a night curfew, for children from 9 p.m. and for adults from 11 p.m.

Individual restrictions

Individual restrictions on personal freedom such as B. House arrest is generally not referred to as a curfew. An exception to this is in particular in military law .

Military law

The curfew is a disciplinary punishment in Swiss military criminal law ( Art. 187 MStG ). With the curfew, the wrongdoer is forbidden from leaving the accommodation area designated by the commandant , except for official purposes. Visiting canteens or similar facilities is prohibited. Enclosure and placement in a detention facility , however, are not part of a curfew. The curfew can only be issued and implemented during paid military service or during peacebuilding service; therefore a curfew can rarely be imposed by the organs of the military justice , but usually by the commanding officer. The curfew can be imposed for a period of 3 to a maximum of 15 days. General holidays are not affected by the curfew. The execution begins with the legal force of the disciplinary penalty available. Other disciplinary sanctions are a fine and arrest . The latter implicitly includes a curfew.

The exit restriction is a simple disciplinary measure in German military disciplinary law ( § 25 WDO ).

The exit ban is a disciplinary punishment in Austrian military disciplinary law ( §§ 48, 80 HDG 2014).

Exit restrictions as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic

Exit restrictions were issued in numerous countries as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic , including in Europe, for example, in England , France , Italy and Spain , but not, for example, in Denmark , most federal states of Germany or most of Switzerland . Outside of Europe, there are curfews in California and South Africa, for example .

Germany

On March 18, 2020, the Tirschenreuth District Office (Bavaria) issued a general order officially known as a “curfew” for the city of Mitterteich due to COVID-19 . Section 28 of the Infection Protection Act was named as the legal basis . Likewise, the district office of Wunsiedel (Bavaria) issued a “curfew” on March 19, 2020 for the Neuhaus an der Eger district of the city of Hohenberg an der Eger and for the Fischern district of Markt Schirnding .

A “provisional exit restriction” was ordered for all of Bavaria on March 20, effective from midnight. The concept is adapted "one to one" to Austria. The Saarland also had a “temporary exit restriction”.

In Freiburg im Breisgau , on March 20, 2020, a "ban on entering public places" was issued; other communities in Baden-Württemberg followed.

Legal Aspects

The legal basis for the current measures is the Infection Protection Act (IfSG). A measure within the meaning of this law can be the (limited) exit restriction. It can affect a large number of people and is also permissible for healthy people. A distinction must be made between exit restrictions and quarantine . The latter can be ordered against individual persons and, according to Section 30 of the Infection Protection Act, is only permitted against sick people, suspected illnesses, contagious suspects and excretors (see also mass quarantine ).

Longer-term regulatory assemblies a considerable engagement intensity in the constitutionally securitized basic rights have - and include output locks of § 28 are derived 2 IfSG paragraph 1, sentence -. Are quite controversial. This is because the elementary fundamental right of freedom of the person according to Article 2, Paragraph 2, Sentence 2 of the Basic Law is interfered with and, in addition, the fundamental right of freedom of assembly according to Article 8 of the Basic Law. Therefore, it is assumed on the basis of the Federal Constitutional Court developed Wesentlichkeitstheorie that the details of the procedure are precisely controlled. This in turn is not the case with the legal norms of the IfSG, according to several legally justified views.

According to one opinion , such bans can only be justified on the basis of the so-called “chaos thought”, whereby the orders are then at best provisional. The idea of ​​chaos allows measures to be temporarily even based on an illegal legal basis, if otherwise there was a risk that a situation would arise that would only diverge further from the constitutional order. In the case of long-term application of such measures, the legislator is tasked with enacting a law that regulates the measures in more detail.

According to another opinion, exit restrictions could be based on the state disaster control laws, as far as the "disaster case" is declared. Here too, only the application of a general clause is possible, but it should be borne in mind that the requirements for declaring a disaster are very high. In so far as these standards should be part of the state's legal regulations on disasters, they, according to this view, satisfy the principle of certainty on the part of their requirements and would be applicable.

On April 28, 2020, the Constitutional Court of the Saarland partially suspended the exit restriction applicable to the Saarland.

Guidelines of March 22, 2020

On March 22, 2020, the German Prime Ministers, together with the Chancellor, decided to expand the guidelines on the restriction of social contacts agreed on March 12 and 16. In addition to the closure of restaurants and service companies in the field of personal care, citizens were urged to reduce contact with other people outside of their own household to an absolutely necessary minimum (No. I) and in public, wherever possible, with others than to keep a minimum distance of 1.50 m from the members of the own household (No. II); Staying in public space was only permitted alone, with another person not living in the household or with members of the household (No. III). The guidelines were originally valid for at least two weeks and were extended on April 1, April 15 and April 30, 2020. On May 6th, it was permitted to stay in public space with people from another household. Further regulations that take regional characteristics or the epidemic situation in the federal states or counties into account remain possible. In addition, the Federal Cabinet generally recommended a two-week quarantine for people entering Germany on April 10, with exceptions for commuters and business travelers.

Unlike in Switzerland , for example , where there are federal ordinances and cantonal rules for Ticino , or in Austria , where there is a federal ordinance alongside any state and district ordinances (Section 2 of the COVID-19 Measures Act ), Germany is in favor of implementation The federal states are responsible for the non- legally binding guidelines for restricting social contacts.

Formally, the contact restrictions originally part were to implement ordinances according to § 32 IfSG part of the countries, partly general application according to § 28 IfSG part of the countries ( BY , HH , NI , SL , SN ) or municipal authorities ( HB , SH ) was adopted. Since April 3, 2020, statutory ordinances of the federal states have existed everywhere.

