COVID-19 pandemic in the People's Republic of China

Mainland China COVID-19 cases by province from March 7 to March 23, 2020
Illness:	COVID-19
Pathogen:	SARS-CoV-2
First case in:	Wuhan
Origin:	Wuhan
Confirmed cases:	84.967
Recovery:	79.925
Deaths:	4,634
Source:	( National Health Commission ) www.nhc.gov.cn
last change:	August 24, 2020

The COVID-19 pandemic in the People's Republic of China is an outbreak of the novel respiratory disease COVID-19 . The respiratory disease first appeared at the end of December 2019 in the megacity of Wuhan in the Chinese province of Hubei . From there it first spread to China and developed into a pandemic worldwide , the COVID-19 pandemic .

course

The first official case of Covid-19 infection was confirmed on December 1, 2019. It is believed that there were first cases as early as November 2019. The validity of the Chinese official information on the number of infected people, new infections and deaths is questioned.

The authority responsible for the official figures and coordinating the fight against the pandemic as the highest authority is the National Health Commission .

December 2019

An early report from the Wuhan Health Commission about the pneumonia epidemic posted on Weibo on December 30, 2019.

As of November 17, 2019, between one and five new cases were reported daily, bringing the total number of infections to 27 by December 15. On December 20, 60 cases were confirmed. On December 27, Zhang Jixian, a doctor from Hubei Provincial Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, told local health authorities that the disease was caused by a new coronavirus. At the time, more than 180 people were infected. On December 28 and 29, three more patients came to the doctor's clinic. The hospital briefed the Hubei Provincial Health Commissions and the community. The health commissions commissioned Wuhan and Jianghan and Jinyintan Hospital to conduct epidemiological studies on seven patients on December 29th. Six of them were transferred to Jinyintan, a facility specializing in infectious diseases. One patient refused the transfer.

On the evening of December 30th, notices were posted by the Wuhan Municipal Health Commission requesting all Wuhan hospitals to report any pneumonia patient with unknown cause who had been to the Wuhan fish market . The Wuhan Health Commission said in an interview that the investigation was ongoing and that the experts from the National Health Commission were on their way to support the investigation.

On December 30, in a WeChat group, Chinese doctor Li Wenliang warned colleagues about a virus that he then believed caused severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in the face of a series of pneumonia at the Wuhan hospital . After the warning went online, Li and at least seven other colleagues were summoned by the police. They were accused of "making untrue claims" that "seriously disrupted social order" and were forced to sign confidentiality statements under threat of fines that Li Wenliang later failed to adhere to.

On December 31, the Chinese authorities officially informed the World Health Organization (WHO) that several cases of severe pneumonia had occurred in the city of Wuhan since the beginning of December, the causative agent of which could not yet be identified and for which a previously uncharacterized pathogen was assumed to be the cause . The news was spread through the news agencies that same day. On December 31st, the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention sent a team to Wuhan to investigate the unclear cases.

January 2020

Identity check on the outskirts of Xi'an in the central Chinese province of Shaanxi , the end of January 2020

On January 1, 2020, the state-run Xinhua news agency reported the doctors' alleged " false reports " and confirmed that there was no evidence of human-to-human transmission of the new disease. However, the illnesses of the hospital staff showed that the virus can in principle be transmitted from person to person. This was confirmed by the Chinese authorities on January 20th.

The fish market in Wuhan, believed to be the source of infection, was closed and disinfected on January 1, 2020 by local authorities. It later became known, according to a study by the Wuhan hospital, that the first patient identified had not visited this market.

On January 5th, the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention ruled out MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV as pathogens based on research results . On January 7, the Chinese announced the identification of a novel coronavirus in several sick people. The virus was given the provisional designation 2019-nCoV ( 2019 novel coronavirus ).

