COVID-19 pandemic in Japan

Prefectures of Japan Affected by SARS-CoV-2 Infections (Confirmed Infections)

People in Tokyo wear protective masks (February 2, 2020)

The COVID-19 pandemic occurs in Japan in the wake of the global COVID-19 pandemic . Cases have been known in the country since January 16, 2020.

background

The COVID-19 pandemic began in the People's Republic of China in December 2019 . The novel respiratory disease COVID-19 is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus from the Coronaviridae group . On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) classified the event as a global pandemic .

cases

A 30-year-old Chinese national who had previously traveled to Wuhan , where the epidemic had already spread, developed a fever on January 3 and returned to Japan on January 6. He tested positive during a hospital admission between January 10th and 15th. He may have had close contact with an affected person in Wuhan. On January 24th, a second case of a Chinese national visiting from Wuhan was confirmed. On January 25th, the third case, concerning a woman from Wuhan, was confirmed.

After that, Japan took extra precautionary measures over the upcoming 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo . Cases five, six and seven were confirmed in Japan on January 28, including a man who had not visited Wuhan. The man was a tour bus driver who drove a group from Wuhan in early January. The tour guide for the group also tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. On January 29th, a Chinese man and a Chinese woman in their forties were confirmed as positive cases in Aichi and Hokkaido .

On January 30, three Japanese nationals who had landed at Tokyo Haneda Airport on a return flight from Wuhan tested positive. Prime Minister Shinzo Abe informed parliament that two Japanese people who had flown on the same plane opposed tests for the virus and that officials could not legally force them to do so. The case was then discussed controversially in public under the keyword kensa kyohi ( Japanese 検 査 拒 否 , 'to refuse to investigate'). The two passengers in question finally agreed to a test, the result of which was negative.

statistics

Testing

The testing capacity in Japan was 7,500 tests per day in mid-March, with an increase to 8,000 planned by the end of this month. In fact, at that time, an average of only 1,190 tests were carried out per day, so that by March 18 a total of 32,125 tests (including multiple tests) had been carried out on 16,484 patients - which corresponds to a rate of one in 7,600 people. The Ministry of Health, Labor and Social Affairs tried to explain that Japan only used a sixth of its capacity with the discretion of doctors; so not every concerned patient is automatically checked for infection with the virus. This representation contradicts a study by Nihon ishi kai ( Japanese 日本 医師 会 , 'Japanese Medical Association'), according to which 290 corona tests requested by doctors were rejected by health authorities. These cases, in which doctors had reported suspected infection to health authorities, occurred within a period of 20 days. The reasons given to the doctors said, among other things, that symptoms of pneumonia should first be observed or that the collection of test samples was not possible due to a lack of labor. According to the study, the prevailing district system is not in a position to react quickly enough, although the use of public health insurance would make it easier to get a test approved. According to a ministry official, Japan may be preventing infected people from testing for the virus in order to reserve the health system for treating really critical cases of COVID-19.

Prime Minister Abe said on April 7th that the state would endeavor to increase testing capacities up to 20,000 per day. In reality, according to the daily Asahi Shimbun , a maximum of 7800 tests are carried out per day. Only a few local authorities would allow private institutions to carry out such tests.

On April 16, 2020, hospitals in Kyoto issued a joint statement calling on the state to also make health insurers pay for corona tests for patients who have no symptoms. Doctors and nurses are threatened with infection during operations or births if patients without symptoms have COVID-19.

Infected

The following statistics do not include the data from the Diamond Princess cruise ship . The cruiser's 3,711 passengers and crew had been quarantined for two weeks in the port of Yokohama due to a SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, with confirmed infections amounting to 712 and confirmed deaths amounting to 7 people.

