Miao
The Miao ( Chinese 苗族 , Pinyin Miáozú ) are an indigenous people of China . They live mainly in the forested mountain areas of southern China and number 9,426,007 people (2010 census). Outside of China, ethnic groups known as Hmong or Mẹo are assigned to the general Miao nationality as subgroups within China. In total, the Miao people number over 15 million people.
history
The history of the Miao has been richly recorded in Chinese chronicles and history books for about 2000 years. Own written records have only existed since the 17th century, when European missionaries started their work in China. The Miao ethnic roots probably go back 4,000 years.
The Han established expanding agricultural states 3000 years ago and the ancestors of today's Miao were pushed further south and into the mountain areas by the rapidly growing Han population. So they became an ethnic minority of China. Especially during the Qing Dynasty (1644–1911) there were repeated uprisings by the Miao, which were bloodily suppressed. It was only with the establishment of the People's Republic of China that the Miao achieved an equal position in Chinese society.
Miao or Hmong
Depending on the territory you are referring to, the names Hmung , Hmu , Meo , Meau and Hmong are synonymous with Miao . Many Miao outside of China prefer variants of Hmong as their own name. Some believe that Miao means “barbarian” in Chinese. In fact, before the founding of the People's Republic of China , Miao was a collective name for various peoples of southern China, including many ethnic groups that do not belong to the Miao. The current Chinese name Miaozu , ie “Miao people”, is not associated with the Chinese terms for “barbarians” in China, which is why the Miao in China do not feel degraded and do not express dissatisfaction. Miao who do not live in China see it differently and instead call themselves Hmong, because from their point of view Hmong means "free people", which expresses their desire for a life in freedom. The actual meaning of the word is unclear, however.
The Miao of China are divided into almost 100 different ethnic groups, which differ mainly in their clothing. Only some of these groups are also represented among the Hmong outside of China.
languages
The languages of the Miao belong to the language group of the Miao-Yao languages . There are several written languages. Chinese scholars usually include the Miao-Yao languages in the family of Sino-Tibetan languages .
The Miao nationality also includes ethnic groups that do not speak the Miao language. In Chengbu and Suining (Hunan), in Longsheng and Ziyuan ( Guangxi ) and in Jinping (Guizhou) there are Miao who speak Chinese (about 100,000 in total); in Sanjiang (Guangxi) speakers of the Dong / Gaeml language are part of the Miao nationality (over 30,000) and in the island province of Hainan , Yao speakers are part of the Miao (over 100,000).
Culture
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In 2015 an exhibition in Krefeld showed Miao stories woven in textile. The exhibits, made using old textile techniques, were discovered by the traveler Ien Rappoldt in Guizhou. The different Miao sub-groups are reflected in a variety of costumes. The most noticeable grouping is that of the "Longhorn Miao" in Guizhou and Hunan. On traditional occasions, their women wear a huge headdress made of silver with horns that resemble those of a water buffalo ; as well as long robes with rich decorations made of silver. Such a costume weighs up to 22 kilograms. Sometimes earrings are so heavy that some older women have deformed earlobes.
religion
The Miao pay homage to various deities and ancestors of their people. In the course of history theoretical and practical elements of Daoism have been added, and emphasis is placed on following the laws of nature and harmonizing with them. The greatest deity is called Saub or Yawm Saub, he gives the shamans their abilities. The god Saub may be called in times of need. The deities of cosmic nature are called Dab, whereas Dab Need or Qhua Neeb are shamanic spirits who float through the worlds and work with shamans. With these spirits, a distinction is made between wild spirits and tame and friendly house spirits. Another category of spirits are the Xwm Kab, which come from the world of the ancestors; they are also used in shamanic rituals. An altar in the house is primarily dedicated to the god Dab Xwm Kab, the god of happiness. It is attached to the wall of the living room. Offerings such as rice, chicken, and soup are offered on the altar. On the last day of the old year, the ancestors are offered rice and a sacrificed chicken, and a ritual is held in which the souls are invoked. Most Miao continue to practice the traditional religion today, with some having switched to Buddhism . Many Miao living in America and Australia have converted to Buddhism or Christianity.
