Shenzhen
| Shēnzhèn Shì 深圳 市 Shenzhen |
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| Coordinates | 22 ° 37 ' N , 114 ° 4' E | ||
 Location of Shenzhen in the Pearl River Delta |
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| Basic data | |||
| Country | People's Republic of China | ||
| region | South china | ||
| province | Guangdong | ||
| ISO 3166-2 | CN-GD | ||
| status | Sub-provincial town | ||
| structure | 10 boroughs | ||
| height | 2 m | ||
| surface | 1991 km² | ||
| Residents | 12,470,000 (2011) | ||
| density | 6.263.2 Ew. / km² | ||
| Post Code | 518000 | ||
| Telephone code | (+86) 755 | ||
| Time zone | China Standard Time (CST) UTC +8 |
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| License Plate | 粤 B | ||
| Website | english.sz.gov.cn | ||
| politics | |||
| mayor | Xu Qin (许 勤) | ||
Shenzhen , in German also Schenzhen ( Chinese 深圳 市 , Pinyin ), is a sub-provincial city in the Guangdong Province of the People's Republic of China .
Shenzhen is located in the southern part of the province and borders the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region in the south . The planned city is due to their status as a special economic zone an important city for foreign investment and a growing fastest cities in the world. Shenzhen is the city with the highest per capita income in China (excluding Hong Kong and Macau ). The electronics and telecommunications industries are the mainstays of the local economy .
As a UNESCO City of Design , Shenzhen has been part of the Creative Cities Network since 2008 .
geography
location
The boom town of Shenzhen is located in the south of Guangdong Province on the Pearl River . The urban area covers a size of 1991 km². It is separated from Hong Kong by the Sham-Chun and Sha-Tau-Kok rivers.
Shenzhen is located about 100 km southeast of the provincial capital Guangzhou , 60 km south of the industrial city of Dongguan , 60 km northeast of Zhuhai and 65 km northeast of Macau.
development
Shenzhen was originally a hilly area with fertile farmland. However, after the introduction of the special economic zone, there were profound changes in the landscape. The formerly hilly fishing village was largely leveled and raised for the urban area. Viewed from the satellite, only Lotus Hill, Mount Bijia and Mount Wutong can be seen as elevations in the city. Due to the ongoing construction boom in the city, the area around the Mission Hills is also partially leveled in order to make it usable. In addition, polder areas are being created in the numerous bays in order to wrest more arable land from the sea.
Administrative structure
The sub-provincial city of Shenzhen is composed of ten districts (区 Qū) at the county level . Four of these city districts are newly established, so-called “functional city districts” (功能 区), which were simply called “new city districts” (新区). The "old" city districts are administrative divisions of the first degree, i. In other words, they have both chambers of parliament ( People's Congress and Consultative Conference ), as well as a people's government ( 人民政府 ), which is elected by the city district's People's Congress. The functional city districts, on the other hand, are administrative divisions of the second degree, namely "city center authorities", i. That is, they have no people's congresses, no consultative conferences and, above all, no people's governments. Its administration is directly determined and appointed by the city of Shenzhen.
| Surname | Chinese | Pinyin | location | colour | Area km² | Population 1 | Density Ew./km² |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bao'an | 宝安 区 | Bǎo'ān Qū | west | Light Blue | 402 | 2,638,807 | 6564.2 |
| Futian | 福田 区 | Fútián Qū | west south | Dark red | 78.04 | 1,318,055 | 16,889.5 |
| Longgang | 龙岗 区 | Lónggǎng Qū | central north | Orange brown | 382 | 1,831,225 | 4793.8 |
| Luohu | 罗湖 区 | Luóhú Qū | central south | violet | 78.36 | 923.423 | 11,784.4 |
| Nanshan | 南山 区 | Nanshan Qu | southwest | green | 182.12 | 1,087,936 | 5973.7 |
| Yantian | 盐田 区 | Yantian Qu | southeast | blue | 72.63 | 208,861 | 2875.7 |
1 2010 census.
| Name 1 | Chinese | Pinyin | location | colour | Area km² | population | Density Ew./km² |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dapeng | 大鹏 新区 | Dàpéng Xīnqū | east | Light brown | 294.18 | 180,000 | 611.9 |
| Guangming | 光明 新区 | Guāngmíng Xīnqū | Northwest | Turquoise blue | 156.1 | 481.420 | 3084 |
| Longhua | 龙华 新区 | Lónghuá Xīnqū | west north | Ocher yellow | 175.58 | 1,379,000 | 7854 |
| Pingshan | 坪山 新区 | Píngshān Xīnqū | Northeast | pink | 168 | 309.211 | 1840.5 |
1 Guangming was established on May 31, 2007, Pingshan on June 30, 2009, Dapeng on October 27, 2011, and Longhua on December 30, 2011.