From January 12 to 16, 2020, the state announced that there were no new infections and no close contact with infected people. No preventive measures were taken during this period. Through January 17, 2020, the Chinese New Year (春节 Kampagne 惠民 活动) charity cultural activities campaign continued with the issuance of hundreds of thousands of free tickets to various events in Wuhan to attract tourists. On January 19, 2020 , a Chinese New Year banquet was held for the district's 40,000 residents in the Baibuting (百步 亭 Wohn) residential area , a model residential area in Wuhan. From January 19, 2020, the number of virus infections skyrocketed. But on January 21, 2020, the party leadership seemed mainly busy preparing for the big New Year's banquet. In Beijing , cases of illness have been concentrated in certain hospitals since January 20.

According to official Chinese figures, 2,744 infected people had been registered in China up to and including January 26th. The number of confirmed fatalities in China was 80. On January 26, the German Robert Koch Institute classified the province of Hubei including the city of Wuhan as a risk area in China.

Chinese President Xi Jinping spoke of a serious situation on January 26th. All Chinese New Year celebrations have been canceled and the mass quarantine of the entire Hubei Province has been announced for January 29.

Cases of Covid-19 infection were reported in all provinces of the People's Republic of China on January 29. A total of 9700 people were infected at this point and 213 had died from the virus.

February 2020

On February 13, the Chinese authorities changed the reporting criteria and, contrary to the guidelines of the WHO, clinically diagnosed cases without virus detection were recorded. This resulted in the highest number of reported new infections for Hubei alone with 14,000 new cases. This change was withdrawn on February 20, and the reporting criteria have since returned to WHO requirements.

Major General Chen Wei, virologist and doctor for the Chinese army, was sent to the Wuhan Institute of Virology with her team in mid-February at the latest (according to the French medium RFI) to lead the development of a vaccine against Covid-19.

On February 18, the number of new infections per day in China was below 2000; on February 20, it fell below 1,000 and, according to the WHO report of February 26, there were for the first time more new infections outside of China than inside. The joint mission carried out by the WHO from February 16 to 24, 2020 in China came to the conclusion that the radical measures carried out in China were suitable for containing the virus.

According to the Chinese health authorities, 3387 health care workers in China had contracted COVID-19 as part of the pandemic by February 25. 23 of them died. According to the National Health Commission, there were no infections among the 42,600 specially trained and equipped members of the support team sent to Hubei.

March 2020

In his speech on March 9, 2020, WHO Director General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said that more than 70 percent of the approximately 80,000 cases of infection have now recovered and left the clinic. The number of new infections in China on that day was 45. According to scientific studies, the quarantine measures taken should have had an effect at this time.

After no new infections were reported for several days, the Politburo decided that the pandemic in the People's Republic of China was over. On March 24th, four new cases were reported. On March 29, a total of 31 new infections were reported, of which 30 cases were supposed to be imported, i.e. by newcomers. One domestic case came from Gansu Province . Prime Minister Li Keqiang warned local authorities on March 25 not to hide new infections. There are fears of a second wave of infections.

With the reduction in the official number of Covid-19 infected people in the People's Republic of China and the global spread of the disease, the People's Republic of China closed its own borders to foreigners on March 28. Visas and temporary residence permits valid as of March 28, 2020 could no longer be used for entry until further notice, and new visas had to be applied for for entry, but these were only issued for certain, necessary activities. Entry from EU countries has been possible again for holders of residence permits since August 11, 2020.

April 2020

The National Health Commission announced on April 1 that, contrary to previous practice, it would now also include asymptomatic cases in the total number of COVID-19 infected. As of April 1, there were 1,367 asymptomatic cases, according to official figures, which were under medical observation.

On April 3, the spokeswoman for the Chinese Foreign Ministry, Hua Chunying, recommended that diplomats from all over the world who are not currently in China should not return to Beijing until May 15, 2020 . As of April 3, 19 new infections were reported, of which 18 were imported cases and one new case came from Hubei Province.

On April 7, 2020, official authorities of the People's Republic reported that for the first time since the beginning of the wave of infections, no death from COVID-19 had been registered. The strict travel ban for certain population groups in Wuhan (those with a "green license plate" in a much-used health app ) was lifted from April 8, 2020. According to official information, 81,740 nCoV-2019 infections had been diagnosed by this time and 3,331 people had died from them.