Confirmed infections (cumulative) in Japan during the day
according to WHO data

Confirmed infections (cumulative) in Japan over the course of the week
according to WHO data

New infections (daily) in Japan
according to WHO data

New infections (per calendar week) in Japan
according to WHO data

Deaths

Confirmed daily deaths (cumulative) in Japan
according to WHO data

Confirmed deaths (cumulative) in Japan over the course of the week,
according to WHO data

Confirmed deaths (daily) in Japan
according to WHO data

Confirmed deaths (per calendar week) in Japan
according to WHO data

Remarks

1. ↑ ^{a b c d} Apparently due to the change in the recording time from 10 a.m. CET to 12 a.m. CET, the information in WHO report No. 57 and No. 58 are identical and have therefore not been taken into account here, in order to double count the newly infected and the daily deaths to prevent.
2. ↑ ^{a b} The above-average increase in WHO report # 93 of April 22, 2020 (pdf; see page 1 there) is explained by a change in the reports. So far, only cases have been reported that are finally confirmed. But now also those that have not yet been fully checked and confirmed.

Effects

See also : Economic Crisis 2020 in Japan

Almost empty streets in front of the Wakō department store in Ginza (April 19, 2020)

Prime Minister Shinzō Abe said on February 1, 2020 that the novel coronavirus had "a significant impact on tourism , the economy and society in general." Face masks were sold out across the country and the supply of masks was already depleted a day after supplies arrived . The Japanese health system has been under pressure as the demand for medical examinations has soared. Chinese tourists have reported an increase in discrimination . At the end of January 2020, Health Minister Katsunobu Katō announced that the scale of the epidemic did not justify the cancellation of mass events.

The aerospace, tourism and retail sectors saw increased sales, while some manufacturing companies reported disruptions with Chinese factories, logistics and supply chains. Prime Minister Abe has considered using an emergency fund to alleviate the financial impact on the tourism sector. S&P Global noted that travel, cosmetics and retailers are hardest hit as these sectors of the economy are heavily influenced by Chinese tourism. The video game producer Nintendo announced that the production of China-made stocke Nintendo parts.

The Tokyo Disney Resort with its theme parks Tokyo Disneyland and Tokyo DisneySea closed at the end of February 2020 . The Universal Studios Japan announced their closure until 16 March.

Naomichi Suzuki , governor of Hokkaidō , in the meantime declared a state of emergency in view of the drastically increasing cases of infection and asked the residents not to leave their home.

Sporting events

The novel coronavirus outbreak is having a major impact on sport in Japan. The Olympic Games , which were scheduled to take place in Tokyo from July to August , were postponed for a year at the end of March 2020.

National professional sport is also affected by the coronavirus outbreak. The preparatory games for Nippon Professional Basketball and the Haru Basho , a sumo tournament , took place in camera , while the season starts of the J1 League and Top League were completely suspended or postponed to a later date.

Entertainment industry

• → Main article : Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the anime industry

On February 26, 2020, Shinzō Abe proposed that all sporting, cultural or other major events be canceled, postponed or held on a smaller scale for the next two weeks during the outbreak of the novel coronavirus.

The next day, AnimeJapan , Japan's largest anime fair, was canceled. One day later, Legoland Japan Resort announced it would be closing for three weeks. On March 23, 2020, the resort reopened with reduced opening times. Employees must wear face masks and are equipped with temperature meters.

The Japanese anime industry is also grappling with the consequences of the coronavirus outbreak. Many animation studios had staff shortages due to the virus and had to shut down production, so that series such as To Aru Kagaku no Railgun , Asteroid in Love or A3! have been postponed for a week or for an unknown period.

On March 25, it became known that comedian Ken Shimura was infected with the coronavirus. Four days later, Shimura died of COVID-19 pneumonia at the age of 70 .

Relief campaigns for China

On January 26th, Japanese residents donated protective masks and sent them to Wuhan . The Liberal Digital Times of Taiwan believes this is not a donation from Japan, but rather a business. According to media reports from the Japanese consulate in Chongqing, it was a donation.

