IKEA

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
INGKA Holding BV (parent company)
Inter IKEA Systems BV

logo
legal form Besloten Vennootschap
founding 1943
Seat Delft , NetherlandsNetherlandsNetherlands 
management SwedenSweden Jesper Brodin ( CEO )
Number of employees 208,000 (2018)
sales 38.8 billion euros (2018)
Branch Furniture and interiors, retail and manufacturing
Website www.ikea.com
As of May 1, 2019

IKEA is a multinational furniture company . The company was founded in 1943 by Ingvar Kamprad in Sweden founded and is now one of the Netherlands ( Delft registered) Foundation Stichting INGKA Foundation .

history

Foundation and first IKEA catalog

The then 17-year-old Ingvar Kamprad founded the Ikea company in Sweden in 1943. The acronym IKEA is composed of the first letters of I ngvar K amprad, the parents' farm E lmtaryd and the village A gunnaryd where the farm was located. Initially, the company sold various consumer goods, including pens, wallets, picture frames, tablecloths, clocks, matches, jewelry, nylon stockings and postcards.

In 1947 Kamprad began selling furniture by mail order, especially to farmers in the historic province of Småland . This enabled him to keep the costs from the manufacturer to the customer low.

The first IKEA catalog was published in 1951 . The business now focused only on furniture. Furniture was soon shown in IKEA catalogs not just as individual objects, but as part of an entire, fully furnished room. These representations were unusual at the time. The catalogs became the link to customers and the company's most important marketing tool.

From 1955, Kamprad offered furniture specially designed for IKEA for the first time. The furniture was sent as a kit from 1956 to save assembly and shipping costs.

First furniture stores open and the crisis in the 1970s

IKEA furniture store in Älmhult

The first IKEA furniture store opened in Älmhult on October 30, 1958 . Another pillar of the IKEA concept became the fact that the furniture was transported by customers. In addition, at Kamprad's suggestion, there should also be a restaurant in every department store from the outset in order to counteract empty furniture stores at lunchtime. This resulted in IKEA Food Service (IFS). In the so-called “Sweden Shop” you can also buy ready-made meals . The dishes offered in the restaurants are based on Swedish national dishes, but vary from country to country. You are allowed to consume food you have brought with you, and baby food is offered free of charge.

The established Swedish furniture industry, which felt threatened in its existence by the low prices, called for a boycott of IKEA in the early 1960s . The suppliers were forced by other furniture companies to stop supplying IKEA, as they would otherwise no longer buy any goods from them. Kamprad resolved the company's first crisis by having its furniture produced in Poland at the height of the Cold War , thus lowering prices again. 1963 IKEA expanded beyond the country's borders and opened a furniture store in the Norwegian Asker , near Oslo .

In 1965 another IKEA store was opened near Kungens kurva in the Stockholm area, which was then Sweden's largest furniture center. The rush exceeded expectations, so that not all furniture orders could be processed. Kamprad then opened the warehouse for customers. The warehouse has remained a sales room to this day.

In the 1970s, IKEA promoted furniture as a fashion item and a consumable item (“use it and throw it away”). Furniture should no longer be used for generations as it was then. IKEA developed an image that stands for modern, aesthetic living culture. But IKEA put its reputation on the line with poor quality . As a result, a start was made to automate production to a greater extent, thereby improving the quality and completeness of the furniture packaging (often individual parts such as screws were missing).

In 1973 the company had its second serious crisis. Inflation and the oil crisis increased production costs. But even back then, IKEA gave a price guarantee for the entire year in its catalogs. By “secret” price increases and special labeling (known only to employees) of those items that were not listed in the catalog, the company was able to keep its promise and still make a profit .

IKEA suffered a major PR damage in 1994: Swedish newspapers brought Ingvar Kamprad into contact with National Socialist groups. The media revealed that he had financially supported the right-wing organization of a friend and well-known National Socialist until 1945. A boycott was quickly called for. Kamprad's grandmother was a German-Bohemian and probably had a nationalistic influence on the formation of political opinion. Kamprad apologized in an open letter to his employees and customers and described the payments as "the greatest stupidity of my life".

In 2018 IKEA announced that it wanted to invest in new department stores and more online business.

Introduction of prefabricated houses

Logo from BoKlok

In 1997, prefabricated houses were introduced as a new product in Sweden. The expansion of the houses sold under the brand name BoKlok took place in the following years to Denmark , Finland and Norway . The first houses were sold in England in 2007 and in Germany in April 2010. At the beginning of 2012, sales in Germany were discontinued due to a lack of success after only eight houses had been sold; previously the Stiftung Warentest had given the houses a bad report.

Series of attacks in Europe 2011

A series of attacks on IKEA furniture stores in Europe began at the end of May 2011. Following the explosions of smaller explosives in IKEA furniture stores in Son en Breugel near Eindhoven , in Lille in France and in Ghent in Belgium , a smaller explosive device also exploded on June 10, 2011 in a market in Dresden , in which two people were slightly injured. After an explosive device was found and defused in a garbage can in front of an IKEA store in Prague on September 2, 2011, the group admitted on September 21, 2011 that it was extortion.

At the beginning of October 2011, the police arrested two men in the Polish Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship who are suspected of having blackmailed the company. Shortly afterwards, the suspects confessed to having carried out the series of attacks.

