COVID-19 pandemic in Italy

Confirmed COVID-19 Cases in the Provinces of Italy per 100,000 Population

Italy is one of the countries in Europe that was hit very early and particularly badly by the COVID-19 pandemic . The SARS-CoV-2 virusspread across Italy; the focus of the infection was in northern Italy . The health system in many northern Italian provinces was so overloaded that many patients could not be treated or treated adequately and clinicians were forced to perform a triage . In many places protective masks were missing or missing; This is one of the reasons why many members of the medical staff have become infected with the virus. On March 19, 2020, Italy counted 3,405 COVID-19 deaths, the first time more victims than China.

The Italian government initially sealed off the epicentres; Since March 8, measures have been adopted in quick succession that prevented many economic activities and restricted the freedom of movement of citizens; Public events have been canceled, churches and museums have been closed, and the Venice Carnival has been canceled. From the second week of March, many shops and a little later also production plants had to close; massive exit restrictions applied to the general public, but these were relaxed in the first week of May.

statistics

Numerous COVID-19 infection routes passed through Italy to other countries in which no or only few other COVID-19 infections were known (marked orange)

The tables in this section are based on the figures from the national Istituto Superiore di Sanità, where each sample is checked again before the case is considered a confirmed infection.

According to statistics, on March 3, 2020, over 10% of positively diagnosed people were in intensive care units. On March 25th it was about 6%, this figure is well above the proportion in other countries, e.g. B. 1.6% in Austria. This comparison does not take into account the fact that in Italy not all intensive care patients are given a corresponding place for a long time. One reason for noticeable differences in the hospitalization rate and in mortality could be the high number of unrecognized cases in Italy, which falsifies the statistics. A model calculation from March 16, 2020 comes to the thesis that the actual cases in Italy are probably a multiple of those confirmed in the laboratory and are possibly in the one to two-digit million range. Other reasons for the high mortality, which was a calculated 9% as of March 21, are the high percentage of antibiotic resistance (about 1/3), the overloaded medical system, the high average age of the infected and the air pollution in the Po- Seen level . The fact that the epidemic started earlier in Italy than in other European countries and has now developed more severe courses probably also plays a role.

A tendency towards close physical contact (e.g. greeting with kisses on the cheek) as well as the fact that in many Italian families grandparents regularly look after the children, who can be infected without symptoms and thus spread the disease in a highly endangered age group, have been cited as further explanations . In several reports it was speculated that the high mortality could result from the counting method, among other things, since in Italy every deceased with a proven infection counts as a COVID-19 death, i.e. also persons with underlying illnesses for which the cause of death could not be clearly determined . According to the Robert Koch Institute , however, the same counting method is used in Germany, which has a very low mortality rate (approx. 0.3% on March 22, 2020). There is no evidence to support the opinion, discussed in reader comments and on social media, that a “deadlier strain of virus” has established itself in Italy.

According to some mayors of northern Italian municipalities, the actual number of those who died from COVID-19 is significantly higher than known. Claudio Cancelli, mayor of the municipality of Nembro ( Bergamo province , 11,000 inhabitants) is convinced that around four times as many people died of COVID-19 in his municipality as officially stated; this estimate is based on a study comparing current deaths in Nembro with past deaths. The main reason given for the undetected cases is the fact that people who died in old people's homes or at home were not tested. In addition, according to the virologist Christian Drosten, the pathogens of COVID-19 are sometimes no longer detectable in the throat as early as the second week, but only in the lungs (so that negative throat swabs can lead to wrong conclusions). These local observations also confirmed nationwide studies: between February 20 and March 31, 2020, according to a study by the national statistical office Istat and the Istituto superiore di sanità, which is subordinate to the health department, 25,354 more people died in Italy than the average between 2015 and 2019 during this period. Officially, there were 13,710 Covid-19 deaths between February 20 and March 31, 2020.

In Lombardy there were massive bottlenecks in the intensive care units: patients who needed intensive therapy had to be transferred to other wards. When the epidemic broke out, Italy had a total of 5,100 beds in intensive care units, around 8.5 beds per 100,000 inhabitants. This rate is higher than in Great Britain (6.6 beds per 100,000 inhabitants), but much lower than in Germany (29.2 beds). The number of normal hospital beds is also comparatively low in Italy (340 per 100,000 inhabitants, compared to 830 in Germany), while the number of doctors does not differ significantly from Germany.

Evolution of the epidemic

Development of active infections in Italy
according to data from the Ministero della Salute

Confirmed infections (cumulative) in Italy
according to data from the Ministero della Salute

New infections (daily difference from the accumulated infections) in Italy
according to data from the Ministero della Salute

Confirmed deaths (cumulative) in Italy
according to data from the Ministero della Salute

Confirmed deaths (daily) in Italy
according to data from the Ministero della Salute

