Evenks

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Evenks (around 1900)

The Evenk (also Evenki , old term Tungus ) are composed of many regional groups and clans indigenous people . Evenk groups live in an area larger than Europe. Except in the majority of the regions of Siberia there are Evenks in Mongolia and in the People's Republic of China (Reindeer Evenks, Solons, Bargu Evenks).

Evenk language

The Evenk language is one of the Tungusic languages . For the Evenk of Russia there since the late 20s of the 20th century, a standard written language. Today it is based on the Cyrillic script . Many Evenks in Russia now mainly speak Russian , Yakut or Buryat . In 1979 fewer than half of the Evenks in Russia could speak Evenk fluently. Mongolian and Chinese are common as second and third languages ​​among the Evenks of China .

Economic forms

Parts of the Evenks practiced nomadic reindeer herding , hunting and fishing . In the 20th century the Evenks were settled in Russia. Some were able to continue traditional occupations on state estates ( sovkhozs ). Other groups of the Evenks, such as the horse Evenks and the Solons of China, still predominantly practice nomadic cattle breeding. Unemployment and social problems shape the everyday life of most Evenks in Russia today. Some work in the Siberian oil and mining industry.

religion

Evenk shaman costume

The ethnic religion of the Evenks is animistic ("soulfulness of all natural phenomena") and strongly influenced by shamanism and old Siberian cosmology . It gave the different shamanism concepts of Western authors its name. Evenk shamanism was considered a classic, typical form in research, which was then (inconsistently and sometimes very far-reaching and contrary) transferred to other peoples. The term "shaman / chaman / saman" comes from Evenk.

Male and female shamans were common. The initiation took place in three stages. Typical of the shaman's costume were large crowns of antlers and a breastplate symbolizing the mythical bird as a shaman's helper, as well as wrought-iron pendants with many bird figures ("iron shamanism"). The equipment for the shamanic sessions, which often lasted several hours, also included a shaman drum . In Evenk's imagination, the so-called “journey to the hereafter” led to contact with the three world gods with special animals (eagle, reindeer, bear) that serve as auxiliary spirits.

In the 19th century, parts of the Evenks were proselytized. In doing so, they adopted certain Russian Orthodox elements (marriage, baptism, forms of burial) into their culture. Other parts of the Evenks were influenced by Mongolian Tibetan Buddhism . Part of the Evenks has given up religious traditions as a result of Soviet modernization.

politics

In Russia, the Evenks are assigned to the group of indigenous peoples of the Russian north, Siberia and the Russian Far East , which are organized in the umbrella organization RAIPON . With its member association in the autonomous district of Evenkia "Arun" (Арун) in Russia a dedicated ewenkische self-organization based in exists Tura , which is however only active in this region. In the other regions (including Yakutia , Buryatia , Sakhalin ), the Evenks are represented by regional indigenous peoples' associations, which unite all indigenous ethnic groups of a region on a territorial basis.

Population numbers, areas of distribution

Russian Federation

According to the 2002 census, there were 35,527 Evenks in Russia.

Evenks in Russia
Administrative unit Evenks according to the 2002 census
Sakha Republic (Yakutia) 18,232
Krasnoyarsk Territory 4,632
Autonomous circle of the Evenks 3,802
Khabarovsk region 4,533
Amur Oblast 1,501
Sakhalin Oblast 243
Buryatia 2,334
Irkutsk Oblast 1,431
Transbaikalia region 1,492
Tomsk Oblast 103
Tyumen Oblast 109

Mongolia

In the state of Mongolia there are several thousand Evenks who are largely assimilated by Mongolia.

China

According to the last census (2010), 30,960 Evenks live in the People's Republic of China , of which around 200 are reindeer Evenks. The majority is made up of the so-called "Solonic" and the Bargu-Evenks. In 1990, 88.8% of China's Evenks were resident in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and 9.77% in Heilongjiang Province . Some Evenk tribes were united in the early 1950s at their own request to form an independent nationality, the Oroqen .

In the administrative area of ​​the district-free city of Hulun Buir , in the extreme northeast of Inner Mongolia, there are the following administrative divisions of the Evenks:

  • Autonomous banner of the Evenks ;
  • Evenk nationality community Samagir : 2596 km², 8,722 inhabitants, of which 321 Evenks; belongs to the independent city of Zalantun ;
  • Evenk nationality community Olguya (敖 魯古雅 鄂溫克 民族鄉): 1,096 km², 498 inhabitants, of which 219 Evenks; belongs to the independent city of Genhe ;
  • Daurian and Evenk nationality community Yinhe (音 河 達斡爾 鄂溫克 民族鄉): 558 km², 12,575 inhabitants, of which 1,051 Daur and Evenks; belongs to the Arun banner ;
  • Evenk nationality community Chabaqi (查 巴奇 鄂溫克 民族鄉): 726 km², 13,196 inhabitants, of which 687 Evenks; belongs to the Arun banner;
  • Evenk nationality community Deliqir (德 力 其 爾 鄂溫克 民族鄉): 340 km², 12,474 inhabitants, including 156 Evenks; belongs to the Arun banner;
  • Evenk nationalities sum (鄂溫克 民族 蘇木): 6,037 km², 2,470 inhabitants, of which 1,589 Evenks; belongs to the old bargu banner ;
  • Evenk nationality community Dular (杜拉爾 鄂溫克 民族鄉): 529 km², 7,039 inhabitants, of which 616 Evenks; belongs to the autonomous banner Morin Dawa der Daur;
  • Evenk nationality community Bayan (巴彥 鄂溫克 民族鄉): 1,500 km², 13,499 inhabitants, of which 1,260 Evenks; belongs to the autonomous banner Morin Dawa der Daur.

In the administrative area of ​​the city of Qiqihar , in the northwest of Heilongjiang Province, the Evenks are divided as follows:

  • Municipality of Xingwang der Evenks (興旺 鄂溫克 族 鄉): 174.7 km², 12,618 inhabitants, of which 594 Evenks; belongs to the independent city of Nehe .

Distribution at the provincial level according to the data of the 2010 census (reference date November 1, 2010)

area number proportion of
People's Republic of China 30,960 100.00%
Inner Mongolia 26,139 084.43%
Heilongjiang 02,648 008.55%
Liaoning 00 448 001.45%
Beijing 00 433 001.40%
Shandong 00 220 000.71%
Hebei 00 172 000.56%
Tianjin 00 130 000.42%
Jilin 00 104 000.34%
Guangdong 000 92 000.30%
VBA 000 85 000.275%
Shanghai 000 63 000.20%
Jiangsu 000 49 000.16%
Guangxi 000 46 000.15%
Zhejiang 000 40 000.13%
Sichuan 000 30th 000.10%
Shanxi 000 26th 000.08%
Xinjiang 000 26th 000.08%
Chongqing 000 25th 000.08%
Hubei 000 24 000.08%
Shaanxi 000 24 000.08%
Henan 000 23 000.07%
Yunnan 000 23 000.07%
Jiangxi 000 19th 000.06%
Fujian 000 16 000.05%
Hainan 000 14th 000.05%
Gansu 000 13 000.04%
Anhui 000 11 000.04%
Ningxia 0000 7th 000.02%
Qinghai 0000 5 000.02%
Hunan 0000 4th 000.01%
Guizhou 0000 1 000.003%
Tibet 0000 0 000.00%

Distribution areas at district level (2000 census)

Only values ​​above 0.40% were taken into account.

superior provincial level superior district level Banner, city, district, municipality Number of Evenks % of all Evenks in China
AG Inner Mongolia City of Hulun Buir Autonomous banner of the Evenks 9,733 31.91%
AG Inner Mongolia City of Hulun Buir Autonomous banner Morin Dawa the Daur 5.126 16.8%
AG Inner Mongolia City of Hulun Buir Oroqenic Autonomous Banner 3,155 10.34%
AG Inner Mongolia City of Hulun Buir Arun banner 2.144 7.03%
AG Inner Mongolia City of Hulun Buir Old bargu banner 1,906 6.25%
AG Inner Mongolia City of Hulun Buir City of Zalantun 1,201 3.94%
AG Inner Mongolia City of Hulun Buir Hailar municipality 971 3.18%
Province of Heilongjiang Qiqihar City City of Nehe 778 2.55%
Province of Heilongjiang Heihe city district Nenjiang 678 2.22%
AG Inner Mongolia City of Hulun Buir Yakeshi City 405 1.33%
AG Inner Mongolia City of Hulun Buir City of Genhe 369 1.21%
AG Inner Mongolia City of Hohhot Saihan District 158 0.52%
AG Inner Mongolia City of Hulun Buir City of Manjur 141 0.46%
Province of Heilongjiang Qiqihar City District Meilisi Daur District of Daur 135 0.44%
Province of Heilongjiang RB Great Hinggan Mountains Jagdaqi 129 0.42%
AG Inner Mongolia City of Hohhot Xincheng District 128 0.42%

literature

Movie

  • The Evenks in Siberia. Documentary, Germany, 2012, 43 min., Script and director: Kristian Kähler, production: fernsehbüro, Saarländischer Rundfunk , arte , series: Vergierter Völker, first broadcast: February 20, 2013 on arte, summary by ARD .
  • The boy and the wolf. Feature film, France 2009-2010; 100 min., With Nicolas Brioudes, Pom Klementieff and Min Man Ma in the leading roles.

Web links

Commons : Evenki  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. online ( Memento from November 21, 2004 in the Internet Archive )