On April 17, 2020, the city of Wuhan corrected its death toll from 2579 to 3896. This represents a retrospective increase of 1317 deaths. The number of infected people only increased by 325 to 50,333 cases as a result of the correction. The reasons given were that many initially died at home, hospitals and staff were overwhelmed by the onslaught and the hospitals were not connected to the reporting system.

As of mid-April, cases increased in Heilongjiang Province . There are fears that a second wave of the virus will spread. From the Chinese side, it is assumed that travelers from Russia have spread the virus.

May 2020

In the city of Wuhan, 5 or 6 new infections reappeared for the first time on May 10. In response, all 11 million residents of the city are to be tested with nucleic acid tests. According to the media, the plan is to test residents in each Wuhan district for the virus within ten days, although the starting time may vary. In mid-May, the residents of the Wuchang district will first be tested. The media speak of a maximum of 100,000 tests per day.

Shulan City in northeast China's Jilin Province was quarantined on May 11, 2020, as three new cases of infection emerged.

On May 13, 2020, Jilin City (City) in Jilin Province was quarantined after 21 cases of infection were reported. The train connections were suspended and cinemas and gyms had to close. Those who leave Jilin need a negative corona test and have to go into quarantine at the new location.

On May 29, the first Lufthansa plane flew 200 German business people to Tianjin. On that first flight, one person was infected with COVID-19.

June 2020

An EU summit planned for September 2020, which was planned under the German EU Council Presidency in Leipzig , was postponed on June 3, 2020 by mutual agreement between Xi Jinping, Angela Merkel and the President of the European Council, Charles Michel ; a meeting is too risky in view of the overall pandemic situation.

After several new cases of corona infection (as of June 12, seven known new cases according to the authorities) in Beijing , a city with 21.5 million inhabitants, some schools and kindergartens were closed and several residential areas were cordoned off. According to official information from the Chinese Health Commission, 58 new cases of infection were reported on June 13, including 36 cases in Beijing. As of June 18, there were 137 confirmed cases in Beijing. After salmon first made the news as the source of the virus, Gao Fu , director of the Chinese Center for Disease and Prevention Control, said he believed the virus was asymptomatic in Beijing as early as May. He didn't mention the salmon as the cause of the outbreak, meaning that it came from a different source. 2.3 million people were tested between June 11 and June 20, the daily test capacity was 500,000 on June 20, and a total of 249 cases of infection were reported on June 22.

activities

Sealed cities in China

city	province	since	to	supporting documents
Wuhan	Hubei	January 23, 2020	April 8, 2020
Huanggang			March 17-25, 2020
Ezhou
Chibi		January 24, 2020
Jingzhou
Zhijiang
Yichang
Qianjiang			March 13, 2020
Xiantao			March 13-25, 2020
Xianning
Huangshi
Dangyang
Enshi
Xiaogan
Jingmen
Wenzhou	Zhejiang	February 2, 2020

Measurement of elevated body temperature at a metro station in Beijing

Screening passengers with a thermal imaging camera at Wuhan Railway Station

A large screen on a high-rise building in Hefei City ( Anhui Province ) on January 10, 2020 with the slogan "早 发现 、 早 报告 、 早 隔离 、 早 诊断 、 早 治疗" - "Early detection, early reporting, early isolation, early diagnosis, early treatment "

Lockdown of Wuhan

From January 23, 2020, all train and flight connections from the city of nine million Wuhan were suspended, as were all bus, subway and ferry connections. Wuhan residents have been ordered not to leave the city. Libraries, museums and theaters canceled events. A coordination center for measures to contain the epidemic has been set up in Wuhan. At that point, 500 infections had been officially confirmed and 17 deaths had occurred (all in Wuhan and Hubei Province). Epidemiologists estimate the number of people infected on January 22, 2020 at around 4,000.

