Qinghai

青海省
Qīnghǎi Sheng
Abbreviation : 青 ( Pinyin : Qīng)
Capital	Xining
surface - Total - share in the PRC	Rank 4 of 33 721,000 km² 7.51%
population - Total 2016 - density	Rank 31 out of 33 5,930,000 inhabitants 8.2 inhabitants / km²
Management type	province
governor	Liu Ning

ISO-3166-2 code	CN-QH
District level	6 autonomous districts, 2 cities
District level	26 counties, 7 autonomous counties, 7 city districts, 4 cities
Community level	200 parishes, 138 large parishes, 30 street districts, 28 nationality parishes

Tibetan name
Tibetan script : མཚོ་ སྔོན་ ཞིང་ ཆེན
Wylie transliteration : mtsho sngon zhing chen
Chinese name
Simplified : 青海省
Pinyin : Qīnghǎi Shěng

Qinghai ( Chinese 青海 , Pinyin Qīnghǎi - "turquoise blue sea", Tib. མཚོ་ སྔོན་ ཞིང་ ཆེན Wylie mtsho sngon zhing chen ) is a province of the People's Republic of China in the northeast of the Tibetan highlands. Their area covers or partially overlaps with Amdo, which is part of the Tibetan cultural area .

Qinghai Lake

The Qinghai Tibetan Cultural Museum in Xining

Downtown Xining (2015)

geography

Qinghai borders the provinces of Xinjiang , Gansu , Sichuan and Tibet .

The capital of Qinghai is Xining , it is also the only megacity in the province. The second largest city, Golmud , has just over 270,000 inhabitants. Over half of the terrain is at an altitude of 4,000 to 5,000 meters. Agriculture is possible up to an altitude of 3200 meters. In the province lies the northeast part of the Chang Tang , the Tibetan plateau. The desert-like Qaidam basin is also located here .

The Qinghai Lake located here is the largest salt lake in China and supplies not only salt but also phosphates; there are also mineral resources in the form of oil, coal and iron ore. The Huang He (Yellow River) flows to the east of Qinghai , where the majority of the population lives. The Yangzi also has its source in Qinghai. The climate is continental: arid and cold with long winters and short summers.

The capital Xining has been the gateway to Tibet and Central Asia for many centuries .

history

Since the end of the Greater Tibetan Empire, headed by the Tsenpos ( btsan po ), an emperor-like ruler, there was no longer any unified Tibet on the entire Tibetan highlands. Eastern Tibet in particular consisted of a large number of small and medium-sized empires and regions, some of which were subordinate to the Lhasa government of the later Dalai Lamas , some of which were Chinese provinces, and some of which were largely independent. From around 1727, the north of Kham , known as the Kukunor Territory , and most of Amdo were administered from Xining , a city that was subordinate to Gansu Province until the early 20th century .

Today's Qinghai Province emerged from this administrative area in 1928, the majority of which was ruled by Gansu-born Muslim-Chinese Hui governors and warlords ( Xibei San Ma ) instead of the government of the Chinese Republic or the Tibetan government in Lhasa from 1912 to 1949 has been.

The Hui Muslims had risen against the Chinese central government as early as 1781–84, and in 1807 there was a revolt of the Tibetan tribes. The last Muslim uprising in the region was suppressed by the authorities in October 1993. In 2008, Tibetan riots briefly spread to Qinghai.

On April 14, 2010, the region was hit by a 7.1 magnitude earthquake that killed at least 400 people, injured 8,000 and left many more homeless.

Administrative structure

Qinghai Province consists of a prefecture city , a government district and six autonomous districts.

Autonomous districts and autonomous districts for national minorities actually extend over the entire area of the province. A good 97% of Qinghais are Tibetan autonomous areas compared to just two percent for the Hui. However, the Tibetans share by far the largest Autonomous District (Haixi) with the Mongols, and there are more Hui than Tibetans in the Haibei Autonomous District.