Spread of the Miao
Provincial level
In the 2000 census, China counted 8,940,116 billion. Distribution of the Miao population in China:
| Administrative area | Share 2000 | Share 1990 |
|---|---|---|
| Guizhou Province | 48.1% | 49.84% |
| Province Hunan | 21.49% | 21.05% |
| Yunnan Province | 11.67% | 12.12% |
| Chongqing city | 5.62% | - |
| Guangxi Autonomous Region | 5.18% | 5.75 |
| Hubei Province | 2.4% | 2.71% |
| Province Sichuan | 1.65% | 7.24% (including Chongqing) |
| Province Guangdong | 1.35% | ? |
| Hainan Province | 0.69% | ? |
| Rest of China | 1.85% | ? |
In Guizhou Province, 12.2% (1990: 11.38%) of the total population is Miao, in Hunan 3.04% (2.57%), in Yunnan 2.46% (2.43%), in Chongqing 1 , 65% and in Guangxi 1.06% (1.01%).
District level
Distribution areas of the Miao of China at the county level (2000)
Only values from 0.25% were taken into account here. AG = autonomous area; AB = Autonomous District; AK = Autonomous District.
| superior provincial level | superior district level | District, city, municipality | Number of Miao | % of all Miao of China |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Guizhou Province | AB Qiandongnan the Miao and Dong | City of Kaili ( 凯里 市 ) | 274.238 | 3.07% |
| Chongqing city | no | AK Pengshui of Miao and Tujia ( 彭水 苗族 土家族 自治县 ) | 273,488 | 3.06% |
| Hunan Province | Huaihua City | AK Mayang the Miao ( 麻阳 苗族 自治县 ) | 263,437 | 2.95% |
| Guizhou Province | City of Tongren | AK Songtao the Miao ( 松桃 苗族 自治县 ) | 228.718 | 2.56% |
| Hunan Province | Huaihua City | Yuanling County ( 沅陵 县 ) | 217.613 | 2.43% |
| Hunan Province | AB Xiangxi the Tujia and Miao | Huayuan County ( 花垣 县 ) | 192.138 | 2.15% |
| Hunan Province | AB Xiangxi the Tujia and Miao | Fenghuang County ( 凤凰县 ) | 185.111 | 2.07% |
| Hunan Province | city Shaoyang | Suining County ( 绥宁 县 ) | 184,784 | 2.07% |
| AG Guangxi of Zhuang | Liuzhou city | AK Rongshui the Miao ( 融 水 苗族 自治县 ) | 168,591 | 1.89% |
| Guizhou Province | AB Qiandongnan the Miao and Dong | Circle Huangping ( 黄平县 ) | 161.211 | 1.8% |
| Guizhou Province | Zunyi city | AK Wuchuan of Gelao and Miao ( 务 川 仡佬族 苗族 自治县 ) | 157.350 | 1.76% |
| Hunan Province | city Shaoyang | AK Chengbu the Miao ( 城 步 苗族 自治县 ) | 136.943 | 1.53% |
| Guizhou Province | AB Qiandongnan the Miao and Dong | Circle Taijiang ( 台江县 ) | 135,827 | 1.52% |
| Guizhou Province | AB Qiandongnan the Miao and Dong | Circle Congjiang ( 从江县 ) | 129,626 | 1.45% |
| Guizhou Province | city Liupanshui | Shuicheng County ( 水城县 ) | 126,319 | 1.41% |
| Hunan Province | Huaihua City | AK Jingzhou the Miao and Dong ( 靖州 苗族 侗族 自治县 ) | 114,641 | 1.28% |
| Guizhou Province | City of Anshun | AK Ziyun the Miao and Bouyei ( 紫云 苗族 布依族 自治县 ) | 114,444 | 1.28% |
| Guizhou Province | AB Qiandongnan the Miao and Dong | District Jianhe ( 剑河县 ) | 112,950 | 1.26% |