date	Infections (cumulative)	Infections (difference to the previous day)	recovered (cumulative)	Deaths (cumulative)	active infections	Increase / decrease in active infections / 24 h [%]	Isolation at home	hospital	Intensive care unit
Jan 28, 2020	2			0	2
Feb 21, 2020	39	37		0	39
Feb 22, 2020	79	40		2	77	097.4%
23 Feb 2020	159	80		2	157	103.9%			26th
Feb. 24, 2020	229	70	1	6th	222	041.4%			23
Feb 25, 2020	326	97	1	11	314	041.4%			35
Feb 26, 2020	400	74	3	12	385	022.6%			36
Feb. 27, 2020	650	250	45	17th	588	052.7%			56
Feb 28, 2020	888	238	46	21st	821	039.6%			64
Feb 29, 2020	1,128	240	50	29	1,049	027.8%			105
01st Mar 2020	1,694	566	83	34	1,577	050.3%			140
02nd Mar 2020	2,036	342	149	52	1,835	016.4%			166
03rd Mar 2020	2,502	466	160	79	2.263	023.3%			229
04th Mar 2020	3,089	587	276	107	2,706	019.6%			295
05th Mar 2020	3,858	769	414	148	3,296	021.8%			351
06th Mar 2020	4,636	778	523	197	3,916	018.8%			462
07th Mar 2020	5,883	1,247	589	233	5,061	029.2%			567
0March 8 2020	7,375	1,474	622	366	6,387	026.2%	2,180	3,557	650
09 Mar 2020	9,172	1,797	724	463	7,985	025.0%	2,936	5,049	733
10 Mar 2020	10.149	977	1.004	631	8,514	006.6%	2,559	5,915	877
11th Mar 2020	12,462	2,313	1,045	827	10,590	024.4%	3,724	6,866	1,028
March 12 2020	15,113	2,651	1,258	1,016	12,839	021.2%	5,036	7,803	1,153
13 Mar 2020	17,660	2,547	1,439	1,266	14,955	016.5%	6,201	8,754	1,328
14 Mar 2020	21,157	3,497	1,966	1,441	17,750	018.7%	7,860	8,372	1,518
15th Mar 2020	24,747	3,590	2,335	1,809	20,603	016.1%	9,268	9,663	1,672
16. Mar. 2020	27,980	3.233	2,749	2.158	23,073	012.0%	10.197	11,025	1,851
17th Mar 2020	31,506	3,526	2,941	2,503	26,062	013.0%	11,108	12,894	2,060
18 Mar 2020	35,713	4,207	4.025	2,978	28,710	010.2%	12,090	14,363	2,257
19 Mar 2020	41,035	5,322	4,440	3,405	33,190	015.6%	14,935	15,757	2,498
20 Mar 2020	47.021	5,986	5,129	4.032	37,860	014.1%	19,185	16,020	2,655
21 Mar 2020	53,578	6,557	6,072	4,825	42,681	012.7%	22,116	17,708	2,857
22 Mar 2020	59,138	5,560	7,024	5,476	46,638	009.3%	23,783	19,846	3,009
23 Mar 2020	63,927	4,789	7,432	6,077	50,418	008.1%	26,522	20,692	3,204
24 Mar 2020	69,176	5,249	8,326	6,820	54.030	007.2%	28,697	21,937	3,396
25th Mar 2020	74,386	5,210	9,362	7,503	57,521	006.5%	30,920	23,112	3,489
26th Mar 2020	80,539	6,153	10,361	8,165	62,013	007.8%	33,648	24,753	3,612
27 Mar 2020	86,498	5,959	10,950	9.134	66,414	007.1%	36,653	26,029	3,732
28 Mar 2020	92,472	5,974	12,384	10,023	70.065	005.5%	39,533	26,676	3,856
29 Mar 2020	97,689	5,217	13,030	10,779	73,880	005.4%	42,558	27,386	3,906
30th Mar 2020	101,739	4,050	14,620	11,591	75,528	002.2%	43,752	27,795	3,981
31 Mar 2020	105,792	4,053	15,729	12,428	77,635	002.8%	45,420	28.192	4.023
0Apr 1, 2020	110,574	4,782	16,847	13,155	80,572	003.8%	48.134	28,403	4,035
0Apr 2, 2020	115.242	4,668	18,278	13,915	83,049	003.1%	50,456	28,540	4,053
0Apr 3, 2020	119,827	4,585	19,758	14,681	85,388	002.8%	52,579	28,541	4,068
0Apr 4, 2020	124,632	4,805	20,996	15,361	88,274	003.4%	55,270	29,010	3,994
0Apr 5, 2020	128,948	4,316	21,815	15,887	91,246	003.4%	58,320	28,949	3,977
0Apr 6, 2020	132,547	3,599	22,837	16,523	93.187	002.1%	60,313	28,976	3,898
0Apr 7, 2020	135,586	3,039	24,392	17.127	94,067	000.9%	61,557	28,718	3,792
0Apr 8, 2020	139,422	3,836	26,491	17,669	95,262	001.3%	63.084	28,485	3,693
0Apr 9, 2020	143,626	4,204	28,470	18,279	96,877	001.7%	64,873	28,399	3,605
Apr 10, 2020	147,577	3,951	30,455	18,849	98.273	001.4%	66,534	28,242	3,497
Apr 11, 2020	152.271	4,694	32,534	19,468	100,269	002.0%	68,744	28,144	3,381
Apr 12, 2020	156.363	4,092	34,211	19,899	102.253	002.0%	71,063	27,847	3,343
Apr 13, 2020	159,516	3,153	35,435	20,465	103.616	001.3%	72,333	28,023	3,260
Apr. 14, 2020	162,488	2,972	37,130	21,067	104.291	000.7%	73.094	28,011	3,186
Apr 15, 2020	165.155	2,667	38.092	21,645	105,418	001.1%	74,696	27,643	3,079
April 16, 2020	168.941	3,786	40.164	22,170	106,607	001.1%	76,778	26,893	2,936
Apr 17, 2020	172.434	3,493	42,727	22,745	106,962	000.3%	78.364	25,786	2,812
Apr 18, 2020	175,925	3,491	44,927	23,227	107,771	000.7%	80.031	25.007	2,733
Apr 19, 2020	178,972	3,047	47,055	23,660	108.257	000.5%	80,589	25,033	2,635
April 20, 2020	181.228	2,256	48,877	24,114	108,237	0−0.0%	80,758	24,906	2,573
Apr 21, 2020	183,957	2,729	51,600	24,648	107,709	0−0.5%	81,104	24.134	2,471
Apr 22, 2020	187,327	3,370	54,543	25,085	107,699	0−0.0%	81,510	23,805	2,382
23 Apr 2020	189,973	2,646	57,576	25,549	106,848	0−0.8%	81.710	22,871	2,267
Apr 24, 2020	192,944	2,971	60,498	25,969	106,527	0−0.3%	82.286	22,068	2.173
Apr 25, 2020	195.351	2,407	63.120	26,384	105,847	0−0.6%	82,212	21,533	2,102
Apr 26, 2020	197,675	2,324	64,928	26,644	106.103	000.2%	82,722	21,372	2,009
Apr 27, 2020	199.414	1,739	66,624	26,977	105.813	0−0.3%	83.504	20,353	1.956
Apr 28, 2020	201.505	2,091	68,941	27,359	105.205	0−0.6%	83,619	19,723	1,863
Apr 29, 2020	203,591	2,086	71,252	27,682	104,657	0−0.5%	83,652	19,210	1,795
Apr 30, 2020	205,463	1,872	75,945	27,967	101,551	0−3.0%	81,708	18,149	1,694
01st May 2020	207,428	1.965	78,249	28,236	100,943	0−0.6%	81,796	17,569	1,578
0May 2, 2020	209.328	1,900	79.914	28,710	100,704	0−0.2%	81,808	17,357	1,539
0May 3, 2020	210.717	1,389	81,654	28,884	100.179	0−0.5%	81,436	17,242	1,501
04th May 2020	211,938	1,221	82,879	29,079	99,980	0−0.2%	81,678	16,823	1,479
05th May 2020	213.013	1,075	85.231	29,315	98,467	0−1.5%	80,770	16,270	1,427
0May 6, 2020	214,457	1,444	93,245	29,684	91,528	0−7.0%	74,426	15,769	1,333
0May 7, 2020	215.858	1,401	96.276	29,958	89,624	0−2.1%	73.139	15.174	1.311
0May 8, 2020	217.185	1,327	99.023	30,201	87,961	0−1.9%	72.157	14,636	1,168
0May 9, 2020	218.268	1,083	103.031	30,395	84,842	0−3.5%	69,974	13,834	1,034
May 10, 2020	219.070	802	105.186	30,560	83,324	0−1.8%	68,679	13,618	1,027
May 11, 2020	219.814	744	106,587	30,739	82,488	0−1.0%	67,950	13,539	999
May 12, 2020	221.216	1,402	109.039	30,911	81,266	0−1.5%	67,449	12,865	952
May 13, 2020	222.104	888	112,541	31,106	78,457	0−3.5%	65,392	12,172	893
May 14, 2020	223.096	992	115.288	31,368	76,440	0−2.6%	64.132	11,453	855
May 15, 2020	223,885	789	120.205	31,610	72,070	0−5.7%	60,470	10,792	808
May 16, 2020	224,760	875	122,810	31,763	70.187	0−2.6%	59,012	10,400	775
17th May 2020	225,435	675	125.176	31,908	68,351	0−2.6%	57,728	10,311	762
May 18, 2020	225,886	451	127,326	32.007	66,553	0−2.6%	55,597	10.207	749
19th May 2020	226,699	813	129,401	32,169	65,129	0−2.1%	54,422	9,991	716
May 20, 2020	227.364	665	132,282	32,330	62,752	0−3.6%	52,452	9,624	676
May 21, 2020	228.006	642	134,560	32,486	60,960	0−2.9%	51.051	9,269	640
May 22, 2020	228,658	652	136,720	32,616	59,322	0−2.7%	49,770	8,957	595
May 23, 2020	229,327	669	138,840	32,735	57,752	0−2.6%	48,485	8,695	572
May 24, 2020	229,858	531	140.479	32,785	56,594	0−2.0%	47,428	8,613	553
May 25, 2020	230.158	300	141,981	32,877	55,300	0−2.3%	46,574	8,185	541
May 26, 2020	230,555	397	144,658	32,955	52,942	0−4.3%	44.504	7,917	521
May 27, 2020	231.139	584	147.101	33,072	50,966	0−3.7%	42,732	7,729	505
May 28, 2020	231.732	593	150.604	33,142	47,986	0−5.8%	40.118	7,379	489
May 29, 2020	232.248	516	152.844	33,229	46.175	0−3.8%	38,606	7.094	475
May 30, 2020	232,644	416	155,633	33,340	43,691	0−5.4%	36,561	6,680	450
May 31, 2020	232.997	333	157.507	33,415	42,075	0−3.7%	35,253	6,387	435
0June 1, 2020	233.197	178	158.355	33,475	41,367	0−1.7%	34,844	6,099	424
02nd June 2020	233,515	318	160.092	33,530	39,893	0−3.6%	33,569	5,916	408
03rd June 2020	233.836	321	160.938	33,601	39,297	0−1.5%	33.202	5,742	353
04th June 2020	234.013	177	161,895	33,689	38,429	0−2.2%	32,588	5,503	338
05th June 2020	234,531	518	163,781	33,774	36,976	0−3.8%	31,539	5,301	316
0June 6, 2020	234,801	270	165.078	33,846	35,877	0−3.0%	30,582	5,002	293
0June 7, 2020	234.998	197	165.837	33,899	35,262	0−1.7%	30.111	4,864	287
0June 8, 2020	235.278	280	166,584	33,964	34,730	0−1.5%	29,718	4,729	283
0June 9, 2020	235,561	283	168,646	34,043	32,872	0−5.3%	28,028	4,581	263
June 10, 2020	235.763	202	169.939	34,114	31,710	0−3.5%	27.141	4,320	249
June 11, 2020	236.142	379	171,388	34,167	30,637	0−3.4%	26,270	4.131	236
June 12, 2020	236,305	163	173.085	34,223	28,997	0−5.4%	24,887	3,893	227
June 13, 2020	236,651	346	174,865	34,301	27,485	0−5.2%	23,518	3,747	220
June 14, 2020	236.989	338	176,370	34,345	26,274	0−4.4%	22,471	3,594	209
June 15, 2020	237.290	303	177.010	34,371	25,909	0−1.4%	22,213	3,489	207
June 16, 2020	237,500	210	178,526	34,405	24,569	0−5.2%	21.091	3,301	177
17th June 2020	237,828	329	179,455	34,448	23,925	0−2.6%	20,649	3.113	163
June 18, 2020	238.159	333	180,544	34,514	23.101	0−3.4%	20,066	2,867	168
19th June 2020	238.011	251	181.907	34,561	21,543	0−6.7%	18,750	2,632	161
June 20, 2020	238.275	262	182,453	34,610	21,212	0−1.5%	18,586	2,474	152
June 21, 2020	238,499	224	182,893	34,634	20,972	0−1.1%	18,510	2,314	148
June 22, 2020	238,720	218	183.426	34,657	20,637	0−1.6%	18,472	2,038	127
June 23, 2020	238.833	122	184,585	34,675	19,573	0−5.2%	17.605	1,853	115
June 24, 2020	239.410	190	186.111	34,644	18,655	0−4.7%	16,938	1,610	107
June 25, 2020	239,706	296	186,725	34,678	18.303	0−1.9%	16,685	1,515	103
date	Infections (cumulative)	Infections (difference to the previous day)	recovered (cumulative)	Deaths (cumulative)	active infections	Increase / decrease in active infections / 24 h [%]	Isolation at home	hospital	Intensive care unit

On February 25, the Istituto Superiore di Sanità decreed that a COVID-19 test should no longer be carried out if there is a suspicion of an infection, but only if there are symptoms.

Since February 28, the Istituto Superiore di Sanità has been verifying that all deaths are actually due to the virus.

The active infections are formed from the difference between the accumulated infections minus the dead and recovered. The percentage increase in active infections therefore relates to the respective active focus of infection and not to the accumulated infections.

Regional distribution

region	Hospitalized with symptoms	Intensive care unit	Domestic quarantine	Total currently infected	Difference currently infected compared to the previous day	Recovered	Died	Entire cases	Testing
Lombardy	176	27	7,749	7,952	-59	70,461	16,760	95.173	1,155,050
Piedmont	175	9	730	914	-139	26,478	4.115	31,507	454.092
Emilia-Romagna	93	9	1,087	1,189	-4	23,511	4,271	28,971	554.781
Veneto	29	2	396	427	15th	16,952	2,041	19,420	1,076,719
Tuscany	8th	2	301	311	-24	8,894	1,125	10,330	375.745
Liguria	23	0	171	194	-24	8,283	1,561	10,038	164,739
Lazio	188	10	696	894	2	6,616	846	8,356	373.026
Brands	4th	0	156	160	1	5,658	987	6,805	150,309
Trentino	2	0	24	26th	0	4,450	405	4,881	134,858
Campania	16	1	235	252	-1	4,095	432	4,779	304,517
Apulia	10	0	58	68	0	3,926	547	4,541	204.917
Friuli Venezia Giulia	4th	0	82	86	6th	2,907	345	3,338	214,706
Abruzzo	19th	0	102	121	-22	2,740	467	3,328	115,444
Autonomous Region of Sicily	4th	0	133	137	14th	2,695	283	3.115	238,702
South-Tirol	6th	0	89	95	0	2,287	292	2,674	92,044
Umbria	4th	0	4th	8th	0	1,362	80	1,450	107,301
Sardinia	4th	0	6th	10	0	1,230	134	1,374	94.052
Calabria	5	0	52	57	0	1,062	97	1,216	106.176
Aosta Valley	3	0	1	4th	1	1,046	146	1,196	19,707
Molise	1	0	8th	9	-4	414	23	446	24,875
Basilicata	3	0	2	5	0	374	27	406	42,851
total	777	60	12,082	12,919	-238	195.441	34,984	243,344	6.004.611
Source : Protezione Civile -> Operations Dashboard for ArcGIS , updated on July 14, 2020 at 5:00 p.m.

On March 7th, 2020, the Civil Protection of Italy ( Italian Protezione Civile ) created an application via ESRI's ArcGIS online platform to ensure effective and transparent information for the population about the current development of COVID-19 cases in Italy. This is available in two versions, a desktop version and a mobile version. Using a geographic map of Italy, the current number of infections and other data can be displayed and downloaded not only for regions but also for the individual provinces. The data is updated daily at 6:00 p.m.

Influence of age, gender and previous illnesses on mortality

A study by the Istituto Superiore di Sanità, which considered 105 cases by March 4, 2020 , identified the following distribution by age, gender and previous illnesses:

Share of deaths by age group:

• under 50 years: no deaths
• 50 to 59 years: 2.8%
• 60 to 69 years: 8.4%
• 70 to 79 years: 32.4%
• 80 to 89 years: 42.2%
• 90 and over: 14.4%

The average age of the deceased is 81 years (men 79.9 years, women 83.4 years).

Influence of previous illnesses (proportion of deaths by number of previous illnesses):

• Max. 1 previous illness: 15.5%
• 2 previous illnesses: 18.3%
• 3 or more previous illnesses: 67.2%

The pre-existing conditions are dominated by hypertension (74.6%), ischemic heart disease (70.4%) and diabetes mellitus (33.8%).

The examination of 2,003 deaths with positive COVID-19 findings by the same institute showed a similar distribution on March 17, 2020 (percentages rounded):

• 30–39 years: 5 people (0.2%)
• 40–49 years: 12 people (0.6%)
• 50–59 years: 56 people (2.8%)
• 60-69 years: 173 people (8.6%)
• 70–79 years: 707 people (35.1%)
• 80-89 years: 852 people (42.5%)
• over 90 years: 198 people (9.9%)

Significantly more male deaths than female deaths were counted in all age groups. Among the people who were younger than 70 years there were 50 women compared to 196 men, among those who were 70 and older there were 533 women and 1224 men. According to this, 70.9% of those who died with a COVID-19 diagnosis are male. The female deaths averaged 83.7 years old, the male 79.5 years.