District level	District level
District level	Surname	Tibetan	Wylie	Abbreviation	Pinyin
City of Xining ཟི་ ལིང་ ཁྱེར་ zi ling khyer 西宁市 Xīníng Shì 7,472 km² approx. 1.79 million inhabitants (2004)	Chengzhong District			城中区	Chéngzhōng Qū
	Chengdong District			城东区	Chéngdōng Qū
	Chengxi District			城西区	Chéngxī Qū
	Chengbei District			城北区	Chéngběi Qū
	District Huang Yuan	སྟོང་ སྐོར་ རྫོང །	stong skor rdzong	湟源县	Huángyuán Xiàn
	Huangzhong County	རུ་ ཤར་ རྫོང །	ru shar rdzong	湟中县	Huángzhōng Xiàn
	Autonomous County Datong the Hui	གསེར་ ཁོག །	gser khog	大通回族土族自治县	Dàtōng Huízú Tǔzú Zìzhìxiàn
Haidong City མཚོ་ ཤར་ ས་ ཁུལ ། mtsho shar sa khul 海东市 Hǎidōng Shì 13,161 km² approx. 1.48 million inhabitants (2004)	Ledu District (Zhocang)	གྲོ་ ཚང་ རྫོང །	gro tshang rdzong	乐都区	Lèdū Qū
	Ping'an District			平安区	Píng'ān Qū
	Hui and Tu Minhe Autonomous County	བཀའ་ མ་ ལོག །	bka 'ma lied	民和回族土族自治县	Mínhé Huízú Tǔzú Zìzhìxiàn
	Huzhu der Tu Autonomous County	དགོན་ ལུང །	dgon lung	互助土族自治县	Hùzhù Tǔzú Zìzhìxiàn
	Hualong Hui Autonomous County	བ་ ཡན །	ba yan	化隆回族自治县	Huàlóng Huízú Zìzhìxiàn
	Xunhua Autonomous County the Salar	ཡ་ རྫི །	ya rdzi	循化撒拉族自治县	Xúnhuà Sālāzú Zìzhìxiàn
Haibei Autonomous District of Tibetans མཚོ་ བྱང་ བོད་ རིགས་ རང་སྐྱོང་ ཁུལ ། mtsho byang bod rigs rang skyong khul 海北藏族自治州 Hǎiběi Zàngzú zìzhìzhōu 39,354 km² approx. 270,000 inhabitants (2004)	Haiyan County	མདའ་ བཞི་ རྫོང །	mda 'bzhi rdzong	海晏县	Hǎiyàn Xiàn
	Qilian County	ཆི་ ལེན་ རྫོང །	chi len rdzong	祁连县	Qílián Xiàn
	Gangca district	རྐང་ ཚ་ རྫོང །	rkang tsha rdzong	刚察县	Gāngchá Xiàn
	Menyuan Hui Autonomous County	མོང་ ཡོན་ ཧུའ ེ་ རིགས་ རང་སྐྱོང་ རྫོང །	mong yon hu'e rigs rang skyong rdzong	门源回族自治县	Ményuán Huízú Zìzhìxiàn
Haixi Autonomous District of the Mongols and Tibetans མཚོ་ ནུབ་ སོག་ རིགས་ ཆ་ བོད་ རིགས་ རང་སྐྱོང་ ཁུལ ། mtsho nub sog rigs dang bod rigs rang skyong khul 海西蒙古族藏族自治州 Hǎixī Měnggǔzú Zàngzú Zìzhìzhōu 116,175 km² approx. 140,000 inhabitants	Delhi city	གཏེར་ ལེན་ ཁ །	gter len kha	德令哈市	Délìnghā Shì
	City of Golmud	གོར་ མོ །	gor mo	格尔木市	Gé'ěrmù Shì
	District of Ulan	ཝུ་ ལཱན་ རྫོང །	wu lān rdzong	乌兰县	Wūlán Xiàn
	Dulan County	ཏུའ ུ་ ལན་ རྫོང ། པཎ་ ཆེན་ ཞིང་ སྡེ་ རྫོང །	tu'u lan rdzong paNa chen zhing sde dzong	都兰县	Dūlán Xiàn
	Têmqên district	ཐེམ་ ཆེན་ རྫོང །	them chen rdzong	天峻县	Tiānjùn Xiàn
	Lenghu Administrative Committee	ལེང་ ཧུའ ུ །	leng hu'u	冷湖行政委员会	Lěnghú Xíngzhèng Wěiyuánhuì