Group structure

Typical structure of an IKEA furniture store, here in Koblenz
Organization chart of the IKEA group, shown here without the Interogo Foundation in Vaduz

The owner of the IKEA Group is the foundation Stichting INGKA Foundation based in the Netherlands . Ingvar Kamprad sat on the foundation's board of directors. As a non-profit registered foundation, the Stichting INGKA Foundation has to pay very little taxes and is protected from a company takeover. With a value of 36 billion US dollars , it is one of the world's largest non-profit organizations; in fact, the funds will be used as investment capital for the IKEA Group. Dutch foundations have no disclosure requirement .

The holding company INGKA Holding BV is the parent company of all companies in the group (from suppliers to the sales companies with the furniture stores )

The company Inter IKEA Systems BV in Delft , the Netherlands, is the owner of the trademark rights and the IKEA concept, franchisor for all IKEA furniture stores and the group itself. It receives three percent of the turnover, which the individual department stores can claim as a tax deduction.

The owner of Inter IKEA is the Interogo Foundation based in Vaduz ( Liechtenstein ), which is controlled by Ingvar Kamprad and his family. Interogo is said to have assets of around 11 billion euros (as of January 2011) and was founded in 1980. The network was first disclosed by the Swedish television broadcaster SVT in a television documentary broadcast in January 2011.

Most of the furniture stores are united in the IKEA Group , which is also part of the group.

Luxembourg-based Ikano Bank is not part of the IKEA group, but has the same main shareholders as the Kamprad family. Worldwide consumer loans are financed through Ikano, such as in Germany for the 1.1 million IKEA family payment card customer loans.

The heart of the company, IOS ( IKEA of Sweden ) product development , is located in Älmhult (Småland). The IKEA catalog production ICOM with the largest photo studio in Europe is also located in the same location .

Part of the IKEA group is the Swedwood production group, which manufactures wood-based furniture and components. Swedwood operates 36 factories and sawmills in nine countries (mainly in Eastern Europe) and employs more than 14,000 people. The Swedish company was bought by IKEA in 1991. At that time Swedwood was a wood processing company with branches in Denmark and Canada. IKEA Food Services is responsible for the distribution of food for the IKEA restaurants and shops. In 2005 the group generated four and a half percent of its income from food.

Malmö-based BoKlok AB is the owner of the patent and the license rights for the prefabricated houses sold under the name BoKlok. This is a joint venture between IKEA and the Swedish construction company Skanska , which developed the houses. The licensee is a different partner in each country, who is responsible for the manufacture of the houses, the search for suitable locations and the marketing on site. In England, for example, this is LiveSmart @ Home, a subsidiary of the British housing association Home. The licensee in Germany is Bien-Zenker AG .

Figures from INGKA Holding According to the Swedish business newspaper Dagens Industri , INGKA Holding reported a profit of 20 billion euros before taxes between the beginning of 2000 and the end of 2008.
As of August 31, 2010, the annual profit was 2.7 billion euros, the turnover 23.1 billion euros (127,000 employees in 41 countries). In Russia a settlement of 600 million euros had to be accepted. The IKEA Foundation (IKEA Foundation) donated a total of 45 million euros in 2010. Among other things, education and health projects in India and Pakistan were funded .
As of August 31, 2011, the holding company reported an annual profit of 3.0 billion euros. Compared to 2011, sales increased in 2012 by 9.5% to 27 billion euros. This year around 139,000 people were employed in 44 countries or sovereign territories.

Furniture stores

Germany

Germany is the company's most important market. In 2012 there were 46 houses and in 2010/2011 sales of 3.65 billion euros were made, that is 15 percent of total sales. On August 13, 2015, Ikea opened its 50th furniture store in Germany, in the Palatinate town of Kaiserslautern. At the beginning of 2019 there were 53 furniture stores in Wetzlar, Wuppertal and Magdeburg. Another IKEA store is expected to open in Karlsruhe in 2020.

Austria

In Austria there are seven IKEA furniture stores in Graz , Haid (near Linz), Innsbruck , Klagenfurt am Wörthersee , Salzburg , Vösendorf (near Vienna) and Vienna .

Austria's first IKEA furniture store was built in the Shopping City Süd near Vienna in 1977. The second was opened in Wels in 1982 and moved to Ansfelden in 1991 to be closer to Linz. Other furniture stores followed in the late 1980s and 1990s. In November 2008, IKEA Austria opened its seventh furniture store in Klagenfurt.

In Austria, IKEA ranks third in the market share ranking in the 2018/19 financial year with a share of 16.1% and sales of 803.1 million euros and generates three times as much sales per square meter as the competition.

IKEA has had a central warehouse for Central and Eastern Europe in Wels since 1989 , which is structured according to the same system as the distribution center in Älmhult. The central warehouse in Wels has been the largest warehouse in Central Europe since the last expansion stage.

In autumn 2018, IKEA will start building a new logistics center in Strebersdorf .

IKEA has also announced that it will open a new furniture store near Vienna's Westbahnhof in 2021 , which is to be completely car-free . At this location, they want to try out a new concept that is designed to display and offer all goods from the regular range , but exclusively to deliver any products that are unsuitable for transport with a transport bike or public transport . Depending on the customer's acceptance of the project, it is then checked whether the concept can also be transferred to locations in other countries.