In terms of content, the regulations on the restriction of staying in public spaces ( contact restrictions , spatial distancing ) in most countries are closely based on the jointly agreed guidelines of March 22, 2020. Initially, six states (Bavaria, Berlin, Brandenburg, Saarland, Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt) went beyond this by demanding a specific (“valid”) reason for leaving their own home and providing examples of rules for exceptions; such exit restrictions are closer to a curfew. Saxony switched to the model of contact restriction on April 20th, Berlin on April 22nd, Saarland and Saxony-Anhalt on May 4th (although in Saxony-Anhalt leaving one's home for no good reason was in itself not subject to a fine ) , Bavaria on May 6th and Brandenburg on May 9th. In addition, further regulations have been issued in some districts (such as "curfew" in the Tirschenreuth district , "domestic quarantine" in the Ilm district and in the Wittenberg district ), as well as entry restrictions for some countries and entry bans for islands in the North Sea and Baltic Sea.

April 2020
  • only contact restrictions
  • Exit restrictions until week 17
  • Exit restrictions until week 19
    • country General
    disposal    		 Court
    decision    		 legal
    Regulation    		 Court
    decision
    Standard fine rate
    BWBW BW - 17./22. March, § 3 € 100-1000
    BYBY BY March, 20th VG Munich March 24 , § 1
    27./31. March, § 4
    April 16, § 5
    May 1st, § 7
    May 5th, §§ 1, 2     		BayVerfGH
    BayVGH
    BVerfG     		150 €
    BEBE BE - March 22 , § 14
    new version April 21, §§ 1, 3     		BerlVerfGH € 10-500
    BBBB BB - March 22 , § 11
    April 17th, § 12
    May 8, §§ 1, 2     		OVGBEBB € 50-500
    HBHB HB March 23 April 3rd, § 5
    April 17th, § 5
    May 6th, § 5    		 500 €
    HHHH HH March 22 April 2, § 1 150 €
    HEHE HE - 14./22. March, § 1
    May 7, § 1    		 HessVGH € 200
    MVMV MV - March 23, § 1a
    April 3, § 1a
    April 17, § 1
    May 8, § 1    		 150 €
    NINI NI March 23 March 27th, §§ 1, 2
    April 2nd, §§ 1, 2
    April 7th, §§ 1, 2
    April 17th, §§ 1, 2
    May 8th, §§ 1, 2    		 € 50-400
    NWNW NW - March 22, §§ 12, 12a
    May 8, §§ 1, 2    		 € 200
    RPRP RP - March 23, § 4
    April 17, § 4
    April 30, § 4
    May 8, § 5    		 € 100-1000
    SLSL SL March, 20th VG Saarlouis March 30th , § 2
    May 2nd, §§ 1, 3     		VGHSL up to € 200
    SNSN SN March 22 VG Dresden
    VG Leipzig     		March 31 , § 2
    April 17, § 2
    April 30, § 2         		SächsOVG
    SächsVerfGH     		150 €
    STST ST - March 24 , § 18
    April 2, § 18
    April 16, § 1
    May 2, § 1     		250 €
    SHSH SH March 23 April 2nd, § 2
    April 8th, § 2
    April 18th, § 2
    May 1st, § 2    		 150 €
    THTH TH - March 24th, §§ 1, 2
    March 26th, §§ 1, 2
    April 7th, §§ 1, 2
    April 18th, §§ 1, 2
    May 12th, §§ 1, 2    		 100/200 €

    Against administrative acts to enforce the contact / output restrictions or to general application have contradictions and legal challenges no delaying effect ( § 28 , para. 3 m i. V. § 16 para. 8 IfSG, § 80 , para. 2 VwGO ), d. H. such measures are immediately enforceable . To restore the suspensive effect , interim legal protection must be applied for.

    The violation of a statutory ordinance under Section 32 IfSG has been subject to direct fines since March 28, 2020 , insofar as the ordinance refers to the regulation on fines in the IfSG ( Section 73 (1a) No. 24 IfSG). The Saarland, for example, imposed a standard fine of up to 200 euros for leaving one's own home without good reason; in the event of repetition, a fine of up to 25,000 euros can be imposed (Section 73 (2) IfSG). Furthermore, violations of enforceable orders of contact restrictions (administrative acts or general orders ) can be punished with a fine according to § 73 para. 1a No. 6 IfSG; in more severe cases (e.g. when more than 10 people gather), a fine or imprisonment of up to two years is possible ( Section 75, Paragraph 1, No. 1, Paragraph 4 IfSG).

    In the event of repeated violations, detention is also possible in order to enforce a contact or exit restriction subject to a fine . The legal basis for this is formed by the police laws of the federal states in conjunction with § § 415 ff. FamFG ( matter of deprivation of liberty ).

    Jurisprudence

    Administrative judicial protection against a general ruling as well as against any other administrative act is offered by the action for annulment before the VG , against a regulation the application for review of norms before the OVG / VGH (or in the countries where this is not possible, the declaratory action before the VG). A constitutional complaint is also possible, in compliance with the principle of subsidiarity . Because of the need for urgency, a procedure for interim legal protection is recommended . The majority of the present court rulings considered the exit restrictions to be admissible after considering the consequences in a summary examination.

    However, some procedures were successful for formal or material reasons.

    Formal examples: On March 24, 2020, the Munich Administrative Court ordered the suspensive effect against the Bavarian general order of March 20 in this specific case. In principle, the contact restriction could not be issued in the form of a general decree because it affects an indefinite group of people. In any case, the exit restriction could not be issued in the form of a general decree because it interfered with the fundamental right of freedom of movement ( Art. 11 GG ), but Section 28 (1) sentence 4 IfSG in the relevant version does not permit such an intervention (violation of the Quotation requirement ). On the one hand, all federal states then legislated for the legal form of the ordinance by April 3, 2020; on the other hand, § 28 IfSG was expanded by the law for the protection of the population in an epidemic situation of national scope of March 27, 2020 to include a quotation of the fundamental right of free movement. The Higher Administrative Court of Berlin-Brandenburg had on March 23, overlooking the Brandenburg Regulation an intervention in the scope not seen this fundamental right for granted.

    On March 30, 2020, the Bavarian Administrative Court pointed out that the then applicable Bavarian ordinance of March 24, 2020 did not contain any reference to Section 73 IfSG and was therefore not subject to a fine (contrary to the “Corona Pandemic” catalog of fines of March 27). The BayStMGP inserted a corresponding reference in the subsequent Regulation on 31 March.

