Abbreviation

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Spelling with long characters (left) and short characters (right) .
Common characters are shown in red .

Abbreviations are the simplified version of the traditional Chinese characters . As a character variant in the historical development of the Chinese character culture, historically transmitted abbreviations have always existed. Abbreviations, more precisely simplified Reformed standard characters , are character forms that the People's Republic of China simplified and made the official standard in the 1950s. They are now in use in mainland China , Singapore, and Malaysia , while traditional characters are still in use in Taiwan , Hong Kong, and Macau .

Here, for example, the character for writing wèi “for” and wéi “do; be; to become sth; apply as ":

  • 爲 12 lines: earlier graphic variant of the traditional long character (common historical character variant, Chinese Empire )

  • 為 9 dashes: today's traditional traditional character (slightly simplified character variant, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau)

  • 为 4 dashes: simplified abbreviation (greatly simplified character variant, Chinese character reform 1956, PR China)

Designations and names

Abbreviations & traditional characters

Abbreviations are generally referred to in Chinese as jiǎntǐzì ( 簡體字  /  简体字  - "simple characters"), traditional Chinese characters, also commonly known as long characters, are in Chinese as fántǐzì ( 繁體字  /  繁体字  - "complex characters") or especially as zhèngtǐzì ( 正 體 字  /  正 体 字  - "original character") in Taiwan. As a generic term and antonym to long characters, the term short characters therefore includes both historically transmitted short characters and all official standard characters of the officially simplified or reformed characters of the government of the People's Republic of China .

Simplified characters

Simplified characters, i.e. characters that were created through a simplification of the original form of a character, often referred to colloquially as abbreviations in German, are technically correct in Chinese jiǎnhuàzì ( 簡化字  /  简化字  - "simplified characters"). All characters officially included by the government of the People's Republic of China in the “Plan for the Simplification of Chinese Writing” ( 漢字 簡化 方案  /  汉字 简化 方案 , Hànzì Jiǎnhuà Fāng'àn ) as a reformed character set belong to this group. This group also includes the shortened characters , a general term that is known in Chinese as jiǎnbǐzì ( 简 笔 字  /  简 筆 字  - "characters of simplified stroke sequences").

Standard characters

Standard characters, in Chinese generally guīfàn hànzì ( 規範 漢字  /  规范 汉字  - "regulated / standardized characters"), are characters that are officially regulated by the government of the People's Republic of China and recommended for use. These officially released characters as a character set with 8105 characters are published in the Table of General Standard Chinese Characters ( 通用 規範 漢字 表  /  通用 规范 汉字 表  - "List of general standard characters"). For use in modern Chinese everyday life, it contains a character collection ( 常用 字 集 , chángyòng zìjí  - "everyday character collection") with a list of 3500 characters, which are also officially classified as a category one character list ( 一級 字 表  /  一级 字 表 , yījí zìbiǎo ). For use in particular in the print and publishing industry, in the lexigraphic area as well as in the media and communication, the list of characters in Category Two ( 二級 字 表  /  二级 字 表 , èrjí zìbiǎo ) contains 3000 characters. The list of characters in category three ( 三級 字 表  /  三级 字 表 , sānjí zìbiǎo ) with 1605 characters generally includes characters in the areas of family names , toponym , science and technology, as well as education in elementary school, middle school or secondary and tertiary level as well Common Chinese characters .

history

The word Hànzì (Chinese characters) in abbreviations
The word Hànzì (Chinese characters) in traditional characters

In January 1956, the government of the People's Republic of China issued the "Chinese Script Simplification Plan" ( 漢字 簡化 方案  /  汉字 简化 方案 , Hànzì Jiǎnhuà Fāng'àn ), which simplified 515 characters and 54 parts of characters. The simplification of the characters was an element of the writing reform, which should first popularize the standard language, simplify characters and possibly replace them with a Latin script. This group of simplified characters published in the first reform is popularly called Yījiǎnzì ( 一 簡 字  /  一 简 字  - “simplified characters of the first reform”).

In April 1964, a further reform step was undertaken and the "Complete List of Simplified Characters" ( 簡化 漢字 總 表  /  简化 汉字 总 表 , Jiǎnhuà Hànzì Zǒngbiǎo ) was published. It contained 2236 characters.

In December 1977, the Chinese government issued the "Second Plan to Simplify the Chinese Script (Draft)" ( 第二 次 漢字 簡化 方案 （草案  /  第二 次 汉字 简化 方案 （草案 , Dì-èr cì Hànzì Jiǎnhuà Fāng'àn (Cǎoàn ) ), which simplified another 853 characters and 61 components of characters. However, this draft was widely criticized and hardly implemented. Popularly this group of simplified characters published in the second reform is called Èrjiǎnzì ( 二 簡 字  /  二 简 字  - "simplified characters of the second reform").