Switzerland

In Switzerland there are nine IKEA furniture stores in Aubonne VD (near Lausanne), Dietlikon (near Zurich), Grancia (near Lugano), Lyssach (near Bern), Pratteln (near Basel), Rothenburg LU (near Lucerne), Spreitenbach ( near Zurich), St. Gallen and Vernier (near Geneva). The Swiss central warehouse is located in Itingen ( Canton Basel-Landschaft ).

The furniture store opened in 1973 in Spreitenbach in the canton of Aargau was the first outside Scandinavia. In September 2007 the youngest Minergie furniture store in Switzerland was opened in St. Gallen. The newest IKEA furniture store in Switzerland opened in November 2011 in Rothenburg near Lucerne .

International

Map with countries in which there are IKEA furniture stores (blue) and planned (yellow)
IKEA store in St. Petersburg , Florida , USA

Today IKEA is the largest household furniture brand in the world. IKEA had sales of around 41.3 billion euros in the 2019 financial year and has a total of 211,000 employees. In 2014, 106,500 in Europe, 16,500 in North America and 8,000 in Russia, Asia and Australia. 100,000 are employed in retail, 16,700 in industrial production (Swedwood and Swedspan) and 14,300 in purchasing, distribution, wholesale, product range and other areas.

There are a total of 433 IKEA stores worldwide in 2019 (of which in August 2014 North America: 50, Europe: 215, Asia: 19, Russia: 14, Australia: 5), 40 of which are franchisees outside the IKEA Group. The largest IKEA store with 57,100 square meters is located in Gwangmyeong near Seoul ( South Korea ).

79% of total sales are generated in Europe, 14% in North America and 7% in Russia, Asia and Australia. The country with the highest turnover is Germany with 15%, followed by the USA (11%), France (10%) as well as Italy (7%) and Sweden (6%).

The largest growth market is Russia . There are already eight houses here (in Moscow , Saint Petersburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Yekaterinburg and Kazan ), and another ten are planned. The large shopping and entertainment centers ( mega malls ) that IKEA has built right next to the furniture stores are very popular here ; three of them are already in Russia, some more are under construction or in planning.

The first IKEA store opened in Japan in 1974, but sales were so bad that all stores were closed in 1986. The reason for this was the lack of adaptation to the Japanese market, so the furniture was too big for Japanese apartments and their quality as well as the service below Japanese standards. In April 2006, a new start was attempted with the opening of a house in Funabashi near Tokyo and the aforementioned points of criticism were corrected. On the first day, 35,000 customers came to the 40,000 square meter furniture store. By 2008 furniture stores were opened in Yokohama, Kobe (Port Island) and Osaka.

The opening of the first IKEA furniture store in Ireland ( Dublin ) took place on July 25, 2009. In Romania ( Bucharest ) the gates were opened in March 2007. In Bulgaria, furniture stores were opened in Sofia in 2010 and in Varna in 2012 . In Santo Domingo , the capital of the Dominican Republic , the first IKEA store in Latin America was opened in February 2010, in October 2013, the first in Africa in Cairo , Egypt .

In China there are (as of 2012) twelve shops. They are located in the megacities of Shanghai ( Xuhui and Beicai), Beijing , Chengdu , Nanjing , Shenyang , Wuxi , Guangzhou , Shenzhen , Dalian , Tianjin and Hong Kong .

In 2014, in Zagreb, the capital of Croatia, the first IKEA store in one of the former Yugoslav states was opened. Construction work started on August 28, 2013. Another furniture store is being planned in Ljubljana, Slovenia.

Purchasing

IKEA is represented with 29 purchasing offices in 25 countries and is supplied by 1046 manufacturers in 52 countries. The five largest supplier countries are China, Poland, Italy, Sweden and Germany. In relation to the purchase value, 63% of the goods come from suppliers in Europe, 33% from Russia, Asia and Australia, and 4% from North America (as of 2011).

logistics

IKEA goods distribution center in Dortmund

An important sales location is the world's largest distribution warehouse in Salzgitter until 2005 . 240,000 pallet spaces are available here.

It was later surpassed by the new goods distribution center in Dortmund . Over the past four years, IKEA has created a capacity of 430,000 pallet spaces on a floor area of ​​around 200,000 square meters. IKEA built the European central warehouse located here for 135 million euros on a former mining site in Dortmund's Ellinghausen district on the Dortmund-Ems Canal . In the first construction phase, three new halls were built on the site of a former waste dump: Hall Customer Distribution Center (CDC), European Low Flow (ELF) and Activity Dortmund (ADO). The ELF is about 750 by 180 meters and was opened on September 21, 2007. In the second construction phase planned for autumn / winter 2007/2008, the ELF will first be copied in mirror image on a southern open space. In the future, the construction of the ADO II is also planned according to the same principle.

All European IKEA furniture stores are supplied with small-volume articles and activity goods from Ellinghausen. Direct sales over the Internet to Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands are also handled via the warehouse in Dortmund. It is also the location of IKEA IT and IKEA Trading.

Marketing and customer loyalty

IKEA shuttle bus in Vienna
German-Turkish advertising in Berlin-Neukölln
Köttbullar at IKEA

IKEA addresses its customers in catalogs and advertising with “Du” (in Germany since 2004, in Austria for a long time). Duzen is also common among employees . This follows the usage in Sweden, where since the you reform of the 1960s, the “you” has become the almost exclusively used form of address. The you-form remains in niches like in the terms and conditions on the website or in the Ikea business section.