    Material examples: On April 28, 2020, the Constitutional Court of the Saarland expanded the options there to visit outside the public space and to linger inside the public space and suspended the need to substantiate valid reasons in the relevant ordinance; as a yardstick he used the basic right to freedom of the person ( Art. 3 SVerf ).

    Also on April 28, 2020, the Bavarian Administrative Court came to the conclusion through a constitutional interpretation of the 2nd BayIfSMV that in Bavaria, at least since April 27, “in principle every objective, not a priori impermissible reason is suitable to justify leaving the apartment "; the constitutional requirement of certainty remains “still preserved” with this interpretation.

    On May 11, 2020, the Lower Saxony OVG suspended the quarantine measures for incoming and return travelers in the Lower Saxony Corona Ordinance. The quarantine regulation of § 30, Paragraph 1, Sentence 2 IfSG cannot be considered as the legal basis of the regulation due to the lack of sufficient suspicion of disease or contagion; Recourse to the regulation on leaving certain places in Section 28 Paragraph 1 Sentence 1 IfSG (in the version of March 27, 2020 ) is ruled out in view of the detailed provisions in Section 30 IfSG or does not lead to a different result.

    Czech Republic

    In the Czech Republic , exit restrictions were decided by the government on March 15, 2020 based on the Crisis Act, but were repealed on March 23, 2020 and replaced by regulations of the Ministry of Health based on the Health Protection Act. On April 23, 2020, the City Court in Prague considered this procedure to be formally inadmissible. As a result, the government issued less strict contact restrictions on April 24, 2020 due to the Crisis Act.

    See also

    literature

    Web links

    Commons : Curfews  - collection of images, videos and audio files
    Wiktionary: curfew  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