In 1986 the list from 1964 was reissued, slightly revised, and the reform step of 1977 was shelved.

In August 2009, the Chinese Ministry of Education published another list ( 通用 規範 漢字 表  /  通用 规范 汉字 表  - “List of Common Standard Characters”) of 8,300 standardized characters, in which 44 characters slightly changed from the previous standard and some new characters that are in First names used (e.g. 喆 , 淼 , 堃 and 昇 ) were included.

These simplified characters are also used by the government and the Chinese population group in Singapore . Taiwan , Hong Kong and Macau, as well as most of the Chinese in exile for political reasons, did not introduce the simplifications.

The simplification was to standardize the characters; H. eliminate possible variants and reduce the number of strokes. This was mainly achieved by copying variants from the manuscript into the printed font. The large number of simplified characters (several thousand) is mainly due to the fact that components that occur in many characters ( radicals ) have also been simplified . Officially, the characters were simplified using the following ten methods:

Methods of shortening characters

  • Preservation of the original contour: 傘 → 伞 , 齒 → 齿
  • Preservation of part of the original sign: 飛 → 飞 , 鄉 → 乡
  • Simplification of either the significant or the phonetic of correspondingly structured characters: 燈 → 灯 (phonetic deng replaced by ding ), 骯 → 肮 (significant bone replaced by meat ), 護 → 护
  • Replacement of a part by a phonetic: 態 → 态 (phonetic tai above), 郵 → 邮 (phonetic you left)
  • Transfer of handwritten forms into the print: 專 → 专 , 樂 → 乐
  • Use of old variants: 雲 → 云 , 遞 → 递
  • Exchanging complicated components with simple symbols: 漢 → 汉 , 鄧 → 邓
  • Creation of new signs from two significa: 塵 → 尘 ( small plus earth = dust), 筆 → 笔 ( bamboo plus hair = writing brush)
  • Replacement of whole characters: 義 → 义 , 頭 → 头 (This method is quite arbitrary and affects only a few characters, but some of them are very often used)
  • Exchange by an identically pronounced sign with a different meaning: 穀 → 谷 , 齣 → 出

Outside the People's Republic of China

After simplification, some characters are difficult to read or only understandable from context for Chinese from Taiwan , Hong Kong , Macau or the Diaspora ( overseas Chinese ), where the traditional characters have remained in use, while people from mainland China usually use the non-simplified characters only passively - if at all - master it.

In practice, however, such obstacles to passive control become relative over time after an individual familiarization phase. Because through the actual examination or application in the medium, i.e. reading the writings and works in an initially unfamiliar written form, unusual written forms usually become more and more familiar for the reader, so that the passive mastery of the written form is ultimately only a question of will and the time is. As far as the active mastery of the other character form is concerned, i.e. the writing of the characters in the unfamiliar form, it is much more fundamental and really not easy to change afterwards. But in today's IT era, converting the characters of a text into the other written form is ultimately not an obstacle.

Until 2003, books and scriptures printed in simplified characters were banned in Taiwan.

In everyday use, in handwriting, in both mainland and Taiwan, many characters are simplified in a way that is not standardized. This unofficial, often simplified, graphic variant of the characters is generally referred to by the generic term "popular characters - sútǐzì " ( 俗 體 字  /  俗 体 字 , sútǐzì ). For example, in Taiwan, instead of the traditional character dian ( 點 , di  „ n - "the point"), the graphic variant 奌 , diǎn  - "the point" is usually written in handwriting , in Hong Kong, however, the other graphic variant 点 , diǎn  - " the point “more popular. The official symbol on the mainland is 点 . In Taiwan and Hong Kong, for example, the graphic character variant hao ( 号 , hào  - "the number") is also used as a simplification of traditional characters 號 , hào  - "the number", which is one of the officially simplified standardized characters in mainland China.

In Japan , too , characters were simplified by a script reform in 1946 called Shinjitai ( Japanese 新 字体 , Chinese  新 字體  /  新 字体 , Pinyin xīnzìtǐ  - "new type of character"). However, this did not happen to the same extent as in the People's Republic of China, and the Japanese simplified forms of the characters often do not correspond to those used in the People's Republic of China.