The Special Economic Zone (SEZ, English Special Economic Zone ) was extended on 1 July 2010, the two municipalities Bao'an and Longgang since then includes the entire city. The traditional financial and trade center is located in the Luohu district bordering Hong Kong. Futian, the district in which the city government is located and which has developed into the city's new financial and commercial center over the past decade, is at the heart of the SEZ. The high-tech industry is located in the Nanshan district in the west of the SEZ . Yantian District is the hub for Shenzhen's logistic activities.
Ethnic breakdown of the population (2000)
In the 2000 census, 7,008,831 people were counted in Shenzhen.
| Name of the people | Residents | proportion of |
|---|---|---|
| Han | 6,782,986 | 96.78% |
| Zhuang | 112,559 | 1.61% |
| Tujia | 25,987 | 0.37% |
| Miao | 25,567 | 0.36% |
| Dong | 12,707 | 0.18% |
| Yao | 8,802 | 0.13% |
| Hui | 6,784 | 0.1% |
| Manju | 5,061 | 0.07% |
| Mongols | 4,555 | 0.07% |
| Bouyei | 4,398 | 0.06% |
| Korean | 4,004 | 0.06% |
| Yi | 2,257 | 0.03% |
| Bai | 1,645 | 0.02% |
| She | 1,640 | 0.02% |
| Li | 1,292 | 0.02% |
| Mulam | 1,209 | 0.02% |
| Tibetans | 1,153 | 0.02% |
| Gelao | 1,082 | 0.02% |
| Others | 5,143 | 0.07% |
Population development
The Shenzhen agglomeration grew from around 3,000 inhabitants in 1950 to over 11 million in 2017. A report by the United Nations names Shenzhen as the fastest growing city in human history from 1980 to 2010.
By 2035, the population is expected to rise further to over 15 million in the agglomeration. Shenzhen is part of the Pearl River Delta metropolitan area with over 45 million inhabitants.
| year | population |
|---|---|
| 1950 | 3,000 |
| 1960 | 8,000 |
| 1970 | 22,000 |
| 1980 | 59,000 |
| 1990 | 845,000 |
| 2000 | 6,550,000 |
| 2010 | 10,223,000 |
| 2017 | 11,693,000 |
climate
Shenzhen has an average annual temperature of 22.4 ° C and an annual rainfall of 1933 mm. The climate can be described as a subtropical marine climate. In spring and autumn, the frequent occurrence of tropical cyclones ( typhoons ) can be expected.
history
The name of the city
The name of the city appears for the first time during the Ming Dynasty in 1410. At that time the area was crossed by countless rivers and streams that served to drain the rice fields. The people called these drainage ditches "zhèn (圳)". "Shēn (深)" means "deep".
Shēnzhèn in Chinese script
can thus be roughly translated as "deep drainage ditches".
The time before the establishment of the special economic zone
Originally, the area of today's city was Bao'an County (宝安 县), the center of which was a city with only 30,000 inhabitants on the border with Hong Kong until 1979. In March 1979, the central government, together with the Guangdong provincial government, decided to transform the county into a city called Shenzhen. In November of the same year, Shenzhen received city rights and was therefore directly subordinate to the provincial government.
Establishment and expansion of the special economic zone
Shenzhen is located on the Pearl River Delta and on the border with the Chinese Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong. This favorable location was the reason why, under Deng Xiaoping , China's first special economic zone was established in Shenzhen in May 1980 , among other things, in order to benefit from Hong Kong's economic development. Deng's motto in connection with Shenzhen City was “Let the west wind in. Wealth is glorious ” . This aptly described what was to happen in the city in the years to come, an extreme building boom that is seldom seen even in China.