    Individual evidence

    1. ↑ Die Zeit , Das Lexikon in 20 volumes , German Dictionary, Volume 17, Zeitverlag , Hamburg 2005, ISBN 978-3-411-17577-2 , p. 237.
    2. ↑ a b Enforcement of the Infection Protection Act (IfSG): Provisional exit restriction on the occasion of the corona pandemic. (PDF) Announcement of the Bavarian State Ministry for Health and Care of March 20, 2020, Az.Z6a-G8000-2020 / 122-98.
    3. ^ Bavarian State Government: Provisional exit restriction in Bavaria. YouTube , March 20, 2020, accessed March 20, 2020 .
    4. ↑ Kassian Stroh: Who is still allowed out of the house in Bavaria. Süddeutsche Zeitung , March 20, 2020, accessed on March 20, 2020 .
    5. ↑ Alexander Eydlin, dpa, AFP: Coronavirus: Italy has cities in the north cordoned off . In: The time . February 23, 2020, ISSN  0044-2070 ( zeit.de [accessed on March 23, 2020]).
    6. ↑ Civil Defense Concept (KZV), Federal Office for Civil Protection and Disaster Relief, https://www.bbk.bund.de/DE/Home/home_node.html
    7. ↑ EU Vice Barley: "Curfews should be the last resort". March 18, 2020, accessed March 23, 2020 .
    8. ↑ Nadine Oberhuber: Police Munich: A good figure . In: The time . July 23, 2016, ISSN  0044-2070 ( zeit.de [accessed March 23, 2020]).
    9. ^ NDR: When the plague brought death to Hamburg. Retrieved March 23, 2020 .
    10. ↑ Example: Sydney Airport Curfew Act 1995
    11. ↑ Ordinance No. 1 of September 18, 1944, Crimes and Other Offenses ( Official Gazette of the Military Government of Germany / Control Area of ​​the Twelfth Army Group, No. 1 ), Art. II No. 22; Federal Archives : Plak 004-001-032
    12. ^ Curfew Act 1987 on paclii.org
    13. ↑ The EU is working on a “Euro Bazooka ”. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung for Germany, number 67/2020, March 19, 2020, p. 17.
    14. ↑ Manfred Schäfers: With full power against the recession , in: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung für Deutschland, number 70/2020, March 23, 2020, p. 15.
    15. ↑ Lippische Landes-Zeitung , volume 254, number 70/2020, March 23, 2020, p. 1.
    16. ↑ dpa -Meldung in Herford Kreisblatt , born in 176, number 71/2020, March 24, 2020th
    17. ↑ At the beginning of the wave , in: Der Spiegel , issue 14/2020, March 28, 2020, p. 14.
    18. ↑ Der Spiegel , issue 14/2020, March 28, 2020, p. 14 f.
    19. ↑ Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung for Germany, number 88/2020, April 15, 2020, p. 1.
    20. ↑ Focus , number 14/2020, March 28, 2020, p. 47.
    21. ↑ ARD Tagesschau from April 20, 2020.
    22. ↑ Lippische Landes-Zeitung ( AFP report ), Volume 254, Number 106/2020, May 7, 2020, p. 1.
    23. ↑ Herford Kreisblatt ( dpa report), Volume 176, Westfalen-Blatt , number 106/2020, May 7, 2020.
    24. ↑ Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung for Germany, number 106/2020, May 7, 2020, p. 17.
    25. ↑ Anneke Quasdorf, Jens Reichenbach: Domestic violence is increasing , in: Lippische Landes-Zeitung , volume 254, number 73/2020, p. 4.
    26. ↑ findlaw.com: Juvenile curfew laws: the basics
    27. ↑ Peter L. Scherr: The juvenile curfew ordinance: in search of a new standard of review . 41 Wash. UJ Urb. & Contemp. L. 163 (1992)
    28. ↑ Thistlewood v. Ocean City , 236 Md. 548 = 204 A.2d 688 (1964)
    29. ↑ For Oregon , ORS 419C.680
    30. ↑ SWR , Arte : Die Sonnenmenschen von Tokelau (2015), from 31'10 ″ ; Olga Osipova, Vlad Sokhin: Insubmersible: life in Tokelau, the most remote country in the world (July 10, 2018)
    31. ^ Lingen Lexicon in 20 volumes , Volume 1, Lingen Verlag , Cologne 1976/1978, p. 265.
    32. ↑ The Health Protection (Coronavirus, Restrictions) (England) Regulations 2020 ( SI 2020/350 , 26th March 2020), regulation 6 ("no person may leave the place where they are living ...")
    33. ↑ Décret n ° 2020-293 on 23 mars 2020 prescrivant les mesures générales nécessaires pour faire face à l'épidémie de covid-19 dans le cadre de l'état d'urgence sanitaire (Art. 3: “tout déplacement de personne hors de son domicile est interdit ... ")
    34. ↑ Decreto del Presidente del Consiglio dei ministri 10 April 2020 , recante Ulteriori disposizioni attuative del decreto-legge 25 March 2020, n. 19, recante misure urgenti per fronteggiare l'emergenza epidemiologica da COVID-19, applicabili sull'intero territorio nazionale (Art . 1); For South Tyrol , see also the emergency measure in case of imminent danger by Governor No. 20/2020 of April 13, 2020
    35. ↑ Real Decreto 463/2020 , de 14 de marzo, por el que se declara el estado de alarma para la gestión de la situación de crisis sanitaria ocasionada por el COVID-19 (Art. 7 Limitación de la libertad de circulación de las personas)
    36. ↑ cf. ERCC : ECHO daily map 20/04/2020 European Union COVID-19 restriction measures ("National movements restrictions")
    37. ↑ Fabian Schäfer: Coronavirus: Federal Council imposes a ban on going out according to Swiss art . In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung . ( nzz.ch [accessed on May 6, 2020]).
    38. ↑ GTAI : Special Switzerland Covid-19: Restrictions on entry and movement in the country (April 15, 2020)
    39. ↑ Executive Order N-33-20 of March 19, 2020 ("stay home or at their place of residence ...")
    40. ↑ Regulations issued in terms of Section 27 (2) of the Disaster Management Act, 2002 ( Government Notice No. 318 of 18 March 2020, as amended by Government Notice No. R. 398 of 25 March 2020), regulation 11B (“every person is confined to his or her place of residence ... ")
    41. ↑ Jean-Pierre Ziegler: First curfew in Germany: Everything tight in 95666 Mitterteich. Der Spiegel , March 19, 2020.
    42. ↑ Coronavirus in Bavaria: curfew for Mitterteich. nordbayern.de, March 19, 2020.
    43. ↑ Enforcement of the Infection Protection Act (lfSG): Measures on the occasion of the corona pandemic: Announcement by the Tirschenreuth District Office of March 18, 2020, Az. 093 / 1-21. (PDF) Retrieved March 20, 2020 .
    44. ↑ Timo Frasch, Anna-Lena Ripperger: From the strong beer festival to quarantine. In: faz.net. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung GmbH, March 19, 2020, accessed on March 20, 2020 .