From February 17, 2020, further tightened measures were in place for the entire province of Hubei, which were intended to contain the epidemic. The provincial government issued a total of 15 restrictions. All non-essential public places are closed and mass events are prohibited. Pharmacies and supermarkets remain open, but must determine the body temperature of everyone who is let in. In addition, all personal data must be recorded for every purchaser of cough medicine or fever medicine. In the entire province, the access roads to all villages and communities will be closed in order to control exits and to prevent external access. The operation of all vehicles is prohibited with the exception of transport, fire, rescue and police vehicles. At the same time, a three-day door-to-door recording campaign started in all municipalities with the aim of identifying and recording all previously unrecognized cases without exception.

Measures in other cities (including special administrative areas)

On Thursday, January 23, 2020, the city of Huanggang, 70 kilometers east of Wuhan, was cordoned off from public transport. A ban on all cinemas, internet cafes and Wuhan's central market was declared on Friday, January 24, 2020 at 12:00 a.m. local time . Similar measures were also taken in nearby Ezhou , where the main train station was closed on January 23. The restrictions thus affected almost 20 million people, which is unique in terms of scope in modern history.

In Beijing, on Thursday, January 23, 2020, major events to celebrate Chinese New Year were canceled and some tourist attractions were closed.

On January 24, 2020, Shanghai Disneyland Park announced that it would temporarily close its doors due to the virus outbreak. McDonald's China temporarily closed all restaurants in Wuhan, Ezhou, Huanggang, Qianjiang and Xiantao cities on the same day. Google closed its offices. Starbucks closed its branches in 2000, McDonald’s closed 300 restaurants, IKEA initially closed half of its furniture stores, then all 30. Apple closed its branches and several large German companies are taking business trips to and from China.

As of January 25, 2020, the authorities' expanded quarantine measures affected around 56 million people in 18 cities in China.

The public transportation system across the country has been reduced to a minimum. The New Year's holiday was extended by one week to February 9, 2020 in order to allow as many people as possible to self-quarantine for an incubation period of the virus.

From mid-February 2020, the movement of the population was monitored with the help of mobile phone apps in order to enforce the quarantine measures and to identify contact persons. To do this, every citizen has to install an app on their smartphone that is linked to the various online services, such as Alibaba or Tencent , and which reads out all the data. Using this data, smartphone owners receive a color code on their smartphone. Red means two weeks of isolation, yellow means seven days of quarantine and green means free access. This app must be shown at police checks, house entrance checks, etc.

From January 2020, schools, kindergartens, amusement parks and public facilities such as sports centers and libraries began to gradually close in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region . Pending school exams were still carried out with mask compulsory, temperature tests and distance requirements. From January 17, 2020, travel restrictions were in effect for visitors to Hubei Province, which were subsequently extended to all countries. Quarantine measures of people entering the country were electronically monitored and their travel data was fed into the data system of the health authorities by the Immigration Office . A general mask requirement was introduced and the wearing of personal protective equipment was generally prescribed for all employees in the health sector.

Observers such as Amnesty International pointed out that the measures taken affect many human rights. China's determination to lockdown was later praised by the WHO ; this was received critically and massively criticized by US President Trump.

A scientific study tested the effectiveness of the containment measures in April 2020 and also compared the data reported from China with the mathematical model used in the study. The authors wrote that the Chinese case numbers plausibly reflect the course of the outbreak and are inherently coherent. The model calculation showed that as of February 7, the number of new infections not recorded by the system had reached a peak and the spread was thus decisively slowed down. The researchers named the measures effective and causal for the development of the number of cases; However, no statement can be made about the effectiveness of individual measures, because the measures were implemented 'in packages'.

Construction of makeshift hospitals

Due to the dramatic increase in the number of sick people, a first emergency hospital, the Huoshenshan Hospital , was built in Wuhan from January 23 to February 2, 2020 , which was designed for around 1,000 beds and was put into operation on February 3 as planned. On January 25, construction began on Leishenshan Hospital , which was designed for even larger capacities and was largely completed on February 6, 2020.

A total of 16 emergency hospitals were built in Wuhan, including in the city's sports and exhibition halls. In mid-March all 16 were closed.

consequences

Foreign policy

The People's Republic was praised for the radical approach by the WHO and the German Minister of Health Jens Spahn .