| Hunan Province | AB Xiangxi the Tujia and Miao | Jishou City ( 吉首 市 ) | 112,856 | 1.26% |
| Guizhou Province | City of Tongren | Sinan County ( 思南 县 ) | 112,464 | 1.26% |
| Guizhou Province | AB Qiandongnan the Miao and Dong | Circle Leishan ( 雷山县 ) | 110.413 | 1.24% |
| Hunan Province | AB Xiangxi the Tujia and Miao | District of Luxi ( 泸溪县 ) | 107,301 | 1.2% |
| Guizhou Province | AB Qiandongnan the Miao and Dong | Tianzhu County ( 天柱 县 ) | 106,387 | 1.19% |
| Guizhou Province | AB Qiandongnan the Miao and Dong | Circle Danzhai ( 丹寨县 ) | 104,934 | 1.17% |
| Guizhou Province | AB Qiandongnan the Miao and Dong | District Rongjiang ( 榕江县 ) | 96.503 | 1.08% |
| Guizhou Province | AB Qiannan 's BouyeiBouyei and Miao | Circle Huishui ( 惠水县 ) | 91,215 | 1.02% |
| Yunnan Province | AB Wenshan the Zhuang and Miao | Guangnan County ( 广 南县 ) | 88,444 | 0.99% |
| Chongqing city | no | AK Youyang of Tujia and Miao ( 酉阳 土家族 苗族 自治县 ) | 85.182 | 0.95% |
| AG Guangxi of Zhuang | City of Bose | AK Longlin of several nationalities ( 隆林 各族 自治县 ) | 84,617 | 0.95% |
| Guizhou Province | City of Bijie | District Zhijin ( 织金县 ) | 81,029 | 0.91% |
| Yunnan Province | AB Honghe the Hani and Yi | AK Jinping the Miao, Yao and Dai ( 金 平 苗族 瑶族 傣族 自治县 ) | 80,820 | 0.9% |
| Guizhou Province | City of Anshun | Xixiu District ( 西秀区 ) | 79.906 | 0.89% |
| Guizhou Province | AB Qiandongnan the Miao and Dong | Jinping County ( 锦屏 县 ) | 78,441 | 0.88% |
| Guizhou Province | Zunyi city | AK Daozhen of Gelao and Miao ( 道 真 仡佬族 苗族 自治县 ) | 76,658 | 0.86% |
| Guizhou Province | AB Qiandongnan the Miao and Dong | Liping district ( 黎平 县 ) | 75,718 | 0.85% |
| Yunnan Province | AB Wenshan the Zhuang and Miao | Maguan County ( 马 关 县 ) | 73,833 | 0.83% |
| Guizhou Province | City of Bijie | Nayong County ( 纳雍 县 ) | 72,845 | 0.81% |
| Guizhou Province | AB Qiannan 's Bouyei and Miao | City of Duyun ( 都匀 市 ) | 71,011 | 0.79% |
| Hubei Province | AB Enshi 's Tujia and Miao | Laifeng District ( 来凤县 ) | 70,679 | 0.79% |
| Guizhou Province | AB Qiandongnan the Miao and Dong | Circle Majiang ( 麻江县 ) | 68,847 | 0.77% |
| Chongqing city | no | AK Xiushan of Tujia and Miao ( 秀山 土家族 苗族 自治县 ) | 66,895 | 0.75% |
| Guizhou Province | AB Qiandongnan the Miao and Dong | Circle Shibing ( 施秉县 ) | 66,890 | 0.75% |
| Yunnan Province | AB Wenshan the Zhuang and Miao | District Qiubei ( 丘北县 ) | 66,826 | 0.75% |
| Guizhou Province | Guiyang City | Huaxi District ( 花溪 区 ) | 62,827 | 0.7% |
| Hunan Province | AB Xiangxi the Tujia and Miao | Longshan County ( 龙山 县 ) | 61,709 | 0.69% |
| Guizhou Province | City of Bijie | Qianxi County ( 黔西 县 ) | 60,409 | 0.68% |
| Yunnan Province | AB Honghe the Hani and Yi | AK Pingbian the Miao ( 屏边 苗族 自治县 ) | 60,312 | 0.67% |
| Guizhou Province | City of Bijie | AK Weining of the Yi, Hui and Miao ( 威宁 彝族 回族 苗族 自治县 ) | 60.157 | 0.67% |
| Chongqing city | no | Qianjiang District ( 黔江 区 ) | 59,705 | 0.67% |