    45. ↑ District Office Wunsiedel: Sonderamtsblatt 07-2020 from March 19, 2020 (PDF) Retrieved on March 22, 2020 . Repealed on March 23: Special Official Gazette 08-2020 of March 23, 2020 (PDF) Accessed April 4, 2020 .
    46. ^ Frankenpost : curfews imposed on two municipalities in the Wunsiedel district. Retrieved March 22, 2020 .
    47. ↑ a b Enforcement of the Infection Protection Act (IfSG) - provisional exit restriction on the occasion of the corona pandemic , announcement of the StMGP of March 20, 2020 (Az.Z6a-G8000-2020 / 122-98)
    48. ↑ Coronavirus: Bavaria imposes state-wide exit restrictions. In: br.de. March 20, 2020, accessed March 20, 2020 .
    49. ↑ a b Provisional exit restriction on the occasion of the corona pandemic , AV of the MSGFF of March 20, 2020 ( Official Journal I p. 178 )
    50. ↑ General decree of the city of Freiburg im Breisgau on a ban on entering public places in order to curb the spread of the corona virus SARS-CoV-2 ; on this: VG Freiburg , decision of March 25, 2020, 4 K 1246/20
    51. ↑ BNN : Exit restrictions due to the corona virus: These rules apply to the Karlsruhe region
    52. ↑ a b Anika Klafki: Corona pandemic: curfew soon also in Germany? In: juwiss.de. Young Science in Public Law eV, March 18, 2020, accessed on March 21, 2020 .
    53. ↑ From the strong beer festival to quarantine. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung for Germany, March 20, 2020, p. 2; here: Constantin van Lijnden : Legally permissible?
    54. ↑ Andrea Edenharter: Ade freedom rights? The illegality of the curfew in the Upper Palatinate city of Mitterteich. In: VerfBlog. March 19, 2020, accessed March 20, 2020 .
    55. ↑ Herford district sheet , number 77/2020 of March 31, 2020; Interview with Christoph Gusy : Is our freedom in danger?
    56. ↑ a b Fiete Kalscheuer: Basic Law and curfew. In: community.beck.de. March 20, 2020, accessed March 20, 2020 .
    57. ↑ Federal Administrative Court : Order of January 31, 2019 - BVerwG 1 WB 28.17. (Paragraph 35): “b) The lack of a sufficient normative basis must be accepted for a transitional period. It is true that the lack of a necessary legal basis usually leads to the irrelevance of administrative regulations based on it. The deviation from the consequence of inapplicability comes into consideration above all if the case law - as here - has assumed the legality of an act by administrative decree in the past and if the lack of compliance with an administrative regulation in a transitional period would result in a situation that would be different from the constitutional order is even further away than the previous location. "
    58. ↑ Federal Constitutional Court : Order of January 15, 2019 - 2 BvL 1/09. (Paras 81-82).
    59. ↑ a b Alexander Thiele: curfews due to Corona. In: Legal Tribune Online. Wolters Kluwer Deutschland GmbH, March 20, 2020, accessed on March 23, 2020 .
    60. ↑ a b c ECLI : DE: VGHSL : 2020: 0428. LV7.20.0A ; Official Journal I p. 280
    61. ↑ Meeting of the Federal Chancellor with the heads of government of the federal states on March 12, 2020 . Press and Information Office of the Federal Government (BPA)
    62. ↑ Agreement between the federal government and the heads of government of the federal states in view of the corona epidemic in Germany . BPA , press release 96 of March 16, 2020
    63. ↑ a b c Meeting of Chancellor Merkel with the heads of government of the federal states on the coronavirus . BPA , press release 104 of March 22, 2020
    64. ↑ Extensive ban on contact agreed , in: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung für Deutschland, number 70/2020, March 23, 2020, p. 1.
    65. ↑ Telephone conference between the Chancellor and the heads of government of the federal states on April 1, 2020 . BPA , press release 117 from April 1, 2020
    66. ↑ Telephone conference between the Chancellor and the heads of government of the federal states on April 15, 2020 . BPA , press release 124 of April 15, 2020
    67. ↑ Telephone conference between the Chancellor and the heads of government of the federal states on April 30, 2020 . BPA , press release 144 of April 30, 2020
    68. ↑ Telephone conference between the Chancellor and the heads of government of the federal states on May 6, 2020 . BPA , press release 151 of May 6, 2020
    69. ↑ Herford Kreisblatt , Volume 176, Number 70/2020, March 23, 2020, p. 1.
    70. ↑ Working meeting of the Federal Chancellor with the ministers BMF , BMI , AA , BMG , BMVg , ChefBK ("Corona-Kabinett") on April 6, 2020, decision TOP 2: Entering Germany (BMI, BMG, BMF, BKAmt) , No. 4-7; Model ordinance on quarantine measures for incoming and outgoing travelers to combat the coronavirus of April 8, 2020
    71. ↑ COVID-19 Ordinance 2 of March 13, 2020 ( AS 2020 773 ) in the version of March 20, 2020 ( AS 2020 863 ) or April 1, 2020 ( AS 2020 1131 ), Art. 7c ; Fines Ordinance , List of Fines 2
    72. ↑ z. B. RG 1651 (Disposizioni per la popolazione e per chi ha compiuto 65 anni) and Florian Bergamin, Simon Mazidi: Delimitation of competencies between the federal government and the cantons in combating epidemics : First assessments with special consideration of the COVID-19 ordinances . Special edition newsletter IFF 2/2020 from April 7, 2020 (Institute for Federalism of the University of Freiburg)
    73. ↑ Ordinance of the BMSGPK in accordance with Section 2 (1) of the COVID-19 Measures Act ( BGBl. II No. 98/2020 ), in force March 16–30 . April 2020 (on their partial illegality ECLI : AT: VFGH : 2020: V363.2020 ), replaced by the COVID-19 Relaxation Ordinance ( Federal Law Gazette II No. 197/2020 ); Collection of fines with an organ penalty order : Federal Law Gazette II No. 152/2020
    74. ↑ Example: Regulation of the provincial governor of Tyrol (LGBl No. 35/2020.).
    75. ↑ Example of the Province of Salzburg: Ordinance of the District Commission St. Johann im Pongau of March 18, 2020
    76. ↑ cf. Section 35 Paragraph 2, Section 41 Paragraph 3 and 4 VwVfG ; in SH § 106 Paragraph 2, § 110 Paragraph 3 and 4 LVwG
    77. ↑ General decree for the urban area of ​​the city of Mitterteich (March 18/23, 2020)
    78. ↑ General decree for the district of Neustadt am Rennsteig of the rural community town of Großbreitenbach (March 22/25, 2020)