IKEA uses - if there are enough relevant customers in the catchment area of ​​the respective furniture store - multilingual advertising: in Berlin , for example, there are German-Turkish advertising posters, in Bern ( Lyssach ) in Switzerland there are German-French ones. In furniture stores close to the border, such as in Heerlen (Netherlands), whose catchment area also includes Aachen in Germany , announcements are made in two languages.

Radio spots are spoken by Jonas Bergström (Stockholm) with a pronounced Swedish accent and are accompanied by a melody known from Pippi Longstocking films.

In the 1970s and 1980s, IKEA had a moose as a mascot in German-speaking countries . After that, it was a curved Allen key with a face.

A previous IKEA advertising slogan was “The impossible furniture store from Sweden”. From the late 1990s IKEA advertised with the phrase “Discover the possibilities” and since 2002 with “Are you still living or are you already living?”.

IKEA recently changed its advertising strategy. From the rather young, cheeky and reduced to the essentials advertising lines, IKEA has meanwhile changed its appearance in the direction of family and home. The “IKEA Family Card” has also been around since then. In 2007 IKEA advertised with the slogan "Because home is the most important place in the world". The formerly liberal advertising has adapted to more conservative and family-oriented values.

IKEA currently has the shortest advertising slogan in Canada . It is simply called "Fits!" - in German: "Fits!"

Instead of the compound word

To use “ winter sales ”, the group uses the Swedish post-Christmas figure (“ Knut ”) for special marketing campaigns and the like. a. in Austria and Germany.

IKEA pencils

The 'Swedish' design, the fronts and struts made of - mostly light - wood, the colorful prints and patterns of the textile goods, the household utensils in curved and soft shapes and so on should appeal to the largest possible group of buyers. IKEA's target group are young couples, families with small children, students or singles with little financial means. The illustrations in the catalogs reproduce the living conditions of the target group. There are special promotions such as the customer loyalty card ( IKEA Family ) with its 10.4 million members (2016), which brings discounts on selected products. In the shops there are baby changing rooms, children's toilets, play areas and a ball bath in the entrance area, which has become “Småland” in newer furniture stores, where employees supervise the customers' children while they are shopping. An attempt is also made to retain customers through small services, such as free pencils. In 2004, around 3.4 million IKEA pencils were displayed in IKEA furniture stores in Germany . Since 1983, an estimated 120 million pencils have been distributed to customers worldwide.

In autumn 2014 IKEA granted its customers in Germany an unlimited right of return. IKEA withdrew the concession in autumn 2016 because there was no need. In Austria there is a 365-day right of return, IKEA Family members are granted an unlimited right of return. On September 1, 2018, the right of return was further restricted. Now only new or unused goods may be returned.

In each of the furniture stores there is a restaurant and a hot dog stand with a “Swedish shop”, these are operated by IKEA FOOD . The Swedish shop used to offer mainly Swedish food and luxury foods from well-known Swedish brands such as Marabou, ABBA and Absolut, today the range consists mainly of house brands that do not necessarily come from Sweden, so there is German chocolate in Germany. IKEA announced vegan Köttbullar in 2019 . Vegetarian hot dogs are already in the range. In October 2019 had cuts from Wilke Waldecker meat and sausage products due to Listeria are taken from the range.

The gastronomy of IKEA is one of sales of the ten largest chains next to McDonald's , Burger King and others.

Allegation of surreptitious advertising

IKEA is accused of paying EUR 10,000 in 2011 in the Austrian tabloid Österreich for a full-page supplement about kitchens that was not marked as advertising.

range

flaggs in the wind
Furniture store Berlin-Tempelhof
A typical IKEA department

IKEA has around 12,000 items in its range . The largest turnover is not made with furniture, but with "satellites" (as the IKEA internal expression), ie accessories, kitchen and everyday items as well as small parts. Tealights are at the top of the list . In addition, the company with its IKEA restaurants is one of the largest system restaurateurs in Germany and was a role model for many other retail companies in this area. Since 1997 IKEA has also been building prefabricated houses with other partners in some European countries, of which 3500 units had already been sold by the beginning of 2007.

In April 2012, IKEA announced that it would also include entertainment electronics in its range in the future: The piece of furniture with the name UPPLEVA contains a complete home theater system consisting of HDTV , Blu-ray player and a wireless 2.1 sound system . Behind the new offer in the IKEA product range is a cooperation with the Chinese electrical engineering group TCL . In the first tests, however, the system did not convince experts. Although they rated the sound quality as appealing, they made significant compromises, especially in terms of the image quality of the smart TV device in terms of black level , color display and image noise . In addition, weaknesses in the software operation were found.

One month after the presentation of the home cinema system, the furnishing company underlined its ambitions to increasingly offer electronic items and for the first time presented the KNÄPPA photo camera made of cardboard or recyclable cardboard, which has a built-in USB connector and can thus be connected directly to a laptop without an additional cable.

Design of the products

IKEA is characterized by the functional design of the products, sometimes also in a country house style. Many products have been in the range for many years and are very well known by their product names. The “Stockholm” sofa by Niels Gammelgaard and the “Poäng” armchair achieved the status of a design classic (both are still in production). In 2009, the Pinakothek der Moderne in Munich dedicated an exhibition to IKEA furniture design.