On February 3, Japan Pharmaceutical NPO Corporation, Japan Hubei Federation, Huobi Global, and Incuba Alpha donated medical supplies to Hubei Province . A week later, the general secretary of the Liberal Democratic Party of Japan (LDP) Toshihiro Nikai said ; the situation in mainland China has worsened; the LDP will donate 5,000 yen from the March membership income to the affected regions.

More incidents

In mid-March, a 57-year-old Japanese man died of complications from COVID-19 after trying to infect other people with the virus days earlier. A few days before his death, the police initiated an investigation against him after an employee of a pub in which the already infected man had stayed for several minutes despite a curfew tested positive for the corona virus.

Suicide rate

The Japanese business newspaper Tōyō Keizai reported that the COVID-19 pandemic saw an increase in suicides due to the economic problems caused by the pandemic. The Japanese Nikkei share index has fallen by more than 7,000 points since January. Employment contracts that had already been signed by university graduates were largely withdrawn.

More than 30 suicides were reported between March 16 and 22, 2020; seven occurred on March 18 alone. On March 18 and 19, 2020, three people committed suicide on the JR Kobe Line . Nikkei Business magazine also picked up on this problem and predicts that the suicide rate could continue to rise. The reason is the increased unemployment caused by the pandemic. An increase in the suicide rate in connection with the increase in the unemployment rate has already been observed in the past. In 2003, 8,897 people took their own lives; as unemployment fell again, there were fewer suicides. With the global financial crisis in 2007 and an associated recession in the following year, unemployment rose again. An increase in the suicide rate was again found.

In April 2020, however, 20% fewer suicides were registered compared to the previous year. Above all, fewer stressful situations due to school closings and fewer commuters are given as reasons.

activities

Prime Minister Shinzō Abe will chair the first panel of experts on the novel coronavirus on February 16, 2020

Initially, the government pursued a containment strategy. A policy of prevention and treatment was followed after the virus cases on the Diamond Princess cruise ship . A COVID-19 test system has been set up. Eventually a policy of "mitigation" was adopted. The aim was to flatten the curve in the number of cases.

On February 27, 2020, Prime Minister Shinzo Abe urged all Japanese elementary, middle and high schools to close by early April to contain the virus. The Japanese government announced additional precautions for March 10th.

An entry ban was imposed on people who had previously been in certain provinces of South Korea , Italy , Iran and Switzerland , for example . In addition, travelers from China, South Korea and the Schengen area are quarantined for 14 days and banned from using public transport. Visas for citizens of these countries have been invalidated and visa exemptions for various states have been lifted. The Chinese and South Korean ship and air traffic for passengers was largely suspended. Visa applicants will henceforth be asked about their previous and future trips, whereby false information can be punished with fines, imprisonment and expulsion from Japan. The usage periods for ongoing visa applications have been extended. On April 3, the rules were tightened. An entry ban for nationals from 73 countries came into force. The quarantine regulations have been extended to worldwide entries and a test requirement has been added.

A pack of the government-provided masks. On the attached paper there is an explanation of the saying used by the Ministry of Health “Let's avoid the three Mitsu!” ( 3 つ の 密 を 避 避 け ま し ょ う! , Mittsu no mitsu o sakemashō! ), Where “Mitsu” ( 密 ) for narrowness or Density stands and occurs in the words of the three situations to be avoided: “closed spaces” ( 密閉 空間 , mippei kūkan ), “overcrowded places” ( 密集 場所 , misshū basho ) and “situations with close contact” ( 密接 場面 , missetsu bamen )

On April 1, 2020, Prime Minister Abe announced that the government would provide two washable masks to each household. Delivery of the masks began on April 17th.

On April 7, 2020, the central government declared a state of emergency in seven prefectures of the country, including Tokyo . According to Prime Minister Abe, the reason for this is the significant increase in corona infections in the past few days. The measure should initially apply for one month. In addition to Tokyo, the three neighboring prefectures Chiba , Kanagawa and Saitama as well as Osaka , Hyōgo and Fukuoka are affected. Due to the state of emergency, the authorities of the respective prefectures are now allowed to instruct citizens to stay in their homes, as well as to order the closure of schools and other facilities. On April 16, the state of emergency was extended to all prefectures.