    79. ↑ General decree to protect or prevent the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus in the Jessen and Schweinitz districts of the city of Jessen (Elster) in accordance with the Infection Protection Act (IfSG) (March 25/26, 2020)
    80. ↑ SH : § 2 SARS-CoV-2-Combat Regulation; MV : § 4 SARS-CoV-2-BekämpfV, § 5 Corona-SV MV; ST : § 3 3rd SARS-CoV-2-EindV, § 5 4th and 5th SARS-CoV-2-EindV
    81. ↑ SH : § 4 SARS-CoV-2-Combat Regulation; HH : § 28 HmbSARS-CoV-2-containment regulation; NI : General decrees of the districts, e.g. B. Aurich , Wittmund ; to override the Easter regulation in MV : ECLI : DE: OVGMV : 2020: 0409. 2KM268.20.0A
    82. ↑ Ordinance of the state government on infection protection measures against the spread of the SARS-Cov-2 virus ( Corona Ordinance - CoronaVO) of March 17, 2020 in the version of March 22, 2020 (emergency announcement according to § 4 Proclamation Act ; Journal of Laws p. 135 )
    83. ↑ Catalog of fines for administrative offenses under the Infection Protection Act in connection with the Corona Regulation in the version of April 24, 2020
    84. ↑ a b Munich Administrative Court: Resolutions of March 24, 2020 - M 26 S 20.1252, ECLI : DE: VGMUENC : 2020: 0324. M26S20.1252.0A and M 26 S 20.1255, ECLI: DE: VGMUENC : 2020: 0324. M26S20.1255.0A
    85. ↑ a b Bavarian ordinance on a provisional exit restriction on the occasion of the StMGP's corona pandemic of March 24, 2020 ( BayMBl. No. 130 ; GVBl. P. 178 ); also: Catalog of fines "Corona pandemic" from March 27, 2020 ( BayMBl. No. 159 )
    86. ↑ Bavarian Ordinance on Infection Protection Measures on the Occasion of the Corona Pandemic (Bavarian Infection Protection Measures Ordinance - BayIfSMV) of March 27, 2020 ( BayMBl. No. 158 ; GVBl. P. 196 ) in the version of March 31, 2020 ( BayMBl. No. 162 ; GVBl . P. 194 ); also: Catalog of fines "Corona pandemic" from April 2, 2020 ( BayMBl. No. 173 )
    87. ↑ Second Bavarian Infection Protection Measures Ordinance (2nd BayIfSMV) of April 16, 2020 ( BayMBl. No. 205 ; GVBl. P. 214 )
    88. ↑ Third Bavarian Infection Protection Measures Ordinance (3rd BayIfSMV) of May 1, 2020 ( BayMBl. No. 239 ; GVBl. P. 255 )
    89. ↑ Fourth Bavarian Infection Protection Measures Ordinance (4th BayIfSMV) of May 5, 2020 ( BayMBl. No. 240 , 245 )
    90. ↑ BayVerfGH: Decision of March 26, 2020 - Vf.6-VII-20, ECLI : DE: BayVerf : 2020: 0326. Vf.6VII20.0A ; Decision of April 24, 2020 - Vf. 29-VII-20, ECLI: DE: BayVerf: 2020: 0424. Vf.29VII20.0A
    91. ↑ BayVGH: Decision of March 30, 2020 - 20 NE 20.632, ECLI : DE: BayVGH : 2020: 0330.20NE20.632.0A ; Decision of April 28, 2020 - 20 NE 20.849, ECLI: DE: BayVGH: 2020. 0428.20NE20.849.0A ( hereinafter ECLI: DE: BVerfG : 2020: rk20200501.1bvr099620 )
    92. ↑ BVerfG: Decision of April 7, 2020 - 1 BvR 755/20, ECLI : DE: BVerfG : 2020: rk20200407. 1bvr075520 ; Decision of April 9, 2020 - 1 BvR 802/20, ECLI: DE: BVerfG: 2020: rk20200409. 1bvr080220
    93. ↑ Catalog of fines "Corona Pandemic" from April 23, 2020 ( BayMBl. No. 223 )
    94. ↑ Ordinance on measures required to contain the spread of the new type of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in Berlin ( SARS-CoV-2 Containment Measures Ordinance - SARS-CoV-2 MaßnV) of the Senate of March 22, 2020 (replacement promulgation according to § 2 of the law on the promulgation of laws and ordinances ; GVBl. pp. 220, 224 )
    95. ↑ Fourth ordinance amending the SARS-CoV-2 Containment Measures Ordinance of April 21, 2020 (replacement proclamation according to Section 2 of the Act on the Proclamation of Laws and Ordinances ; GVBl. P. 262 )
    96. ↑ ECLI : DE: VERFGBE : 2020: 0414. VERFGH50A20.00 , unsuccessful urgent application with special vote from Seegmüller / Schönrock ; also ECLI: DE: VERFGBE: 2020: 0421. VERFGH51A20.00
    97. ↑ General instruction on the catalog of fines for punishing violations in the area of ​​the Infection Protection Act (IfSG) in connection with the ordinance on measures required for the spread of the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in Berlin (SB No. S-3206/2020, April 22 2020)
    98. ↑ Ordinance on measures to contain the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 in Brandenburg (SARS-CoV-2 Contamination Ordinance - SARS-CoV-2-EindV) of the MSGIV of March 22, 2020 ( GVBl. II No. 11 )
    99. ↑ Ordinance on measures to contain the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 in Brandenburg (SARS-CoV-2 containment ordinance - SARS-CoV-2-EindV) of April 17, 2020 ( GVBl. II No. 21 )
    100. ↑ Ordinance on measures to contain the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 in Brandenburg (SARS-CoV-2 containment ordinance - SARS-CoV-2-EindV) of May 8, 2020 ( GVBl. II No. 30 )
    101. ↑ a b ECLI : DE: OVGBEBB : 2020: 0323. OVG11S12.20.00
    102. ↑ General administrative regulation for punishing violations in the area of ​​the Infection Protection Act in connection with the regulation on measures to contain the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 in Brandenburg (SARS-CoV-2-EindV) of April 17, 2020 ( GVBl . II No. 15S )
    103. ↑ Proposals by the health authorities in Bremen and Bremerhaven from March 22, 2020 (cf. § 28 para. 3 in conjunction with § 16 para. 6 IfSG); Implementation: General decree on the prohibition of events, gatherings and the opening of certain businesses to contain the coronavirus of the Bremen Public Order Office of March 23, 2020 ( Weser-Kurier of March 24, 2020) and the Bremerhaven Citizens and Public Order Office of March 23, 2020
    104. ↑ Ordinance on protection against new infections with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus of April 3, 2020 ( Brem.GBl. P. 168 )
    105. ↑ Ordinance on the protection against new infections with the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (Corona Ordinance) of April 17, 2020 ( Brem.GBl. P. 205 )
    106. ↑ Second Ordinance on Protection against New Infections with the Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (Second Coronavirus Ordinance) of May 6, 2020 ( Brem.GBl. P. 244 )
    107. ↑ in the case of an enforceable order: Decree of the Senator for Health, Women and Consumer Protection on the punishment of administrative offenses under the Infection Protection Act in connection with the ordinance on protection against new infections with the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 of April 3, 2020 of April 7, 2020 ( Brem.ABl. P. 282 )