Of those who died in 2003, the data of 355 people were examined in more detail. Of these, only 0.8% of the examined deceased had no previous illness, 25.1% had one previous illness, and two previous illnesses 25.6%. Three or more pre-existing conditions were found in 48.5% of the cases examined. The frequency of hypertension (76.1%) and diabetes mellitus (35.5%) is almost unchanged compared to the first study, while the proportion of cases of ischemic heart disease (33.0%) has decreased significantly.

The investigation of 14,860 deaths with positive COVID-19 results by the same institute showed a similar distribution on April 6, 2020 (percentages rounded):

• 0–29 years: 8 people (0.05%)
• 30–39 years: 34 people (0.2%)
• 40-49 years: 136 people (0.9%)
• 50–59 years: 567 people (3.8%)
• 60-69 years: 1724 people (11.6%)
• 70-79 years: 4909 people (33.0%)
• 80-89 years: 5956 people (40.0%)
• over 90 years: 1525 people (10.3%)

Significantly more male deaths than female deaths were counted in all age groups. Among people who were younger than 70 years, 540 women were compared to 1929 men; among people who were 70 and older, there were 4,258 women and 8132 men. According to this, 67.8% of those who died with COVID-19 were male.

Of the 14,860 deceased, the data of 1,281 people were examined in more detail. Of these, only 1.8% of the examined deceased had no previous illness, 13.9% had one previous illness, and two previous illnesses 21.5%. Three or more previous illnesses were found in 62.9% of the cases examined. The pre-existing conditions are dominated by hypertension (74.7%), diabetes mellitus (29.0%), dementia (20.7%) and heart failure (20.6%).

course

The Italian civil defense at the identity check at Bologna Airport , beginning of February 2020

First aid station of the Italian civil defense in Padua , mid-February 2020

2019

In a follow-up examination of 40 wastewater samples from sewage treatment plants in northern Italy, the national Italian health institute ISS found that the genetic material of the pathogen Sars-Cov-2 was found in Milan and Turin on December 18, 2019 and then in January and February 2020. Control samples from September 2018 to June 2019 as well as October and November 2019 were negative. In Bologna, a sample from January 29, 2020 was positive.

January 2020

The first two cases known in Italy were Chinese tourists who reported themselves because of their symptoms and who tested positive in Rome on January 28, 2020 . The two are out of the question as a trigger of the pandemic and it is unclear how the infection was first brought to Italy.

February 2020

• On February 19, 2020, a UEFA Champions League football match was played in Milan's San Siro Stadium in front of over 44,000 spectators . 2,500 fans had come from Valencia , the rest of the audience, including many older Atalanta supporters, came mainly from Bergamo ; 540 alone came from Val Seriana , which later became a hotspot of the pandemic. Since two weeks after the game the number of cases in Bergamo and the surrounding area rose extremely, this soccer game was subsequently referred to as Partita zero ("game zero"), or the stadium as Stadio zero (both alluding to the term patient zero ). The Italian civil defense sees no evidence for the thesis that the game contributed significantly to the spread of the disease, but does not rule out the possibility. This is countered by the fact that, despite numerous overnight stays and celebrations by football fans, there was no sudden increase in illnesses in Milan.
• On the night of February 22, 2020, the first coronavirus-related deaths among Europeans were reported in Italy. Those affected were a 78-year-old man from the vicinity of Padua and a 77-year-old woman from the vicinity of Cremona who had died the night before and who subsequently turned out to be infected.
• In Lombardy , 39 people were initially reported infected on February 22nd, later 46 people, with an accumulation of cases in the city of Codogno ; there were also 12 infected people in Veneto . "Patient 1", a 38-year-old, to whom at least the infections in Lombardy were attributed, is in a stable state of health.
• In Codogno and nine other surrounding communities, schools and public bars were closed for a week. On February 22, the 50,000 people living there were ordered to stay at home and the affected ten municipalities in Lombardy and one municipality in Veneto were cordoned off. Those who resist the order risk up to three months in prison.
• Numerous security measures were enacted on February 23, 2020. The fashion house Giorgio Armani decided to close production facilities and offices in several locations for a week. The Armani fashion show as part of the Fashion Week on Sunday took place without an audience, but could be followed in the live stream. The last two shows of Fashion Week scheduled for Monday will also be held according to this scheme. Schools, universities and museums were closed in Veneto , as was St. Mark's Basilica . The Teatro La Fenice stopped playing, weddings and funeral ceremonies can only take place in close family circles. The Vaporetti of Venice underwent a major disinfection campaign. In addition to the Veneto region, it was decided to close schools and universities by March 1 for the regions of Lombardy, Liguria, Piedmont, Emilia-Romagna and Friuli-Venezia Giulia. The following day, the Autonomous Province of Trento joined the decision.
• On February 25, 2020 it was announced that travelers from Lombardy had tested positive in numerous regions of Italy and countries in Europe. Various media spoke of a Europe-wide epidemic. Also Brazil is the first country in South America and Algeria as the second country in Africa were faced with positive test results, which had originated in Lombardy.
• On February 26, 2020, Attilio Fontana , the governor of Lombardy, announced that one of his employees had a positive test result and that he was therefore going into self-chosen isolation. He canceled a planned press conference.
• On February 28, the Italian government initiated emergency aid for affected areas. Citizens should be able to temporarily suspend payments to utility companies and insurance companies, and companies should receive specific economic aid.

March 2020

• The regional school closings were extended from March 2nd to March 8th, but many museums and other institutions reopened.
• On March 4th it was announced that schools and universities across Italy would initially be closed until March 15th. The government said it was considering taking a parent off work or financial compensation for childcare.
• It was ordered that congresses, particularly in the medical field, be postponed in order not to otherwise bind the medical staff. Access to private clinics and hospices has been restricted, and escorts have been banned from access to hospital emergency rooms.
• Previously applicable recommendations for “red zones” have been extended to the whole country: a minimum distance of one meter between people; Greeting without kissing, hugging or handshaking on the cheek; Avoiding crowded places; Exit ban in the event of any fever or suspicion of infection; All persons aged 75 and over and persons aged 65 and over with health restrictions must stay at home. Cinemas and theaters were initially allowed to remain open if they guaranteed that chairs would only be occupied in such a way that the minimum distance was observed; a few days later they had to close completely.
• It was decreed that the number of beds in the intensive care units for pulmonology and infectology should be increased by 100% and those in other intensive care units by 50%, the examinations for admission to the practice of specialist medical professions and the final exams for nurses to be brought forward. The government also began to bring doctors back from retirement. A total of 20,000 medical professionals are to be recruited.
• On March 6th, the Società Italiana di Anestesia Analgesia Rianimazione e Terapia Intensiva (SIAARTI) published recommendations on clinical ethics on the issue of access and termination of intensive therapy, applicable in the event of an exceptional imbalance between necessity and available resources. The prioritization of medical services and triage are explicitly discussed.
• On March 8, a total of 13 provinces and a metropolitan city in the regions of Emilia-Romagna , Marche , Piedmont and Veneto as well as all of Lombardy were cordoned off and restricted areas with "restricted mobility" were set up in order to curb the spread of the infection and congestion of the Avoid hospital facilities. Around 16 million people are affected.
• On March 9th at around 9 p.m. all of Italy was declared a restricted zone with effect from March 10th.
• On March 10, for the first time since the outbreak of the epidemic, no newly infected people were registered in Codogno. The first case of infection was registered in Codogno on February 21, whereupon the place developed into one of the foci of infection in Italy and was cordoned off on February 23.
• On March 11th, the Italian government decided that numerous shops and restaurants must be closed. The discussion is about building a short-term hospital in Milan based on the Chinese model with 500 places for intensive therapy.
• On March 13, the media reported that on that day and the following days at 6 p.m., flash mobs had been announced on windows and balconies throughout Italy in order to make the cohesion tangible. The national anthem was to be sung on the first evening , Azzurro the next day , Il cielo è semper più blu the next day .
• On March 16, the authorities in numerous regions of Italy confiscated more than 60,000 goods that had been hoarded, some of which were offered for sale at inflated prices. It was mainly disinfectants and breathing masks.
• On March 17, 18 and 19, the number of deaths continued to rise. The civil protection agency reported 475 deaths in just one day - more than died of COVID-19 in one day in China. The number of those who tested positive rose to over 35,000 on March 18; in northern Italy alone, 1,200 COVID-19 patients were receiving intensive therapy at that time. On the night of March 18-19, a column of military trucks drove through Bergamo to take coffins with dead people to crematoria in the area. The morgues and funeral homes in town were overcrowded and overburdened; Coffins had to be stored in churches. The military trucks were sent to Bergamo to transport the coffins to neighboring provinces.

Nurses and nurses published a video - appeal (later with the help of the nurses association FNOPI also in English), to draw attention to the dramatic situation in the hospitals of northern Italy and to ask for international help.

• On March 18, the mayor of Bergamo (120,000 inhabitants) reported on the dramatic conditions in Bergamo's hospitals and appealed to his German counterparts to counter the spread of the virus as early as possible: "Make sure that people don't meet each other , but instead Go distance. Make good use of the time you still have available! "
• On March 19, the medical director of the “Papa Giovanni XXIII” hospital in Bergamo, Stefano Fagiuoli, described in a video message that there was a lack of staff, as well as drugs, beds, ventilators, protective suits and masks. The "Cesvi", one of the largest humanitarian organizations in Italy, is even trying to support the hospital in procuring the missing equipment with the help of an appeal for donations via the crowdfunding platform GoFundMe . The Governor of Lombardy, Attilio Fontana, said: “We need doctors. I had hoped that the appeals we made to retirees and interns over the past few days would get more feedback - but there weren't any ”.

Due to full hospital capacities, even general practitioners accept infected patients as inpatients, but without the hospital hygiene facilities and safety precautions necessary for self-protection. Of the 600 doctors in Bergamo province, 118 were sick or in quarantine, while 13 known names have already died of COVID-19.

• After Silvio Berlusconi had donated ten million euros on March 17th for the establishment of new intensive care units in Milan, several large industrialists followed his example. The entrepreneurial family Agnelli and the fashion clothing company Moncler each donated around ten million euros.
• On March 21, the New England Journal of Medicine published a report by a group of Italian doctors who reported disastrous conditions in Bergamo and the surrounding area: 70% of all intensive care beds in Bergamo are in critical condition for COVID-19 patients, but with a reasonable chance of survival reserved, older patients would not be resuscitated, hospitals had become COVID-19 herds over the past few weeks. They called for transnational, long-term coordination, which must go beyond an exclusive consideration of the intensive care units.
• On March 23, the state of Saxony announced that it wanted to accept corona patients from Italy; capacities are currently free and one can learn to deal with the virus by treating patients. Eight patients were to be flown to Saxony on an Italian military plane on the same day.

April 2020

• Similar to Saxony before, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania also offered Italy at the end of March to admit patients. Due to declining cases in the intensive care units, Italy no longer had any need and turned down the offer on April 6.
• According to the Italian Medical Association, one hundred medical professionals were among the deaths up to April 9.
• On April 27, the special commissioner for the corona crisis, Domenico Arcuri, presented a special ordinance that set the price for the masks sold by pharmacies and other sales outlets at a maximum of 50 cents in order to prevent misuse. As a result, the gross price for the end customer is 61 cents. According to the media, the price is based on an agreement with the pharmacy association; some producers said the price was too low to cover the cost. The President of the South Tyrolean Chamber of Pharmacists, Maximin Liebl, stated that the price was below the purchase price and that the trade regulations forbade pharmacies from selling goods below the purchase price.