On April 15, the government announced that any person permanently residing in Japan could apply for ¥ 100,000 in emergency aid due to the economic restrictions. Abe had previously planned to support households in distress with ¥ 300,000, but this was rejected by coalition partner Kōmeitō , who demanded an unconditional payment of ¥ 100,000. The Kōmeitō chairman Natsuo Yamaguchi had announced Abe on April 15 a coalition break in the event that the Kōmeitō proposal should not be enforced.

In mid-April 2020, the Japanese system of tracking infection clusters individually and fighting them in a targeted manner failed due to the faster spread of the virus. Under the influence of Covid-19 patients and with around 13.5 beds in intensive care units per 100,000 inhabitants (information from the Ministry of Health; for comparison: in Germany there are around 29.2 beds in intensive care units per 100,000 inhabitants, in Italy the value is available at 12.5 beds) there were bottlenecks at some hospitals, so that patients with non-Covid-19-related diseases were turned away. In mid-April, experts identified inadequate preparation of the health system for the virus as one of the causes of the greater increase in infections. Meanwhile, the government secured help from Sony and Toyota to procure ventilators.

On May 4, 2020, Prime Minister Abe announced that he would extend the state of emergency until May 31. On May 24, the state of emergency was lifted prematurely across the country due to the declining number of newly infected people.

public perception

At the end of March 2020, there were various theories for the comparatively low number of cases in Japan up until then. For example, culturally determined social distance and wearing a face mask, which is considered normal, were considered to be possible reasons for the slow spread of the virus. The doctor and NGO head Masahiro Kami ( Japanese 上 昌 広 ) criticized in February 2020 that the test capacity was not exhausted because the test criteria were too narrow and that many infections were therefore not detected. He drew a comparison with South Korea, where as many tests are carried out every day as Japan as a whole, and estimated the number of unreported infected Japanese people to be 30 times higher. The government's approach was also seen as an attempt to save the 2020 Summer Olympics, which should take place in Tokyo from the end of July, from being canceled. 70% of the Japanese population had spoken out against the planned implementation of the games.

See also

• List of epidemics and pandemics

• List of deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic

Web links

Commons : COVID-19 Pandemic in Japan  - Pictures, Videos and Audio Files Collection