    108. ↑ General decree to contain the coronavirus in Hamburg through temporary contact restrictions of the BGV of March 22, 2020 ( official number p. 422 ); Repealed April 2, 2020
    109. ↑ Ordinance to contain the spread of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg (Hamburgische SARS-CoV-2 Containment Ordinance - HmbSARS-CoV-2 Contamination Ordinance) of the Senate of April 2, 2020 ( HmbGVBl. P. 181 )
    110. ↑ HmbSARS-CoV-2 containment regulation of April 2, 2020 ( HmbGVBl. P. 181 ), annex
    111. ↑ Third ordinance to combat the corona virus of the state government of March 14, 2020 in the version of March 22, 2020 (replacement proclamation according to § 7 Proclamation Act ; GVBl. P. 183 )
    112. ↑ Ordinance on the restriction of social contacts and the operation of facilities and offers due to the corona pandemic (Corona contact and operating restriction ordinance) of 7 May 2020 ( GVBl. P. 302 )
    113. ↑ ECLI : DE: VGHHE : 2020: 0408. 8B910.20.N.00
    114. ↑ Instructions for use / guidelines for enforcing the do's and don'ts from the Corona ordinances of April 2, 2020
    115. ^ Ordinance of the state government on measures to combat the spread of the new type of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania (SARS-CoV-2-Combat Ordinance - SARS-CoV-2-BekämpfV) of March 17, 2020 ( GVOBl.MV p. 82, 122) in the version dated March 23, 2020 ( GVOBl. MV S. 90 )
    116. ↑ Ordinance of the state government on measures to combat the spread of the new type of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania (SARS-CoV-2-Control Ordinance - SARS-CoV-2-Control Ordinance) of April 3, 2020 ( GVOBl. MV p. 130 )
    117. ^ Ordinance of the state government for protection against the novel coronavirus in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania (Corona Protection Ordinance MV - Corona-SV MV) of April 17, 2020 ( GVOBl. MV p. 158 )
    118. ^ Ordinance of the state government for permanent protection against the novel coronavirus in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania (Corona-LVO MV) of May 8, 2020 ( GVOBl. MV p. 230 )
    119. ↑ Administrative offenses against the Corona Protection VO MV (as of April 22, 2020)
    120. ↑ Restricting social contacts on the occasion of the corona pandemic , AV des MS dated March 23, 2020 ( Nds. MBl. P. 401 ); Repeal: Nds. MBl. P. 435
    121. ↑ Lower Saxony Regulation on the restriction of social contacts at the Corona pandemic of MS by 27 March 2020 ( Nds. GVBl p. 48 )
    122. ↑ Lower Saxony Ordinance on Limiting Social Contacts to Curb the Corona Pandemic of April 2, 2020 ( Nds. GVBl. P. 55 )
    123. ↑ Lower Saxony Ordinance on Limiting Social Contacts to Curb the Corona Pandemic of April 7, 2020 ( Nds. GVBl. P. 63 )
    124. ↑ Lower Saxony ordinance on protection against new infections with the corona virus of April 17, 2020 ( Nds. GVBl. P. 74 )
    125. ↑ Lower Saxony Ordinance on Infection Protection Measures against the Spread of the Corona Virus of May 8, 2020 ( Nds. GVBl. P. 97 )
    126. ↑ Punishment of violations of the Lower Saxony Ordinance on Protection against New Infections with the Corona Virus of April 24, 2020 ( Nds. MBl. P. 483 )
    127. ↑ Regulation to protect against new infections with the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (CoronaSchVO) of MAGS of 22 March 2020 ( GV. NRW p. 178a )
    128. ↑ Ordinance to protect against new infections with the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (Coronaschutzverordnung - CoronaSchVO) of May 8, 2020 ( GV.NRW . S. 340a )
    129. ↑ Administrative offenses according to the Infection Protection Act in connection with the Corona Protection Ordinance (CoronaSchVO)
    130. ↑ Third Corona Control Ordinance Rhineland-Palatinate (3rd CoBeLVO) of the MSAGD of March 23, 2020 (replacement proclamation according to § 10 Proclamation Act ; GVBl. P. 79 )
    131. ↑ Fourth Corona Control Ordinance Rhineland-Palatinate (4th CoBeLVO) of April 17, 2020 (replacement proclamation according to § 10 Proclamation Act ; GVBl. P. 127 )
    132. ↑ Fifth Corona Control Ordinance Rhineland-Palatinate (5th CoBeVO) of April 30, 2020 ( GVBl. P. 147 )
    133. ↑ Sixth Corona Control Ordinance Rhineland-Palatinate (6th CoBeVO) of May 8, 2020 ( GVBl. P. 170 )
    134. ↑ Updated interpretation information for the assessment of the fine according to § 12 of the Fourth Corona Control Ordinance
    135. ↑ ECLI : DE: VGSL : 2010: 0330. 6L340.20.0A
    136. ↑ Ordinance to combat the corona pandemic of the Saarland government of March 30, 2020 ( Official Journal I, p. 196B )
    137. ^ Ordinance to combat the corona pandemic (VO-CP) of May 2, 2020 ( Official Journal I p. 284 )
    138. ↑ Administrative offenses according to the Ordinance to Combat the Corona Pandemic (CoP-VO)
    139. ↑ Enforcement of the Infection Protection Act - Measures on the occasion of the corona pandemic - Exit restrictions, notification of the SMS of March 22, 2020 (Az. 15-5422 / 10)
    140. ↑ ECLI : DE: VGDRESD : 2020: 0330. 6L220.20.0A
    141. ↑ ECLI : DE: VGLEIPZ : 2020: 0330. 3L177.20.0A
    142. ↑ Ordinance of the Saxon State Ministry for Social Affairs and Social Cohesion for protection against the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 (Saxon Corona Protection Ordinance - SächsCoronaSchVO) of March 31, 2020 ( SächsGVBl. P. 85 )
    143. ↑ Ordinance of the Saxon State Ministry for Social Affairs and Social Cohesion for protection against the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 (Saxon Corona Protection Ordinance - SächsCoronaSchVO) of April 17, 2020 ( SächsGVBl. P. 170 )
    144. ↑ Ordinance of the Saxon State Ministry for Social Affairs and Social Cohesion for protection against the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 (Saxon Corona Protection Ordinance - SächsCoronaSchVO) of April 30, 2020 ( SächsGVBl. P. 186 )
    145. ↑ ECLI : DE: OVGSN : 2020: 0407. 3B111.20.0A
    146. ↑ SächsVerfGH: Decision of April 17, 2020 - Vf. 51-IV-20
    147. ^ SMS catalog of fines
    148. ↑ Second Ordinance on Measures to Curb the Spread of the New Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in Saxony-Anhalt (Second SARS-CoV-2 Containment Ordinance - 2nd SARS-CoV-2-EindV) of the state government of March 24, 2020 ( GVBl . LSA p. 54 )