May 2020

• On May 27, it was reported that at least 165 doctors with Covid-19 findings died.
• On May 30, according to the Johns Hopkins University, 152,844 of the 232,248 infected were cured and 33,229 had died.

August 2020

The average age of those last infected with COVID-19 has dropped to 30 years. 50 percent of the newly infected are younger than 25 years. In summer, the discipline of young people in particular has fallen sharply. Sardinia , one of the most popular holiday islands for Italians, is Italy's new Corona hotspot. In the first phase of the pandemic, it was largely Covid-free.

Italy closes all nightclubs in the country, as well as all outdoor beach discos and other dance events, from August 17 to at least September 7, 2020. From 6 p.m. to 6 a.m., a mask is mandatory for gatherings in front of bars and in places where many people in Italy like to meet.

In the first three weeks of August, more than 70 migrants tested positive for Covid-19 in Sicily and Lampedusa . Soldiers are deployed to ensure that all migrants adhere to the mandatory two-week quarantine. The Sicilian regional president Nello Musumeci again accused the Italian government and the EU of leaving Sicily and Lampedusa (which belongs to the Sicilian province of Agrigento ) alone with the migration across the Mediterranean to the EU . Regional elections will take place in seven of Italy's twenty regions on September 20, 2020 . Around 30 percent of the registered new infections are people returning from travel (especially from high-risk countries such as Croatia and Spain).

The reopening of daycare centers, schools and universities in mid-September is being prepared.

Lockdown of individual municipalities, provinces and regions (until March 10th)

Crisis meeting of the national civil defense mission committee chaired by Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte

Before the closing of all Italian borders with March 10th was ordered on March 9th, there were restrictions for the following areas:

Sealed off communities local community Residents province since Codogno 15,991 Lodi February 23, 2020 Casalpusterlengo 15,293 Castiglione d'Adda 04,646 Somaglia 03,836 Maleo 03,098 Fombio 02,317 San Fiorano 01,839 Castelgerundo 01,498 Bertonico 01,118 Terranova dei Passerini 00.927 Vo 03,304 Padua

Sealed provinces, cities and regions Province or city Residents region since Modena Province 00.705.393 Emilia-Romagna March 8, 2020 Parma Province 00.451.631 Province of Piacenza 00.287.152 Reggio Emilia Province 00.531.891 Rimini Province 00.339.017 Province of Pesaro and Urbino 00.358.886 Brands Alessandria Province 00.421.284 Piedmont Asti Province 00.214,638 Novara Province 00.369.018 Verbano-Cusio-Ossola Province 00.158.941 Vercelli Province 00.170.911 Padua Province 00.937.908 Veneto Treviso Province 00.887.806 Metropolitan city of Venice 00.853.338 All provinces 10,060,574 Lombardy

Overview of other measures taken by the Italian authorities

On January 31, 2020, the Italian government declared a six-month health emergency ( stato di emergenza sanitaria ) after the WHO had declared a health emergency of international concern the day before . At this point there were two COVID-19 cases in Italy. The Declaration of Health Emergency later enabled the government to issue numerous decrees and ordinances that overrode civil liberties and prohibited economic activity.

Since the lockdown of eleven northern Italian municipalities from February 23, 2020 could not stop the increase in the number of cases and infections were found in more and more provinces, the Italian government drastically restricted the freedom of movement of around 16 million Italians on March 8 by closing Lombardy and largely cordoned off 14 other areas in northern Italy and issued exit restrictions. At the same time, cinemas, theaters and museums were closed for the whole of Italy and demonstrations and many other events were banned.

On March 9, the Italian government issued a decree circumscribed Io resto a casa (“I stay at home”), which extended the restrictions applicable to Lombardy to all of Italy with effect from March 10. However, only a few documents had to be filled out to cross the state border. School and university closings across the country have been extended to April 3 and a few days later beyond that date. The game of sports leagues, such as that of Italian football, has been discontinued. International train and air connections as well as domestic local public transport, however, were not suspended. There was a ban on gatherings that affected gambling halls as well as churches. You were only allowed to leave your own apartment for necessary errands or visits to the doctor, to work, to support people in need, to return to your own place of residence or in cases of absolute necessity. In addition, individual exercise in the open air (sports, walks) was allowed. People with symptoms of respiratory infection associated with fever were "strongly advised" not to leave home and to keep contact to a minimum.

Individual reports in Italian media misrepresented the regulations, for example claiming that walking was prohibited. In the municipality of Messina (Sicily) there was actually such a ban, in other municipalities walks (including with the dog) were limited to 50 or 500 meters from the apartment.

To enable the executive bodies to control exit restrictions , the principle of autocertificazione ("self- certification ") was applied. With every change of location or every stay in public places, every person should carry a self-filled form with them, from which it can be seen why their own home was left; however, it is also permissible to fill out the form only after an inspection. The authorities can subsequently check the validity of the justification. Violations of the regulations were to March 24 as a misdemeanor punishable by up to three months in prison or a fine of a maximum of 206 euros. Incorrect information in the autocertificazione could be prosecuted as false certification . According to media reports and a video by the Polizia di Stato, if infected people fail to adhere to the quarantine, they face a prison sentence of up to twelve years, but violating a preventive quarantine (in suspected cases) could result in prison sentences of several years. In other European countries, violations of general exit restrictions are sometimes only punished with fines, but violations of personal quarantine by infected people can also be threatened with imprisonment.

On March 11th, the Italian government decided that shops and restaurants had to remain closed from the following day, although numerous industries were excluded. In addition to supermarkets and pharmacies, electrical and photo stores, specialist construction markets, tobacco shops and pet shops were allowed to remain open, while bookstores, hairdressing salons and clothing stores were affected by the ban. In the restaurant area, delivery services, factory canteens and motorway restaurants, among other things, were allowed to continue to operate.

On March 20, the Italian government issued an ordinance that further restricted the freedom of movement of citizens from March 21 to 25. Individual sports and walks were now to be restricted to the immediate vicinity, games or other outdoor activities were expressly prohibited, and playgrounds and sports fields were no longer allowed to be entered. In addition, it was forbidden to go to other apartments on or before public holidays and weekends, making it impossible to use one's own holiday home at these times.

On March 21, the Italian government banned all economic activities defined as “non-essential” for the period from March 25 to April 3, 2020, but the production of plastic and rubber items of all kinds as well as coal mining remained permitted.

On March 22nd, the Italian government issued an ordinance effective on the same day without a time limit, according to which the municipality of the current stay could only be left for work or health reasons, while the previously permitted return to one's own place of residence was now also prohibited.

From March 11 to March 24, nearly 2.5 million people were checked in connection with the exit restrictions, resulting in over 110,000 reports of violations of the restrictions and a further 2,500 reports of false notarization. In addition, almost 1.2 million companies were checked and around 2,500 owners reported. In the meantime, the mayors and regional presidents outbid each other with different additional regulations. In some cases, bike lanes were closed, nocturnal bans were imposed, jogging or long walks with dogs were banned.

On March 25, the Italian government passed a legislative decree that would take effect the following day , with which, among other things, the criminal provisions should be adapted to the situation and ambiguities should be cleared up. The previously valid classification of the violations as an offense meant that legal proceedings had to be initiated for each case, which could, however, be discontinued against payment of half the amount of the maximum fine (i.e. 103 euros instead of 206 euros), provided the court approved. With the new legislative decree, violations of the general exit restrictions are considered mere administrative offenses and are punishable by fines of 400 to 3000 euros, which can be increased by a third if the violation was committed using a vehicle. This regulation applies retrospectively for previously committed violations, but in this case only a fine of 200 euros is imposed. At the same time, a law from 1934 was updated, according to which - as an alternative to the possible administrative penalty - a prison sentence of 3 to 18 months and a fine of between 500 and 5000 euros can be imposed. Previously, this law may have been overlooked by the government as it was not mentioned in previous decrees and official opinions. If infected people who have been quarantined leave their own homes, they face prison sentences of between one and five years; The allegation previously spread by official bodies that there was a threat of imprisonment of up to 12 years was doubted by some lawyers from the start, since the corresponding law referred to the malicious triggering of an epidemic (in the sense of an act of terrorism or biological warfare) . In the event of violations by entrepreneurs, there is a risk of the company being closed for between 5 and 30 days in addition to the penalty. The legislative decree also lays down rules for future ordinances, especially those that are issued by regional presidents or mayors. With this in mind, it contains an extensive list of possible restrictions for persons, institutions and companies that can be implemented by individual authorities if necessary. However, all ordinances issued on this basis are limited to 7 or 30 days (depending on the authority that issued them) and lose their validity with the end of the health emergency on July 31, 2020.

Affected regions (until March 10th)

Lombardy

A number of soccer games were canceled or took place without spectators, and Scala stopped playing. The Mayor of Milan, Giuseppe Sala , announced the closure of schools in Milan until at least the end of the week. The government set up “sterile corridors” for the supply of food and medicines in the “red zone”, i.e. the sealed off communities in the province of Lodi, through which suppliers, who were equipped with face masks and protective clothing, could deliver goods at certain times.

The number of infected people rose to 150 by February 23, including people from the non-sealed provinces of Bergamo and Trento for the first time . On February 24, it was announced that a third and a fourth fatality had been recorded here. Both men were in poor health prior to their COVID infection. At that time there were over 200 registered infected people. Two more people died during the day.

Empty shelves in a supermarket in Bergamo, February 26, 2020

On March 8, all of Lombardy was cordoned off. Bergamo was particularly hard hit by the epidemic. So many people died there that corpses had to be temporarily stored in cemetery churches. The chief of the local health department called on retired medical professionals to come forward and provide assistance. On March 21, it became known that the army had moved coffins to neighboring towns because the city's crematoria were overloaded. In Catholic Italy, the cremation of a corpse is seldom practiced, which is why there are only a few crematoriums.

Lombardy remained by far the region of Italy most affected by the corona pandemic . The excess mortality reached enormous values ​​in many of their provinces: by far the worst affected (as of May 8, 2020) was the province of Bergamo with an excess mortality of 578%, followed by the province of Cremona (391%), the province of Lodi (371%) and the province of Brescia (291%).

Veneto

One of the two Italian foci of infection has been identified in the municipality of Vo in the Euganean Hills in the province of Padua . The first Italian fatality, who died on February 21, 2020, also came from Vo. Then the entire community was completely tested there, which made it possible to fully identify the carriers of the infection and to eradicate the infection there. However, this approach cannot be applied to larger cities or regions.

In addition to the province of Padua, infections were subsequently recorded in the province of Treviso and in the metropolitan city of Venice .

In addition to the cordoning off of the municipality of Vo, the ordinance signed by the President of the Region Luca Zaia of February 23, closed kindergartens, schools, universities and museums in the region until March 1, as well as suspending all types of outdoor or indoor events.

The regulation also affected all events in connection with the Carnival in Venice , which was ended prematurely, as well as the performances at La Fenice . The services in St. Mark's Basilica in Venice , which was also closed to visitors, and the services in the Basilica of St. Anthony in Padua were also canceled .

In Venice, a planned shooting of Mission: Impossible 7 was canceled at short notice by Paramount Pictures . On March 8, the provinces of Treviso and Padua as well as the metropolitan city of Venice were cordoned off.

Emilia-Romagna

In Emilia-Romagna , only the province of Piacenza was initially affected . In the following period, infected people were also reported from the provinces of Parma , Modena and Rimini .

On February 24, 2020, the number of diagnosed cases was 18, 25 there were 26 On February 26, the first death was registered in the region, while it was a Lombard patient in a hospital in Parma in treatment was.