| Hunan Province | AB Xiangxi the Tujia and Miao | County Baojing ( 保靖县 ) | 57,468 | 0.64% |
| Yunnan Province | AB Wenshan the Zhuang and Miao | Wenshan County ( 文山 县 ) | 57,303 | 0.64% |
| Hunan Province | AB Xiangxi the Tujia and Miao | County Guzhang ( 古丈县 ) | 54,554 | 0.61% |
| Hubei Province | AB Enshi 's Tujia and Miao | Lichuan City ( 利川 市 ) | 53,590 | 0.6% |
| Guizhou Province | AB Qianxi'nan 's Bouyei and Miao | District Qinglong ( 晴隆县 ) | 53.205 | 0.6% |
| AG Guangxi of Zhuang | Liuzhou city | AK Sanjiang the Dong ( 三江 侗族 自治县 ) | 53,076 | 0.59% |
| Guizhou Province | City of Bijie | District Dafang ( 大方 县 ) | 52,547 | 0.59% |
| Yunnan Province | AB Wenshan the Zhuang and Miao | District Yanshan ( 砚山县 ) | 51,624 | 0.58% |
| Guizhou Province | city Liupanshui | Special area Liuzhi ( 六枝 特区 ) | 50,833 | 0.57% |
| Guizhou Province | AB Qiannan 's Bouyei and Miao | Changshun County ( 长顺 县 ) | 48.902 | 0.55% |
| Guizhou Province | AB Qiannan 's Bouyei and Miao | Fuquan City ( 福泉市 ) | 48,731 | 0.55% |
| Yunnan Province | AB Honghe the Hani and Yi | Mengzi district ( 蒙自 县 ) | 48.132 | 0.54% |
| Guizhou Province | City of Tongren | Bijiang District ( 碧江 区 ) | 47,080 | 0.53% |
| Yunnan Province | AB Wenshan the Zhuang and Miao | Circle Malipo ( 麻栗坡县 ) | 45,655 | 0.51% |
| Yunnan Province | Zhaotong City | Circle Yiliang ( 彝良县 ) | 44,736 | 0.5% |
| Guizhou Province | City of Anshun | Pingba County ( 平坝 县 ) | 44.107 | 0.49% |
| Guizhou Province | AB Qiannan 's Bouyei and Miao | AK Sandu the Sui ( 三 都 水族 自治县 ) | 43,464 | 0.49% |
| Guizhou Province | AB Qiannan 's Bouyei and Miao | Circle Guiding ( 贵 定 县 ) | 42,450 | 0.47% |
| Guizhou Province | City of Tongren | AK Yinjiang of Tujia and Miao ( 印 江 土家族 苗族 自治县 ) | 42,431 | 0.47% |
| Guizhou Province | AB Qiannan 's Bouyei and Miao | Longli district ( 龙 里 县 ) | 40.096 | 0.45% |
| Guizhou Province | Guiyang City | Qingzhen City ( 清镇 市 ) | 39,845 | 0.45% |
| Guizhou Province | AB Qianxi'nan 's Bouyei and Miao | Wangmo County ( 望 谟 县 ) | 39,491 | 0.44% |
| Guizhou Province | City of Bijie | Qixingguan District (七星 关 区) | 38.508 | 0.43% |
| Hunan Province | AB Xiangxi the Tujia and Miao | District Yongshun ( 永顺县 ) | 37,676 | 0.42% |
| Guizhou Province | City of Bijie | District of Hezhang ( 赫章 县 ) | 37,128 | 0.42% |
| Yunnan Province | Zhaotong City | Weixin District ( 威信 县 ) | 36,293 | 0.41% |
| Guizhou Province | AB Qiandongnan the Miao and Dong | Sansui County ( 三穗 县 ) | 35,745 | 0.4% |
| Guizhou Province | AB Qiannan 's Bouyei and Miao | Luodian County ( 罗甸县 ) | 35,463 | 0.4% |
| Guizhou Province | City of Anshun | AK Zhenning the Bouyei and Miao ( 镇宁 布依族 苗族 自治县 ) | 34,379 | 0.38% |
| Hubei Province | AB Enshi 's Tujia and Miao | Circle Xuan'en ( 宣恩县 ) | 34,354 | 0.38% |
| Hunan Province | Huaihua City | Circle Huitong ( 会同县 ) | 33,977 | 0.38% |