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Pulmonologists on the net: Covid-19: Causes . Online at www.lungenaerzte-im-netz.de. Retrieved April 3, 2020.
2. ↑ Tagesschau: “Deeply worried”. WHO speaks of corona pandemic. March 11, 2020. Online at www.tagesschau.de. Retrieved April 6, 2020.
3. ^ Sim Walter: Japan confirms first case of infection from Wuhan coronavirus; Vietnam quarantines two tourists . January 16, 2020. Accessed January 16, 2020.
4. ↑ WHO | Novel Coronavirus - Japan (ex-China) .
5. ↑ Japan confirms 2nd new virus case, braces for Chinese tourist influx . January 24, 2020. Accessed February 8, 2020. 
6. ↑ Japan confirms third case of new coronavirus infection . In: Japan Times , January 25, 2020. 
7. ↑ Coronavirus spotlights Japan contagion risks as Olympics loom . January 23, 2020. Accessed January 24, 2020. 
8. ↑ Japan sees 1st coronavirus case not linked to recent travel to China . January 28, 2020. Accessed February 8, 2020. 
9. ↑ Japan reports new coronavirus cases as it moves to evacuate nationals from Wuhan . In: Japan Times , January 28, 2020. Retrieved February 8, 2020. 
10. ↑ ^{a b} Wuhan virus: Evacuation of Japanese citizens from China in spotlight after two returnees refuse testing . January 30, 2020. Accessed February 8, 2020.
11. ↑ Japan confirms 1st domestic case of coronavirus infection . Retrieved February 8, 2020.
12. ↑ New Corona Virus Detected in 3 Japanese returnees from Wuhan . January 30, 2020. Accessed February 8, 2020.
13. ↑ 検 査 拒 否 し た 邦 人 ２ ​​人 、 新型 コ ロ ナ 感染 な し . In: Nihon Tere News 24 . Nippon Terebi Hōsōmō . February 1, 2020. Accessed March 24, 2020.
14. ↑ ^{a b c} Rocky Swift, Linda Sieg: Japan uses just a fraction of its coronavirus testing capacity. In: Reuters. Thomson Reuters , March 18, 2020, accessed March 24, 2020 . 
15. ↑ ^{a b} Shaena Montanari: Why Japan cases of coronavirus are so low. In: Business Insider . PARS International, March 19, 2020, accessed March 24, 2020 . 
16. ↑ ウ イ ル ス 検 査 「拒 否」 全国 で 290 件 日本 医師 会 が 調査 結果 公 表. In: NHK News. Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai , March 18, 2020, accessed March 24, 2020 . 
17. ↑ Jake Adelstein: Japan's winning its quiet fight against Covid-19. In: Asia Times . March 24, 2020, accessed March 25, 2020 . 
18. ↑ Tobias Rabe / FAZ.net April 16, 2020
19. ↑ the declaration in Japanese and translated
20. ↑ see also Hospital-Acquired Coronavirus Infections Increasing in Japan (April 15, 2020)
21. ↑ Japan quarantines 3,700 on cruise ship over new coronavirus . In: The Japan Times . February 4, 2020. Accessed March 24, 2020.
22. ↑ Coronavirus on "Diamond Princess": First passengers leave the cruise ship in Japan . In: Der Spiegel . Spiegel-Verlag Rudolf Augstein. February 19, 2020. Accessed March 22, 2020.
23. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i} Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) situation reports; Coronavirus disease (COVID-2019) situation reports. WHO, accessed on May 2, 2020 . 
24. ↑ Japan reports 20th case of coronavirus as Abe vows new steps to combat outbreak. Japan Times , February 1, 2020, accessed March 30, 2020 . 
25. ↑ South Korea says Chinese tour guide arriving from Japan found to be infected with coronavirus. Japan Times, February 1, 2020, accessed March 30, 2020 . 
26. ↑ Ryusei Takahashi: Amid virus outbreak, Japan stores scramble to meet demand for face masks. Japan Times, January 31, 2020, accessed March 30, 2020 . 