By decree of the Italian Minister of Health and the President of the Emilia-Romagna Region of February 23, kindergartens, schools, universities and museums in the region were closed until March 1, and all kinds of outdoor and indoor events were suspended.

On March 8, the provinces of Rimini , Reggio Emilia , Piacenza , Parma and Modena were cordoned off.

The province of Piacenza remained by far the hardest-hit province of Italy outside of Lombardy and had an excess mortality rate of 264% on May 8, 2020.

Lazio

Three cases were originally recorded in Lazio . An elderly couple from China called 911 in Rome on January 28, 2020 and described the symptoms. They were in a Roman hotel and were immediately isolated and hospitalized. The diagnoses were confirmed two days later. The government then suspended all flights to China. The third case in Rome involved an Italian researcher who had returned from the province of Wuhan. At the Spallanzani Institute for Infectious Diseases (Rome), the sick were ventilated, given oxygen and treated with new antiviral drugs that are commonly used for AIDS and Ebola. It was announced on February 27, 2020 that they were all healed. On February 29, 2020, the ministry announced that there were three new positive diagnoses.

Other regions

Public life has come to a standstill: Chiavari in Liguria , March 12, 2020

In the 1st week of March, infections were found in all regions of Italy, and the number of cases continued to rise everywhere. On March 18, 2020, an infection was found in the only previously unaffected province of Isernia (Molise region).

At the end of February 2020, three tourists from Bergamo tested positive in Palermo . The entire tour company (originally 30 people, mostly pensioners from Lombardy) was hospitalized or quarantined, and another 20 people were isolated. The director of the hotel went into voluntary quarantine.

Also in the last week of February, three holidaymakers from Lombardy in Trentino tested positive for the corona virus. They were brought back to Lombardy under strict precautionary measures and hospitalized there. Governor Maurizio Fugatti said that the probability that the tourists could have been infected during their stay in Trentino someone who was not great. Those affected would have stayed in a holiday apartment and not in a hotel. They also would not have visited public places because they felt sick. In retrospect, this turned out to be a false report because the holidaymakers had gone to a bar, whereupon three people were isolated as a precaution.

In Liguria, on February 25, 2020, an 86-year-old tourist from Lombardy, who had been in Alassio for a long time with a tour group, tested positive in the San Martino hospital in Genoa. She died there on March 3, 2020.

On February 29, 2020, an 87-year-old tourist from Lombardy died in her hotel room in Laigueglia (near Alassio). The corona test post mortem was positive.

Restrictions for Italian tourists / travelers abroad

Entry bans

As of February 26, 2020, the following countries have imposed entry bans for Italian citizens: El Salvador , Jordan , Cape Verde , Kuwait , Mauritius , Seychelles , Turkmenistan and Vietnam . This was followed by entry bans for everyone who had been in Italy in the past 14 days in the following countries: Aruba , Cook Islands , Fiji , Israel , Lebanon , Mongolia and St. Lucia .

On March 10, 2020, Austria imposed an entry ban for travelers from Italy with the exception of travelers who travel through to Germany without stopping and for travelers with a current medical certificate that they are not ill. Likewise, on March 10, 2020, the neighboring country of Slovenia sealed off the border with Italy for travelers from Italy.

On March 12, 2020, the United States imposed an entry ban on travelers from various countries in the Schengen area , including Italy.

On March 20, Germany imposed an entry ban on travelers from Austria, Switzerland, France, Luxembourg and Denmark. Those wishing to enter Germany are only allowed to enter Germany for “good reasons”. This ban also applies to travelers from Italy and Spain. German citizens are allowed through, as well as foreigners with a German main residence.

Quarantine for Italian citizens

By February 26, 2020, the following countries have decided to keep Italians entering the country in quarantine for 14 days: China , Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan . In Romania , this rule only applies to those arriving from the Red Zone. Other travelers from Lombardy and Veneto have to undergo a 14-day "voluntary quarantine" at home. Even Iceland and Malta require a "voluntary quarantine" for all citizens of Emilia-Romagna, Lombardy, Piedmont and Veneto. In addition, many countries have put in place a number of control measures that include fever measurements, physical exams, form filling, interviews and reporting requirements. Samoa requires a medical certificate, which cannot be older than three days, and in the UK there is “self-isolation” for 14 days for all those entering the country with symptoms of illness.

Travel warnings from other countries

As of February 26, the following countries have advised against traveling to Italy: France , Greece , Ireland , Croatia , Russia , Spain and Turkey .

On March 10, 2020, the federal government of Austria issued a travel warning with the highest security level (6) for Italy and San Marino.

The German Robert Koch Institute (RKI) classified the province of Lodi and the city of Vo as risk areas on February 26, 2020 . On February 27, 2020, the risk areas in Italy were expanded to include the Lombardy region . South Tyrol was classified as a risk area on March 5, 2020 because, according to the RKI President Lothar H. Wieler, there are 36 corona cases in Germany in connection with this Italian province. According to statistics from the Italian Ministry of Health, there was only one case there at the time of classification. On March 10, 2020, the RKI classified all of Italy as a risk area.

Research and Development

On February 2, 2020, the scientists Maria Rosaria Capobianchi , Concetta Castilletti and Francesca Colavita from the National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani in Rome announced that they had succeeded in removing the SARS-CoV-2 virus , the causative agent of the lung disease COVID-19 , to isolate . A partial sequencing of the genome of 2019-nCoV / Italy-INMI1 has been published on the GenBank database . This result expanded the possibilities of studying the virus at other research institutions.

A group led by Marco Ranieri invented a double ventilation device that makes it possible to provide two intensive care patients with one breathing device . A prototype was deployed in the Sant'Orsola hospital in Bologna . The former chief doctor Renato Favero developed with a company in Brescia a method snorkel masks based on additional in 3D printers transform-made parts in masks for breathing apparatus.

In the search for drugs against COVID-19, Italian doctors are also taking part in clinical studies, including the use of the Ebola drug Remdesivir .

The Italian epidemiologist Adriano Decarli is currently investigating (notification of March 26, 2020) whether an accumulation of pneumonia in the third quarter of 2019 could be related to the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The diseases occurred particularly around Milan and Lodi. However, the British medical professor Paul Hunter considers the thesis to be very unlikely. The virologist Christian Drosten from the Berlin Charité does not rule out in principle that the virus could have appeared in Europe before mid-January 2020, but currently sees no evidence of it. Serum samples he examined and which were used to clarify suspected cases retrospectively were negative in all cases. The sequencing that has been carried out so far (examinations of the virus genome, which allows conclusions to be drawn about the ways in which the infection is spread) speak against such an early occurrence in his opinion.

A study published on June 18, 2020 by the Italian National Health Institute (Istituto Superiore di Sanità, ISS) now confirms that traces of SARS-CoV-2 virus have been detectable in wastewater since the end of 2019. Corresponding traces of virus were detected in wastewater samples from December 18, 2019 from Milan and Turin - also in the following months.

International cooperation

In the 1st week of March, the Austrian Health Minister Rudolf Anschober announced that the EU would support Italy with medical material.

On March 14, 2020, Germany relaxed the ban on the export of protective clothing that had been imposed ten days earlier so that Italy could more easily get urgently needed protective equipment.

In mid-March 2020, China sent experts dealing with the coronavirus to Rome and delivered the latest version of a drug that has been used in China against the virus. China's ambassador to Rome, Li Junhua, said that Italy had helped China in the past and that it was now China's responsibility to return aid in the name of great friendship. He recalled two Chinese patients who were treated and cured at the Lazzaro Spallanzani Institute, as well as the Italian flight on February 15, 2020 with 18 tons of sanitary equipment for Wuhan. The Chinese Red Cross has now brought 31 tons of breathing apparatus, monitoring equipment, tens of thousands of protective suits and breathing masks as well as herbal medicines to Rome. Alibaba donated a million respirators and 100,000 swabs to the Italian Red Cross.

In March 2020, Cuba sent medical personnel to Italy. Germany sent hundreds of ventilators , Russia sent both medical personnel and medical equipment.

Saxony was the first German federal state to admit sick patients from Italy for intensive therapy; other federal states followed. On April 2, 2020 it was reported that at least 32 Italians in Germany are being treated on ventilators and intensive care beds are reserved for a further 49 patients from Italy.

The Italian government around Giuseppe Conte repeatedly campaigned for corona bonds at the European level .

Economic consequences

The Italian economy is dependent on exports (31.8% of GDP) and tourism (13.2%). As a result of the epidemic, a recession with a decline in gross domestic product of 3.4 percent is expected for 2020 (Goldman Sachs assessment according to a press release of March 17, 2020). From the outbreak of the epidemic in Italy until mid-March, the Italian benchmark index FTSE MIB fell by around forty percent. Since Italian agriculture is highly dependent on seasonal workers (approx.370,000 people), there is also a serious shortage of personnel in this area, which, according to estimates by the Coldiretti producers' association, could lead to a loss of 25% of the harvest (as of 18 March 2020).

Companies were promised high government guarantees for multi-year loans. A planned loan approval for the Fiat Chrysler Automobiles company is politically controversial . In 2014, the company relocated its headquarters to the Netherlands and the tax domicile to the UK for tax reasons. In the wake of the Corona crisis, the company started negotiations with the Italian government for a possible three-year credit line of 6.3 billion euros. According to Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte, the loans should not benefit the parent company, but the group subsidiaries in Italy.

Ecological consequences

Due to the reduced traffic caused by the economic activities being shut down, it is possible that some ecosystems are partially regenerating. Dolphins appeared in the port of Cagliari , but this was not the first time.

Awareness of problems, need for information, and misinformation

On February 4, 2020, the opinion research institute Osservatorio SWG carried out a survey in which 37% of the respondents stated that they had changed their behavior; the most frequently cited changes in behavior were avoiding Asian restaurants and “Asians” and canceling vacation trips.

The daily La Repubblica published an article on February 2nd and February 27th to clear up common misconceptions about COVID-19 that are circulating on social media. In this context, she spoke of an infodemia (" infodemia ") (not limited to Italy ), the fight against which the WHO was also concerned.

In a survey of 800 adults carried out from March 11 to 13, less than 70% of respondents said they keep their distance from other people and avoid crowds. A week earlier, however, this proportion was significantly lower.

According to a SWG survey of 400 adults on March 22nd, only 51% of respondents thought it was more likely that they could become infected. 60% thought it was more likely that a family member could become infected.

A March 24 video by the Polizia di Stato claimed that walking and jogging could help spread the disease, as drops of sweat and “wheezing” were a source of infection.

On March 25, the Istituto Superiore di Sanitá put a website online, the content of which was described as dalla suola delle scarpe alle zampe degli animali ("from the soles of a shoe to an animal's paw"). Widespread uncertainties regarding the transmission routes of the virus are dealt with here. It deals with the questions of whether shoe soles and dog paws should be cleaned after returning to the apartment or whether one's own hair and clothing can become a source of infection after walks.

On March 26th, the Italian Ministry of Health published a website against misconceptions and newspaper ducks related to COVID-19. For example, the site warns against gargling with bleach or ingesting acetic acid and advises that hot drinks, garlic or citrus fruits cannot prevent or cure an infection. It is explained that the infection as a respiratory disease cannot be transmitted through mosquito bites and that there is no connection with the 5G mobile network. Finally, the 24-point list mentions that trimming the beard cannot prevent infection; The underlying error is apparently based on a cursory examination of an infographic published by the American CDC , which indicates that certain beard styles should be avoided when wearing a protective mask.