Almost all items are designed by an in-house design department, and external designers are occasionally commissioned for the "PS collection". Renowned designers have also designed for IKEA, for example James Irvine in 2001 the PS Hjältön armchair and Verner Panton 1993–1994 the Vilbert chair .

Sometimes go products to other companies back: the chair ÖGLA let IKEA in 1964 in the Polish Radomsko by the Bugholzhersteller Fameg produce. The company still had the bending molds from the time when the company belonged to the Central Hessian furniture manufacturer Thonet before communism .

“ It is an open secret that the design department in Älmhult does not always succeed in walking the tightrope between inspiration and theft of ideas. It is no coincidence that many of the Scandinavian-looking products are reminiscent of classics by the Finnish manufacturers Artek, Iittala and Marimekko , while others are reminiscent of contemporary designs by the German design companies e15 or Bulthaup. “Wrote the daily newspaper Die Welt about an IKEA exhibition.

The German furniture manufacturer Moormann brought IKEA to court because it saw a product as counterfeit. IKEA lost before various instances and went to the Federal Court of Justice . Moormann was facing ruin, was lucky that the BGH then no longer allowed an appeal.

Nevertheless, IKEA always dares its own innovative products; The comic Mammut furniture series (designed by Allan Östgaard and Morten Kjelstrup, 1993) set a trend in children's furniture.

"Billy" bookcase

Known products

Some products have been in the range since the 1970s: "Ivar" (shelving system, since 1975), " Klippan " (sofa, since 1978) or the "Rondo" tableware series (since 1981), the "Poem" rocking chair ( since 1976), later under the name "Poäng". The best-known product is the “ Billy ” shelf (in the range from 1982 to 1991; then again since 1993).

The "Start-Box" has been offered since 1989. In the first year in Germany, you could buy a box for around 150  DM , which contained everything from a whisk to a milk cooker. The target group of this offer were mainly young people who moved into their first apartment and had little money to set up their own home. In 1991 a second starter box was added to the range, which contained the basic crockery with cutlery and place mats for four people. The start box with a 60-piece set of crockery , cutlery and glasses is still available today as the “Startbox Plus”, slightly varied .

“Lufsig” dolls in an IKEA in Taipei , Taiwan

In December 2013, a cuddly toy wolf named Lufsig became a political protest symbol in Hong Kong .

Corporate Design

The corporate design of IKEA Group consists of the colors blue and yellow, for the control systems also yellow is used for displays also red, white or black. Product names are only written in capital letters.

House fonts were Century Schoolbook and Futura , as well as a handwriting-like font for offers. From August 2009, Verdana replaced the Futura for the 2010 catalog. The Futura continues to be used for product packaging, and the Verdana in some cases.

Product names

As Ingvar Kamprad had trouble remembering numbers, all furniture was given names from the start. The naming of IKEA goods depends on the different product categories. Two employees deal solely with the product names for the extensive range. The chosen names are usually the same worldwide and mostly of Scandinavian origin.

The naming system looks like this:

items Examples Origin of the name
Upholstered furniture, coffee tables, rattan furniture, bookcases, music furniture, door knobs Lervik, Sandhem, Karlstad Swedish place names
Beds, wardrobes, hall furniture Hemnes , Malm, Gutvik, Leksvik Norwegian place names
Dining tables and chairs Salmi Finnish place names
Bookshelf series Magician , Bonde jobs
Bathroom items Vättern Scandinavian lakes, rivers and sea bays
Kitchens Udden, Bravad, Värde, Metod and fact Grammatical terms, occasionally other names
Chairs, desks, shelving systems Markus, Stefan, Jules , Lauri , Ivar , Gorm , Billy Male first names
Fabrics, curtains, blankets Indira , Emilia , Andrea Female first names
Sheets, blankets, pillows Bomull , mistletoe Flowers, plants, precious stones
Curtain accessories index Mathematical and geometric terms
garden furniture Gullholmen Swedish islands
Carpets Roskilde , Valby Danish place names
lighting Kvart , radium Terms from music, chemistry, meteorology, dimensions, weights, seasons, months, days, boats, sailor's language
Children's items Mammut , Kritter , Korall , Lufsig Mammals, birds, adjectives
Kitchen utensils (cutlery, dishes, textiles, glass, porcelain, tablecloths, serviettes, etc.) and decorative items (candles, vases, gifts, etc.) Optimal , Delicate , Tindra , Smycka Foreign words, spices, herbs, fish, mushrooms, fruits or berries, descriptions of functions
Boxes, wall decorations, pictures and frames, clocks Lingo, Dynäs Colloquial expressions, including Swedish place names
Seasonal products (summer, spring and Christmas) Sommar , Våren , Kallt Colloquial terms related to the seasons

Prefabricated houses

The industrially prefabricated timber-frame houses under the brand name BoKlok (translated: smart living) are sold ready for occupancy ( Skanska ). In contrast to the products from the furniture sector, the houses do not require the buyer to contribute. The houses have a standardized, open floor plan, high, bright rooms, large windows and typically private green areas with an apple tree. The company wants to address low-wage earners and young professionals with the houses for which financing is also offered.

The houses are built exclusively at locations specified by the provider. In addition to houses, Ikea also offers individual apartments.