Along with Guangzhou, and now beyond it, Shenzhen developed into the largest city in the Pearl River Delta, which, along with the Beijing-Tianjin area and the Yangtze River Delta, is seen as one of the economically most important regions of China. With many manufacturing companies operating throughout Guangdong Province, the region was the first to be dubbed “the world's workbench” in the media.
The special economic zone reached a size of 396 square kilometers by 2009 and thus already exceeded the original plans from 1980 many times over. In 2009 the city government worked out a plan for further expansion, which was confirmed by the State Council of China. Accordingly, as of July 1, 2010, the districts of Bao'an and Longgang were included in the special economic zone and increased fivefold with a size of 1,953 square kilometers.
Landslide in 2015
On December 20, 2015, after prolonged rainfall, a huge mudslide made of earth and debris broke off an approximately 100-meter-high artificial mountain in the New Guangming industrial park of Shenzhen. The debris covered an area of 380,000 square meters. Since then, 85 people have been missing; 14 factories with workers' living quarters lie beneath the mud. Of the eleven fire brigade units deployed in the city, supported by 151 excavators, one person was rescued from the mudslide on December 23, 2015.
Covid-19 pandemic in 2020
In the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic , the city banned the consumption of dogs and cats. The official justification for the ban is the “spirit of human civilization”. The consumption of wild animals had previously been banned across China due to the origin of the corona virus.
politics
Relations between Hong Kong and Shenzhen
With a total area of around 3300 km² and around 19 million people, Hong Kong and Shenzhen are the most important cities in the Pearl River Delta economic region, ahead of Guangzhou. At the time of the establishment of the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone, the city profited greatly from the economic development of the former British crown colony of Hong Kong, which is considered to be one of the most liberal market economies in the world. Comparing the two cities today, Hong Kong, which is narrowed by the sea, has its strengths in the service sector, logistics and marketing.
Shenzhen, on the other hand, which has grown into one of the most important cities in China in the last few decades, has enormous production capacities and a large “pool of talent”. The city also supplies Hong Kong with everyday goods such as B. fruit, vegetables and poultry and also supplies the city with electricity, since the electricity demand cannot be completely covered by power plants in Hong Kong. In addition, the “Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement” (CEPA) was concluded between Hong Kong and mainland China, which strengthens economic ties between the two cities.
2003 figures show that 75% of the companies (approximately 9,000 companies) in Shenzhen are funded by foreign funds from Hong Kong. Also, many Hong Kong residents commute between Shenzhen and Hong Kong, where they work, as the cost of living in Shenzhen is much lower. In 2003, around 50,000 homes in Shenzhen were owned by Hong Kong residents.
Town twinning
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Economy and Infrastructure
overview
In 2001, there were 3.3 million working people in Shenzhen. Of these, 1.85 million people were employed in the secondary economic sector and the tertiary sector (service sector) was an employer for 1.4 million people. In 2009, the gross domestic product of Shenzhen was 820.1 billion renminbi (equivalent to approx. 96 billion euros), which corresponds to a growth of 66% compared to 2005. The city's economy grew by an average of 16.3% annually between 2001 and 2005. The gross domestic product in 2009 was the fourth highest of the cities of mainland China . In 2011 the gross domestic product rose to 1.15 trillion yuan. According to a study from 2014, Shenzhen has a gross domestic product of 363.2 billion US dollars (KKB). In the ranking of the economically strongest metropolitan regions worldwide, it took 23rd place. The GDP per capita was $ 33,731. The city achieved an economic output that roughly corresponded to that of Norway. In per capita terms, it was on par with South Korea. The city is one of the richest and most dynamic in the country.
Stock exchange
The Shenzhen Stock Exchange is the second largest stock exchange in mainland China after the Shanghai Stock Exchange . In a ranking of the most important financial centers worldwide, Shenzhen took 18th place (as of 2018).
Companies
Shenzhen is the seat of some of the most successful Chinese high-tech companies such as BYD , Dingoo , Gionee , Hasee , Huawei , Skyworth, Tencent , Xunlei , DJI and ZTE . Many foreign IT companies also have offices in the city. These include, for example, the world's largest electronics manufacturer Foxconn , which in the Longhua district with more than 300,000 employees in the so-called “iPod City” produces iPods for Apple and components for Sony , Nintendo and Hewlett-Packard, among other things .