See also

• List of epidemics and pandemics
• List of deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic

Web links

Commons : COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy  - Pictures, Videos and Audio Files Collection

• Badische-zeitung.de April 2, 2020, Julius Müller-Meiningen: Mattia Maestri was Italy's number 1 Covid 19 patient
• Austrian Foreign Ministry , bmeia.gv.at: Travel information Italy

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Operations Dashboard for ArcGIS. Retrieved March 24, 2020 . 
2. ↑ Dramatic decisions in the corona crisis: Doctors forced to triage - what does that mean?
3. ↑ The moment when corona doctors decide about death
4. ↑ When a decision is made between dying and living
5. ^ Coronavirus Lombardia, sistema in crisi: "Non possiamo più curare tutti". Retrieved March 24, 2020 (Italian). 
6. ↑ Medici Ospedalieri in prima linea contro il virus, "ma mancano Camici e mascherine". Retrieved March 24, 2020 (Italian). 
7. ↑ coronavirus nel focolaio di Bergamo i medici di base senza protezioni: "Andiamo al macello". L'ospedale: "C'è disperato bisogno di personale". March 19, 2020, accessed on March 24, 2020 (it-IT). 
8. ↑ Coronavirus: Italy's death toll overtakes China's. BBC News, March 19, 2020, accessed March 19, 2020 . 
9. ↑ Decreto #IoRestoaCasa, domande frequenti sulle misure adottate dal Governo. March 13, 2020, accessed March 24, 2020 (Italian). 
10. ↑ Elisabetta Andreis: Coronavirus, riparte Milano: Duomo, università, Cineteca. I cinema: "Non vediamo l'ora di riaprire". February 28, 2020, accessed February 28, 2020 (Italian). 
11. ↑ Michael Safi, Angela Giuffrida, Martin Farrer: Coronavirus: Italy bans any movement inside country as toll nears 5,500 . In: The Guardian . March 22, 2020, ISSN  0261-3077 ( theguardian.com [accessed March 24, 2020]).
12. ↑ Janita Hämäläinen, Frank Hornig, DER SPIEGEL: Relaxation in Italy after the lockdown: "Rome experiences zero hour" - DER SPIEGEL - Politics. Retrieved May 10, 2020 . 
13. ↑ Come si contano i casi da coronavirus in Italia. February 27, 2020, accessed on March 19, 2020 (it-IT). 
14. ^ Ministero della Salute: Covid-19 - Situazione in Italia. Retrieved March 21, 2020 (Italian). 
15. ↑ How many free beds there are in the intensive care units - derStandard.at. Retrieved March 25, 2020 (Austrian German). 
16. ^ Christian Endt, Marlene Weiß: Coronavirus - The unreported number of the Covid-19 epidemic. Retrieved March 21, 2020 . 
17. ^ Ministero della Salute: Covid-19 - Situazione in Italia. Retrieved March 22, 2020 (Italian). 
18. ↑ ANSA.it: Italy top in EU in antibiotic-resistance (November 19, 2019)
19. ↑ see also Spektrum.de April 23, 2020: Why air pollution makes Covid-19 more deadly
20. ↑ Oliver Meiler: Coronavirus: Why Italy has been hit so hard. Retrieved March 22, 2020 . 
21. ↑ Süddeutsche Zeitung: Italy's desperate fight against the corona virus. Retrieved March 23, 2020 . 
22. ↑ Francesca Bernasconi: In Germania mortalità allo 0.3%. Ecco perché in Italia è all'8.3%. March 20, 2020, accessed March 22, 2020 (Italian). 
23. ↑ di Daniele Brunetti: Coronavirus: alta letalità anziani, perché in Italia più morti? In: Non Sprecare. March 20, 2020, accessed on March 22, 2020 (it-IT). 
24. ↑ RKI - Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 - COVID-19: Case numbers in Germany and worldwide. Retrieved March 22, 2020 . 
25. ↑ #Faktenfuchs: How are corona deaths counted? March 21, 2020, accessed March 22, 2020 . 
26. ↑ di Daniele Brunetti: Coronavirus: alta letalità anziani, perché in Italia più morti? In: Non Sprecare. March 20, 2020, accessed on March 23, 2020 (it-IT). 
27. ↑ Perché la mortalità italiana per coronavirus è cosi alta? Questo potrebbe essere il motivo. (see reader comment from "IO"). In: Fabristol. March 11, 2020, accessed on March 23, 2020 (it-IT). 
28. ^ Simone Bonzano: Be quiet & No Panic: coronavirus e infodemia nell'Italia bloccata. March 10, 2020, accessed on March 23, 2020 (it-IT). 
29. ↑ Ringraziate di stare in Italia, Germania e UK hanno scelto l'eugenetica - Pagina 7. Retrieved on March 23, 2020 . 
30. ↑ agi.it: Per i Sindaci Lombard "i conti ufficiali sui morti non tornano". March 29, 2020, accessed March 29, 2020 (Italian). 
31. ↑ open.online: "Le vittime di Coronavirus in Italia sono 4 volte di più". Lo studio su Nembro e il numero anomalo di decessi. March 26, 2020, accessed on March 29, 2020 (it-IT). 
32. ↑ Christian Drosten, Korinna Hennig (NDR): (21) Coronavirus update: antibody tests are coming soon. March 25, 2020, accessed March 29, 2020 . 
33. ↑ IMPATTO DELL'EPIDEMIA COVID-19 SULLA MORTALITÀ TOTALE DELLA POPOLAZIONE RESIDENTE PRIMO TRIMESTRE 2020. (PDF) In: Rapporto Istat ISS. Istituto Nazionale di Statistica and Istituto superiore di sanità, May 4, 2020, accessed on May 30, 2020 (90,946 died instead of 65,592.). 
34. ↑ Italy's clinics at the limit: More and more cases, very few beds. In: br.de. March 12, 2020, accessed March 12, 2020 . 
35. ↑ Bettina Schulz: Boris Johnson: Great Britain has only 6.6 intensive care beds per 100,000 inhabitants . In: The time . March 13, 2020, ISSN  0044-2070 ( zeit.de [accessed on March 23, 2020]).
36. ^ Europe :: Italy - The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved March 23, 2020 . 
37. ↑ Europe :: Germany - The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved March 23, 2020 . 
38. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} Ministero della Salute: Covid-19 - Situazione in Italia. Retrieved June 25, 2020 (Italian). 
39. ↑ Operations Dashboard for ArcGIS. Retrieved March 12, 2020 . 
40. ↑ How other countries count: Not all corona deaths are included in the statistics. In: faz.net. April 4, 2020, accessed April 13, 2020 . 
41. ↑ ^{a b} Operations Dashboard for ArcGIS. Retrieved March 7, 2020 . 
42. ↑ Operations Dashboard for ArcGIS mobile. opendatadpc.maps.arcgis.com, accessed March 10, 2020 . 
43. ^ Protezione Civile: Coronavirus: da oggi on line la mappa dei contagi in Italia. In: protezionecivile.gov.it. March 7, 2020, accessed March 7, 2020 . 
44. ↑ Sky tg24: L'Istituto Superiore di Sanità ha analizzato i casi dall'inizio dell'emergenza e sino al 4 marzo. Ecco cosa è emerso. March 6, 2020, accessed March 6, 2020 . (Note: the percentages deviate from 100% in total). 
45. ↑ ^{a b} Istituto Superiore di Sanità: Report sulle caratteristiche dei pazienti deceduti positivi a COVID-19 in Italia Il presente report è basato sui dati aggiornati al 17 Marzo 2020 (pdf). (PDF) March 20, 2020, accessed on March 20, 2020 . 
46. ↑ Istituto Superiore di Sanità: Report sulle caratteristiche dei pazienti deceduti positivi a COVID-19 in Italia Il presente report è basato sui dati aggiornati al 6 April 2020 (pdf). (PDF) April 6, 2020, accessed April 10, 2020 . 
47. ↑ Corona traces discovered in wastewater as early as 2019 , ÄrzteZeitung, June 19, 2020
48. ↑ Jörg Seisselberg / tagesschau.de: Did the Chinese bring the coronavirus to Italy? March 26, 2020, accessed March 27, 2020 . 
49. ↑ Oliver Meiler: Corona Epicenter Bergamo - the fatal game of February 19 . In: Der Bund of March 23, 2020, accessed on March 23, 2020.
50. ↑ Matthias Rüb, Christiane Heil, Stephan Löwenstein: Worldwide corona crisis: Why these countries became hotspots . In: FAZ.NET . ISSN  0174-4909 ( faz.net [accessed March 28, 2020]).
51. ↑ Coronavirus: oltre 50 i contagiati tra Lombardia (39) e Veneto (12), seconda vittima una donna di 77 anni. Conte: valutiamo misure straordinarie. In: ilsole24ore.com. February 22, 2020, accessed February 22, 2020 (Italian). 
52. ↑ RedaktionsNetzwerk Deutschland: Coronavirus in Italy: Two dead and even more infected. In: rnd.de. February 22, 2020, accessed February 22, 2020 . 
53. ↑ ^{a b} Spread of the corona virus: Italy's government wants to cordon off cities. In: spiegel.de. Retrieved February 23, 2020 . 
54. ↑ 45 people infected. In: tageszeitung.it. February 21, 2020, accessed February 22, 2020 . 
55. ↑ ORF (Vienna): “No glass fall over Austria” , February 24, 2020
56. ↑ Coronavirus, ferme scuole e università, niente Carnevale di Venezia, chiuso anche il Duomo di Milano. I provvedimenti Regione per Regione. In: repubblica.it. February 24, 2020, accessed February 24, 2020 (Italian). 
57. ^ Corriere della Sera (Milan): Coronavirus, Fontana: "Una mia collaboratrice positiva, da oggi sono in autoisolamento" , February 26, 2020
58. ^ Rome decides to help those affected. In: focus.de. February 29, 2020, accessed February 29, 2020 . 
59. ↑ Nuovo decreto Coronavirus: scuole chiuse e nei locali servizio solo al tavolo. Retrieved March 2, 2020 (Italian). 
60. ^ Coronavirus, scuole e università chiuse nella zona rossa, lezioni sospese in tutta Italia fino al 15 marzo. In: repubblica.it. March 4, 2020, accessed March 4, 2020 (Italian). 
61. ↑ coronavirus scuole chiuse in tutta Italia fino a metà marzo. In: corriere.it. April 3, 2020, accessed March 4, 2020 (Italian). 
62. ↑ ^{a b} Scuole e Università: niente lezioni in Italia. Stop a cinema e teatri. In: lastampa.it. March 5, 2020, accessed March 7, 2020 (Italian). 
63. ↑ ^{a b} Coronavirus, le nuove regole da rispettare in tutta Italia. In: cataniatoday.it. March 4, 2020, accessed March 7, 2020 (Italian). 
64. ↑ Viviana Daloiso: Coronavirus. La sanità italiana va al fronte: più posti letto, medici e infermieri. In: avvenire.it. March 5, 2020, accessed March 8, 2020 (Italian). 
65. ^ "National emergency": Milan, Parma and Venice are sealed off. In: welt.de. March 8, 2020, accessed March 8, 2020 . 
