Tujia
The Tujia ( Chinese 土家族 , Pinyin Tǔjiāzú ) are one of the 55 peoples that are officially recognized by the People's Republic of China as a national minority . The 8,353,912 (2010 census) Tujia live mainly in the provinces of Hunan , Hubei and Guizhou , as well as in the government-direct city of Chongqing .
The origins of the Tujia are not precisely established, although their history can be traced back over twelve centuries. They have had close contact with the Chinese Han majority for almost a thousand years , but it was not until the 20th century that the Tujia culture was observed to disappear, as a result of its adaptation and assimilation to the Han culture. Today there are only about 70,000 speakers of the Tujia language, while the vast majority of Tujia speak standard Chinese or one of the Miao languages . Tujia traditions have only survived in the most remote areas.
The remains of their own religion are made up of Daoism , ancestor cult and shamanistic rituals. The Tujia are known for the baishou hand dance. This community dance, roughly 500 years old, is accompanied by singing and uses 70 ritual gestures to represent war, agriculture, hunting, court life, and other aspects of traditional life.
The Tujia who live in the Shennong Xi area now earn a majority of their livelihood from tourism by offering guided sampan boat trips in the Shennong Gorge area for the cruise ships operating on the Yangtze River .
Spread of the Tujia
Provincial level
In the 2000 census, 8,028,133 Tujia were counted in China.
- Distribution of the Tujia population in China
province | Tujia people | % Share of all Tujia in China |
---|---|---|
Province Hunan | 2,639,534 | 32.88% |
Hubei Province | 2,177,409 | 27.12% |
Guizhou Province | 1.430.286 | 17.82% |
Chongqing city | 1,424,352 | 17.74% |
Province Guangdong | 135,431 | 1.69% |
Zhejiang Province | 55,310 | 0.69% |
Province Sichuan | 41,246 | 0.51% |
Fujian Province | 29,046 | 0.36% |
Rest of China | 95,519 | 1.19% |
Tujia is 4.67% of the total population in Chongqing, 4.17% in Hunan, 4.06% in Guizhou, 3.66% in Hubei and 0.16% in Guangdong.
District level
- Distribution areas of Tujia at county level (2000)
Only values from 0.5% were taken into account here. AB = Autonomous District; AK = autonomous district; RB = administrative district.
superior provincial level | superior district level | District, city, municipality | Number of Tujia | % of all Tujia in China |
---|---|---|---|---|
Chongqing city | no | AK Youyang of Tujia and Miao | 462,444 | 5.76% |
Province Hunan | Zhangjiajie City | Circle of Cili | 399.906 | 4.98% |
Hubei Province | AB Enshi 's Tujia and Miao | Lichuan city | 388.035 | 4.83% |
Province Hunan | Changde City | Shimen circle | 387,480 | 4.83% |
Guizhou Province | RB Tongren | AK Yanhe of Tujia | 383,499 | 4.78% |
Chongqing city | no | AK Shizhu of Tujia | 348,790 | 4.34% |
Province Hunan | AB Xiangxi the Tujia and Miao | district Yongshun | 342,570 | 4.27% |
Province Hunan | Zhangjiajie City | Yongding Municipality | 319,330 | 3.98% |
Guizhou Province | RB Tongren | circle Dejiang | 300,432 | 3.74% |
Hubei Province | AB Enshi 's Tujia and Miao | Xianfeng County | 276.394 | 3.44% |
Hubei Province | AB Enshi 's Tujia and Miao | City of Enshi | 270.753 | 3.37% |
Chongqing city | no | Qianjiang District | 261,327 | 3.26% |
Province Hunan | Zhangjiajie City | circle Sangzhi | 260.092 | 3.24% |
Province Hunan | AB Xiangxi the Tujia and Miao | Longshan County | 251.007 | 3.13% |
Guizhou Province | RB Tongren | AK Yinjiang of Tujia and Miao | 233,802 | 2.91% |
Hubei Province | AB Enshi 's Tujia and Miao | Kreis Badong | 212,424 | 2.65% |
Hubei Province | Yichang City | AK Changyang of Tujia | 211.129 | 2.63% |
Chongqing city | no | AK Xiushan 's Tujia and Miao | 197,570 | 2.46% |
Hubei Province | Yichang City | AK Wufeng of Tujia | 174,546 | 2.17% |
Hubei Province | AB Enshi 's Tujia and Miao | circle Jianshi | 173.984 | 2.17% |
Guizhou Province | RB Tongren | Sinan County | 160.089 | 1.99% |
Province Hunan | AB Xiangxi the Tujia and Miao | county Baojing | 148.291 | 1.85% |
Hubei Province | AB Enshi 's Tujia and Miao | District of Hefeng | 142,805 | 1.78% |
Hubei Province | AB Enshi 's Tujia and Miao | circle Xuan'en | 140.837 | 1.75% |
Province Hunan | AB Xiangxi the Tujia and Miao | Jishou City | 103,242 | 1.29% |
Province Hunan | Huaihua City | Yuanling County | 102,636 | 1.28% |
Hubei Province | AB Enshi 's Tujia and Miao | Laifeng District | 93,471 | 1.16% |
Guizhou Province | RB Tongren | Jiangkou County | 77,791 | 0.97% |
Chongqing city | no | AK Pengshui of Miao and Tujia | 74,591 | 0.93% |
Guizhou Province | City of Tongren | Bijiang District | 70.286 | 0.88% |
Province Hunan | AB Xiangxi the Tujia and Miao | Fenghuang County | 64,727 | 0.81% |
Province Hunan | AB Xiangxi the Tujia and Miao | county Guzhang | 47,162 | 0.59% |
Guizhou Province | Zunyi city | AK Wuchuan of Gelao and Miao | 46,253 | 0.58% |
Province Hunan | Huaihua City | circle Xupu | 45,900 | 0.57% |
Province Hunan | Zhangjiajie City | District Wulingyuan | 41,910 | 0.52% |
Province Hunan | AB Xiangxi the Tujia and Miao | Luxi district | 40,643 | 0.51% |
Rest of China | 771.985 | 9.62% |
literature
- Zhou, Chao: Trackers of Shen Nong Xi (2005) (Badong District Local Tourism Agency Tours Publication)