Examples

Long characters Abbreviation Japanese annotation
戶 户 戸 Standardized form, approximated to handwriting
國 国 国 Less common character variants raised to the standard
門 门 門 Character variant of the printed font adopted as the standard handwritten abbreviation.
葉 叶 葉 Character variant of the originally different traditional characters " 協 , xié " adopted as the standard handwritten abbreviation . In Japan the character " 叶 kyō, kana (eru), kana (u) " is an independent character with a different meaning.
龍 龙 竜 Character variant of the printed font adopted as the standard handwritten abbreviation. In Japan the old Chinese characters are used as a simplification
澀 涩 渋 Character variant adopted as standard handwritten abbreviation. In Japan the old Chinese characters are used as a simplification
澤 泽 沢 Part on the right simplified according to handwriting. In Japan the old Chinese characters are used as a simplification
語 语 語 Component left ( radical ) simplified according to handwriting.
幾 几 幾 Characters with different meanings and the same pronunciation adopted.
禪 禅 禅 Characters simplified differently in China and Japan, but encoded in the same way ( Unicode U + 7985). Ad requires voice tag.
傳 传 伝 Characters simplified differently in China and Japan. The form " 伝 den, ten, tsuta (waru), tsuta (eru), tsuta (u) " used in Japan is also handwritten in Taiwan. The Chinese character “ 伝 yún ”, however, is not a simplification, but an independent character with a completely different meaning compared to “ 傳  /  传, Taiwan 伝 , chuán, zhuàn ”.
藝 艺 芸 Characters simplified differently in China and Japan. In China, a newly created character “ 艺 ” is used to simplify the character “ 藝 yì ”. In Japan, however, the character " 芸 gei, un, u (eru), nori, waza " was used, which historically has several meanings or is a character variant of both the characters 藝 , yì , 蕓 , yún , and 耘 , yún . The Japanese characters " 芸 gei, un, u (eru), nori, waza " in China is officially a simplification of 蕓  /  芸 , yún what both " Yunxiang " 蕓香  /  芸香  - " Rue " and " yuntai " 蕓薹  - " Rapeseed " stands.

electronic data processing

There are separate character encodings for both writing variants . For abbreviations z. B. the GB coding GB2312 and Big5 for traditional characters . The global Unicode standard and the national standard of the People's Republic of China GB 18030 , which is compatible with it, support both forms without any particular preference.