The Stiftung Warentest criticizes the quality of the houses and states that the contractual clauses put the buyer at a serious disadvantage in some cases : The company's liability for construction defects is inadmissibly restricted. Bien-Zenker does not guarantee a completion date . The building description is very sketchy. The final installment is due for payment, even if there is still remaining work. Technical deficiencies are in the sound insulation, no additional sockets, nails and screws could be installed in the exterior walls. Buyers are bound to a specific mandatory energy supplier for at least 15 years.

The Ikea Better Shelter Foundation developed a mobile refugee shelter for the UN refugee agency and had it mass-produced from 2015.

Callbacks

As there was another death, IKEA renewed a recall for 29 million chests of drawers at the end of 2017 . They fall over easily if they are not also attached to a wall . There have been eight deaths in this context and $ 50 million in compensation payments have already been made. The recall as such is currently only valid in the USA and Canada . In Germany, customers were asked to fix the chests of drawers according to the instructions for use .

Trivia

IKEA is said to have made a total of around 200 billion Swedish kronor (approx. 20 billion euros) in profits from 2000 to 2008. Between 2003 and 2007 the annual profit rose from 15.5 billion Swedish kronor (approx. 1.55 billion euros) to 30 billion Swedish kroner (approx. 3 billion euros).

In 2002 the so-called IKEA paragraph or the IKEA clause was introduced into German law . As a result, you can complain about goods if you have assembled them incorrectly yourself because the assembly instructions were incorrect.

In 2009, the Munich Pinakothek der Moderne presented an exhibition with IKEA articles under the title Democratic Design - IKEA (April 3 to July 12).

According to a report by the ARD magazine Fakt on December 1, 2009, the Swedish furniture company removed legs of goose from cruel keeping and the animals were plucked alive.

Forty staff representatives occupied the company's headquarters in Plaisir ( Yvelines department ) for several days from February 8, 2010 to emphasize their salary demands.

From November 6, 2009 to February 28, 2010, the special exhibition Fenomen IKEA was on view at the Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe Hamburg .

In the video game Grand Theft Auto V , IKEA is satirized with the name "KRAPEA". "Crap" is the English expression for dung or scrap, but also for faeces .

IKEA customers' great appreciation for the furniture they assemble is known as the IKEA effect and is the subject of numerous studies.

With a circulation of 220 million, the IKEA catalog is the highest-circulation print product today - even before the Bible.

criticism

Johan Stenebo, a former IKEA manager, made serious accusations against the company regarding environmental protection, discrimination and surveillance of employees and child labor in his book The Truth About IKEA .

For example, of the 200 million trees for IKEA each year, around 70 million would be illegally taken from Russian taiga forests, which are then sold to IKEA through Chinese intermediaries:

“The Chinese are particularly busy business people, and ethics has never been their forte. That is why they go en masse across the border to Siberia and illegally and completely uncontrollably cut down one of the world's most valuable primeval forests. One of the most avid buyers is IKEA. "

- Johan Stenebo

The magazine program Plusminus reported something similar in November 2011 . In the Republic of Karelia , forests worthy of protection (High Conservation Value Forests, HCVF) are being felled on behalf of the subsidiary Swedwood, although Swedwood is certified by the Forest Stewardship Council .

“Primeval forests are being cleared up there. If Ikea pays so much attention to environmental protection, why would they want to lease this land up there, where it is known that there are forests worth protecting? "

- Aleksandr Markovsky, head of the Russian environmental organization SPOK

He also accused the group of "Stasi methods", i. H. Employees are being spied on and women and black people are discriminated against. In addition, IKEA's choice of suppliers is too much about the price and not about environmental protection or production methods, child labor is the result.

In addition, Monitor and Frontal21 reported on the aggressive exploitation of tax loopholes, monitoring of employees and obstruction of works councils as well as cases of corruption . IKEA then established improvement measures. (More details from IKEA Germany .)

The purchase of forest areas by Ikea Resource Independence Forest Assets (IRI Forest Assets) in Romania - where Ikea is the largest private forest owner with over 30,000 hectares as of July 2019 with over 30,000  hectares and purchases 8 percent of its wood - was canceled in 2016 and 2019 due to corruption allegations that IKEA denies, and criticizes the clearing of old, CO 2 - and moisture - storing as well as species - rich and resilient forests. IKEA confirmed to the SRF and the SWR that Romania was a "high risk country" for the wood industry and property disputes existed, but they would comply with all laws and only buy certified wood.

Research into Stasi files and statements from prisoners at the time revealed that furniture was manufactured by political prisoners and prisoners in GDR prisons in the 1970s and 1980s . The Stasi federal commissioner Roland Jahn demanded clarification from companies about the GDR forced labor . At a press conference on November 16, 2012, IKEA admitted the production of articles by political prisoners in the GDR, regretted the use of forced laborers and apologized for them. It was criticized that IKEA had commissioned the management consultancy Ernst & Young and not a historical organization with the investigation. IKEA then financed a research project by the Union of Victims' Associations of Communist Tyranny (UOKG) on forced labor in GDR prisons, which appeared in print in 2014 and describes the links between IKEA and the forced labor of political prisoners under the SED dictatorship. The GDR victims' aid called for a compensation fund for the forced laborers.