| Guizhou Province | AB Qianxi'nan 's Bouyei and Miao | Circle Anlong ( 安龙县 ) | 32,926 | 0.37% |
| Guizhou Province | City of Bijie | Jinsha County ( 金沙 县 ) | 31,884 | 0.36% |
| Province Sichuan | Luzhou city | Circle Xuyong (叙永县) | 30,362 | 0.34% |
| Guizhou Province | City of Anshun | Puding district ( 普 定 县 ) | 30,254 | 0.34% |
| Province Sichuan | Yibin City | Xingwen District ( 兴 文 县 ) | 30,020 | 0.34% |
| Guizhou Province | City of Anshun | AK Guanling of Bouyei and Miao ( 关岭 布依族 苗族 自治县 ) | 29,746 | 0.33% |
| AG Guangxi of Zhuang | City of Bose | Xilin County ( 西林县 ) | 28,967 | 0.32% |
| AG Guangxi of Zhuang | Guilin city | Ziyuan County ( 资源 县 ) | 27,827 | 0.31% |
| Hubei Province | AB Enshi 's Tujia and Miao | Xianfeng County ( 咸丰县 ) | 27,668 | 0.31% |
| Guizhou Province | Guiyang City | Nanming District (南明 区) | 27,460 | 0.31% |
| Yunnan Province | Zhaotong City | Circle Zhenxiong (镇雄县) | 26,963 | 0.3% |
| Yunnan Province | AB Wenshan the Zhuang and Miao | Circle Funing ( 富宁县 ) | 26,396 | 0.3% |
| Province Guangdong | Dongguan City | City district ( 市 辖区 ) | 26,241 | 0.29% |
| Guizhou Province | City of Tongren | Jiangkou County ( 江口 县 ) | 25,588 | 0.29% |
| Guizhou Province | city Liupanshui | Circle Pan ( 盘县 ) | 25,428 | 0.28% |
| AG Guangxi of Zhuang | Guilin city | AK Longsheng of several nationalities (龙胜 各族 自治县) | 24,841 | 0.28% |
| Guizhou Province | AB Qianxi'nan 's Bouyei and Miao | Xingren District ( 兴仁县 ) | 24,130 | 0.27% |
| Hunan Province | Huaihua City | AK Zhijiang the Dong ( 芷江 侗族 自治县 ) | 23,698 | 0.27% |
| Yunnan Province | AB Honghe the Hani and Yi | Kaiyuan City ( 开远市 ) | 23,504 | 0.26% |
| Guizhou Province | AB Qianxi'nan 's Bouyei and Miao | Zhenfeng County ( 贞丰县 ) | 23,054 | 0.26% |
| Guizhou Province | AB Qiannan 's Bouyei and Miao | Pingtang district ( 平塘 县 ) | 22,980 | 0.26% |
| Guizhou Province | AB Qiandongnan the Miao and Dong | Zhenyuan County ( 镇远 县 ) | 22,883 | 0.26% |
| Guizhou Province | AB Qianxi'nan 's Bouyei and Miao | Pu'an Circle ( 普安 县 ) | 22,683 | 0.25% |
| Guizhou Province | Guiyang City | Wudang District ( 乌当 区 ) | 22,468 | 0.25% |
| Rest of China | 1,246,040 | 13.94% |
literature
- Wu Xinfu ( 伍新福 ), Long Boya ( 龙 伯亚 ); Miaozu shi ( 苗族 史 History of Miao). Sichuan minzu chubanshe 四川 民族 出版社 (Sichuan Nationalities Publishing House ), Chengdu 1992, ISBN 7-5409-0857-2 .
- Gary Y. Lee, Nicholas Tapp. Culture and Customs of the Hmong. Greenwood, 2010. ISBN 0313345260
Web links
- The Miao ethnic minority (Chinese government side)
- 三 苗 网 Three Miao Network (Chinese)
Individual evidence
- ^ Lemoine, Jacques (2005). "What is the actual number of (H) mong in the world?" (PDF). Hmong Studies Journal . 6 .
- ↑ see: Hmong Women and Reproduction
- ^ Britannica.com April 9, 2007.
- ↑ House of Silk Culture , until May
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