Construction industry
Shenzhen has become known worldwide for its rapid construction boom. In early 2020, Shenzhen had 238 skyscrapers with a structural height of over 150 meters. In the list of cities by number of skyscrapers, the city ranks 3rd. Another 56 skyscrapers are currently under construction. The city's property prices are among the highest in the country.
Dafen artist village
Shenzhen is internationally known, among other things, for the artists' village Dafen , where several companies have specialized in copies of classics from European art and design history.
traffic
Road and rail transport
The train station, located directly on the border with Hong Kong in Luohu (Cantonese: Lo Wu ), is the starting point for many train connections within China. Hong Kong citizens (Hong Kong Chinese) can reach it directly with the KCR and are often used to go shopping in cheaper Shenzhen. There are also trains from Hong Kong that run through to Guangzhou, for example. From Shenzhen there are also highly frequented connections to Guangzhou or to other destinations in China, such as the fast long-distance trains to Beijing with a journey time of 18 hours. For these long-distance trains, tickets with and without seat reservations are offered. These “standing tickets” are considerably cheaper, but the trains are correspondingly overcrowded.
On July 1, 2007, the "Hong Kong-Shenzhen Western Corridor" was inaugurated, a 4770 m long cable-stayed bridge with six lanes that connects the Nanshan district with the Yuen Long district in northwest Hong Kong via the separating Deep Bay. A combined toll and customs station must be passed through on both sides. The daily capacity is given as 58,600 vehicles and 60,000 people.
Shenzhen has had a subway system , the Shenzhen Metro (MTR) , since December 28, 2004 . On June 30, 2017, the Shenzhen tram was reopened with two lines in the Longhua New District .
According to its own statements, the city has the world's largest fleet of electric buses , almost exclusively of the BYD ebus type . At the end of December 2017, the entire bus fleet was converted to electric buses. 16,359 electric buses are available for use. The taxi fleets also consist of 62.5% electric vehicles.
More distant destinations, such as Guangzhou, Dongguan , Humen or Xiamen , can be reached by long-distance buses .
Airport
The Shenzhen Baoan International Airport is the fourth largest mainland China's airport and 35 km northwest from the city center in the district of Bao'an. It serves many domestic Chinese destinations as well as some international destination airports. Compared to Hong Kong International Airport , it is usually cheaper for flights within China. It has developed into a major hub for air cargo shipments and domestic Chinese passenger flights. The airport is also the hub of the Shenzhen-based passenger airline Shenzhen Airlines .
In 2013, the airport was expanded to include a new runway and another 1,300-meter-long terminal. In 2018, the airport was one of the most important in the world for over 40 million passengers.
seaport
Shenzhen has several container terminals : Yantian , Shekou and Chiwan are the most important. In the Yantian International Container Terminal (盐田 国际 集装箱 码头), the largest of the terminals, eleven container ships can be handled at the same time, after the further expansion a total of 15. In 2006, 8.865 million TEU were handled here. In the Chiwan Container Terminal (赤湾 集装箱 码头) up to nine ships can be loaded and unloaded at the same time; in 2006 it handled 5 million TEU. The Shekou Container Terminals (蛇口 集装箱 码头) can handle a maximum of six container ships. Another investor was still in the construction phase in 2007. In 2005, a total of 2.664 million TEU were handled at these container terminals.
There are also other container terminals in Mawan, Dongjiaotou, Fuyong, Xiadong, Shayuchong and Neihe. Taken together, the container terminals in Shenzhen had the second highest handling volume in China after Shanghai in 2009 and the fourth highest in the world after Shanghai , Singapore and Hong Kong. The increasing volume of containers in Shenzhen in recent years has meant that the volume of containers handled is now greater than that at the container terminals in Hong Kong.
| Container handling, comparison with Hong Kong (in million TEU ) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| port | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 |
| Hong Kong | 21.98 | 22.43 | 23.23 | 23.88 | 24.25 | 20.98 | 23.53 | 24.40 | 23.12 | 22.35 |
| Shenzhen | 13.66 | 16.20 | 18.47 | 21.10 | 21.41 | 18.25 | 22.51 | 22.57 | 22.94 | 23.28 |
| Swell: | ||||||||||
One way to get from Hong Kong to Shenzhen are the jet ferries , which run every hour from Hong Kong Island, Kowloon ( Hong Kong China Ferry Terminal ) and Hong Kong Airport to Shekou (Shenzhen) and Fuyong (Shenzhen Airport).