As "Ikea effect" in urban design separates the observation indicates that the new plant usually one IKEA market outside the city center to an agglomeration leads other specialist markets, which as a consequence of outsourcing of trade and desolation of relevance to the city center retail trade may have .

The consumer magazine Öko-Test was able to detect toxic formaldehyde in various IKEA furniture in a test in 2003 .

In 2007, during the construction of an IKEA furniture store, around 12 approx. 1800 year old well-preserved tombs in Nanjing (China) were destroyed. Local archaeologists asked for the construction work to be postponed, but they were refused.

In February 2010, Greenpeace magazine reported on the massive use of palm oil , which was produced in cleared jungle areas in Indonesia and Malaysia , to produce hundreds of millions of candles.

There were reports by the union in February 2012 at IKEA in France after it became known that employees had been spied on and that confidential data was leaked into the company, which is usually only accessible to the police. The company's boss Jean-Louis Baillot is also said to have been involved in the spying. House searches were carried out by the police at French headquarters.

It is also criticized that the company pays hardly any taxes, among other things by shifting profits . Ingvar Kamprad stated that the IKEA principle has always been to avoid costs and taxes are also costs.

On August 25, 2014, the ARD again demonstrated that IKEA can produce under low wage conditions in Belarus . After that, IKEA made use of the simple conditions to establish uniform, company-friendly trading conditions via the centralized state apparatus. IKEA denied in the show that there was production in Belarus and invoked the company's strict ethical principles. The ARD presented this as faked.

At the end of 2017, IKEA was also targeted by the EU competition authority. The latter wants to examine the tax agreements with the Netherlands , which could have saved the group of companies around one billion euros in tax payments.

At the end of November 2017, IKEA had to return an animal welfare award in nine countries because it had not kept its voluntary commitments to improve broiler chicken rearing. The company, which is one of the largest restaurant operators in Germany and Europe, received the “Good Chicken Award” in 2011 from the animal welfare organization Compassion in World Farming for its commitment to implement several animal welfare criteria within five years.

See also

literature

Web links

Commons : IKEA  album with pictures, videos and audio files
Wikiquote: IKEA  - Quotes