Discourses on the origin of the virus

There were disputes when a G7 summit was scheduled at the end of March 2020 and Donald Trump, in a joint declaration , wanted to describe the virus first as the China virus and then as the Wuhan virus , which the People's Republic and all other G7 countries forbade. The Sino-American conflict has intensified as part of the pandemic. Both countries have expelled journalists from the other side of the country.

In February 2020 and April 2020, the US and China accused each other of developing COVID-19 as a biological weapon . The Chinese side alleged that the US military introduced the virus during an exercise in China. Donald Trump implicitly implied that the Chinese government developed the virus as a biological weapon. Scientifically, the suspicion that it is an artificially created virus is not tenable. The Federal Intelligence Service also considers this to be the most unlikely option. According to the Chinese perspective, the virus has jumped from illegally sold animals to humans in the Huanan market in Wuhan. With regard to the thesis that the virus jumped from animals to humans in a market, various scientific articles have been published that cannot ultimately verify that it is the Wuhan market. In April 2020, US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo urged China to permanently close those markets after citing possible - but scientifically unverified - links between wildlife markets and zoonosis .

As part of this discussion, the Chinese central government arranged in April 2020 that scientific publications now have to go through a multi-stage censorship procedure. In addition, three Chinese activists who organized a platform called Terminus2049 on GitHub and restored censored articles about COVID-19 have also been arrested.

On April 24, 2020, the Chinese Embassy in Germany published a reply to the allegations on its website. 16 allegations are dealt with and some of these are denied with evidence. The virus was not artificially produced, nor did it escape the virological institute in Wuhan; Whether the virus originates from the People's Republic of China has not yet been clarified; Delays in information exchange by the PRC are declared to be untrue; the validity of the data is denied. The alleged quality defects in Chinese protective equipment are explained with different standards.

Chinese foreign policy disinformation campaign and international responses

In the context of the discussion about the origin of the virus, but also regarding the delivery of medical equipment, the Chinese government is trying to present its own actions positively and is not afraid to exert pressure. Internationally, the Chinese diplomats tried in all possible ways to influence the international discussion about possible allegations and the origin of the virus. It became known that Chinese diplomats were trying to convince German politicians to make positive statements about the Chinese contribution to fighting the pandemic. This was confirmed by the Ministry of the Interior on request.

The Chinese government is also trying to pressure other countries to pursue its own interests by refusing to deliver medical equipment and threatening to call on Chinese consumers to boycott those countries' products, such as: B. in the case of the Netherlands and Australia. As a result of this Chinese disinformation campaign, Sweden was the first country to close all Confucius Institutes and break town twinning.

The Chinese state newspaper China Daily published a guest article by the 27 European ambassadors in early May 2020, which was censored with their consent. Before that, the article said that the virus came from China. This buckling was criticized in the media.

Criticism from African states

After African, especially Nigerian, students were evicted from their homes in Guangzhou in early April 2020 , the Chinese authorities were accused of racism . There were protests by the Nigerian government, which summoned the Chinese ambassador. A protest note was also handed over to the Chinese envoy to the African Union . In the note, the ambassadors of African states called on the Chinese government to end compulsory tests for the virus, quarantine and other "inhumane" measures for Africans. The Chinese Foreign Ministry announced that all people entering Guangzhou would be subject to the same anti-virus measures. On April 9, it was ordered that Africans who had been there for a long time also had to be quarantined for 14 days because the Chinese authorities suspected a second wave of infected people from the African community in Guangzhou after 5 Nigerians in the vicinity of a restaurant infected.

Domestic politics

Critical journalists outside mainland China noted that the epidemic had been able to spread for 40 days from the date of the first case of the disease before the authorities took vigorous action (the quarantine). The hesitant reaction of the authorities was responsible for the fact that such drastic measures had to be taken. In an interview on state television on January 27, 2020, the mayor of Wuhan, Zhou Xianwang (周先旺), self-critically stated that the response of the state authorities to the epidemic outbreak was "not good enough" and needed improvement. The government agencies only released information with a delay. The Chinese Infection Protection Act obliges local authorities to provide information "in accordance with the legal requirements". However, the local authorities needed permission from the central government to do this. Zhou's last remark could be understood as an indirect criticism of the central government. Zhou publicly offered to resign. On February 11, 2020, it was announced that numerous officials in Hubei Province had been fired from their posts.