27. ↑ Japan seeks to contain economic impact of virus, new measures come into effect. Reuters , February 1, 2020, accessed March 30, 2020 . 
28. ↑ Eric Pfanner: Chinese tourists finding they are no longer welcome as fear over coronavirus takes hold. Japan Times, January 30, 2020, accessed March 30, 2020 . 
29. ↑ 3 Japanese returnees from Wuhan test positive for new coronavirus. Japan Today , January 30, 2020, accessed March 30, 2020 . 
30. ↑ Thisanka Siripala: Will Japan's Economy Buckle Under the Coronavirus Outbreak? The Diplomat , February 13, 2020, accessed March 30, 2020 . 
31. ↑ Yoshiaki Nohara: Japan Considers Extra Spending Over Coronavirus's Impact on Tourism. MSN , January 31, 2020, accessed March 30, 2020 . 
32. ^ Soon Chen Kang: Chinese coronavirus fear spreads over luxury, retail sectors. S&P Global , March 2, 2020, accessed March 30, 2020 . 
33. ↑ Jennifer Sherman: Coronavirus Delays Nintendo Switch Production, Shipments for Japan. Anime News Network , February 6, 2020, accessed March 30, 2020 . 
34. ↑ Hannah Yasharoff: Tokyo Disneyland, Universal Studios Japan extend park closures over coronavirus. USA Today , March 12, 2020, accessed March 30, 2020 . 
35. ↑ Jayme Deerwester: Tokyo Disneyland, Universal Studios Japan announce two-week closure over coronavirus scare. USA Today, February 28, 2020, accessed March 30, 2020 . 
36. ↑ Hokkaido declares state of emergency over coronavirus. Kyodo News , February 28, 2020, accessed March 30, 2020 . 
37. ↑ Abe brushes aside worries of virus impact on Tokyo Olympics. ABC News , February 3, 2020, accessed March 30, 2020 . 
38. ↑ Justin McCurry: Tokyo 2020 organizers fight false rumors Olympics canceled over coronavirus crisis. The Guardian , February 1, 2020, accessed March 30, 2020 . 
39. ↑ Tokyo Olympics postponed to 2021. Sportschau , March 26, 2020, accessed on March 30, 2020 . 
40. ↑ Sumo: Spring meet unlikely to be held in "regular" fashion: JSA. Kyodo News, February 28, 2020, accessed March 30, 2020 . 
41. ↑ Football: J-League postpones matches until March 15 due to coronavirus. Kyodo News, February 28, 2020, accessed March 30, 2020 . 
42. ↑ Abe: Next 2 weeks 'crucial' in virus battle. NHK World Japan February 26, 2020 archived from the original on March 9, 2020 ; accessed on March 30, 2020 . 
43. ↑ ア ニ メ イ ベ ン ト 「AnimeJapan 2020」 も 中止 新型 コ ロ ナ ウ イ ル ス の 拡 大 で. IT Media, February 27, 2020, accessed March 30, 2020 (Japanese). 
44. ↑ DeWayne Bevil: Legoland Japan set to reopen Monday after 3-week coronavirus closure. Orlando Sentinel, March 20, 2020, accessed March 30, 2020 . 
45. ↑ 東京 MX 、 新型 肺炎 で ア ニ メ 「と あ る 科学 の 超 電磁砲 T」 放送 延期 「制作 上 の 都 合 が つ か ず」. IT Media, February 17, 2020, accessed March 30, 2020 (Japanese). 
46. ↑ TV ア ニ メ 『A3!』 「SEASON SPRING & SUMMER」 第 4 話 以降 の 放送 が 延期 に. Animate Times, February 14, 2020, accessed March 30, 2020 (Japanese). 
47. ↑ Evan Minto: How Deeply Is COVID-19 Impacting Anime Production? Anime News Network, March 18, 2020, accessed March 30, 2020 . 
48. ↑ Japanese comedian Ken Shimura tests positive for COVID-19. Mainichi Shimbun , March 25, 2020, accessed March 30, 2020 . 
49. ↑ Patrick Brzeski: Japanese Comedian Ken Shimura Dies From Coronavirus at 70th The Hollywood Reporter , March 29, 2020, accessed March 30, 2020 . 
50. ↑ 日本 民间 捐 100 万 口罩 驰援 武汉. Guancha , January 26, 2020, accessed March 30, 2020 (cn). 
51. ↑ 武漢 肺炎》 中國 自 嗨？ 日 媒 ： 日本 捐 百萬 口罩 事主 出面 打 臉. Liberal Digital Times , January 28, 2020, accessed March 30, 2020 (cn). 
52. ↑ 中国 に 100 万枚 以上 の マ ス ク 寄 付。 日本 企業 や 市 、 新型 コ ロ ナ ウ イ ル ス 感染 拡 大 で. Yahoo! News Japan, January 28, 2020, accessed March 30, 2020 (Japanese). 