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ ikea.com: Our Business in brief
  2. ↑ https://www.manager-magazin.de/unternehmen/handel/ikea-jesper-brodin-uebernehmen-von-peter-agnefjaell-a-1149080.html
  3. ↑ a b c d ikea.com: About the Ikea Group
  4. ↑ ikea.com: OUR FINANCIAL YEAR FY17
  5. ↑ 1943 - IKEA is founded by Ingvar Kamprad , ikea.com, accessed January 29, 2011.
  6. ↑ Ingvar Kamprad och hans IKEA: En svensk saga in the Google book search
  7. ↑ Smaller shops, online shops and job cuts: This is how Ikea wants to be fit for the future. November 23, 2018, accessed October 2, 2019 .
  8. ↑ Heike Lattka: Lots for the first Ikea wooden houses. In: FAZ.net . March 4, 2010, accessed February 11, 2015 .
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  10. ↑ Ikea: Swedish furniture store is blackmailed at focus.de, September 21, 2011 (accessed on September 22, 2011).
  11. ↑ Suspected Ikea attackers arrested in Poland , ORF, October 8, 2011.
  12. ↑ Suspects confess attacks on IKEA branches , Focus Online, November 17, 2011.
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  14. ↑ See the foundation jungle of the Ikea founder. The complex network of the Kamprads. In: orf.at , January 27, 2011, accessed on January 28, 2011.
  15. ↑ Hannes Gamillscheg: IKEA founder accused of tax evasion: Billions in the tax paradise ( Memento from June 24, 2011 in the Internet Archive ), in: Frankfurter Rundschau online from January 27, 2011, accessed on January 28, 2011.
  16. ↑ Thomas Borchert: Mr. Ikea also appreciates Liechtenstein , in Main-Netz online from January 28, 2011, accessed on January 28, 2011.
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  34. ↑ ikea.com
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  36. ↑ http://www.sloveniatimes.com/ikea-coming-to-ljubljana IKEA Coming to Ljubljana
  37. ↑ Welcome Inside 2011 Facts and Figures (pdf, English; 3.2 MB).
  38. ↑ IKEA goods distribution center continues to grow - Dortmund is the world's largest IKEA logistics location ( Memento of October 13, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) IKEA press release September 21, 2007.
  39. ↑ Homepage of Tobias Henrich The IKEA voice
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  43. ↑ Return Policy IKEA Austria , accessed on April 18, 2018.
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  45. ↑ Vegan Köttbullar - Ikea is testing a new variant of the popular Swedish meatball. In: infranken.de . May 29, 2019, accessed June 1, 2019 .
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  47. ↑ DEHOGA yearbook 2012 ( Memento of the original from March 19, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 6.6 MB), accessed on December 18, 2012 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.dehoga-bundesverband.de
  48. ↑ Journalism on sale . In: DOSSIER . ( dossier.at [accessed November 8, 2018]).
  49. ^ "Chez Ikea: Bread rolls instead of bed, coffee instead of chest of drawers - why furniture stores feed the republic" , Die Zeit , No. 12, March 17, 2005.
  50. ↑ IKEA UPPLEVA - furniture store expands range to include entertainment electronics ( memento of the original from April 20, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , t3n, April 18, 2012, accessed April 18, 2012. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / t3n.de
  51. ↑ IKEA Uppleva - Smart TV fails in the first test. In: t3n. June 20, 2012. Retrieved June 20, 2012 .
  52. ↑ IKEA builds cardboard cameras with a USB connection ( Memento of the original from May 18, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , t3n, accessed May 17, 2012. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / t3n.de
  53. ↑ a b c Ikea furniture is now ready for a museum , Welt Online, April 6, 2009.
  54. ↑ Moormann website ( Memento of the original from June 5, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 31 kB). @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.moormann.de
  55. ↑ ikea.com: The 1960s and 1970s
  56. ↑ Ikea is firing the Futura ( Memento of the original from September 4, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Süddeutsche Zeitung of September 3, 2009. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.sueddeutsche.de
  57. ^ "Wood in the blood" ( Memento from March 18, 2012 in the Internet Archive ), Die Zeit , September 4, 2003, by Markus Rohwetter.
  58. ↑ How IKEA products get their names - press release January 2010 (PDF; 27 kB).
  59. ^ Swedish houses for the British , Die Zeit online, November 1, 2007.
  60. ↑ cf. 84 sqm Sweden - Recently, Ikea has also been offering a house that matches the furniture - who wants something like that? , Die Zeit, March 3, 2011 No. 10 .
  61. ↑ Ikea House: Serious Defects , test.de, accessed on May 7, 2010.
  62. ↑ Confusion about prefabricated houses - Ikea and the Boklok trap , sueddeutsche.de, May 7, 2010.
  63. ↑ UN Refugee Aid : RHU - Mobile Refugee Accommodation. Retrieved March 25, 2020 .
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  65. ↑ FOCUS Online: Inexpensive, durable and with a solar roof: Ikea develops special tent for refugees - video. Retrieved March 25, 2020 .
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  67. ↑ Newspaper outed Ikea as a winning machine. on: Abendblatt.de November 23, 2009.
  68. ↑ "I am damaged by the Bauhaus" ( memento of the original from April 5, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , art - Das Kunstmagazin , April 1, 2009, interview with Florian Hufnagl, head of the Neue Sammlung. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.art-magazin.de
  69. ↑ "Bauhaus des little man" ( Memento of the original from April 9, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Süddeutsche Zeitung , April 6, 2009, interview with housing advisor Uwe Linke. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.sueddeutsche.de
  70. ↑ After the IKEA down scandal: meat from tortured geese at IKEA OTS0030, Dec. 1, 2009
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  72. ↑ Le siège d'Ikea ​​France occupé par des salariés. Le Monde , February 9, 2010.
  73. ↑ Swedish furniture between democracy and design . In: Hamburger Abendblatt , November 4, 2009
  74. ↑ “From plagiarism, ivory towers and the urge for a new design awareness.” ( Memento of the original from December 6, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Raymond Loewy Foundation , April 21, 2010, discussion of the exhibition. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.raymondloewyfoundation.com
  75. ^ Michael I. Norton, Daniel Mochon, Dan Ariely: The IKEA effect . When labor leads to love. In: Journal of Consumer Psychology . tape 21 , no. 4 , September 9, 2001, doi : 10.1016 / j.jcps.2011.08.002 ( (here online) (PDF; 909 kB) [accessed on September 27, 2011]). .
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  78. ↑ a b review: Ikea furniture - wood from primeval forests. ( Memento from April 13, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) on: daserste.de/plusminus for the November 2, 2011 broadcast.
  79. ↑ What you did not know about Ikea, p. 3. Handelsblatt Online / dpa / MSN, January 28, 2011, accessed on March 4, 2011 .
  80. ↑ What you didn't know about Ikea, p. 4. Handelsblatt Online / dpa / MSN, January 28, 2011, accessed on March 4, 2011 .
  81. ↑ IKEA: Low taxes on billions in profits. ZDF - Frontal 21, August 10, 2010, accessed on March 24, 2011 .
  82. ↑ The allegations are described and substantiated in the article IKEA Germany in the criticism section.
  83. ↑ Michael Gassmann: Large property: Ikea is putting its clean image at risk . October 4, 2016 ( welt.de [accessed September 29, 2019]).
  84. ↑ a b Destroyed CO2 storage - Europe's last primeval forests fall victim to the timber mafia. July 3, 2019, accessed September 29, 2019 .
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  91. ↑ Nicolai Kwasniewski: GDR prisoner: “I was a slave laborer for Ikea”. In: Spiegel Online . May 8, 2012, accessed February 11, 2015 .
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  94. ↑ IKEA press release from November 16, 2012 on the Robert Havemann Society website ( memento of the original from October 29, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 1.9 MB) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.havemann-gesellschaft.de
  95. ↑ Summary of the results of the special investigation on the website of the Robert Havemann Society ( Memento of the original from October 29, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 3.1 MB) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.havemann-gesellschaft.de
  96. ^ Sven Felix Kellerhoff and Laura Berlin: GDR forced laborers had to produce for Ikea. In: welt.de . November 16, 2012, accessed February 11, 2015 .
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  109. ↑ Good Chicken Award in Compassion in World Farming Food Business, accessed December 21, 2017
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Coordinates: 52 ° 10 ′ 1.6 ″  N , 4 ° 28 ′ 56.6 ″  E