66. ↑ Raccomandazioni di etica clinica per l'ammissione a trattamenti Intensi e per la loro sospensione, in condizioni eccezionali di squilibrio tra necessità e risk disponibili. (PDF) In: Società Italiana di Anestesia Analgesia Rianimazione e Terapia Intensiva SIAARTI. 2020, accessed on March 17, 2020 (Italian).  English version of this document: Clinical Ethics Recommendations for the Allocation of Intensive Care Treatments in exceptional, resource-limited circumstances. (PDF) In: Società Italiana di Anestesia Analgesia Rianimazione e Terapia Intensiva SIAARTI. 2020, accessed on March 17, 2020 (English). 
67. ↑ PDF, page 3. See also the comment by Weyma Lübbe (University of Regensburg)
68. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Italy seals off a region with 16 million people. In: spiegel.de. Retrieved March 8, 2020 . 
69. ↑ All of Italy becomes a restricted zone due to the corona epidemic - derStandard.at. Retrieved March 9, 2020 . 
70. ↑ Zero contagi a Codogno, è prima volta. In: ansa.it. March 10, 2020, accessed March 11, 2020 (Italian). 
71. ↑ ^{a b} Coronavirus, il testo del dpcm 11 March 2020 sulla chiusura delle attività commerciali. March 11, 2020, accessed March 12, 2020 (Italian). 
72. ↑ Italy closes all shops and restaurants. n-tv, accessed on March 11, 2020 . 
73. ^ Giulia Bonezzi: Coronavirus, un ospedale “lampo” al Portello: 500 posti letto contro l'emergenza. In: ilgiorno.it. February 11, 2020, accessed February 12, 2020 (Italian). 
74. ^ Coronavirus, every 18 l'Italia canta: "Affacciati alla finestra" è il flashmob musicale a distanza. In: repubblica.it. March 13, 2020, accessed March 13, 2020 . 
75. ↑ Coronavirus, Gdf sequetra 60mila tra mascherine e gel. In: quotidiano.net. March 16, 2020, accessed March 17, 2020 (Italian). 
76. ↑ Coronavirus. Sono oltre 35,000 i contagiati. Record di decessi in un giorno: 475. In: avvenire.it. March 18, 2020, accessed March 18, 2020 (Italian). 
77. ↑ tagesspiegel.de
78. ↑ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-8129959/Military-trucks-transport-Italian-coronavirus-victims-coffins-cremated.html
79. ↑ sueddeutsche.de: https://www.sueddeutsche.de/panorama/coronavirus-italien-bergamo-1.4851056
80. ↑ fr.de
81. ↑ ( spiegel.de March 18, 2020 )
82. ↑ https://expresso.pt/coronavirus/2020-03-19-Precisamos-desesperadamente-de-medicos-o-pedido-no-dia-em-que-morreram-mais-cinco-medicos-na-Lombardia
83. ↑ https://de.euronews.com/2020/03/19/italien-krankenhauser-sind-am-limit
84. ↑ https://www.leggo.it/italia/milano/coronavirus_lombardia_medici_morti_oggi_19_marzo_2020-5120719.html
85. ↑ https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2020/03/19/coronavirus-nel-focolaio-di-bergamo-i-medici-di-base-senza-protezioni-andiamo-al-macello-lospedale-disperato-bisogno -di-personale / 5740954 /
86. ↑ ^{a b} Coronavirus: From Armani to Berlusconi, VIPs donate to hospitals. In: kurier.at. March 18, 2020, accessed March 21, 2020 . 
87. ^ Daniel Killy: Dramatic appeal by Italian doctors: "The disease in Bergamo is out of control". In: rnd.de. March 23, 2020, accessed March 23, 2020 . 
88. ↑ Mirco Nacoti et al. a .: At the Epicenter of the Covid-19 Pandemic and Humanitarian Crises in Italy: Changing Perspectives on Preparation and Mitigation. In: New England Journal of Medicine. March 21, 2020, accessed on March 23, 2020 . 
89. ↑ Saxony helps Italy in Corona crisis | Free press - Saxony. Retrieved March 23, 2020 . 
90. ↑ n-tv.de: Cabinet von Schwesig advises on the corona pandemic , article from April 6, 2020, accessed on April 10, 2020
91. ↑ Coronavirus News on Thursday: The most important developments on Sars-CoV-2 and Covid-19. In: spiegel.de. Retrieved April 9, 2020 . 
92. ^ Special ordinance: Italy fixes mask prices at 50 cents. In: deutsche-apotheker-zeitung.de. April 27, 2020, accessed May 13, 2020 . 
93. ↑ Fixed price for breathing masks: pharmacists are worried about the margin. In: apotheke-adhoc.de. April 30, 2020, accessed May 13, 2020 . 
94. ↑ Italy: Producers for a fixed price for masks. In: stol.it. April 27, 2020, accessed May 13, 2020 . 
95. ↑ Pharmacists cannot sell the masks despite the mask requirement: Mask price rule from Rome: “A catastrophe”. In: suedtirolnews.it. April 30, 2020, accessed May 13, 2020 . 
96. ↑ Golineh Atai and Niklas Schenk: Even more fatalities in Northern Italy? In: Tagesschau. ARD, May 28, 2020, accessed on May 30, 2020 . 
97. ↑ How the coronavirus is spreading in Europe. In: Deutschlandfunk. ARD, May 30, 2020, accessed on May 30, 2020 . 
98. ↑ ^{a b c} sueddeutsche.de 23 August 2020
99. ↑ Italy closes all discos
100. ↑ faz.net, Matthias Rüb: Sicily wants to close reception centers for migrants
101. ↑ Italy extends the "Red Zone" to the whole country. In: spiegel.de. Retrieved March 10, 2020 . 
102. ↑ Over 120 people infected - The New South Tyrolean Daily Newspaper. February 23, 2020, accessed February 23, 2020 . 
103. ↑ Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) - events as they happen. Retrieved March 25, 2020 (English). 
104. ^ Coronavirus, due casi in Italia. The governo decreta lo stato di emergenza sanitaria per 6 mesi - La Stampa. January 31, 2020, accessed on March 25, 2020 (it-IT). 
105. ↑ Perché lo stato d'emergenza fu dichiarato il 31 gennaio. March 24, 2020, accessed on March 25, 2020 (it-IT). 
106. ↑ ORF at / Agencies red: Italy seals off the north: 16 million people under quarantine. March 8, 2020, accessed March 10, 2020 . 
107. ^ SRF: Fight against Corona in Italy - "We are facing a national emergency". March 8, 2020, accessed March 8, 2020 . 
108. ^ ^{A b} Trova Norme & Concorsi - Normativa Sanitaria. Retrieved March 24, 2020 . 
109. ^ Trova Norme & Concorsi - Normativa Sanitaria. Retrieved March 24, 2020 . 
110. ↑ Italy extends curfew. In: spiegel.de. Retrieved March 19, 2020 . 
111. ↑ Italy extends the “red zone” to the whole country. In: spiegel.de. Retrieved March 10, 2020 . 
112. ^ Ministero della Salute: FAQ - Covid-19, domande e risposte. Retrieved March 25, 2020 (Italian). 
113. ↑ Laura Salonia: Nuova autocertificazione Covid 19: tutto quello che si deve sapere. In: iO Donna. March 17, 2020, accessed on March 25, 2020 (it-IT). 
114. ^ Coronavirus, a Messina è già vietato correre e passeggiare. In: BlogSicilia - Ultimate note dalla Sicilia. March 19, 2020, accessed on March 25, 2020 (it-IT). 
115. ↑ Coronavirus, a Messina da ora in poi è vietato passeggiare e correre in strada. De Luca: "Smettiamola cu babbiu. Già 7 i contagiati della comitiva di Madonna di Campiglio". In: Stretto Web. March 19, 2020, accessed on March 25, 2020 (it-IT). 
116. ↑ Coronavirus, giro di vite del sindaco di Burolo: vietate le passeggiate e l'uso della bicicletta - La Stampa. March 19, 2020, accessed on March 25, 2020 (it-IT). 
117. ↑ Il modulo di autocertificazione da compilare per spostarsi durante le restrizioni per il coronavirus. March 15, 2020, accessed on March 25, 2020 (it-IT). 
118. ↑ Autocertificazione coronavirus: rischi penali e impatti privacy | Agenda digital. Retrieved March 24, 2020 . 
119. ↑ coronavirus autocertificazione per gli spostamenti ecco il modulo scaricare there. Retrieved March 25, 2020 (Italian). 
120. ↑ ^{a b} Polizia di Stato: Video of the Italian state police on exit restrictions and penalties. Retrieved March 26, 2020 . 
121. ↑ RIS - COVID-19 Measures Act - Consolidated Federal Law, version dated March 25, 2020. Retrieved March 25, 2020 . 
122. ↑ RIS - Epidemic Act 1950 - Federal Law Consolidated, Version of March 25, 2020. Retrieved March 25, 2020 . 
123. ↑ Austrian StGB §178: RIS document. Retrieved March 29, 2020 . 
124. ↑ Austrian StGB §179: RIS document. Retrieved March 29, 2020 . 
125. ↑ Stern.de: Lawyer explains: Violating the quarantine order can be really expensive in Germany. March 9, 2020, accessed March 29, 2020 . 
126. ↑ Italy closes all shops and restaurants. n-tv, accessed on March 11, 2020 . 
127. ↑ Gazzetta Ufficiale. Retrieved March 24, 2020 . 
128. ↑ ^{a b} Nuovo decreto del Governo, stop all attività produttive salvo quelle essenziali. Retrieved March 24, 2020 (Italian). 
129. ↑ Guardian (Online) March 22, 2020, accessed March 22, 2020
130. ↑ Coronavirus, le ultimate note in Italia. March 24, 2020, accessed March 25, 2020 (Italian). 
131. ↑ Frank Hornig: "We can do it" . In: Der Spiegel . No. 14 , 2020, p. 84-86 ( Online - Mar. 28, 2020 ).
132. ↑ ^{a b} Cosa rischia chi viola i decreti sul coronavirus. March 22, 2020, accessed on March 26, 2020 (it-IT). 
133. ↑ ^{a b} Coronavirus, quali sanzioni per inosservanza delle prescrizioni? Retrieved March 26, 2020 (it-IT). 
134. ↑ Gazzetta Ufficiale. Retrieved March 26, 2020 . 
135. ↑ coronavirus stretta sanzioni ecco il decreto -. March 26, 2020, accessed on March 26, 2020 (it-IT). 
136. ↑ ^{a b} Coronavirus: Stock exchanges in alarm mood, China bans trade in wild animals. In: spiegel.de. Retrieved February 25, 2020 . 
137. ↑ Coronavirus: Italian league cancels another soccer game. In: spiegel.de. Retrieved February 25, 2020 . 
138. ^ Match report Inter Milan - Ludogorez Razgrad , transfermarkt.de, accessed on March 23, 2002
139. ^ Coronavirus in Italia: oltre 100 infettati, in Lombardia sono 89. Due contagiati a Venezia. In: repubblica.it. February 23, 2020, accessed February 23, 2020 (Italian). 
140. ^ Frank Hornig: Italy's red zone. In: spiegel.de. February 23, 2020, accessed February 23, 2020 . 
141. ↑ Coronavirus in Italia: 150 positive 112 solo in Lombardia. Un morto a Cremona. In: repubblica.it. February 23, 2020, accessed February 23, 2020 (Italian). 
142. ↑ an 84-year-old man who died in Bergamo hospital and an 88-year-old man who died in Caselle Landi (Province of Lodi).
143. ^ Coronavirus, quarto morto, è un 84enne di Bergamo. In: repubblica.it. February 24, 2020, accessed February 24, 2020 (Italian). 
144. ↑ ^{a b} Post (Milan): Le morti legate al coronavirus in Italia sono cinque , February 24, 2020
145. ↑ ^{a b c} SRF: Fight against Corona in Italy - “We are facing a national emergency”. March 8, 2020, accessed March 8, 2020 . 