Attractions
There are a total of 70 buildings in Shenzhen that are more than 200 meters tall. Together with the other buildings in the city, they form an imposing skyline, especially at night. In 2017 the Pingan International Finance Center was inaugurated, with a height of 599 meters it is the tallest building in the city , currently the second tallest skyscraper in China and the fourth tallest in the world. The second tallest building in the city is the Kingkey 100, which opened in 2011 at 442 meters . The third tallest is the 392 m high China Resources Headquarters , which was only completed in 2018, and the currently fourth tallest building, Shun Hing Square, offers a publicly accessible floor with 360 ° views over Shenzhen at a height of around 300 meters.
The Shenzhen Museum provides information about the city's history and culture.
Dafen artist village
Dafen (大 芬 社区) is a community of residents in the Longgang district. This village has developed into the world's largest workshop for counterfeit and copied oil paintings in recent years.
Tropical island of Nei Lingding Dao
Nei Lingding Dao (内 伶仃 岛) is part of Shekou Street in Nanshan District. On the island in the Pearl River Delta there is a large nature reserve with a South Asian tropical forest and numerous macaques .
freetime and sports
Sports
Together with the Mission Hills Golf Club , the largest golf course in the world has been created, on which the World Cup for professional golfers has been held since 2007 . The Bao'an Stadium opened in 2001.
Shenzhen hosted the 2011 Summer Universiade .
Theme parks
- The Minsk World (明思克 世界) is a military theme park in Dapeng Bay in Shatoujiao. Among other things, the park, which opened on May 10, 2000, houses the Minsk flight deck cruiser of the Soviet and later the Russian Navy, which has been converted into a tourist attraction .
- The Happy Valley is a theme park with roller coasters and many other rides . Nearby are the Window of the World parks , in which over a hundred structural and natural attractions from around the world ( Colosseum , Eiffel Tower , Matterhorn, etc.) are recreated on a small scale on 48 hectares , and Splendid China (錦繡 中華), in which miniatures of many Chinese sights (e.g. the Great Wall of China ) are reproduced to scale. Happy Valley, Window of the World and Splendid China are all in close proximity in the city's Futian district.
- OCT EAST: The OCT EAST (East Overseas Chinese Town), a 9 km² amusement park right by the sea in the Yantian district. There are various European furnished villages, a lift system, a golf course , a golf driving range. In the theater of the OCT East village “Interlaken” there is currently the largest LED video display in China, which serves as the backdrop for the daily show on the topic of “tea”.
- Sea World amusement district : No theme park, but themed is the small Sea World amusement district in Shekou district. A huge statue of the sea goddess Wa watches over the waterline and on land the 180 m long former passenger ship “Minghua” waits for inspection and entertainment. The surrounding streets and alleys are a mixture of St. Pauli, Amsterdam and Marseille. A golf course is right next to it; the Chinese like the jumbled-up confusion, the neighborhood is not as sterile as many parts of the planned city of Shenzhen.
- Dameisha Beach Park (Chinese: 大 梅沙 海濱 公園, Pinyin: Dàméishā hǎibīn gōngyuán) was opened to the public in 1999 and is one of the largest and most popular beaches in Shenzhen with a length of 1,800 m and an area of 13 hectares.
sons and daughters of the town
- Angel Chiang (* 1989), actress
- Yang Zi (* 1993), tennis player
gallery
Shennan Zhong Street
Railway station as seen from Lo Wu Commercial City
Convention & Exhibition Center
city Park
Dongmen shopping area
Shenzhen City Hall
"Window of the World" theme park
View of the Futian district from Hong Kong
Shenzhen river with rice fields and skyline
View of the Nanshan district
literature
- Wolfgang Hirn: Shenzhen - The world economy of tomorrow . Campus publishing house. Frankfurt. 2020. ISBN 978-3-593-51192-4
- Thomas Kiefer: China's ports - gates to the world . In: Hansa , Heft 6/2011, pp. 98-103
Web links
- Side of the city administration (English)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Bao'an Local Government - Basic Facts ( Memento of May 12, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Futian Local Government - Basic Facts ( Memento of April 18, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Longgang Local Government - Basic Facts ( Memento from July 15, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Luohu Local Government - Basic Facts ( Memento from July 19, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Nanshan Local Government
- ↑ Yantian Local Government - Basic Facts ( Memento from September 1, 2006 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Guangming Local Government - Basic Facts ( Memento of May 5, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Pingshan Local Government - Basic Facts ( Memento from April 15, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Xinhua - China expands pioneer special economic zone Shenzhen
- ↑ World Urbanization Prospects - Population Division - United Nations. Retrieved July 24, 2018 .