Wuhan ophthalmologist Li Wenliang, who became known as one of the whistleblowers of the coronavirus outbreak, died of COVID-19 on February 7, 2020. His death was mourned and the government criticized on social networks. A group of Chinese intellectuals led by Xu Zhangrun from Tsinghua University signed an open letter asking the central government to contact Dr. Apologize to Li and protect freedom of expression. Real estate entrepreneur, former politician and long-time CCP party member, Ren Zhiqiang, was arrested and charged with serious violations of discipline and law . He had criticized Xi for his crisis management in an essay that was circulating on social media.

The Chinese writer Fang Fang wrote a diary about the quarantine in Wuhan, which was published in China on social media and initially received a lot of approval. After it became known that it would be published abroad in English and German, she was labeled a traitor in China.

Political analysts speculated that sub-optimal crisis management could pose a threat to the authority and credibility of government leaders. On April 19, the Chinese Xinhua News Agency reported that Sun Lijun, the former Deputy Minister of State Security , had been arrested for serious violations of discipline and law. He was entrusted with fighting the pandemic in Wuhan. It is believed that he was not loyal to President Xi and that he sees him as a culprit for the crisis.

The National People's Congress usually meets in early March each year. It has been postponed due to the pandemic. The start of the meeting has been postponed to May 22nd. Explanations about the COVID-19 pandemic were expected. No comments on COVID-19 were made at the meeting. A security law for Hong Kong was passed for this purpose. For the first time, no growth target was set. Li Keqiang pointed out that there was too much uncertainty to set a goal; but he is hoping for positive economic growth for 2020.

economy

The placing of the entire country under mass quarantine has led to an extensive cessation of economic activities. The economy was shut down for two months. Industrial production fell by 13.5 percent compared to the same month last year, retail by 20.5 percent and investments by 24.5 percent. After production in China has resumed, the Chinese economy is suffering from the global spread of the pandemic because there are no sales markets. In addition, an estimated 5 million workers have become unemployed during the mass quarantine. Other analysts assume a total of up to 250 million unemployed. The official unemployment rate was 6.2 percent at the end of March 2020, which is a significant increase as the rate has been 4 percent for the past ten years.

The media reported on hamster purchases in China (before the curfew ). Contrary to the trend that the prices of consumer products, such as groceries, will decline after the Chinese New Year celebrations, prices in China continued to rise.

There is currently no uniform strategy for combating the economic damage or for an economic upswing. The Chinese government is trying to counteract the acute difficulties with loans and reductions in social security contributions, taxes, electricity or rent for particularly affected companies. Domestic consumption is to be boosted through vouchers to the population. Stimulus packages, like those in the financial crisis of 2008 , are not planned because the Chinese debt is already very high and a devaluation of the RMB would lead to tensions with the USA.

Social impact

Domestic violence increased threefold as part of the mandated quarantine in China.

Domestic traffic

According to a data analysis, passenger traffic between major cities in China fell from around 82 million to under 14 million in January and did not increase any further until February 21. Air and rail traffic in China decreased by about 40% and road traffic by about 25% in the same period.

environment

According to reports by environmental analysts, CO ₂ emissions in China fell by 25 percent in February 2020.

statistics

Confirmed infections (cumulative)

Confirmed Infections (Daily)

See also

• List of epidemics and pandemics
• List of deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic

literature

• Fang Fang : Wuhan Diary. Diary from a locked city. Hoffmann and Campe, Hamburg 2020, ISBN 978-3-455-01039-8

Web links

Commons : COVID-19 Pandemic in the People's Republic of China  - Pictures, Videos and Audio Files Collection

• Johns Hopkins CSSE : Coronavirus COVID-19 Global Cases.
• World of Meters website : real-time data on the corona virus pandemic
• China: Diary after the quarantine | Documentation | ARTE , April 16, 2020

Individual evidence

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