	Da Qaidam Administrative Committee	ཚྭ་ འདམ་ ཆེན །	tshwa 'dam chen	大柴旦行政委员会	Dàcháidàn Xíngzhèng Wěiyuánhuì
	Mangnai Management Committee	མང་ ནའེ །	mang na'e	茫崖行政委员会	Mángyá Xíngzhèng Wěiyuánhuì
Hainan Autonomous District of Tibetans མཚོ་ ལྷོ་ བོད་ རིགས་ རང་སྐྱོང་ ཁུལ ། mtsho lho bod rigs rang skyong khul 海南藏族自治州 Hǎinán Zàngzú zìzhìzhōu 45,895 km² approx. 390,000 inhabitants (2004)	Gonghe County	ཆབ་ ཆ་ རྫོང །	chab cha rdzong	共和县	Gònghé Xiàn
	district Tongde	གད་ པ་ སུམ་ མདོ་ རྫོང །	gad pa sum mdo rdzong	同德县	Tongdé Xiàn
	Circle guide	ཁྲི་ ག་ རྫོང །	khri ga rdzong	贵德县	Guìdé Xiàn
	Xinghai County	རྩི་ གོར་ ཐང་ རྫོང །	tsi gor thang rdzong	兴海县	Xìnghǎi Xiàn
	Guinan County	མང་ ར་ རྫོང །	mang ra rdzong	贵南县	Guìnán Xiàn
Autonomous District Huangnan Tibetan རྨ་ ལྷོ་ བོད་ རིགས་ རང་སྐྱོང་ ཁུལ ་. rma lho bod rigs rang skyong khul 黄南藏族自治州 Huángnán Zàngzú Zìzhìzhōu 17,921 km² approx. 210,000 inhabitants (2004)	Tongren County	རེབ་ གོང་ རྫོང །	reb gong rdzong	同仁县	Tóngrén Xiàn
	circle Jainca county	གཅན་ ཚ་ རྫོང །	gcan tsha rdzong	尖扎县	Jiānzā Xiàn
	Zêkog district	རྩེ་ ཁོག་ རྫོང །	rtse khog rdzong	泽库县	Zékù Xiàn
	Henan Autonomous County of the Mongols	ཡུལ་ རྒན་ ཉིན །	yul rgan nyin	河南蒙古族自治县	Hénán Měnggǔzú Zìzhìxiàn
Golog Autonomous District of Tibetans མགོ་ ལོག་ བོད་ རིགས་ རང་སྐྱོང་ ཁུལ ། mgo log bod rigs rang skyong khul 果洛藏族自治州 Guǒluò Zàngzú zìzhìzhōu 76,312 km² approx. 130,000 inhabitants (2004)	Maqên County	རྨ་ ཆེན་ རྫོང །	rma chen rdzong	玛沁县	Mǎqìn Xiàn
	Baima County	པད་ མ་ རྫོང །	pad ma rdzong	班玛县	Bānmǎ Xiàn
	Gadê district	དགའ་ བདེ་ རྫོང །	dga 'bde rdzong	甘德县	Gāndé Xiàn
	Darlêg County	དར་ ལག་ རྫོང །	there lay rdzong	达日县	Dárì Xiàn
	Jigzhi County	གཅིག་སྒྲིལ་ རྫོང །	gcig sgril rdzong	久治县	Jiǔzhì Xiàn
	Madoi County	རྨ་ སྟོད་ རྫོང །	rma stod rdzong	玛多县	Mǎduō Xiàn
Autonomous Prefecture of Yushu Tibetan ཡུས་ ཧྲུའུ་ བོད་ རིགས་ རང་སྐྱོང་ ཁུལ ་. yus hru'u bod rigs rang skyong khul 玉树藏族自治州 Yùshù Zàngzú zìzhìzhōu 188,794 km² approx. 260,000 inhabitants (2004)	Yushu City	སྐྱེ་ རྒུ་ མདོ་ རྫོང །	skye rgu mdo rdzong	玉树市	Yùshù Shì
	Zadoi district	རྫ་ སྟོད་ རྫོང །	rdza stod rdzong	杂多县	Záduō Xiàn
	circle Chidu	ཁྲི་ འདུ་ རྫོང །	khri 'du rdzong	称多县	Chènduō Xiàn
	Zhidoi County	འབྲི་ སྟོད་ རྫོང །	'bri stod rdzong	治多县	Zhìduō Xiàn
	Nangqên County	ནང་ ཆེན་ རྫོང །	nang chen rdzong	囊谦县	Nángqiān Xiàn
	Qumarlêb County	ཆུ་ དམར་ ལེབ་ རྫོང །	chu dmar leb rdzong	曲麻莱县	Qǔmálái Xiàn