- ↑ China expands Shenzhen special economic zone , China Daily, June 2, 2010
- ^ Avalanche from rubble and mud, Frankfurter Rundschau, page 38, from December 22, 2015
- ↑ mdr.de: Coronavirus: Pet owners should know that now! | The first. Retrieved April 6, 2020 .
- ↑ Chinese city prohibits consumption of dogs and cats. April 4, 2020, accessed April 6, 2020 .
- ↑ Fact Sheet: Shenzhen City and Special Economic Zone. (PDF) Consulate General of the Federal Republic of Germany, Canton, accessed on June 28, 2007 .
- ↑ The rising stars of the greater area of the Pearl River Delta. (No longer available online.) In: Beijing Rundschau. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007 ; Retrieved June 28, 2007 .
- ↑ Partnership with the planning region (“Nuremberg Region”), which also includes the cities of Schwabach, Erlangen and Fürth and the districts of Roth, Erlangen-Höchstadt, Fürth and Nürnberger Land, nuernberg.de
- ^ Alan Berube, Jesus Leal Trujillo, Tao Ran, and Joseph Parilla: Global Metro Monitor . In: Brookings . January 22, 2015 ( brookings.edu [accessed July 19, 2018]).
- ↑ The Global Financial Centers Index 23. (PDF) (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on March 27, 2018 ; accessed on July 13, 2018 .
- ^ Shenzhen - The Skyscraper Center. Retrieved January 27, 2020 .
- ↑ Soaring home prices stop Hongkongers in Shenzhen returning to city . In: South China Morning Post . ( scmp.com [accessed October 5, 2018]).
- ↑ Eduard Kögel: Fake Identity or Longing for the Exotic . In: archimaera , issue 2/2009
- ↑ Van Gogh's off the assembly line . Spiegel Online , 2006
- ↑ BEKUS: China: Shenzhen - new tram opened. In: Straßenbahn Magazin , 9/2017, p. 14.
- ↑ szdaily.com In: Shinzhen Daily , December 27, 2017; accessed on January 12, 2018.
- ↑ Airport Insight: Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport - Blue Swan Daily. Retrieved July 16, 2019 (Australian English).
- ^ Yantian International Container Terminals (information brochure). (PDF) (No longer available online.) Yantian International Container Terminals Limited, archived from the original on September 29, 2007 ; Retrieved June 29, 2007 .
- ↑ About YICT. (No longer available online.) Yantian International Container Terminals Limited, archived from the original on June 30, 2007 ; Retrieved June 29, 2007 .
- ↑ Facilities & Equipment. Chiwan Container Terminal Limited, accessed June 29, 2007 .
- ↑ CCT achieved 5 million TEUs in 2006. Chiwan Container Terminal Limited, accessed June 29, 2007 .
- ↑ Terminal Key Facts. Shekou Container Terminals Limited, accessed June 29, 2007 .
- ^ Historic Throughput. Shekou Container Terminals Limited, accessed June 29, 2007 .
- ↑ Dufthafen under pressure . In: Deutsche Seeschifffahrt , Issue 01–02 / 2015, pp. 32–35, Association of German Shipowners, Hamburg 2015
- ↑ Container handling in comparison ( Memento from January 22, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Turnover volume of the largest container ports worldwide in 2012
- ↑ Dufthafen under pressure . In: Deutsche Seeschifffahrt , issue 01–02 / 2015, pp. 32–35, here p. 34: TOP 25 - container ports
- ↑ Top 15 Skylines of The World
- ↑ shenzhenmuseum.com.cn ( Memento from August 5, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Angel Chiang , chinesemov.com