53. ↑ “山川 异域 ， 风月 同 天” ： 外交部 感谢 日本 协助 抗疫 的 暖 心 举动. Guancha, February 4, 2020, accessed March 30, 2020 (cn). 
54. ↑ 日本 執政黨 國會 議員 每人 將向 中國 捐款 5000 日元. The Nikkei, February 11, 2020, accessed March 30, 2020 (cn). 
55. ↑ Michael Ziegler: Man who deliberately wanted to spread the coronavirus died of the infection. Sumikai.com, March 19, 2020, accessed March 30, 2020 . 
56. ↑ ^{a b} コ ロ ナ 不安 で 急 増？ 鉄 道 人身 事故 が 週 30 件 超 に 3 月 18 日 に は 1 日 7 件 も 発 生 ､ JR 神 戸 線 で 多 発. Toyo Kezai , March 31, 2020, accessed April 21, 2020 (Japanese). 
57. ↑ Tatsuo Yamakawa: 新型 コ ロ ナ 、 も う 1 つ の 闘 い 自殺 者 を 増 や さ な い 経 済 対 策 を. Nikkei Business , April 2, 2020, accessed April 21, 2020 (Japanese). 
58. ↑ theguardian.com - Japan suicides decline as Covid-19 lockdown causes shift in stress factors , accessed June 4, 2020
59. ↑ KYODO NEWS: PM Abe asks all schools in Japan to temporarily close over coronavirus .
60. ↑ Coronavirus could see the Tokyo Olympics canceled. Is Japan's handling of the outbreak to blame? , ABC News. March 3, 2020. 
61. ↑ ^{a b c} Stricter entry regulations in connection with the spread of the new coronavirus. Embassy of Japan in Germany , March 20, 2020, archived from the original on March 22, 2020 ; accessed on March 25, 2020 . 
62. ↑ Government actions related to coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Embassy of Japan in Germany , March 20, 2020, accessed on March 25, 2020 . 
63. ↑ Important note on new restrictions in connection with the new coronavirus. Embassy of Japan in Germany , March 18, 2020, archived from the original on March 22, 2020 ; accessed on March 25, 2020 . 
64. ↑ Extended validity of a Certificate of Eligibilitys (CoE) due to the current situation with the coronavirus. Embassy of Japan in Germany , March 20, 2020, accessed on March 25, 2020 . 
65. ↑ Stricter entry regulations in connection with the spread of the new coronavirus. Japanese Embassy in Germany , April 3, 2020, archived from the original on April 10, 2020 ; accessed on April 10, 2020 . 
66. ↑ Yuki Fujita: Abe faces calls for decisive action after 'Abenomask' blunder. Retrieved April 19, 2020 (English). 
67. ↑ Jiji Tsūshinsha : Thick, small, bulky: 'Abenomasks' arrive in Tokyo mailboxes. Retrieved April 19, 2020 (English). 
68. ↑ DER SPIEGEL: Corona crisis: Japanese government imposes a state of emergency in several regions - DER SPIEGEL - politics. Retrieved April 7, 2020 . 
69. ↑ Kyōdō Tsūshinsha : Japan spends first weekend under nationwide state of emergency. Retrieved April 19, 2020 (English). 
70. ↑ Satoshi Sugiyama: Komeito cash handout demand highlights Abe's fading power amid outbreak. Retrieved May 13, 2020 (English). 
71. ↑ mhlw.go.jp - ＩＣＵ 等 の 病床 に 関 す る 国際 比較 に つ い て (Japanese), accessed May 13, 2020
72. ^ "Coronavirus: Japan's medical system faces catastrophe as sick people turned away from hospitals" The Independent from April 19, 2020
73. ↑ Japan's Abe extends state of emergency to May 31 . In: Reuters . May 4, 2020 ( reuters.com [accessed May 4, 2020]).
74. ↑ Japan to completely lift state of emergency as virus cases tail off . In: Jiji Tsūshin, Bloomberg . May 24, 2020 ( japantimes.co.jp [accessed June 4, 2020]).
75. ↑ Hospitals in Japan refusing to test many who suspect they have COVID-19 , Japan Times, February 26, 2020, last accessed on March 5, 2020
76. ↑ ^{a b} Barbara Jung: Coronavirus in Japan: Games at any price? In: tagesschau.de . ARD , March 18, 2020, accessed on March 25, 2020 .