146. ↑ Coronavirus, Bergamo senza medici e infermieri: camere mortuarie piene, salme in chiesa. In: ilmessaggero.it. March 12, 2020, accessed March 13, 2020 (Italian). 
147. ↑ Maria Stöhr, Frank Hornig: Corona in Italy: "You sit at home while your loved ones die away". In: spiegel.de. Retrieved March 23, 2020 . 
148. ↑ ^{a b} Coronavirus in Italy: excessive mortality in some communities is dramatic. In: merkur.de. May 8, 2020, accessed May 12, 2020 . 
149. ↑ see also istat.it : IMPACT OF THE COVID-19 EPIDEMIC ON THE TOTAL MORTALITY OF THE RESIDENT POPULATION IN THE FIRST FOUR MONTHS OF 2020 (pdf, June 4, 2020)
150. ^ Coronavirus, c'è il primo morto in Italia: è uno dei due contagiati in Veneto. In: fanpage.it. February 26, 2020, accessed February 21, 2020 (Italian). 
151. ↑ Andrea Crisanti, Antonio Cassone: In one Italian town, we showed mass testing could eradicate the coronavirus | Andrea Crisanti and Antonio Cassone . In: The Guardian . March 20, 2020, ISSN  0261-3077 ( theguardian.com [accessed March 23, 2020]).
152. ^ Coronavirus in Veneto, i casi positivi sono saliti a 69. In: corrieredelveneto.corriere.it. February 26, 2020, accessed February 26, 2020 (Italian). 
153. ↑ Ordinanza n. 1/23 February 2020. (PDF) In: regione.veneto.it. February 23, 2020, accessed February 26, 2020 (Italian). 
154. ↑ Venice Carnival ended prematurely. In: spiegel.de. February 23, 2020, accessed February 23, 2020 . 
155. ↑ Coronavirus. Il patriarca di Venezia sospende tutte le messe e chiude la Basilica di San Marco. In: nuovavenezia.gelocal.it. February 23, 2020, accessed February 26, 2020 (Italian). 
156. ^ Il coronavirus ferma anche la Basilica di Sant'Antonio a Padova. In: mattinopadova.gelocal.it. February 24, 2020, accessed February 26, 2020 (Italian). 
157. ↑ ^{a b} Coronavirus, 4 nuovi casi in Emilia-Romagna. I contagiati sono 30. In: bologna.repubblica.it. February 26, 2020, accessed February 26, 2020 (Italian). 
158. ↑ ANSA (Emilia-Romagna): Coronavirus, nove positivi a Piacenza. Scuole chiuse fino al primo marzo , February 24, 2020
159. ↑ Ordinanza n. 1/2020. (PDF) In: regione.emilia-romagna.it. February 23, 2020, accessed February 26, 2020 (Italian). 
160. ↑ Il Messaggero (Rome): Coronavirus, la svolta dei due cinesi a Roma: salvi mentre l'infezione avanza , February 23, 2020
161. ^ Avvenire (Milan): Spallanzani. Il direttore scientifico: "Guariti da Covid-19 con antivirali e ossigeno" , February 27, 2020
162. ^ Il Covid-19 è diffuso in tutte le regioni italiane. Retrieved March 7, 2020 (Italian). 
163. ↑ Corriere della Sera (Milan): Coronavirus a Bergamo, turisti positivi a Palermo: la comitiva in quarantena in hotel per 14 giorni Turisti positivi in ​​hotel a Palermo / Tutta la comitiva in quarantena , February 26, 2020
164. ↑ PalermoToday : Coronavirus, direttore del Mercure in quarantena volontaria: "Resto qui per essere vicino ai turisti" , February 27, 2020
165. ↑ Tagesschau : Three infected people in Trentino , February 23, 2020.
166. ↑ Gli infetti di Fai sono stati al bar: tre residenti in isolamento volontario, non hanno sintomi e non sono malati. In: ladige.it. February 24, 2020, accessed February 25, 2020 (Italian). 
167. ^ Coronavirus: First case in Liguria - English. February 25, 2020, accessed on March 6, 2020 . 
168. ↑ Coronavirus, morta turista 86enne al San Martino: era in quarantena ad Alassio - Genova March 24 , 2020, accessed on March 6, 2020 (Italian). 
169. ↑ Laigueglia, muore un'anziana turista positiva al coronavirus: l'hotel dove alloggiava messo in isolamento - La Stampa. February 29, 2020, accessed March 6, 2020 (it-IT). 
170. ↑ ^{a b c d} Corriere della Sera (Milan): Coronavirus, gli stati che impongono restrizioni all'Italia , February 26, 2020
171. ↑ The Guardian (London): Which countries currently have coronavirus travel restrictions in place? , February 28, 2020
172. ^ Austrian Federal Ministry for European and International Affairs: travel warnings. In: BMEIA - Austrian Foreign Ministry. Retrieved March 10, 2020 . 
173. ^ Foreign Ministry of the Republic of Austria: Italy - BMEIA, Foreign Ministry Austria. Retrieved March 10, 2020 . 
174. ↑ ORF.at: Slovenia announces the closure of the border with Italy , March 10, 2020
175. ↑ t-online.de: Germans are no longer allowed to enter these countries, March 16, 2020
176. ↑ Süddeutsche Zeitung, March 20, 2020: Coronavirus: These countries restrict entry.
177. ^ Foreign Ministry of the Republic of Austria: Italy - BMEIA, Foreign Ministry Austria. Retrieved March 10, 2020 . 
178. ↑ The Robert Koch Institute has declared South Tyrol a new Corona risk area! BILD, accessed on March 7, 2020 . 
179. ↑ Robert Koch Institute (Ed.): COVID-19 (Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2): Risk areas , as of February 27, 2020. Published on the RKI website. ( Memento in archive.org )
180. ↑ Isolato presso il laboratorio di Virologia dell'INMI il nuovo coronavirus. In: INMI Lazzaro Spallanzani. February 2, 2020, accessed May 24, 2020 (Italian). 
181. ↑ Lung disease from China: researchers in Rome isolate coronavirus. In: rp-online.de. February 2, 2020, accessed March 21, 2020 . 
182. ↑ Arrivano i respiratori che assistono 2 Pazienti. In: Corriere dal Ticino (cdt.ch). March 21, 2020, accessed March 21, 2020 (Italian). 
183. ↑ Coronavirus, in arrivo a Parma il moltiplica-respiratori che dà ossigeno a due pazienti. In: la Repubblica (repubblica.it). March 21, 2020, accessed March 19, 2020 (Italian). 
184. ↑ Coronavirus, le maschere da snorkeling diventano dispositivi medici: è l'idea di un ex primario e di un'azienda bresciana. In: ilfattoquotidiano.it. March 22, 2020, accessed March 24, 2020 (Italian). 
185. ↑ Letizia Gabaglio: L'Italia sperimenta un farmaco per il Coronavirus. In: la Repubblica (repubblica.it). March 13, 2020, accessed March 19, 2020 (Italian). 
186. ↑ Covid-19 - Coronavirus broke out in Italy much earlier? March 26, 2020, accessed on March 28, 2020 (German). 
187. ↑ NDR interview with Christian Drosten: (23) Coronavirus update: Research now needs a network. March 27, 2020, accessed March 28, 2020 . 
188. ↑ CS N ° 39/2020 - Studio ISS su acque di scarico, a Milano e Torino Sars-Cov-2 presente già a dicembre. June 18, 2020, accessed August 8, 2020 (Italian). 
189. ↑ Coronavirus: EU wants to support Italy according to Anschober. In: volksblatt.at. March 6, 2020, accessed March 15, 2020 . 
190. ↑ More protective clothing for Italy? Federal government weakens export ban. In: n-tv.de. March 14, 2020, accessed March 15, 2020 . 
191. ↑ China sends protective masks and experts to Italy. In: fvw.de. March 13, 2020, accessed March 16, 2020 . 
192. ↑ Fabrizio Caccia: I ricercatori cinesi portano in dono a Roma l'antiviral di Wuhan. In: corriere.it. March 13, 2020, accessed March 15, 2020 (Italian). 
193. ↑ Janita Hämäläinen: International Corona Aid for Italy: "From Russia with Love". In: spiegel.de. Retrieved March 23, 2020 . 
194. ↑ Germany accepts patients from Italy. In: n-tv.de. March 24, 2020, accessed March 28, 2020 . 
195. ↑ Berlin and Brandenburg accept patients from Italy. In: rbb24.de. March 25, 2020, accessed March 28, 2020 . 
196. ^ Hesse accepts seriously ill people from Italy and France. In: hessenschau.de. March 26, 2020, accessed March 28, 2020 . 
197. ↑ Christoph Prantner: More than 100 corona patients from France and Italy in German intensive care units. In: NZZ. April 2, 2020, accessed on April 4, 2020 (Swiss Standard German). 
198. ↑ DER SPIEGEL: Corona crisis: Italy insists on corona bonds - DER SPIEGEL - Wirtschaft. Retrieved April 20, 2020 . 
199. ↑ Giuseppe Aloisi: Le agenzie di rating condannano l'Italia: recessione. March 17, 2020, accessed March 18, 2020 (Italian). 
200. ↑ FTSE MIB - Borsa Italiana. Retrieved March 18, 2020 . 
201. ↑ Pubblicato da MH-Press: Coronavirus: manca manodopera straniera per agricoltura, regolarizziamo chi è già in Italia. In: Mediterranean Hope - MH. March 18, 2020, accessed on March 18, 2020 (it-IT). 
202. ↑ ^{a b} Despite headquarters in the Netherlands: Italy gives Fiat hope for state aid. In: manager-magazin.de. May 17, 2020, accessed May 17, 2020 . 
203. ↑ New headquarters: Fiat moves to Holland. In: handelsblatt.com. January 29, 2014, accessed May 17, 2020 . 
204. ↑ Pesci a Venezia e delfini a Cagliari: la natura non è in quarantena, anzi peopleforplanet.it , March 17, 2020, accessed on March 29, 2020 (Italian)
205. ↑ https://www.watson.ch/coronavirus/italien/208990084-wegen-coronakrise-kristallklares-wasser-in-venedig-delfine-in-cagliari
206. ↑ Francesca Scaringella: Coronavirus, ecco cosa preoccupa gli italiani. I dati Swg. March 3, 2020, accessed on March 26, 2020 (it-IT). 
207. ^ La Repubblica: Coronavirus, since Bill Gates alla candeggina: le bufale e le contromisure dei social. February 2, 2020, accessed March 27, 2020 (Italian). 
208. ↑ La Repubblica: Coronavirus, non è vero che bisogna tagliarsi la barba per evitare il contagio. February 27, 2020, accessed March 27, 2020 (Italian). 
209. ↑ Sondaggi, il coronavirus premia i partiti maggiori: Pd e Lega in Rialzo. Italiani temono effetti sul lavoro. March 17, 2020, accessed March 26, 2020 (Italian). 
210. ↑ SWG.it. Retrieved March 26, 2020 . 
211. ↑ Coronavirus: come aiutare a frenare l'epidemia. Retrieved March 26, 2020 (Italian). 
212. ↑ Come si diffonde il Coronavirus | il video della Polizia di Stato. March 24, 2020, accessed March 26, 2020 (Italian). 
213. ^ Ministero della Salute: Covid-19, dalla suola delle scarpe alle zampe degli animali, le risposte dell'ISS ai quesiti dei cittadini sulle modalità di contagio. Retrieved March 25, 2020 (Italian). 
214. ↑ Facial Hairstyles and Filtering Facepiece Respirators. (PDF; 752 kB) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , accessed on March 28, 2020 . 
215. ^ Covid-19 - Attenti alle bufale. Ministero della Salute, March 26, 2020, accessed March 28, 2020 (Italian).