population

Population development

Population growth in the province since 1954.

year	population
1954 census	1,676,534
1964 census	2,145,604
1982 census	3,895,706
1990 census	4,456,952
2000 census	4,822,963
2010 census	5,626,723
Guess 2016	5,930,000

ethnicities

The population is multi-ethnic: the mountainous west is populated by nomads. A good half of the population consists of Han (54.5%), the rest are Tibetans (20.8%), Hui (16%), Mongols , Salar , Tu and Dongxiang . The ethnic groups speaking Tibetan dialects do not call themselves Böpa ( bod pa ), as the Tibetan term for Tibetans is, but Amdowa ( a mdo pa ) and Khampa ( khams pa ).

Religions

Most of the Tu and many Mongols are Lamaist Buddhists like the Tibetans. Hui, Salar and Dongxiang are predominantly Muslim.

economy

Large salt lake in the Qaidam basin

The Tibetan Kumbum Monastery near Xining

Migratory livestock farming (yaks, sheep, cashmere goats, horses) is still predominant among Tibetans and Mongols on the Tibet-Qinghai Plateau, the plateau that extends to Tibet in the south. In the north-east of the province, sedentary agriculture dominates, especially among the Qinghai Islamic peoples (Hui, Dongxiang, Salar). But partly also with the Tibetan Buddhist Tu (Mongour).

Sports

In 2009 the World Climbing Championships took place in Qinghai .

The province as namesake

The asteroid (2255) Qinghai , discovered on November 3, 1977, has been named for the province since 1981.

literature

Amnye Make Institute : རྒྱ་ དམར་ གྱི་ བཙན་ འོག་ཏུ་ གནས་ པའི་ བོད་ དང་ ས་ འབྲེལ་ ཁག་ གི་ ས་ ཁྲ ། Wylie Rgya dmar gyi btsan 'og tu gnas pa'i bod dang sa' brel khag gi sa khra - Tibet and Adjacent Areas under Communist China's Occupation - 1: 3,200,000 , Dharamsala 1998, ISBN 978-81-86227-16-9 .
Andreas Gruschke: Demography and Ethnography in the Highlands of Tibet , in: Geographische Rundschau, 49 (1997), Issue 5, pp. 279–286.
Andreas Gruschke: The Cultural Monuments of Tibet's Outer Provinces: Amdo , White Lotus Press, Bangkok 2001, 2 volumes: The Qinghai part of Amdo , ISBN 978-974-7534-59-7 ; The Gansu and Sichuan parts of Amdo , ISBN 978-974-7534-90-0 .
Gyurme Dorje: Footprint Tibet Handbook , 4th ed., Footprint, Bath 2009, ISBN 978-1-906098-32-2 .

Web links

Commons : Qinghai - Collection of Images

Individual evidence

↑ Jeremy Black (Ed.): DK Atlas of World History . Starnberg 2006, p. 275.
↑ Earthquake in Northwest China - Around 300 people lose their lives. In: n24 .de. January 1, 1999, accessed April 14, 2010 .
↑ China: Provinces and Major Cities - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather, and Web Information. In: www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved May 7, 2018 .
↑ Minor Planet Circ. 6059. ( PDF file; 172 kB) In: www.minorplanetcenter.net. June 1, 1981, accessed May 7, 2018 .

35,818 96,284Coordinates: 35 ° 49 ' N , 96 ° 17' E

[1] Jeremy Black (Ed.): DK Atlas of World History . Starnberg 2006, p. 275.

[2] Earthquake in Northwest China - Around 300 people lose their lives. In: n24 .de. January 1, 1999, accessed April 14, 2010 .

[3] China: Provinces and Major Cities - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather, and Web Information. In: www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved May 7, 2018 .

[4] Minor Planet Circ. 6059. ( PDF file; 172 kB) In: www.minorplanetcenter.net. June 1, 1981, accessed May 7, 2018 .