Web links

Commons : Chinese symbols  - collection of images, videos and audio files
Commons : obsolete Chinese abbreviations  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Term "wei (為)": (Chinese) [1] In: dict.revised.moe.edu.tw, accessed on January 10, 2018 - online
  2. ↑ Term "wei (为)": (Chinese, English) [2] In: www.zdic.net, accessed on January 10, 2018 - Online
  3. ↑ Term "wei (為 / 为)": (Chinese, German) [3] In: dict.leo.org, accessed on January 10, 2018 - Online
  4. ↑ Character variant of "wei (為 / 为)": (Chinese) [4] In: dict.variants.moe.edu.tw, accessed on January 10, 2018 - online
  5. ↑ Character variant of "wei (為 / 为): (Chinese, English) [5] In: www.zdic.net, accessed on January 10, 2018 - online
  6. ↑ Ministry of Education - National Language and Character Commission - "教育部 国家 语言 文字 工作 委员会": (Chinese) 关于 《通用 规范 汉字 表》 公开 征求 意见 的 公告 In: www.gov.cn (中国 政府 网), accessed on 12 August 2009 - Online
  7. ↑ Ministry of Education - National Language and Character Commission - "教育部 国家 语言 文字 工作 委员会": (Chinese) 国家 语委 负责 人 就 《通用 规范 汉字 表》 公开 征求 意见 答 记者 问 In: www.gov.cn (中国 政府网), accessed August 12, 2009 - Online
  8. ↑ term "dian (點)": (Chinese) [6] In: dict.revised.moe.edu.tw, accessed on January 10, 2018 - Online
  9. ^ Term "dian (点)": (Chinese, English) [7] In: www.zdic.net, accessed on January 10, 2018, zdic.net - Online
  10. ↑ Term "dian (點 / 点)": (Chinese, German) [8] In: dict.leo.org, accessed on January 10, 2018 - Online
  11. ↑ Character variant of "dian (奌)": (Chinese) [9] In: dict.variants.moe.edu.tw, accessed on January 10, 2018 - online
  12. ↑ Character variant of "dian (点): (Chinese) [10] In: dict.variants.moe.edu.tw, accessed on January 10, 2018 - online
  13. ↑ Character variant of "xié (協 / 协)": (Chinese) [11] In: dict.variants.moe.edu.tw, accessed on April 28, 2019 - online
  14. ↑ Term "yè (葉 / 叶)": (Chinese, English) [12] In: www.zdic.net, accessed on April 28, 2019 - online
  15. ↑ Character variant of "yè (葉 / 叶)": (Chinese) [13] In: dict.variants.moe.edu.tw, accessed on April 28, 2019 - online
  16. ↑ Term "yō, ha (葉)": (German, Japanese) [14] In: wadoku.de, accessed on April 28, 2019 - Online
  17. ^ Term "yō, ha (葉)": (German, Japanese) [15] In: mpi-lingweb.shh.mpg.de, accessed on April 28, 2019 - Online
  18. ^ Term "kyō, kana (eru), kana (u) (叶)": (English, Japanese) [16] In: tangorin.com, accessed on April 28, 2019 - online
  19. ↑ Term "kyō, kana (eru), kana (u) (叶)": (German, Japanese) [17] In: mpi-lingweb.shh.mpg.de, accessed on April 28, 2019 - Online
  20. ^ Term "long (竜)": (Chinese, English) [18] In: www.zdic.net, accessed on March 6, 2016 - Online
  21. ^ Term "ryū, ryō, tatsu (竜)": (English, Japanese) [19] In: tangorin.com, accessed on April 28, 2019 - online
  22. ↑ Term "ryū, ryō, tatsu (竜)": (German, Japanese) [20] In: wadoku.de, accessed on April 28, 2019 - online
  23. ^ Term "ryū, ryō, tatsu (竜)": (German, Japanese) [21] In: mpi-lingweb.shh.mpg.de, accessed on April 28, 2019 - Online
  24. ↑ term "sè (澀/涩)": (Chinese, English) [22] In: www.zdic.net, accessed on 28 April 2019 - Online
  25. ↑ term "sè (渋)": (Chinese, English) [23] In: www.zdic.net, accessed on April 28, 2019 - Online
  26. ↑ Character variant of "sè (渋)": (Chinese) [24] In: dict.variants.moe.edu.tw, accessed on April 28, 2019 - online
  27. ^ Term "jū, shū, shibu, shibu (i), shibu (ru) (渋)": (English, Japanese) [25] In: tangorin.com, accessed April 28, 2019 - Online
  28. ^ Term "jū, shū, shibu, shibu (i), shibu (ru) (渋)": (German, Japanese) [26] In: wadoku.de, accessed on April 28, 2019 - Online
  29. ↑ Term "jū, shū, shibu, shibu (i), shibu (ru) (渋)": (German, Japanese) [27] In: mpi-lingweb.shh.mpg.de, accessed on April 28, 2019 - On-line
  30. ↑ term "sè (澤/泽)": (Chinese, English) [28] In: www.zdic.net, accessed on April 28, 2019 - Online
  31. ↑ Character variant of "沢": (Chinese) [29] In: dict.variants.moe.edu.tw, accessed on April 28, 2019 - online
  32. ^ Term "taku, sawa (沢)": (English, Japanese) [30] In: tangorin.com, accessed on April 28, 2019 - online
  33. ^ Term "taku, sawa (沢)": (German, Japanese) [31] In: www.wadoku.de, accessed on April 28, 2019 - Online
  34. ^ Term "taku, sawa (沢)": (German, Japanese) [32] In: mpi-lingweb.shh.mpg.de, accessed on April 28, 2019 - Online
  35. ↑ Term "den, ten, tsuta, tsuta (waru), tsuta (eru), tsuta (u) (伝)": (English, Japanese) [33] In: tangorin.com, accessed on May 25, 2016 - Online
  36. ↑ Term "den, ten, tsuta, tsuta (waru), tsuta (eru), tsuta (u) (伝)": (German, Japanese) [34] In: wadoku.de, accessed on May 25, 2016 - Online
  37. ↑ Term "den, ten, tsuta, tsuta (waru), tsuta (eru), tsuta (u) (伝)": (German, Japanese) [35] In: mpi-lingweb.shh.mpg.de, accessed on April 28, 2019 - Online
  38. ↑ Term "yún (伝)": (Chinese, English) [36] In: www.zdic.net, accessed on May 25, 2016 - Online
  39. ↑ Term "chuan, zhuan (傳 / 传 [伝])": (Chinese, English) [37] In: www.zdic.net, accessed on May 25, 2016 - Online
  40. ↑ Term "yì (藝 / 艺)": (Chinese, English) [38] In: www.zdic.net, accessed on April 28, 2019 - online
  41. ↑ Term "gei, un, u (eru), nori, waza (芸)": (English, Japanese) [39] In: tangorin.com, accessed on April 28, 2019 - Online
  42. ↑ Term "gei, un, u (eru), nori, waza (芸)": (German, Japanese) [40] In: wadoku.de, accessed on April 28, 2019 - Online
  43. ↑ Term "gei, un, u (eru), nori, waza (芸)": (German, Japanese) [41] In: mpi-lingweb.shh.mpg.de, accessed on April 28, 2019 - Online
  44. ↑ Character variant of "yun, yì (芸)": (Chinese) [42] In: dict.variants.moe.edu.tw, accessed on April 28, 2019 - online
  45. ↑ Term "yún (蕓 / 芸)": (Chinese, English) [43] In: www.zdic.net, accessed on April 28, 2019 - online