    149. ↑ Third ordinance on measures to contain the spread of the new type of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in Saxony-Anhalt (Third SARS-CoV-2 Containment Ordinance - 3rd SARS-CoV-2-EindV) of April 2, 2020 ( GVBl. LSA P. 112 )
    150. ↑ Fourth ordinance on measures to contain the spread of the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in Saxony-Anhalt (Fourth SARS-CoV-2 Containment Ordinance - 4th SARS-CoV-2 EindV) of April 16, 2020 ( GVBl. LSA P. 190 )
    151. ↑ Fifth Ordinance on Measures to Curb the Spread of the New Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in Saxony-Anhalt (Fifth SARS-CoV-2 Containment Ordinance - 5th SARS-CoV-2-EindV) of May 2, 2020 ( GVBl. LSA P. 219 )
    152. ↑ 4. SARS-CoV-2-EindV of April 16, 2020 ( GVBl. LSA p. 190 ), annex
    153. ↑ Enactment of general decrees prohibiting and restricting contacts in special public areas , decree of 23 March 2020 , no. 9; Implementation example: General decree of the Lord Mayor of the City of Kiel on the prohibition and restriction of contacts in special public areas in the territory of the State Capital of Kiel of March 23, 2020 , repealed by the general decree of April 3, 2020
    154. ↑ State ordinance on measures to combat the spread of the new type of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in Schleswig-Holstein (SARS-CoV-2-Control Ordinance - SARS-CoV-2-BekämpfV) of the state government of April 2, 2020 (replacement proclamation according to § 60 para 3 sentence 1 LVwG ; GVOBl. Schl.-HS 175 )
    155. ↑ State Ordinance on Measures to Combat the Spread of the New Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in Schleswig-Holstein (SARS-CoV-2-Combat Ordinance - SARS-CoV-2-BekämpfV) of April 8, 2020 (replacement announcement according to § 60 Para. 3 Sentence 1 LVwG ; GVOBl. Schl.-HS 178 )
    156. ↑ State ordinance on measures to combat the spread of the new type of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in Schleswig-Holstein (SARS-CoV-2-Control Ordinance - SARS-CoV-2-Control Ordinance) of April 18, 2020 (replacement promulgation according to § 60 para. 3 Sentence 1 LVwG ; GVOBl. Schl.-HS 195 )
    157. ↑ State Ordinance on Measures to Combat the Spread of the New Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in Schleswig-Holstein (SARS-CoV-2-Combat Ordinance - SARS-CoV-2-Combat Ordinance) of May 1, 2020 (replacement announcement according to § 60 para. 3 Sentence 1 LVwG )
    158. ↑ Catalog of fines for violations of the Corona regulations from April 24, 2020
    159. ↑ Provisional Thuringian Basic Ordinance to Contain the Corona Pandemic (Corona Contamination Ordinance ) of the MASGFF of March 24, 2020 (replacement proclamation according to § 9 Proclamation Act ; GVBl. P. 113 )
    160. ↑ Thuringian Ordinance on Measures Required to Contain the Spread of the Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (Thuringian SARS-CoV-2 Containment Measures Ordinance - ThürSARS-CoV-2 Measurement Regulation) of March 26, 2020 (replacement announcement according to § 9 Proclamation Act ; GVBl. P. 115 )
    161. ↑ Second Thuringian Ordinance on Measures Required to Contain the Spread of the Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (Second Thuringian SARS-CoV-2 Containment Measures Ordinance –2. ThürSARS-CoV-2 Measurement Regulation) of April 7, 2020 (replacement promulgation according to § 9 Proclamation Act ; GVBl. P. 123 )
    162. ↑ Third Thuringian Ordinance on Necessary Measures to Contain the Spread of the Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (Third Thuringian SARS-CoV-2 Containment Measures Ordinance - 3rd ThürSARS-CoV-2 Measures Ordinance -) of April 18, 2020 (replacement proclamation according to § 9 Proclamation Act ; GVBl. P. 135 )
    163. ↑ Thuringian Ordinance on the approval of previously restricted areas and on the further development of the necessary measures to contain the spread of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (Thuringian SARS-CoV-2 Measures Development Ordinance - ThürSARS-CoV-2-MaßnFortentwVO -) of May 12, 2020 ( Substitute announcement according to § 9 Announcement Act )
    164. ↑ Second amendment to the Coronavirus fine catalog dated April 19, 2020
    165. ↑ Law for the protection of the population in an epidemic situation of national scope of March 27, 2020 ( Federal Law Gazette I p. 587 ), Art. 1 No. 11 Letter c, Art. 7 Paragraph 1
    166. ↑ Administrative offenses under the Ordinance to Combat the Corona Pandemic ("Corona Fines Catalog"), Saarland press release of March 31, 2020
    167. ↑ Criminal offenses and administrative offenses according to the Infection Protection Act in connection with the Corona Protection Ordinance (CoronaSchVO) , NRW press release of March 24, 2020
    168. ↑ Example from Bamberg: Upper Franconia Police Headquarters , press release of April 4, 2020 ; Example from Selb: Press release from April 9th, 2020 with decisions of the District Court Hof , XIV 24/20 and XIV 25/20
    169. ↑ For Bavaria: Art. 17 -20, 91 , 92 PAG
    170. ↑ ECLI : DE: BayVGH : 2020: 0330.20NE20.632.0A , para. 36, 37
    171. ↑ ECLI : DE: BayVGH : 2020. 0428.20NE20.849.0A , paras. 46, 47; subsequent constitutional complaint unsuccessful, ECLI: DE: BVerfG : 2020: rk20200501.1bvr099620
    172. ↑ See also regensburg-digital : Court on exit restrictions: (Almost) everything is a “good reason” (April 29, 2020); also GdP , Land District Bavaria: Lift exit restrictions soon? (April 30, 2020)
    173. ↑ ECLI : DE: OVGNI : 2020: 0511. 13MN143.20.00 , paras. 21 to 34
    174. ↑ Usnesení vlády České republiky č. 214 o přijetí krizového opatření , č. 85/2020 Sb. ( English translation )
    175. ↑ Zákon o krizovém řízení ao změně některých zákonů (krizový zákon) , č. 240/2000 Sb.
    176. ↑ Usnesení vlády České republiky č. 279 o přijetí krizového opatření , č. 126/2020 Sb.
    177. ↑ last MZDR 16195 / 2020-1 / MIN / KAN
    178. ↑ Zákon o ochraně veřejného zdraví , č. 258/2000 Sb.
    179. ↑ Městský soud v Praze, ECLI : CZ: MSPH: 2020: 14.A.41.2020.1
    180. ↑ DW : Czech Republic: "Long live freedom!" (April 25, 2020)
    181. ↑ Usnesení vlády České republiky č. 452 o přijetí krizového opatření , č. 194/2020 Sb.